1.
Jianyang, Sichuan
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Jianyang is a county-level city located in the Sichuan basin in Sichuan Province, in south central China. Situated only 48 kilometers south east of the city center of Chengdu, the urban center is located on the banks of the Tuo River. Jianyang has a history dating back over two thousand years. It was part of the state of Shu until the third century BC, in the early Yuan dynasty, it was named Jianzhou. It adopted the name Jianyang County after 1913 during the Republic of China, after the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China, it was incorporated into the Neijiang Administration Zone. It was divided into communes during the Cultural Revolution, when the communes were abolished, it was re-organized under Chengdu. In 1994, the county was converted into a county-level city, in 2007, the county was given broad autonomy over its budgeting and financial affairs by the State Council as part of a wider experiment. In 2016, the State Council transferred jurisdiction of Jianyang from Ziyang to Chengdu, administratively, Jianyang is subdivided into four subdistricts,25 towns,29 townships, and over 800 villages or equivalents. In practice many villages are basically urban areas with residential properties built after 2000. As of 2012, there are just over 1.48 million residents estimated to be living in Jianyang, of these, the vast majority are rural residents. The natural population growth rate without taking into account net migration figures is 1. 19% as of 2012, over 99% of the population is of Han Chinese ethnicity. There are small Yi, Tujia, and Tibetan populations, each numbering no more than a few hundred, development of local transport advanced rapidly between 1990 and 2010. Jianyang Railway Station serves the city, Jianyang South Railway Station is a high-speed rail station on the Chengdu–Chongqing Intercity Railway. As of 2016, the Chengdu Tianfu International Airport, intended to be a new hub servicing southwestern China, is under construction in the Jianyang area, the local economy is mainly dependent on agriculture and the production of machinery. There are factories in the region producing metal tools, tractors, ruonan Foods headquarters is located in Jianyang. As of 2013 recorded a GDP of 34.48 billion yuan, the Sichuan Provincial Womens Prison is located in the town of Yangma, in Jianyang city limits
2.
High-speed rail
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High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design, only in Europe does HSR cross international borders. China has 22,000 kilometres of HSR as of end December 2016, while high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide, the European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 defines high-speed rail in terms of, Infrastructure, track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel. Minimum Speed Limit, Minimum speed of 250 km/h on lines built for high speed. This must apply to at least one section of the line, Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high speed. Operating conditions, Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service, category II – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h. Category III – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, the UIC prefers to use definitions because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms. They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system, infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The International Union of Railways states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French SNCF Intercités and German DB IC, National domestic standards may vary from the international ones. Railways were the first form of land transportation and had an effective monopoly on passenger traffic until the development of the motor car. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they tried to achieve higher speeds. The line used three-phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 Hz, on 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h. These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail, however, after the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with traffic at grade crossings. The physical laws were well-known, i. e. if the speed was doubled, the radius should be quadrupled
3.
Sichuan
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In antiquity, Sichuan was the home of the ancient states of Ba and Shu. Their conquest by Qin strengthened it and paved the way for the First Emperors unification of China under the Qin Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms era, Liu Beis Shu was based in Sichuan. The area was devastated in the 17th century by Zhang Xianzhongs rebellion and the areas subsequent Manchu conquest, during the Second World War, Chongqing served as the temporary capital of the Republic of China, making it the focus of Japanese bombing. It was one of the last mainland areas to fall to the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and was divided into four parts from 1949 to 1952, with Chongqing restored two years later. It suffered gravely during the Great Chinese Famine of 1959–61 but remained Chinas most populous province until Chongqing Municipality was again separated from it in 1997, the people of Sichuan speak a unique form of Mandarin, which took shape during the areas repopulation under the Ming. The family of dialects is now spoken by about 120 million people, in Modern Chinese, the name Sichuan has the meaning four rivers and this folk etymology is usually extended to list the provinces four major rivers, the Jialing, Jinsha, Min, and Tuo. In addition to its map and Wade-Giles forms, the name has also been irregularly romanized as Szű-chuan and Szechuan. In antiquity, the area of modern Sichuan was known to the Chinese as Ba and Shu, in reference to the ancient states of Ba and it was the refuge of the Tang court during the An Lushan Rebellion of the mid-8th century. The region had its own religious beliefs and worldview. The most important native states were those of Ba and Shu, Ba stretched into Sichuan from the Han Valley in Shaanxi and Hubei down the Jialing River as far as its confluence with the Yangtze at Chongqing. Shu occupied the valley of the Min, including Chengdu and other areas of western Sichuan, the existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou and this site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed, Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River and this innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions, Sichuan was subjected to the autonomous control of kings named by the imperial family of Han Dynasty. Shu-Han claimed to be the successor to the Han Dynasty, in 263, the Jin dynasty of North China, conquered the Kingdom of Shu-Han as its first step on the path to unify China again, under their rule. Salt production becomes a business in Ziliujing District
4.
Chongqing
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Chongqing, formerly transliterated as Chungking, is a major city in Southwest China and one of the Five national central cities in China. Administratively, it is one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities, the municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan Province. Chongqings population as of 2015 is just over 30 million with a population of 18.38 million. The official abbreviation of the city, Yu, was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 and this abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River. Chongqing was also a Sichuan province municipality during the Republic of China administration, Chongqing has a significant history and culture and serves as the economic centre of the upstream Yangtze basin. It is a manufacturing centre and transportation hub, a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of Chinas 13 emerging megacities. Tradition associates Chongqing with the State of Ba, the Ba people supposedly established Chongqing during the Spring and Autumn period after moving from their first capital Yicheng in Hubei under pressure from Chu. This new capital was first named Jiangzhou, in 316 BC, however, the state of Ba was conquered by the State of Qin. Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huangs rule during the Qin Dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, and under the control of Han Dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to Chu Prefecture, then in 581 AD to Yu Prefecture, the name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, and the city centre where the old town stood is also called Yuzhong. It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song Dynasty described his crowning as king, in his honour, Yu Prefecture was therefore renamed Chongqing subprefecture marking the occasion of his enthronement. In 1362, Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebelling leader, established the Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time, in 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established by She Chongming with Chongqing as its capital. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing Dynasty, immigration to Chongqing, in 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, the French, German, US and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing in 1896–1904. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-sheks provisional capital, the city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell, the Japanese Air Force heavily bombed it. Due to its mountainous environment, many people were saved from the bombing, due to the bravery, contributions and sacrifices made by the local people during World War II, Chongqing became known as the City of Heroes. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China to Chongqing during the war, in late November 1949 the Nationalist KMT government fled the city
5.
Chengdu East Railway Station
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Chengdu East Railway Station is a railway station on the Chengyu Passenger Railway, the Chengdu–Leshan Intercity Railway and the Dacheng Railway. The station located in Chenghua, Chengdu, Sichuan, China and it is connected to Chengdu Metro Line 2. The main building of the station is divided into five levels, including an elevated Waiting Hall level, Platform Level, Arrivals Level. Total investment for its construction was set at about 3.83 billion yuan in 2011 when it was put into use, the station exterior design features a fusion of Jinsha and Sanxingdui bronze shape artistic elements of the ancient Shu culture. Beneath the outdoor squares, substantial car parking and a bus terminal is housed, passengers enter the station across the outdoor Square or direct access to the station building from two north-south elevated roads. Ticket offices exist in the top Waiting Hall area and beneath in the Arrivals Hall, the station has 14 platforms and 26 tracks, all of which are covered. The departures Waiting Hall sits above the platforms, with arrivals descending down to the Arrivals Hall level below the platforms, Chengdu East Railway Station is a terminus of the Chengdu–Chongqing Railway, Chengdu–Kunming Railway and Dazhou–Chengdu Railway. Construction began on December 29,2008, Chengdu Railway Station Chengdu Metro Media related to Chengdu East train station at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Chongqing Railway Station
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The Chongqing Railway Station is a railway station of Chengyu Railway, Xiangyu Railway, Chuanqian Railway, Chengyu Passenger Railway, that located in Peoples Republic of China. Once the most important railway station in Chongqing, this station handled virtually all long distance services to the rest of China, currently the station has been closed for major renovations, in line with construction of the Chengdu–Chongqing Intercity Railway. Until 2015, only the hall will remain open. However it is also the site of a major bus terminal. Chongqing Railway Station is a hub of Chongqing City, a municipality of China. Chongqing station is a terminus station of the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway, Xiangfan. Due to its size and location, the throughput of the station is less than it was 20 years ago. With the limitations of Chongqing citys unique mountain environment, the space is very narrow. Chongqing station will continue to maintain the capacity of the 60-year first-class station. Other stations in Chongqing have been built, upgraded or being planned to handle the passenger needs of the city. Chongqing station was opened by Marshal Liu in 1952, in 1992, the Chengdu Railway Bureau attempted to fill in the river or even build an elevated railway station to increase capacity at Chongqing station. However the existing highway and Caiyuanba interchange hub along the Yangtze River forced them to abandon the construction and this causes the expansion of Shapingba Railway Station. Reconstruction and rehabilitation works commenced in 2012, Chongqing Railway Station will be the terminus for the high-speed Chengdu–Chongqing Intercity Railway with a riverside park established on the roof. Chongqing North Railway Station Shapingba Railway Station Chongqing Railway Station
7.
China Railway High-speed
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China Railway High-speed is the high-speed rail service operated by China Railway. Hexie Hao is the designation for rolling stock operated for this service, All trains had been marked CRH, before being changed shortly afterwards to the Chinese characters 和谐号 on the centre of the head vehicles and the side of the walls of other vehicles. The introduction of CRH was a part of the sixth national railway speedup. All high-speed trains in use in China are named CRH. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a speed of 250 km/h. The new trainsets CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h, the fastest trainset, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h 302.8 mph). High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock and those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350 km/h. China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A, CRH380B, CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China, the signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the components of these trains. However, these patents are valid within China, and as such hold no international power. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan and it is designed to have two versions, one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h, the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines, planned to service by 2011 CRH380A. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, however, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors. Based on data published by Sinolink Securities, some changes were made according to the most recent news. ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012, ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014. Before the introduction of technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations
8.
China Railways CRH1
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The total value of the order is €560 million. In July 2010, a further 40 CRH1A eight-car trains were ordered, most CRH1 trains were allocated to Guangshen Railway for replacing all locomotive-hauled trains between Guangzhou and Shenzhen in Guangdong province. Some are also used on the line Shanghai – Nanjing, CRH1A and CRH1B are based on Bombardiers Regina family. The train was designed by Sifang and Bombardier jointly in Västerås, Sweden, the first units （CRH1-001A） were delivered on August 30,2006, the CRH1A sets started service from February 1,2007 at the Guangzhou -Shenzhen Railway. The NG variant is a new model, which will use new materials in order to weight reductions. On October 31,2007, the Chinese MOR ordered 20 sets of CRH1B trains, each CRH1B consists of 16 cars, including 3 first class coaches,12 second class coaches and 1 dining car. On July 23,2011, CRH1-046B was hit on ZY104600 car by CRH2-139E in Yongtaiwen PFL accident. On October 31,2007, the Chinese MOR ordered 20 sets of CRH1E trains. The CRH1E is the first high-speed 16-car sleeper train in the world which is based on Bombardiers ZEFIRO250 km/h design, the train was designed by Bombardier and Zagato. The CRH380D is also derived from the Bombardier Zefiro family of high speed EMUs and are not direct derivatives of the Regina type trains from which the CRH1A. Top speed is advertised at 380 km/h, the 8-car version is designated CRH380D, series number CRH380D-1501 ～ CRH380D-1570
9.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
Chengdu Metro
Guang'an Metro
C-train
Chongqing RT