1.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
2.
Knight Ridder
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Knight Ridder /ˈrɪdər/ was an American media company, specializing in newspaper and Internet publishing. Until it was bought by The McClatchy Company on June 27,2006, it was the second-largest newspaper publisher in the United States and its headquarters were located in San Jose, California. The corporate ancestors of Knight Ridder were Knight Newspapers, Inc. and Ridder Publications, the first company was founded by John S. As anti-German sentiment increased in the period, Ridder successfully transitioned into English language publishing by acquiring The Journal of Commerce in 1926. Both companies went public in 1969 and merged on July 11,1974, for a brief time, the combined company was the largest newspaper publisher in the United States. Knight Ridder had a history of innovation in technology. It was the first newspaper publisher to experiment with videotex when it launched its Viewtron system in 1983, after investing six years of research and $50 million into the service, Knight Ridder shut down Viewtron in 1986 when the services interactivity features proved more popular than news delivery. Knight-Ridder purchased Dialog Information Services Inc. from Lockheed Corporation in August 1988, in October 1988, the company placed its eight broadcast television stations up for sale to reduce debt and to pay for the purchase of Dialog. It was, at the time, the most expensive acquisition in history. For most of its existence, the company was based in Miami, the internet division had been established there three years earlier. The company rented several floors in a downtown high-rise as its new corporate base, in November 2005, the company announced plans for strategic initiatives, which involved the possible sale of the company. This came after three major institutional shareholders publicly urged management to put the company up for sale, at the time, the company had a higher profit margin than many Fortune 500 companies, including ExxonMobil. On March 13,2006, The McClatchy Company announced its agreement to purchase Knight Ridder for a price of $6.5 billion in cash, stock. The deal gave McClatchy 32 daily newspapers in 29 markets, with a circulation of 3.3 million. However, for reasons, McClatchy decided immediately to resell twelve of these papers. On April 26,2006, McClatchy announced it was selling the San Jose Mercury News, Contra Costa Times, Monterey Herald, merged with PressLink to become MediaStream. Merged with Vu/Text to become MediaStream, acquired by Global Financial trading as Bridge Data. RealCities was a website for Knight-Ridder group
3.
Victor Lawson
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Victor Fremont Lawson was an American newspaper publisher who headed the Chicago Daily News from 1876 to 1925. Lawson was president of the Associated Press from 1894 to 1900, outside of the newspaper business, he was involved in various philanthropic causes in Chicago. He was born in Chicago on September 9,1850 to Iver Lawson and he had a brother, Iver Norman Lawson. He died of an attack in 1925 in Chicago. He was interred at Chicagos Graceland Cemetery where his grave is marked with a sculpture of a medieval knight designed by Lorado Taft, Lawsons family grew rich from real estate dealings in Chicago, and held stakes in a Norwegian-language newspaper called the Skandinaven. The Chicago Daily News, founded by Melville E. Stone, Percy Meggy, the Daily News was struggling, but Victor Lawson decided to invest in it in July 1876, becoming its manager. Within twenty years, its circulation grew to 200,000 people, Lawson mainly focused on the business aspects of the paper, while Stone and others worked as editors. Helping to fuel the success was Lawsons ability to attract advertisers. Lawson provided clear circulation figures to businesses and promised consistent rates for advertisements, the Daily News employed Eugene Field, one of the first major newspaper columnists, and contained a mix of fiction, household advice, and reports on city happenings. David Paul Nord writes, It was quintessentially an urban newspaper, committed to private business but also to activist government, to social welfare and it was a progenitor of the kind of progressive reform politics that came to flower in many cities during the early twentieth century. In 1898, Lawson founded an early foreign news service, which became a key component of the Daily News, the Founding of the Chicago Daily News. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 341-353, in JSTOR Cole, Jaci, and John Maxwell Hamilton. A Natural History of Foreign Correspondence, A Study of the Chicago Daily News, journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 84#1 pp, 151-166. Victor Lawson, his time and his work, 471pp, scholarly biography Sawyers, June Skinner, Rick Kogan Chicago Portraits, New Edition ISBN 978-0810126497 Inventory of the Victor Lawson Papers, 1860-1931 Lawson Field Victor Lawson Tower
4.
Melville Elijah Stone
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Melville Elijah Stone was a newspaper publisher, the founder of the Chicago Daily News, and was the general manager of the reorganized Associated Press. Stones parents were Reverend Elijah Stone, a Methodist minister, in 1876, Stone, who started out as a reporter, founded the first Chicago penny paper, the Chicago Daily News. In 1881 he established the Chicago Morning News, Stone became general manager of the reorganized Associated Press in 1893, and under his direction it became one of the great news agencies. Stone died of hardening of the arteries in 1929, stones son, Herbert Stone, married Mary Grigsby McCormick in 1900 and perished in the sinking of the luxury liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. Stones brother was the astronomer Ormond Stone, a Liberty ship is named in his honor. On the March 3,2008 edition of The Rest of the Story, Paul Harvey, the Chicago Daily News was not an initial success, as pennies were not widely used in 1876. Merchants began experimenting with a price drop in their goods. An increase in pennies, thought Stone, would help the circulation of his penny paper, when merchants began running low on pennies, Stone purchased several barrels of pennies from the Mint, further increasing their use within the Chicago area. This story is related in Scot Morris The Book of Strange Facts and Useless Information. The Founding of the Chicago Daily News, journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 341-353. In JSTOR Cole, Jaci, and John Maxwell Hamilton, a Natural History of Foreign Correspondence, A Study of the Chicago Daily News, 1900-1921. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 84#1 pp, 151-166, victor Lawson, his time and his work, 471pp, scholarly biography Melville E. Stone, Fifty Years a Journalist, Doubleday, Page and Co. Story of Chicago in Connection with the Printing Business Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition Melville Stone papers at Newberry Library Melville Stone - Pantagraph
5.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
6.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Media of the United States
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Media of the United States consist of several different types of media, television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites. The U. S. also has a music industry. Many of the media are controlled by large corporations who reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions. American media conglomerates tend to be leading global players, generating large revenues as well as opposition in many parts of the world. These mergers enable tighter control of information, currently, five corporations control roughly 90% of the media. Theories to explain the success of companies include reliance on certain policies of the American federal government or a tendency to natural monopolies in the industry. See Media bias in the United States, the organisation Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisations assessment of their press freedom records. In 2013–14 United States was ranked 46th out of 180 countries, American radio broadcasts in two bands, FM and AM. Some stations are only talk radio – featuring interviews and discussions – while music radio stations broadcast one particular type of music, Top 40, hip-hop, country, Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years. National Public Radio is the primary public radio network, but most radio stations are commercial. The Federal Communications Commission in 1970 had limited the number of radio station one person or company could own to 1 AM and 1 FM locally, and 7 AM and 7 FM stations nationally. But due to concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Most stations are now owned by major companies such as iHeartMedia, Cumulus Media, Townsquare Media. A new form of radio that is gaining popularity is satellite radio, the two biggest subscriptions based radio services are Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, which have recently merged to form Sirius XM Radio. Unlike terrestrial radio music channels are free and other channels feature minimal commercials. Satellite radio also is not regulated by the FCC, during the advent of the internet in the 21st century, internet radio and digital streaming services have been emerged. Among popular brands are Pandora and iHeartRadio, arbitron, a consumer research company, provides ratings for national and local radio stations in the United States. Ninety-nine percent of American households have at least one television and the majority of households have more than one, the four major broadcasters in the U. S. are the National Broadcasting Company, CBS, the American Broadcasting Company and the Fox Broadcasting Company
9.
Midwestern United States
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It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
10.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
11.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, FL, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
12.
KYW (AM)
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KYW, Newsradio 10-60, is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by the CBS Radio subsidiary of CBS Corporation and its studios are located in Center City Philadelphia and its transmitter and two-tower directional antenna array are located in Lafayette Hill. KYW is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States, located in Chicago, Illinois at its start in late 1921, it moved to Philadelphia in 1934. In 1956 the KYW call letters were transferred to a station in Cleveland, Ohio, KYW uses HD Radio on its AM signal 24 hours a day. The stations programming is available via a simulcast on the HD2 subchannel of sister station WIP-FM. An assortment of local, national and global headlines are read at the top and bottom of each hour, an unusual characteristic of KYW is the playing of a recording of Teletype printers clattering in the background while KYW reporters announce at the studio. This is intended to allow listeners to identify the station to which they are listening. However, the sound is not played during other times, such as commercials and taped news segments, KFWB Los Angeles and WMAQ Chicago also used this branding until they changed formats. The station was first licensed on November 15,1921 as Chicagos first broadcasting station and it was initially jointly operated by Westinghouse and Commonwealth Edison, with Westinghouse later taking over as sole operator. Ten microphones were installed across the Chicago Civic Auditorium stage, with equipment for switching between them as needed, after the close of the opera season, KYW installed a studio in the Commonwealth Edison building, and began producing additional programming. By fall of 1922 the station was operating for twelve hours a day, Westinghouse had been a founding partner of RCA, NBCs original parent company. In 1923, Westinghouse established a station, KFKX in Hastings, Nebraska, in 1928 the project was abandoned, although it was announced that the KFKX programming was being consolidated with KYW, which resulted in the creation of the dual call letter assignment of KYW-KFKX. KFKX would be dropped from the call sign in 1933. Under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commissions General Order 40, KYW was assigned to the clear channel frequency of 1020 kHz, but the assignment caused two major problems. A second issue was that, under the provisions of the Davis Amendment, Chicago was located in Region 4, while the reallocation provisions had reserved 1020 kHz for use in Region 2, a grouping of mid-Atlantic states. Westinghouse fought a legal battle attempting to keep KYW operating on 1020 in Chicago. After broadcasting its last program in Chicago on December 2,1934, KYW gave its debut Philadelphia program the day, utilizing the studios. In 1938 KYWs studios were located at 1619 Walnut Street in Center City, in 1942, the Federal Communications Commission compelled RCA to divest itself of one of its two radio networks
13.
WMAQ (AM)
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WMAQ was an AM radio station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and broadcast at 670 kHz with 50,000 watts. The station was in existence from 1922 to 2000, and was the oldest surviving broadcast outlet in Chicago and it was a class A clear channel station, and could be heard, particularly at night, over most of the eastern United States. WMAQ was owned in its later years by CBS Radio, but for much of its life it was owned by National Broadcasting Company, the stations original owner was the Chicago Daily News newspaper, but its longest-running ownership was as an NBC Radio owned-and-operated station. Its transmitter was located in Bloomingdale, Illinois just off Army Trail Road, with a 780-foot tower where it remains today, the AM670 transmitter is now in use by WMAQs successor, All Sports Radio WSCR, and remains under CBS Radio ownership. WMAQ came to life as WGU on April 13,1922, the station was formed as a joint venture between The Fair Department Store and the Chicago Daily News, with the stations first transmitter atop the department store. At the time, the station was broadcasting on 833 kilocycles with a power of about 100 watts. One of the problems with reception of the station was the interference of other buildings in the area. The City of Chicago also operated its own station with similar call letters, WBU, it shared a frequency with Westinghouses KYW. In an attempt to avoid confusion with the station, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover inaugurated a new antenna and transmitter of 500 watts. WMAQs call letters were first broadcast October 2,1922 on a channel frequency of 750 kc. Early radio had no rules or regulations, there was no Federal Radio Commission until 1927. Anyone with some knowledge and equipment could set up a radio station. While it was possible for anyone to start a radio station. Most of these radio stations faded out because of money issues. WMAQ had the backing of the Chicago Daily News, but it also had a very capable general manager, Judith Waller. At that point Waller became the director of public affairs programming for NBCs central division, by early 1923, the Daily News was convinced enough in the power of radio to buy out the Fair Stores 51% interest in the station. The Daily News moved the station and its transmitter to the tallest building in Chicago at the time—the La Salle Hotel on West Washington street in the West Loop, with a new location and new frequency of 670 kilohertz, WMAQ went on the air July 2,1923. The new frequency however, was not clear channel, WMAQ had to share it with another local station, WQJ, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company and the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom on North Clark Street
14.
Calumet Baking Powder Company
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Calumet Baking Powder Company was an American food company established in 1889 in Chicago, Illinois, by baking powder salesman William Monroe Wright. Wrights company adopted a stylized Indian wearing a war bonnet as its trademark, in 1929, William Wright sold out to General Foods and Calumet Baking Powder became one of its many name brands. Wright, a fan of racing, would use his wealth to build what would become a world-renowned breeding and training operation in Lexington, Kentucky. It was later run by his son, Warren Wright, General Foods merged with Kraft Foods in 1990. Cans of Calumet Baking Powder were used as props in the scenes of the 1980 film. This detail is noted early in the 2012 documentary Room 237, ceremonial pipe History of Calumet Baking Powder at Kraft Foods Inc. website
15.
Chicago Cubs
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The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. The team plays its games at Wrigley Field, located on the citys North Side. The Cubs are one of two league teams in Chicago, the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a member of the NL in 1876. The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series, the 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of.763, before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, the 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports. Since the start of play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season. The Cubs are known as the North Siders, a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago, there is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers. There is also a rivalry with the White Sox. The Cubs began play in 1876 as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, the White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new leagues top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at.429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the games top prize. After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, the White Stockings, with Anson acting as player-manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the games first true superstar. In 1885 and 86, after winning N. L. pennants, both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicagos club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes Ansons Colts
16.
Amos 'n' Andy
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Amos n Andy is an American radio and television sitcom set in Harlem, Manhattans historic black community. When the show moved to television, black actors took over the majority of the roles, Amos n Andy began as one of the first radio comedy series and originated from station WMAQ in Chicago. After the first broadcast in 1928, the became a hugely popular radio series. Early episodes were broadcast from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, the show ran as a nightly radio serial, as a weekly situation comedy, and as a nightly disc-jockey program. A television adaptation ran on CBS and continued in syndicated reruns and it would not be shown to a nationwide audience again until 2012. Amos n Andy creators, Gosden and Correll, were white actors familiar with minstrel traditions and they met in Durham, North Carolina, in 1920. Both men had some scattered experience in radio, but it was not until 1925 that the two appeared on Chicagos WQJ and their appearances soon led to a regular schedule on another Chicago radio station, WEBH, where their only compensation was a free meal. The lucrative offer allowed them to become full-time broadcasters, the Victor Talking Machine Company also offered them a recording contract. He suggested that Gosden and Correll adapt The Gumps for radio, the idea seemed to involve more risk than either Gosden or Correll was willing to take, neither was adept at imitating female voices, which would have been necessary for The Gumps. They were also conscious of having made names for themselves with their previous act, by playing the roles of characters doing dialect, they would be able to conceal their identities enough to be able to return to their old pattern of entertaining if the radio show was a failure. Instead, they proposed a series about a couple of colored characters and their new show, Sam n Henry, began on January 12,1926, and fascinated radio listeners throughout the Midwest. When WGN rejected the proposal, Gosden and Correll quit the show, episodes of Sam n Henry continued to be aired until July 14,1928. Corrells and Gosdens characters contractually belonged to WGN, so, when they left WGN, WMAQ, the Chicago Daily News station, hired Gosden and Correll and their former WGN announcer, Bill Hay, to create a series similar to Sam n Henry. They offered higher salaries than WGN and the right to pursue the chainless chain syndication idea, the creators later said that they named the characters, Amos and Andy, after hearing two elderly African-Americans greet each other by those names in a Chicago elevator. Amos n Andy began on March 19,1928 on WMAQ, early 1930s broadcasts of the show were done from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, California. For the programs run as a nightly series, Gosden. With the episodic drama and suspense heightened by cliffhanger endings, Amos n Andy reached a radio audience. Amos Jones and Andy Brown worked on a farm near Atlanta, Georgia, by 1930, the noted toy maker Louis Marx and Company was offering a tin wind-up version of the auto, with Amos and Andy inside
17.
Ulises Armand Sanabria
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Ulises Armand Sanabria was born in southern Chicago of Puerto Rican and French-American parents. Sanabria is known for development of televisions and early terrestrial television broadcasts. Sanabria was the builder and engineer of WCFL, the first mechanical television station went on the air in Chicago on June 12,1928. By sending the signal to station WIBO and the video signal on WCFL, he was the first to transmit sound. At age 15 Sanabria told his girlfriend that he was going to invent television, two years later, he figured out how to do it. Two more years later, at the age of 19, he demonstrated the first television in Chicago and this was only months after the first demonstrations of mechanical television by Charles Francis Jenkins in the US and John Logie Baird in the UK. By 1929, Sanabria was operating his own station, WX9AO, in that year, he asked a young comedian named Milton Berle to appear on one of his stations programs. The grand opening of television station W9XAP took place in the evening of August 27,1930, a number of receivers had been distributed to homes and stores in the Chicago area. Sears, Roebuck had advertised extensively and crowds had assembled to see, bill Hay was the announcer and several other WMAQ artists performed. The signal was strong and the good, but ghost images were terrific. By 1934, Sanabria was able to present a television system with a picture 30 feet wide. He continued to demonstrate his system until the late 1930s and was in business manufacturing television picture tubes until 1955, dr. de Forest was a consultant to Mr. Sanabria and the school. They were in the process of setting up another branch in New York on Pearl Harbor Day, during the war years,2,000 of their students were recruited by the U. S. armed forces. The school, American Television Institute of Technology, had 6,000 men in training courses. Sanabria married his school sweetheart and had two sons from his first marriage, Robert K. and Ulises Armand Jr. He also fathered three children from his marriage, two daughters, Penolopy and Patricia, and one son, Quentin
18.
WRTI
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WRTI is a non-commercial, public FM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is a service of Temple University, the Temple University Board of Trustees holds the stations license. The broadcast tower used by the station is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia at, WRTI began in 1948 as an AM carrier current station. It was founded by John Roberts, professor emeritus of communications at Temple and he helped found the School of Communications and Theater at Temple. The call letters stood for Radio Training Institute, in 1952, the station received an FM transmitter, receiving a full license to cover the FM facility in 1953. After years of serving as a student laboratory, WRTI-AM signed-off for good in 1968, WRTI-FM switched from block programming to an all-jazz format in 1969. It added classical music in 1997 after Philadelphias commercial classical station, WFLN. WRTI is a public radio service, broadcasting classical music during the day. WRTI also has programs on Friday and Saturday evenings. Each Friday 10 pm –2 am theres The Bridge, with host J. Michael Harrison and this program explores the merging platforms of popular music and jazz. Saturday from 9 pm –12 am El Viaje airs, hosted by David Ortiz, focusing on Latin Jazz, WRTI also presents arts and culture programming. The multi-award winning CrossOver, created by renowned historian, Dr. Jack V. Buerkle. Crossover explores music as the international language, the award-winning Creatively Speaking arts segments feature contributors Jim Cotter, David Patrick Stearns and Susan Lewis among others. Mr. Cotter heads WRTIs Arts and Culture desk, the forerunner of these features was a 30-minute Saturday morning arts magazine show, also called Creatively Speaking, which was cancelled in early 2013. It was felt that splitting up the show in segments and spreading throughout the broadcast day. Some of WRTIs programming is centered on area arts organizations, discoveries from the Fleisher Collection uncovers the unknown, rediscovers the little-known, and takes a fresh look at some of the remarkable treasures housed in the collection. The Wanamaker Organ Hour, hosted by WRTIs Jill Pasternak and Macys Grand Court Organist Peter Richard Conte, features recordings of performances on the organ by Mr. Conte and various guests. The Wanamaker Organ is housed in Macys Center City Philadelphia department store and is the largest musical instrument in the world, Macys and the Friends of the Wanamaker Organ make the broadcasts possible
19.
WGN (AM)
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WGN,720 kHz, is a commercial AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The stations studios are located at the Tribune Tower on Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Loop, since around 1990, WGN has maintained a news/talk format. WGN does not broadcast in HD, WGN is a clear channel Class A station operating with the maximum AM Radio power of 50,000 watts, using a non-directional antenna. During daytime hours, it can be heard as far as Windsor, Ontario, around 250 miles away, the station also streams its programming on its website. In addition to WGN AM 720s online stream, Tribune also operates an additional internet-only stream, the WGN call letters refer to the Chicago Tribune, following the pattern of other stations such as WLS and WGH in the Tidewater region of Virginia. The predecessor to WGN was WDAP, which signed on the air on May 19,1922, originally based in the Wrigley Building, the station moved its operations to the Drake Hotel in July. On May 12,1923, the Zenith Radio Company signed on radio station WJAZ from the Edgewater Beach Hotel. However, after this period, the Tribune switched its operations to WDAP, and the Zenith station became WEBH. Early programming was noted for its creativity and innovation, in 1926, WGN broadcast Sam & Henry, a daily serial with comic elements created and performed by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll. After a dispute with the station in 1927, Gosden and Correll took the concept and announcer Bill Hay across town to WMAQ and created the first syndicated radio show. WGN served as a member of the Mutual Broadcasting System. On November 1,1931, WGNs network affiliation changed from NBC to CBS as a result of NBCs purchase of a half-interest in WMAQ, which then became Chicagos NBC station. During this period, Count Cutelli installed one of the most advanced sound system to date into the WGN studios. On April 5,1948, sister station WGN-TV Channel 9 signed on the air, in November 1958, WGN became the first radio station in Chicago to broadcast helicopter traffic reports featuring Police Officer Leonard Baldy. Flying Officer Baldy was killed in a crash, while on duty. WGN radio moved back to North Michigan Avenue in 1986, relocating its operations to a studio in the Pioneer Court extension, over many decades, WGN was a full service radio station. The station aired Middle of the Road music until the 1970s, music programming was phased out during the 1980s, and by 1990, the stations lineup mainly consisted of talk shows. Some former well-known personalities on WGN include longtime morning hosts Wally Phillips, Bob Collins, Spike ODell, Paul Harvey, orion Samuelson has been the stations farm reporter since 1960
20.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
21.
Holabird & Root
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The architectural firm now known as Holabird & Root was founded in Chicago in 1880. Over the years, the firm has changed its name several times, operating on a legacy of innovation, Holabird & Root is a full-service architecture, engineering, interior design, and planning firm. Celebrating 135 years of design, the firm is the oldest architecture firm in Chicago, the firm remains a privately held partnership currently operating with three principals and five associate principals. The original founders, William Holabird and Ossian Cole Simonds, worked in the office of William LeBaron Jenney. They set up their own independent practice, Holabird & Simonds, in 1880 when they took on the project for an extension to Graceland Cemetery, in 1881, Martin Roche, who had also worked for Jenney, joined them as a third partner. After only working together on five projects, Simonds left the firm in 1883 to pursue a career as a landscape architect, Holabird, Simonds & Roche became Holabird & Roche. A few years however, the firm once again collaborated with the ex-partner when, from 1889 to 1895, they designed and built Fort Sheridan. Beginning with the Tacoma Building, their first major commission, and the Marquette Building, an enormously successful practice, they also designed large, ornate hotels across the country, including Chicagos Palmer House. After the deaths of William Holabird and Martin Roche, the then renamed Holabird & Root was run by Holabirds son John Augur Holabird and John Wellborn Root, under their leadership, the firm adopted an Art Deco style. The company name changed to Holabird, Root & Burgee for a while, currently located in the Marquette Building, the firm is now again called Holabird & Root, although nobody of either name is involved anymore. Hollywood House Apartments• The Polk Bros, foundation Affordable Rental Housing Preservation Award 2010 Beloit College Center for the Sciences• Wisconsin Builder 2009 Top Projects St. Corporate Headquarters Research and Development Facility • AIA Chicago Chapter Distinguished Building Honor Award Hollister Inc, Chicago Architecture, Holabird & Root, 1880-1992. Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root, An Illustrated Catalog of Works, the Architects and the City, Holabird & Roche of Chicago, 1880-1918. Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1997
22.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
23.
Riverside Plaza (Chicago)
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The Riverside Plaza is an art deco skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois in the United States. The building was designed by Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root and completed in 1929 and it is 302 feet tall, and has 26 storeys. It was known as the Chicago Daily News Building until after the newspaper ended in 1978 and it was also one of the first buildings in Chicago constructed largely over a railroad right-of-way. A ramped concourse through the side of this building serves as the main entryway to the Ogilvie Transportation Center in Citigroup Center. This concourse was originally the main lobby, with a floor in place of the ramp up to the bridge at Canal Street. An art deco mural by John W. Norton, formerly housed on the ceiling of the old lobby, was commissioned by the Chicago Daily News. It was dominated by lines, and divided into three sections, Gathering the News, Printing the News, & Transporting the News. In the fall of 1993, it was removed and put into storage, the courtyard is aligned with the raised courtyard of the Civic Opera Building directly across the Chicago River. Media related to Riverside Plaza at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Marshall Field's
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Marshall Field & Company, commonly known as Marshall Field’s, was a department store in Chicago, Illinois, that grew to become a chain before being acquired by Macys, Inc. on August 30,2005. Marshall Field & Company traces its antecedents to a dry goods store opened at 137 Lake Street in Chicago, Illinois in 1852 by Potter Palmer, eponymously named P. Palmer & Company. Just prior to the American Civil War, in 1860, Field and bookkeeper Levi Z. Leiter, became partners in the firm, then known as Cooley. In 1864, the firm, then led by senior partner John V. Farwell, Sr. was renamed Farwell, only for Field and Leiter to soon withdraw from the partnership with Farwell when presented with the opportunity of a lifetime. Potter Palmer, plagued by ailing health, was looking to dispose of his business, so on January 4,1865, Field and Leiter entered into partnership with him. So the firm of P. Palmer & Company became Field, Palmer, Leiter & Company and his brother, Milton Palmer, left at this time as well. The store was renamed Field, Leiter & Company, sometimes referred to as “Field & Leiter”, the buyout, however, did not bring an end to Potter Palmer’s association with the firm. In 1868, Palmer convinced Field and Leiter to lease a new, six-story edifice he had just built at the northeast corner of State, the store was soon referred to as the “Marble Palace” owing to its costly marble stone face. When the Great Chicago Fire broke out on October 8,1871, news of this, the Company’s drivers and teams were ordered out of the barns. Parker, a salesman, rushed to the store’s basement, broke up boxes. These employees worked feverishly through the night to remove vital records, at one point, the gas tank exploded, which put out the store’s gaslights. The men worked on by candlelight and the glow from the approaching flames, early in the following morning however, the citys waterworks burned, thus ending the water supply and making further efforts useless. The last employee had scarcely made it out of the building when it burst into flames, the store burned to the ground. However, as a result of the employees herculean efforts, so much merchandise was saved that the store was able to reopen in only a few weeks in a temporary location. Six months later, in April 1872, Field & Leiter reopened in a building at Madison. Salesman Parker stayed on with the Company for 45 more years and this store was expanded in 1876, only to be destroyed by fire again in November 1877. Field, Leiter & Company now reclaimed their traditional location at the northeast corner of State, in January 1881, Field, with the support of his junior partners, bought out Levi Z. In 1932, this building was leased to the later famous nationwide mail-order firm Sears, in 1887, the landmark seven-story Henry Hobson Richardson-designed, Romanesque-styled, Marshall Fields Wholesale Store opened on Franklin Street between Quincy and Adams
25.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
26.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
27.
Mike Royko
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Michael Mike Royko was a Chicago newspaper columnist, winner of the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for commentary. Over his 30-year career, he wrote over 7,500 daily columns for three newspapers, the Chicago Daily News, the Chicago Sun-Times, and the Chicago Tribune. Originally a humorist focused on life in Chicago, he authored a scathing biography of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1971. He was an outspoken liberal until the 1990s when he moved politically to the right, Mike Royko grew up in Chicago, living in an apartment above a bar. His mother, Helen, was Polish, and his father, Michael Royko and he briefly attended Wright Junior College and then enlisted in the U. S. Air Force in 1952. On becoming a columnist, he drew on experiences from his childhood, reporter Mike Royko covered Cook County politics and government in a weekly political column, soon supplemented with a second, weekly column reporting about Chicagos folk music scene. The success of those columns earned him a column in 1964, writing about all topics for the Daily News. His column appeared five days a week until 1992, when he cut back to four days a week, Studs Terkel explained Roykos incredible productivity and longevity by simply saying, He is possessed by a demon. In 1972, Royko received the Pulitzer Prize for commentary as a Daily News columnist, when the Daily News closed, Royko worked for its allied morning newspaper, the Chicago Sun-Times. In 1984, Rupert Murdoch, for whom Royko said he would never work, Royko commented that No self-respecting fish would want to be wrapped in a Murdoch paper, and is goal is not quality journalism. His goal is vast power for Rupert Murdoch, political power, Mike Royko then worked for the rival Chicago Tribune, a paper he had said hed never work for and at which he never felt comfortable. For a period after the takeover, the Sun-Times reprinted Roykos columns, in 1976, a Royko column criticized the Chicago Police Department for providing an around-the-clock guard for Frank Sinatra. Sinatra responded with a letter calling Royko a pimp, which Royko then published in his column, sinatras letter is now valued at $15,000. Like some other columnists, Royko created fictitious personae with whom he could converse, the most famous being Slats Grobnik, generally, the Slats Grobnik columns described two men discussing a current event in a Polish neighborhood bar. In 1973, Royko collected several of the Grobnik columns in a collection titled Slats Grobnik, another of Roykos characters was his pseudo-psychiatrist Dr. I. M. Kookie. Dr. Kookie, purportedly the founder of the Asylumism religion — according to which Earth was settled by a higher civilizations rejected insane people — satirized pop culture and pop psychology. Through his columns, Royko helped make his favorite bar, the Billy Goat Tavern, famous. Billy Goats reciprocated by sponsoring the Daily Newss 16-inch softball team, Roykos columns were syndicated country-wide in more than 600 newspapers
28.
Rosemont, Illinois
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Rosemont is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, located immediately northwest of Chicago. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 4,202, the village was incorporated in 1956, though it had been settled long before that. The residential sections of Rosemont are a community, as a result of the 1995 decision by residents to enclose the residential portions of the city. According to the 2010 census, Rosemont has an area of 1.79 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 4,224 people,1,692 households, the population density was 2,423.6 per square mile. There were 1,745 housing units at a density of 1,001.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 79. 24% White,1. 35% African American,0. 88% Native American,4. 40% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,11. 55% from other races, and 2. 56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35. 35% of the population, Rosemont was tied for first place in 2000 with Bowdon, Georgia as the place in the United States with the highest percentage of people reporting Bulgarian ancestry. The percentage of people so reporting in 2000 was 2. 7%,35. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.31. In the village, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,35. 7% from 25 to 44,18. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 110.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.2 males, the median income for a household in the village was $34,663, and the median income for a family was $44,939. Males had an income of $30,066 versus $30,015 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,781, about 10. 6% of families and 14. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 6% of those under age 18 and 10. 6% of those age 65 or over. Rosemont is positioned between OHare International Airport and the rest of the City of Chicago, due to its location, much of the village is occupied by large hotels and office buildings. According to Colliers Bennett & Kahnweiler, the Rosemont/OHare office market encompassed approximately 13,500,000 square feet of total inventory in 2008, additionally, Rosemont operates several visitor related-forums. Among these are the Donald E, the village is the sponsor of the Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps
29.
Richard B. Ogilvie
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Richard Buell Ogilvie was the 35th governor of Illinois and served from 1969 to 1973. A wounded combat veteran of World War II, he known as the mafia-fighting sheriff of Cook County, Illinois. He graduated from school in Port Chester, New York. While attending Yale University, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1942, as a tank commander in France, he was wounded and received the Purple Heart and two Battle Stars. Discharged in 1945, he resumed studies at Yale and in 1947, in 1949, he earned a Juris Doctor from Chicago-Kent College of Law. From 1950 to 1954, he practiced law in Chicago and served as an assistant United States Attorney from 1954–1955, from 1958 to 1961, he served as a special assistant to the United States Attorney General heading an office fighting organized crime in Chicago and the Chicago Mafia. Ogilvie was elected sheriff of Cook County, Illinois most populous county, in 1962, while sheriff, he was elected President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners and served from 1967 to 1969, when he resigned upon being elected Governor of Illinois. As of 2014, he was the last Republican to serve as the executive of Cook County. In 1968, he was elected governor as a Republican, with 51. 2% of the vote and his lieutenant governor was Democrat and future U. S. Senator Paul Simon, the time that Illinois elected a Governor. Bolstered by large Republican majorities in the house, Ogilvie modernized state government. He successfully advocated for a constitutional convention, increased social spending. The latter was unpopular with the electorate, and Ogilvie lost a close election to Daniel Walker in 1972. President Richard Nixon considered Oglivie as a nominee to become Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1979, Governor Ogilvie was appointed as Trustee for the Milwaukee Road, a railroad that had entered bankruptcy. He oversaw its sale and reorganization into the Wisconsin Central Railroad, Oglivie was the publisher of a revived Chicago Daily News in 1979,18 months after its demise in 1978. In 1987, he was appointed by then-Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole to chair a committee studying the proposed termination of Amtraks federal subsidy. Until his death in 1988, he was a partner in the distinguished Chicago law firm of Isham Lincoln & Beale, one of founders was Abraham Lincolns son. After his death in Chicago May 10,1988, Governor Ogilvie was cremated and interred in Rosehill Mausoleum, Rosehill Cemetery, the modern railroad station uses the former C&NW trainshed
30.
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
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The Trump International Hotel and Tower, also known as Trump Tower Chicago and Trump Tower, is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The building, named after businessman and current President of the United States, Donald Trump, was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Bovis Lend Lease built the 98-story structure, which reaches a height of 1,388 feet including its spire and it is next to the main branch of the Chicago River, with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river. When topped out in 2009, it became the fourth-tallest building in the US and it surpassed the citys John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence in the world, and held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa. The design of the building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a parking garage, the 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30,2008, then full accommodation and services on April 28. A restaurant on the 16th floor, Sixteen, opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews, the building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009. As of 2015, the hotel is three in Chicago with an elite five-star Forbes Travel Guide rating. It hosts a restaurant that is one of three five-star Forbes-rated restaurants in the city and a spa that is one of six that is at least a four-star Forbes-rated in the Chicago area in 2015. Sixteen is one of five restaurants in Chicago with at least a Michelin Guide two-star rating in 2016, the tower sits at 401 North Wabash Avenue in the River North Gallery District, part of the Near North Side community area of Chicago. The building is across the Chicago River from the Chicago Loop and it is a block away from the southern end of the Magnificent Mile portion of Michigan Avenue. The restaurant, Sixteen, has a view of the Chicago Rivers entrance to Lake Michigan. The design of the building incorporates three setback features designed to provide continuity with the surrounding skyline, each reflecting the height of a nearby building. The third setback, on the east side, relates to 330 North Wabash building, however, some views distort the alignment of the second setback. The setbacks and rounded edges of the building combat vortex formation, the body of the building is raised 30 feet above the main Wabash entrance and 70 feet above the Chicago River. The buildings Permasteelisa curtain wall uses clear low-emissivity coated glass and a curved wing-shaped polished stainless-steel mullion system that projects 9 inches from the glass line and it incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum. The building has 2,600,000 square feet of space, rises to 98 stories. These include studio apartments, a mixture of suites with one to four bedrooms, the tower also features a luxury hotel condominium with 339 guest rooms. The building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a garage, a hotel
