1.
President of India
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The President of the Republic of India is the Head of State of India and the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, the President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi. The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad, the 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn in on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President, India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, the constitution of the Republic of India gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after Presidents assent, the president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution, the primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath. The President is the head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations and supervisory powers over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution, there is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law. Legislative power is vested by the Parliament of India of which the president is the head. The President of the Republic summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them and he can dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections, the Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111, after a bill is presented to him, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to Parliament, if it is not a money bill, when, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President cannot withhold his assent from it. Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the validity of any issue. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval, ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within stipulated time of the houses of parliament is unconstitutional act by the President
2.
Constitution of India
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The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It is the longest written constitution of any country in the world. The nation is governed by it, B. R. Ambedkar is regarded as its chief architect. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, with its adoption, the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act,1935 as the countrys fundamental governing document. To ensure constitutional autochthony, the framers of the repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution. India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year and it declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947, when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. Articles 5,6,7,8,9,60,324,366,367,379,380,388,391,392,393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and it is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz and it was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies. The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years to complete its task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which. Of these,114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution, on 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India, while deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C, there were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi, the Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community, prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha
3.
Ministry of Law and Justice (India)
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The ministry is headed by a cabinet rank minister appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of India. Ravi Shankar Prasad is the current minister for law and justice in India, Ministry of law and justice is the oldest limb of the government of India dating back to 1833 when the Charter Act 1833 was enacted by the British Parliament when India was under British control. The said Act vested for the first time legislative power in a single authority, by virtue of this authority and the authority vested under him under section 22 of the Indian Councils Act 1861 the Governor General in Council enacted laws for the country from 1834 to 1920. After the commencement of the Government of India Act 1919 the legislative power was exercised by the Indian Legislature constituted thereunder, the Government of India Act 1919 was followed by the Government of India Act 1935. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the Government of India Rules of 1961 entail the various departments working under the Ministry of Law and Justice of Government of India. In terms of these Rules, the Ministry comprises the departments, Department of Legal Affairs, Legislative Department. The Legislative Department is mainly concerned with drafting of all principal legislation for the Central Government i. e and it is also concerned with election Laws namely the Representation of the People Act 1950 and the Representation of the People Act 1951. In addition it is entrusted with task of dealing with certain matters relating to List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution like personal law. The responsibility of maintaining up to date the statutes enacted by Parliament is also with this Department, Constitution Orders, notifications for bringing into force Constitution Acts. Compilation and publication of unrepealed Central Acts, Ordinances and Regulations of general statutory Rules and Orders, elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States, to the Offices of the President and Vice-President, and the Election Commission. Preparation and publication of standard terminology for use, as far as possible. Publication of law books and law journals in Hindi, marriage and divorce, infants and minors, adoption, wills, intestate and succession, joint family and partition. Transfer of property other than agricultural land, contracts, but not including those relating to agricultural land. Trusts and trustees, Administrators, General and Official Trustees, civil Procedure including Limitation and Arbitration. Charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions, appointment, resignation and removal, etc. of Chief Justice and Judges of High Courts in States, their salaries, rights in respect of leave of absence, pensions and travelling allowances. Appointment of Judicial Commissioners and Judicial officers in Union Territories, Constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court and the fees taken therein. Constitution and organisation of the High Courts and the Courts of Judicial Commissioners except provisions as to officers, administration of justice and constitution and organisation of courts in the Union Territories and fees taken in such courts. Court fees and Stamp duties in the Union Territories, creation of all India Judicial Service
4.
Zakir Husain (politician)
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Zakir Husain pronunciation was the 3rd President of India, from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969. An educator and intellectual, Husain was the countrys first Muslim president and he was also the shortest serving President of India. He previously served as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962, Zakir Husain was also the co-founder of Jamia Milia Islamia, serving as its Vice Chancellor from 1928. Under Husain, Jamia became closely associated with the Indian freedom movement and he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour, in 1963. Husain was born in Hyderabad, Telangana, into a Pashtun family of the Afridi tribe, which came to be closely associated with Kaimganj, Uttar Pradesh. After Husain was born, his family migrated from Hyderabad to Kaimganj and he was the second of seven sons, the elder brother of fellow educationists Yousuf Husain and Mahmud Hussain. He was also the uncle of academic Masud Husain and Anwar Husain eminent anchorperson and his grandson Salman Khurshid, a Congress politician, is the former Foreign Minister of India. Husains father, Fida Husain Khan, died when he was ten years old and he received his doctorate in economics from the University of Berlin in 1926. In 1915, at the age of 18, he married Shah Jahan Begum and had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman and he subsequently went to Germany to obtain a PhD from the Frederick William University of Berlin in Economics. While in Germany, Husain was instrumental in bringing out the anthology of arguably the greatest Urdu poet Mirza Assadullah Khan Ghalib and he returned to India to head the Jamia Millia Islamia which was facing closure in 1927. During this period Husain emerged as one of the most prominent educational thinkers and practitioners of modern India and his personal sacrifice and untiring efforts to keep the Jamia afloat in very adverse circumstances won him appreciation of even his arch political rivals like Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Dr. Husain, again, provided leadership during a phase of the history of the University at Aligarh from 1948–1956. Soon after completing his term as Vice Chancellor he was nominated as a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament in 1956, a position he vacated in 1957 to become Governor of the State of Bihar. After serving as the Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962, in his inaugural speech, he said that the whole of India was his home and all its people were his family. During his last days, the issue of nationalization of banks was being hotly debated, the bill, in the end, received presidential consent from Mohammad Hidayatullah, on 9 August 1969. During his presidential tenure, Zakir Husain led four state visits to Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR, Husain died on 3 May 1969, the first Indian President to die in office. He is buried along with his wife on the campus of Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi, with the main objective of providing facility for higher education in Ilayangudi, a college was started in his honour in 1970. The Engineering College of Aligarh Muslim University is named after him, minority minister, V-C read Fatiha at Dr Zakir Husain’s grave – TCN News Dr. Zakir Husain Biography
5.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
6.
Supreme Court of India
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The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts of various states of the Union and other courts and it safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it matters which may specifically be referred to it under the Constitution by the President of India. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own, without anyone drawing its attention to them, the law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts within India. These new High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the High Courts, the Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. Supreme Court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950, the first Chief Justice of India was Sir H J Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises, originally, Constitution of India envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven Judges, leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning, the Right Wing of the structure has the bar - room, the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court. The Left Wing has the offices of the court, in all there are 15 court rooms in the various wings of the building. The foundation stone of the courts building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Rajendra Prasad. The Court moved into the building in 1958, in 1979, two new wings - the East Wing and the West Wing - were added to the complex. On 20 February 1980, a bronze sculpture of 210 centimeter height was installed in lawn of the Supreme Court. On the book, a balance is shown, which represents dispensation of justice to all. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar The design of the Courts seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes, the inscription in Sanskrit yatodharmastato jayah means whence law, thence victory. It is also referred to - as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness, Supreme Court Rules,2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court, called Advocates-on-Record to appear, act and plead for a party in the court
7.
Parliament of India
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The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses and it is bicameral with two houses, the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President in his role as head of legislature has powers to summon. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and those elected or nominated to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament. The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, the Sansad Bhavan is located in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who were responsible for planning, the construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Governor-General of India, Irwin. The construction costs for the building were ₹8.3 million, the parliament is 560 feet in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres. The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha, surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees, offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex, the new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex. A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Ex, the present building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head. The President of India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament, the President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of five years. Lok Sabha or the house has 545 members. It has a term of five years, Rajya Sabha or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years and its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members and it currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population, the minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years
8.
Mohammad Hidayatullah
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He had also served as the Acting President of India from 20 July 1969 to 24 August 1969 and from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982. He is regarded as an eminent jurist, scholar, educationist, author, Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah, an upper-class family. His grand father Munshi Kudartullah was advocate in Varanasi and his father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature. Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 besting famous mathematician Sir Ziauddin Ahmad and he served till 1928 in ICS and from 1929–33 as member of Central Legislative Assembly. Hidaytullahs elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah and Ahmedullah were scholars as well as sportsmen and he on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry. After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922, Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur, when he graduated in 1926, he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal. Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad, Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930, here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a Gold Medal for his performance in 1930. He was called to the Bar from Lincolns Inn when he was just 25 years old and he was awarded LL. D. from University of the Philippines and D. Litt. from University of Bhopal and University of Kakatiya. While at Cambridge, Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929, also while here, he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincolns Inn. In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930, after graduation, Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19 July 1930. He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature, on 12 December 1942, he was appointed GovernmentPleader in the High Court at Nagpur. On 2 August 1943, he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar, in November 1956, he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. On 1 December 1958, he was elevated as a justice to the Supreme Court of India, in his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India. After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years, he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India and he retired from this position on 16 December 1970. During his term as the Chief Justice of India, the then-President of India, Dr Zakir Hussain died suddenly, in harness, then Vice President of India Mr. V. V. Giri became the acting President, later, V V Giri resigned from both the posts, viz, acting President and Vice-President, as he became a candidate in the Presidential Election 1969. The visit of President of the United States Mr. Richard Nixon to India made his Presidential term historic, after his retirement, Justice Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984. During his tenure as the Vice-President, he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence
9.
V. V. Giri
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Varahagiri Venkata Giri pronunciation, commonly known as V. V. Giri, was the fourth President of the Republic of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 August 1974. As President, Giri subordinated the office of the President to the Prime Minister, Giri was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as President in 1974. After the end of his term, Giri was honoured with the Bharat Ratna, Giri was born in Berhampur in the Ganjam district of Odisha, into a Telugu Brahmin family. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer, Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children. Giri completed his education at the Khallikote College in Berhampur. In 1913 he went to Ireland to study law which he did at University College Dublin, Giri was one among the first crop of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914-15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the Kings Inns, in total,50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917. Giri and a law student also enrolled to study on the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was lectured by Thomas MacDonagh and his lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ. During the First World War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London, Gandhi wanted for Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhis request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giris biographers, Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross, along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri, meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD student magazine. He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, PH Pearse, Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD. Indian students were subjected to police following the 1916 Rising. Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court and he also became a member of the Congress party, attended its Lucknow session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Beasant. Giri abandoned a legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhis call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops, Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career
10.
Hindustan Times
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Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the Indian independence movement of the period. The newspaper is owned by Rajya Sabha M. P. Shobhana Bhartia and it is the flagship publication of HT Media. Hindustan Times is one of the largest newspapers in India, by circulation, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1.16 million copies as of November 2015. The Indian Readership Survey 2014 revealed that HT is the second most widely read English newspaper in India after The Times of India. It is popular in North India, with editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi, Bhopal. The print location of Jaipur was discontinued from June 2006 and that of Nagpur edition was discontinued from September 1997, HT launched a youth daily, HT Next, in 2004. The Mumbai edition was launched on 14 July 2005 and the Kolkata edition was launched in early 2000. In 2014 however, Hindustan Times was ranked 360th among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, other sister publications of Hindustan Times are Mint, Hindustan, Nandan and Kadambani. Hindustan Times is owned by the KK Birla branch of the Birla family, Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Province. S Mangal Singh Gill and S. Chanchal Singh were made in charge of the newspaper, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, K. M. Panikkar was its first editor, Devdas Gandhi on the editors panel, and later editor. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924, the first issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi. As an Oxonian, historian, and litterateur, Panikkar must have hoped to make his paper eventually more than an Akali sheet and he became the editor and funds flowed freely from activist Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway, in two years Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up, the paper was saved from an untimely demise when Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi. Malaviya raised ₹50,000 rupees to acquire the Hindustan Times along with the help of nationalist leaders Lajpat Rai and M. R. Jayakar and industrialist G. D. Birla, Birla took full control of the paper in 1933. The paper continues to be owned by the Birla family and it has its roots in the Indian independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted Hindustan Times Contempt Case at Allahabad High Court. It was edited at times by many important people in India, including Devdas Gandhi, Sri Mulgaonkar, B. G. Verghese, sanjoy Narayan was editor in chief of the paper from August 2008 till July 2016
11.
Bar Council of India
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The Bar Council of India is a statutory body established under the section 4 of advocates Act 1961 that regulates the legal practice and legal education in India. Its members are elected from amongst the lawyers in India and as such represents the Indian bar and it prescribes standards of professional conduct, etiquettes and exercises disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar. It also sets standards for education and grants recognition to Universities whose degree in law will serve as a qualification for students to enroll themselves as advocates upon graduation. In March 1953, the All India Bar Committee, headed by S. R. Das, submitted a report proposed the creation of a bar council for each state. It was suggested that the all India bar council should regulate the legal profession, the Law Commission of India was assigned the job of assembling a report on judicial administration reforms. In 1961, the Advocates Act was introduced to implement the recommendations made by the All India Bar Committee, setalvad and C. K. Daphtary were the first chairman and vice chairman respectively. In 1963, C. K. Daphtary became the Chairman, Section 7 of the Advocates Act,1961 lays down the Bar Council’s regulatory and representative mandate. The functions of the Bar Council are to, Lay down standards of professional conduct, determine universities whose degree in law shall be a qualification for enrollment as an advocate. Conduct seminars on legal topics by eminent jurists and publish journals, organise and provide legal aid to the poor. Recognise foreign qualifications in law obtained outside India for admission as an advocate, manage and invest funds of the Bar Council. Provide for the election of its members who run the Bar Councils. Organise and provide aid to the scheduled cast. The members from the state bar councils are elected for a period of five years, the council elects its own Chairman and Vice-Chairman for a period of two years from amongst its members. Assisted by the committees of the Council, the chairman acts as the chief executive. Manan Kumar Mishra is the present Chairman and he was preceded by Biri Singh Sinsinewar, who was in turn preceded by the current Chairman, Manan Kumar Mishra. Eligible persons having a law degree are admitted as advocates on the rolls of the state bar Councils. The Advocates Act,1961 empowers state bar councils to frame their own rules regarding enrollment of advocates, the Council’s enrollment committee may scrutinise a candidate’s application. Those admitted as advocates by any state bar council are eligible to take the All India Bar Examination which is conducted by the Bar Council of India
