1.
Supreme Court of New South Wales
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The Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian State of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, the Supreme Court building is physically located in Queens Square, Sydney, New South Wales. The first superior court of the Colony of New South Wales was established by letters patent dated 2 April 1814 and that charter provided that there should be a Supreme Court constituted by a Judge appointed by the Kings commission and two Magistrates. The charter also created the Governors Court and the Lieutenant-Governors Court, the jurisdiction of the Governors Court and the Supreme Court extended to Van Diemens Land. All three courts were concerned with civil matters only, the act was called an Act to provide for the better administration of justice in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land and for the more effectual government thereof and is commonly numbered as 4 Geo. The statute was passed on 19 July 1823, in consequence of this legislation, letters patent establishing the New South Wales Supreme Court were sealed on 13 October 1823, and proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824. They are known as the Third Charter of Justice of New South Wales, previously, a person had to be admitted as such in the United Kingdom. However, ex-convicts were not permitted to be admitted, in 1840, a Port Phillip division of the Court was created, consisting of a single Resident Judge, to exercise the courts jurisdiction in the Port Phillip District of the Colony of New South Wales. The division existed until 1852, when it was replaced by the Supreme Court of Victoria following the creation of the Colony of Victoria, also in 1840, the Parliament of New South Wales established a separate equity division in the court. Limited jurisdiction in cases was granted in 1873 and full Admiralty jurisdiction was added in 1911. This process began in the United Kingdom with the passage of the Judicature Acts in 1873, since 1930, three generations of the Street family have served New South Wales as Chief Justice. Supreme Court Judges Carolyn Simpson, Margaret Beazley and Virginia Bell made headlines in April 1999 when the three sat in the Court of Criminal Appeal in Sydney. The Judges threw out an appeal from a computer hacker who had, out of sheer maliciousness. According to the Women Lawyers Association of NSW, there had never been a bench in England or New Zealand at the time. The court consists of 52 permanent judges,3 Acting Judges of Appeal,2 Acting Judges, Associate Judges deal with pre-trial motions and non-jury trials. The Chief Judge in each trial division also sits in the Court of Appeal from time to time, occasionally, puisne judges also sit in the Court of Appeal, though this is uncommon. The court hears very serious cases such as murder and treason, civil cases involving more than $750000, and civil matters such as wills, injunctions, and admiralty
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
4.
Marie Bashir
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{{Infobox Governor | image = Marie-bashir-in-wahroonga-2008 Crop. Born in Narrandera, New South Wales, Bashir graduated from the University of Sydney in 1956 and held various medical positions, with a particular emphasis in psychiatry. In 1993 Bashir was appointed the Clinical Director of Mental Health Services for the Central Sydney Area Health Service and she has also served as the Chancellor of the University of Sydney. Bashir retired on 1 October 2014, and was succeeded as governor by General David Hurley, Marie Roslyn Bashir was born in 1930 in Narrandera, New South Wales, to Lebanese-born parents Michael Bashir and Victoria Melick. Her father and her uncle were both medical graduates from the American University of Beirut. Her maternal family had come to Australia in the 19th century, Bashir attended Narrandera Public School and in 1943 enrolled at Sydney Girls High School, which her mother had also attended. Bashir then moved to Sydney to live with her grandmother in order to attend, upon graduating, Bashir studied at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, becoming a proficient violinist. She completed the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1956 at the University of Sydney Medical School, in 1959, she was elected to the College Council, became Honorary Secretary in 1960 and was Chair from 1982 to 1990. She took up membership of the College Union in 1969. They had their first child, Michael, in 1959, followed by two daughters, Susan and Alexandra, upon her graduation in medicine, Bashir took up a posting as a junior resident medical officer at St Vincents Hospital and then to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children. After first living in Elizabeth Bay, Bashir and Shehadie moved their family to Pendle Hill in Western Sydney, however, wanting to assist people suffering from mental illnesses, Bashir eventually decided to take up postgraduate studies in Psychiatry. To make this easier, Bashir and her family moved back into central Sydney to Mosman on the North Shore, in 1971 Bashir was named as Australian Mother of the Year. When Shehadie was made Lord Mayor of Sydney, Bashir became the Lady Mayoress of Sydney from 1971 to 1973. When Shehadie was knighted in 1976, Bashir acquired the title Lady Shehadie, after completion of postgraduate studies in psychiatry, she was made a Member of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in 1971, becoming a Fellow in 1980. From 1972, Bashir was a teacher, lecturer and mentor to students at The University of Sydney. In 1972 Bashir was appointed Director of the Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Service, on 13 June 1988 she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia In recognition of service to medicine, particularly in the field of adolescent mental health. From 1990 to 1992, she served on the New South Wales Womens Advisory Council, in 1993, she was appointed as Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney, and in 1994 as the Clinical Director of Mental Health Services for the Central Sydney Area. This was a time of reform in mental health service delivery
5.
Jim Spigelman
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James Jacob Spigelman AC, QC is a former Australian judge. He served as Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 19 May 1998 until 31 May 2011, on 8 March 2012 it was announced that he would become chairperson of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He was appointed to the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong on 8 April 2013 as a non-permanent judge from other common law jurisdictions, Spigelman was born in Sosnowiec, Poland, on 1 January 1946. He arrived in Australia with his family in 1949 and attended Maroubra Public School and he then went on to study Arts at the University of Sydney, where he attained First-Class Honours in Government and Second-Class Honours in Economics. Subsequently, he studied law, graduating in 1971 with First-Class Honours, Spigelman participated in the 1965 Freedom Ride, a project undertaken by students to draw attention to problems faced by Indigenous communities in NSW. In 1969 he was President of the Students Representative Council, from 1969-1971, he was the Student Fellow of the University Senate. Spigelman was admitted to practise as a solicitor in 1972, from 1972 to 1975, he served as Senior Advisor and Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. In 1975, he was appointed the Secretary of the Department of the Media, in 1976 Spigelman was admitted to the NSW Bar. He did not commence practice until three years later, when he first served for years as a member of the Australian Law Reform Commission. Spigelmans primary areas of practice at the bar included constitutional law, administrative law, in 1986, Spigelman was appointed Queens Counsel, and, in 1997, he served as Solicitor-General of New South Wales. The Premier Bob Carr appointed Spigelman Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Spigelman was regarded as the favourite to succeed Murray Gleeson as Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia when he stepped down in late 2008. However, this appointment went instead to Robert French, on 18 March 2011, Spigelman announced his decision to resign as Chief Justice, effective 31 May 2011. Reviewing Spigelmans 13-year term of office, Sydney Morning Herald columnist, the Chief Justice of NSW. blazed an incomparable trail. Every stage of Jim Spigelmans remarkable career has been like that, briefly surprising, Marr claims that Spigelmans achievements include the renewal of the ranks of the Supreme Court, running a polite and friendly Court, and modernising the Courts business practices and rules. According to Bret Walker SC, Spigelman was renowned for, showing his decided preference for efficient, better-value-for-money justice. He retired on 31 May 2011 and was succeeded by Tom Bathurst QC, Spigelman has also been a justice on the Supreme Court of Fiji. On 8 March 2012, Prime Minister Gillard announced he would become chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Spigelmans surname was originally spelt Szpiegelman until his parents, Gustawa and Majloch, altered it to Spigelman after moving to Australia. Spigelmans parents are holocaust survivors who feature in the graphic novel Maus by James Spigelmans cousin Art Spiegelman, Spigelman is married to author and clinical psychologist, Alice Spigelman
6.
Francis Forbes
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Sir Francis William Forbes was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland, and the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Forbes was born and educated in Bermuda, the son of Dr. Francis Forbes M. D. and his wife Mary, at the age of 19 he travelled to London, England to enter Lincolns Inn. He was called to the Bar in 1812 and became a Crown Law Officer in Bermuda and married Amelia Sophia Grant in 1813, in 1816 he was invited to be Chief Justice of Newfoundland, and was sworn in at St. Johns in July,1816. While in Newfoundland, he severely curtailed the powers of the Fishing Admirals, in 1820, he wrote the lyrics of the song The Banks of Newfoundland. Forbes arrived in Sydney in March 1824 and the Court commenced on 17 May 1824, Forbes had no difficulties with Brisbane, but it was not long before he came into conflict with the new governor, Sir Ralph Darling. It was proposed to pass acts for the purpose of restraining the liberty of the press and he pointed out how necessary it was to go carefully, as in the then conditions of the colony the people looked upon the Supreme Court as their protection against absolute power. I had been appointed by Parliament, said Forbes, to see that the laws of the Empire were not encroached upon, I refused to certify the Governors Bills because I thought them repugnant to law. What legal right could the Governor claim to press me further, after great discussion the issue went to the Colonial Office, whose legal advisors were of opinion that Forbes was right in refusing to certify the act for licensing newspapers. They thought he had been wrong with regard to the stamp act but, as there was no reason to doubt that he had formed his opinion honestly. Forbes workload had been and continued to be heavy, his controversy with Darling was harassing, Forbes also championed the introduction of trial by jury in NSW. On 14 October 1824, in the court of Quarter Sessions,12 men who had not been convicts were sworn in as the first jurors, there was intense opposition from the magistrates to this initiative as they had formerly ruled on all the criminal trials in these courts. Forbes was also an advocate for free education. In 1830 he laid the stone for the non-denominational Sydney College. He remained as chairman of the board of trustees when the school opened in 1835 in College Street near Hyde Park. Forbes heavy workload and conflict with Governor Darling led him to take 12 months sick leave in 1836-37, while supposedly convalescing in England, Forbes agreed to give evidence at the Molesworth Committee on Transportation. This committee was reviewing the transportation of convicts to the Australian colonies and he spoke forcefully against the practice of internal transportation, whereby convicts who misbehaved were sent to secondary prisons such as Norfolk Island. While not directly opposing the system, he tried to argue for a more humane. Early in 1837, Forbes received the news that he would be given a knighthood, after recovering from two bouts of influenza, he made it to St James Palace on 5 April 1837 to be dubbed by King William IV
7.
Thomas Brisbane
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Major General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, 1st Baronet, GCB GCH FRS FRSE, was a British soldier, administrator, and astronomer. Upon the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he had served, a keen astronomer, he built Australias first observatory and encouraged scientific and agricultural training. Rivals besmirched his reputation and the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Bathurst, recalled Brisbane, Brisbane, a new convict settlement, was named in his honour and is now among the largest cities in Australia. Brisbane was born at Brisbane House in Noddsdale, near Largs in Ayrshire, Scotland and he was educated in astronomy and mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. He joined the British Army the 38th Regiment of Foot in 1789 and had a career in Flanders. He served under the Duke of Wellington, and in 1813 he was promoted to Major-General and he saw much action during the Peninsular War, including leading a brigade in the 3rd Division that broke through at the Battle of Vitoria. During the battle, he used the Charles C. Platt Homestead as his headquarters, in November 1819 he married Anna Maria Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Roxburghshire, Scotland. On his father-in-laws death, Brisbane assumed the surname, becoming Makdougall Brisbane. In 1821, on the recommendation of Wellington, Brisbane was appointed Governor of New South Wales, Brisbane took over the government on 1 December 1821, and at once proceeded to carry out some of the reforms recommended in the report of John Bigge. While Governor he tackled the problems of a rapidly growing and expanding colony. He worked to improve the land system and to reform the currency. He also set up the first agricultural training college in New South Wales and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society and he conducted experiments in growing tobacco, cotton, coffee and New Zealand flax in the colony. However, Brisbane did not always receive loyal support from his officers, and in particular from Frederick Goulburn. A reference to Brisbanes dispatch to Earl Bathurst dated 14 May 1825 shows that Bigges recommendations had been considered. Brisbane did not limit his attention to Bigges report, early in April 1822 he discovered with some surprise the ease with which grants of land had hitherto been obtained. He immediately introduced a new system under which every grant had the stipulation that for every 100 acres granted the grantee would maintain free of expense to the crown one convict labourer. He also encouraged agriculture on government land, streamlined granting of tickets of leave and pardons and introduced, in 1823, a system of calling for supplies by tender. When Dr. Robert Wardell and William Wentworth brought out their paper the Australian in 1824, in 1823 Brisbane sent Lieutenant John Oxley to find a new site for convicts who were repeat offenders
8.
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
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The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for appointing a knight. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath, George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order. Prior to 1815, the order had only a class, Knight Companion. Recipients of the Order are now usually senior officers or senior civil servants. Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreign nationals may be made Honorary Members, in the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the taking a bath during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry, clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight, in the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. From at least 1625, and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno, and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. These were both adopted by the Order of the Bath, a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear, the three joined in one may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge, another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, the Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, the leader of an administration still had to command the Kings personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, the attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position
9.
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
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The Royal Guelphic Order, sometimes also referred to as the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, is a Hanoverian order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent. Named for the House of Guelph, of whom of the Hanoverians were a branch, after the defeat and forced dissolution of the Kingdom of Hanover by the Kingdom of Prussia, the order continued as a house order to be awarded by the Royal House of Hanover. Today, its current chancellor is the Hanoverian head of the house, Ernst August, the honour is named after the House of Guelph to which the Hanoverian kings belonged, and its insignia were based on the white horse of that kingdoms arms. The Order includes two Divisions, Civil and Military and it originally had three classes, but with several reorganizations since 1841, as house order today it has four classes and an additional Cross of Merit. The initial GCG was also used, and held to be more correct
10.
Fellow of the Royal Society
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As of 2016, there are around 1600 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as “the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar” with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows, honorary and foreign members are elected annually usually in May, each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society and Category, Female Fellows of the Royal Society. Every year, Fellows elect up to ten new Foreign Members, like Fellows, Foreign Members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 there are around 165 Foreign Members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS, see Category, Foreign Members of the Royal Society. Honorary Fellows include Bill Bryson, Melvyn Bragg, Robin Saxby, David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Others including John Maddox, Patrick Moore and Lisa Jardine were elected as honorary fellows, statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough and John Palmer, prime Ministers of the United Kingdom such as Margaret Thatcher, Neville Chamberlain, H. H. Asquith were elected under statute 12, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society. The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British Royal Family for election as Royal Fellows of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows, Charles, Prince of Wales, Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Her Majesty the Queen, Elizabeth II is not a Royal Fellow, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination, each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society, who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, the certificate of election includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, a candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes of those Fellows present and voting. A further maximum of six can be ‘Honorary’, ‘General’ or ‘Royal’ Fellows, nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by sectional committees, each with fifteen members and a chair
11.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotlands national academy of science and letters. It is a charity, operating on a wholly independent and non-party-political basis. As of 2014 it has more than 1,500 Fellows, the Society covers a broader selection of fields than the Royal Society of London including literature and history. Fellowship includes people from a range of disciplines – science & technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission is required to make a presentation, past winners include, The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for Physical, Engineering and Informatics Sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who was a mathematical physicist and engineer. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world, the Keith medal has been historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the societys scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It is awarded alternately for papers on Mathematics or Earth and Environmental Sciences, the medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunottar, the first Treasurer of the Society. The prize was founded in 1855 by Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. Under the leadership of Prof. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, by the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal. During the 19th century the society produced many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences, from the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotlands eminent scientists, but also the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote research in Scotland. In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the societys first female president, taking up her position in October
12.
James Dowling
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Sir James Dowling was an English-born Australian jurist in New South Wales, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales 1837 –1844. James Dowling was born in London, England, the son of Vincent Dowling of Queens County, Ireland, educated at St Pauls School, he later became a parliamentary reporter, studied law and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in May 1815. He edited the second edition of W. Paleys Law and Practice of Summary Convictions, Dowling applied to the Colonial Office for an appointment in June 1827 and on 6 August 1827 he was appointed third judge at Sydney, where he arrived in February 1828. He acted with consideration and tact over a question of precedence which immediately arose, Dowling suggested that the matter should be referred to the home authorities, and that in the meantime Stephen should take precedence. The question was settled in favour of Stephens view, and Dowling cheerfully accepted the position of junior judge. The state of Stephens health, however, threw a good deal of work on the shoulders of Dowling, in December Stephen retired and Dowling became second judge. In September 1835 Dowling was appointed acting chief justice during the absence of Forbes, william Westbrooke Burton, the third judge, objected to this on the ground that his previous appointment as a judge at the Cape of Good Hope made him senior to Dowling. In April 1837 Forbes retired from his office, and Dowling was appointed justice on 29 August 1837. Dowling was present at the trial of the Myall Creek Massacre, in June 1843 Dowling expressed his willingness to act as speaker of the new legislative council, but Gipps ruled againstjkm this as he considered it would not be in the public interest. In August 1844 Dowling was granted 18 months leave of absence due to a breakdown in his health and he was married twice and was survived by his second wife, Lady Harriott Dowling, and two sons and two daughters from his first marriage. A pension of £200 a year was granted to Lady Dowling, Lady Dowling was the eldest daughter of John Blaxland. At the time of his death, Dowling was preparing a volume of law reports of the decisions of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, the volume was eventually published in 2005. Many of these cases are also online, Dowling was regarded as a hard working judge, and rarely took holidays. One of his sons, James Sheen Dowling, was born in England and came to Australia with his father in 1828, C. H. Currey, Dowling, Sir James, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP,1966, pp 317-320. Castle and Bruce Kercher, Dowling’s Select Cases,1828 to 1844, Sir James Dowling, Kt at the Supreme Court of New South Wales
13.
Richard Bourke
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General Sir Richard Bourke KCB, was an Irish-born Governor of New South Wales, 1831–37. As a lifelong Whig, he encouraged the emancipation of convicts, in this, he faced strong opposition from the military/conservative establishment and its press. He approved a new settlement on the Yarra River, and named it Melbourne, in honour of the incumbent British Prime Minister, born in Dublin, Ireland, Bourke was educated at Westminster and read law at Christ Church, Oxford. He was a cousin of Edmund Burke, and spent school and university holidays at Burkes home and he was promoted major-general in 1821. He retired from the army after the Peninsular War to live on his Irish estate and he was appointed to the Cape Colony and was promoted to Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern District of the Cape of Good Hope, acting as governor for both eastern and western districts. Under Bourkes governorship, much was done to reform the old, in November 1830, the Whigs won government in a climate of reform. Bourke was appointed to succeed Sir Ralph Darling as Governor of New South Wales in 1831, Bourke proved to be an able, if controversial, governor. The newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald always opposed him, Bourke described himself as being pretty much in the situation that Earl Grey would find himself in if all members of his Cabinet were Ultra Tories and he could neither turn them out nor leave them. Bourke had authority from the Colonial Office to extend trial by jury and he managed this despite fierce opposition from the legislature, and his 1833 bill for the extension of juries was only passed with his casting vote and with conservative amendments. Appalled by the excessive punishments doled out to convicts, Bourke initiated the Magistrates Act and it has been argued that the abolition of convict transportation to Australia in 1840 can be attributable to the actions of Bourke. Bourke abolished the status of the Anglican Church as the church of New South Wales. He also increased spending on education and attempted to set up a system of public nondenominational schools and he was credited as the first governor to publish satisfactory accounts of public receipts and expenditures. In 1837, the year of his promotion to lieutenant-general, he was colonel for life of the 64th Regiment of Foot. The same year, he named the town of Melbourne after Viscount Melbourne, Bourke Street in Melbournes central business district and the town of Bourke, New South Wales were named after him, in turn. The County of Bourke, Victoria, which includes Melbourne, and Bourke County, elizabeth Street, Melbourne is generally considered to be named in honour of his wife. The bronze statue of Bourke outside the State Library of New South Wales in Sydney was the first public statue erected in Australia. It was dedicated on 11 April 1842 and it records his accomplishments as governor in florid detail. It was funded by subscription and made by Edward Hodges Baily in London
14.
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
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The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for appointing a knight. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath, George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order. Prior to 1815, the order had only a class, Knight Companion. Recipients of the Order are now usually senior officers or senior civil servants. Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreign nationals may be made Honorary Members, in the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the taking a bath during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry, clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight, in the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. From at least 1625, and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno, and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. These were both adopted by the Order of the Bath, a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear, the three joined in one may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge, another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, the Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, the leader of an administration still had to command the Kings personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, the attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position
15.
Alfred Stephen
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Sir Alfred Stephen GCMG CB PC was an Australian judge and chief justice of New South Wales. He arrived at Sydney on 7 August 1824 and in September 1825 was made a judge of the supreme court. On 13 March 1826 his appointment as judge was confirmed and he resigned his position at the end of 1832 on account of ill-health and died on 21 December 1833. Alfred Stephen was educated at Charterhouse School and Honiton grammar school in Devon and he returned to St Christopher for some years and then went to London to study law. In November 1823 he was called to the bar at Lincolns Inn, and he arrived at Hobart on 24 January 1825 and on 9 May was made solicitor-general, and 10 days later, crown solicitor. Stephen allied himself with Governor Arthur who had clashed with Joseph Tice Gellibrand, Stephens resignation of his position in August 1825, and his charges against his brother officers professional and public conduct, brought the matter to a head. Stephen always took an extremely high-minded attitude about his own conduct in this matter, the incident is discussed at length in R. W. Giblins Early History of Tasmania, vol. In 1829 Stephen discovered an error in land titles throughout the Australian colonies. The matter was rectified by royal warrant and the issuing of fresh titles in 1830, in January 1833 Stephen was gazetted attorney-general and showed great industry and ability in the position. He was forced to resign in 1837, his health having suffered much from overwork, on 30 April 1839 he was appointed as acting-judge of the supreme court of New South Wales and he arrived in Sydney on 7 May. In 1841, when judge Willis went to Port Phillip, Stephen became a puisne judge and he published in 1843 his Introduction to the Practice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and on 7 October 1844 he was appointed acting chief justice. His appointment as justice was confirmed in a dispatch from Lord Stanley dated 30 April 1845. He was to hold the position until 1873 and during that period not only carried out his judicial duties, in August 1852 he recommended that the second chamber under the new constitution should be partly nominated and partly elected. In May 1856 he was appointed president of the legislative council and he was able to give the council the benefit of his experience by framing legislation dealing with land titles, the legal profession, and the administration of justice. He continued to hold his seat until November 1858 when judges were precluded from sitting in parliament, in February 1860 he obtained 12 months leave of absence and visited Europe. He resigned his chief justiceship in 1873 and he had administered the government between the departure of the Earl of Belmore in February 1872 and the arrival of Sir Hercules Robinson in June. He was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1875 and several times administered the government and he was a member of the legislative council for many years from 1875, taking an active part in the debates, and from 1880 he was president of the trustees of the national gallery. In 1883, with A. Oliver, he published Criminal Law Manual, comprising the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1883, and towards the end of his life interested himself in the amending of the law of divorce
16.
Companion of the Order of the Bath
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The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for appointing a knight. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath, George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order. Prior to 1815, the order had only a class, Knight Companion. Recipients of the Order are now usually senior officers or senior civil servants. Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreign nationals may be made Honorary Members, in the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the taking a bath during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry, clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight, in the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. From at least 1625, and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno, and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. These were both adopted by the Order of the Bath, a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear, the three joined in one may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge, another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, the Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, the leader of an administration still had to command the Kings personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, the attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position
17.
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
18.
George Gipps
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Major Sir George Gipps was Governor of the colony of New South Wales, Australia, for eight years, between 1838 and 1846. His governorship was during a period of change for New South Wales and Australia, as well as for New Zealand. Settlers at the time were not happy with his move towards responsible government, Gipps was born in 1791 at Ringwould, Kent, England, and was the son of the Rev. George Gipps. He was educated at The Kings School, Canterbury, and at the Royal Military Academy, in 1809 he joined the Royal Engineers and served in the Peninsular War as well as elsewhere in Europe. In 1824 he joined the Colonial Service and served in the West Indies and he married Elizabeth Ramsay, the daughter of Major-General George Ramsay, in 1830. He and his wife had a son, Reginald Ramsay Gipps and he was knighted, promoted to the rank of major, and returned to England in April 1837. He was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 5 October 1837 and this was a transition time for the settlement of Australia, with moves to bring settlers under the umbrella of responsible government, and associated limitations on land squatters. Gipps was greatly concerned about educational provision in the colony, as well as the implications of the end of transportation, in 1844, less than half of the children in the Colony received any form of education, whether public or private. The major objections to any alternative schemes came from the Church of England, one of Gipps major tasks was to try to keep settler squatters within boundaries of location defined previously. A part of his stance, other than that of official policy, examples of this were the Myall and Waterloo Creek Massacres, where in 1838,100 –300 Aboriginal people were massacred on two separate occasions by squatters. This horrified Governor Gipps, and seven men were hanged for their part in the Myall Creek massacre and this brought a storm of protests from the squatters and led to the foundation of the Pastoral Association of New South Wales, the resulting controversy continued until his departure. William Hobson was also appointed Deputy Governor in 1839, and set sail for New Zealand in January 1840, Sydney merchants had been engaging in great speculation in Māori lands. As a result, the day after Hobsons departure, Gipps proclaimed that no title to land purchased in New Zealand would be recognised unless derived from a Crown grant. Small grants were provided, and Gipps provided an advisor. Most of the administration was carried out by Hobson, while Gipps retained control only of matters to do with the Imperial Prerogative. This arrangement ended in May 1841, when New Zealand became a Crown Colony in its own right, transportation ended in 1843, much to the chagrin of the big landowners, who thus lost a large source of cheap labour. Gipps was largely in favour of free immigration financed by the government, there was also a three-year drought, which resulted in a dearth of work for assisted settlers. Land values fell, leading to further vilification of his governorship by large landowners, while being extremely conscientious and fair-dealing in his governorship, Gipps health was broken down by overwork and the constant invective from the settlers
19.
James Martin (Australian politician)
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Sir James Martin, KCB, QC was three times Premier of New South Wales, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1873 to 1886. Martin was born in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland but emigrated with his parents to Sydney, Australia at the age of one. In 1838, Martin published the Australian Sketch Book, a series of sketches he dedicated to Sydney barrister George Robert Nichols. Martin qualified as a solicitor in 1845, and combined his career with employment as a newspaper editor. He married Isabella Long on 20 January 1853 and together they produced 15 children, in 1848 Martin stood for the electorate of Durham in the New South Wales Legislative Council, but withdrew before polling day. Later in the year he was unopposed in a by-election for the electorate of Cook. Martin was an effective legislator but his tongue and intemperate speeches to the House made him few friends among his parliamentary colleagues. His most notable achievement in his first eight years in office was to initiate the Parliamentary debate that led to the establishment of a branch of the royal mint in Sydney. In 1856 he was elected to the first parliament under responsible government as the member for Cook and he subsequently represented East Sydney, Orange, Tumut, Monaro, Lachlan and East Macquarie. In August 1856 he was made Attorney-General of New South Wales in the first ministry of Charles Cowper, the appointment was controversial, as Martin was the first holder of the post not to be a qualified barrister. The appointment was brief, as the government was defeated in a motion in October 1856. Martin qualified as a barrister in 1856 and was made a Queens Counsel in 1857 and he returned as Attorney General in the second Cowper Ministry in that year. However, his reputation for intemperate language continued and after a series of conflicts with fellow Ministers he resigned his post in November 1858. In October 1863, Martin was asked by the Governor of New South Wales to form a government with a mandate to address rising State deficits and rural unemployment. As Premier and Colonial Secretary Martin promptly introduced measures to reduce immigration and increase tariffs, with limited achievements to its credit, the government suffered a substantial swing at the 1865 election and Martin stepped down to make way for the return of Charles Cowper. His government resigned in October 1868, but he returned to the Premiership for a third, Martin retired from Parliament in November 1873 and was immediately named to the vacant position of Chief Justice of the New South Wales Supreme Court. He held the post for 13 years, despite ill health in later life. Martin was made a Queens Counsel in 1857 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1869, first Martin ministry Second Martin ministry Third Martin ministry Serle, Percival
20.
Queen's Counsel
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A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
21.
Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead
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From June 1859 until August 1896, he was known as Sir Hercules Robinson. He was of Irish descent on both sides, his father was Admiral Hercules Robinson, his mother was Frances Elizabeth Wood, from Rosmead, County Westmeath, from which he afterwards took his title. However, in 1846, through the influence of Lord Naas, Robinson obtained a post in the Board of Public Works in Ireland and he proposed a civil service examination held in the UK that selected the successful candidates to learn Chinese and subsequently work in Hong Kong. Subsequently, Robinson was appointed lieutenant-governor of Saint Kitts on 6 November 1855, on 17 June 1859, at age of 35 Robinson was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, the youngest in Hong Kong colonial history, as which he served until March 1865. On 28 June 1859, he was knighted in recognition of his services for introducing coolie labour into the territory, during his tenure, Robinson secured the control of the Kowloon Peninsula from the Imperial Chinese Government, thus expanding the size of the territory. Up to this point, the Colony of Hong Kong only consisted of Hong Kong Island, also, Robinson ordered the construction of the Pokfulam Reservoir, which would provide a steady supply of water for Hong Kong people for years to come. Robinson was also credited with establishing Towngas, the territorys premier gas provider, during Robertsons administration, HSBC, along with Standard Chartered, were established in Hong Kong. Both were given the responsibility to print banknotes on the behalf of the Government, on 6 March 1865, Robinson was appointed Governor of Ceylon. On 30 June 1869, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael, from 4 March 1872 to 24 February 1879, he served as the Governor of New South Wales. Before his arrival in the colony, the Australian Town and Country Journal apprised its readers of Robinsons high reputation for administrative ability and he attended the official opening of Sydneys grand new General Post Office on 1 September 1874. He temporarily served as Governor of Fiji from 10 October 1874 to June 1875, while concurrently Governor of New South Wales. On 24 February 1879, Robinson was transferred to New Zealand, Robinson arrived in South Africa shortly before the disaster of Majuba, and was one of the commissioners for negotiating a peace and determining the future status of Transvaal. In 1883, Robinson was called home to advise the government on the terms of the new convention concluded with the Transvaal Boers, and was appointed a member of the Privy Council. On 27 February 1884 Robinson signed the London Convention for the British government, with Paul Kruger, smit signing for the South African Republic. John Mackenzie and later Cecil Rhodes were sent to secure the submission of the Boers. Sir Hercules Robinson succeeded in winning the confidence of President Kruger by his fair-mindedness, while he seconded Rhodes efforts to unite the British and his mind, however, was that of the administrator as distinguished from the statesman, and he was content to settle difficulties as they arose. In 1887 Robinson was induced by Rhodes to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty with Lobengula which secured British rights in Matabele, in his farewell speech, he declared that there was no permanent place in South Africa for direct Imperial rule. This was interpreted to mean that South Africa must ultimately become independent – an idea repugnant to him and he explained in a letter to The Times in 1895 that he had referred to the direct rule of Downing Street over the crown colonies, as contrasted with responsible colonial government
22.
Julian Salomons
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The Honourable Sir Julian Emanuel Salomons was a barrister, royal commissioner, solicitor-general, chief justice and member of parliament. He was the chief justice in New South Wales to be appointed. Salomons was said to be short of stature and somewhat handicapped by defective eyesight, however, he had great industry, great powers of analysis, a keen intellect and unbounded energy and pertinacity. His wit and readiness were proverbial, and he was afraid of no judge, Salomons was born at Edgbaston, Warwickshire, England, on 4 November 1835 as Julian Emanuel Solomons. He came to Australia aged 16 years on board the Atalanta on 4 September 1853 and he was employed in a book shop and as a stockbrokers clerk. In 1855 he was appointed the secretary of the Great Synagogue at Sydney, after passing the preliminary examination of the Barristers Admission Board in 1857, he returned to England in 1858 where he entered Grays Inn and was called to the bar on 26 January 1861. Salomons was Jewish and an member of the Jewish community. He returned to Sydney after his marriage and managed a practice as a barrister. He first made a reputation in criminal cases and he had great industry, great powers of analysis, a keen intellect and unbounded energy and pertinacity. However, his passion for work led to a decline in his health. One of the significant cases he was involved with was the case of Louis Bertrand who was sentenced to death on a charge of murder, Bertrand came to be known as the Mad Dentist of Wynyard Square. Bertrand had tried to kill Henry Kinder, the husband of his mistress Ellen Kinder on a number of occasions, Bertrand finally shot him, but his shot failed to kill. However, his actions persuaded his mistress to poison Kinder, in 1866 Bertrand was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. His mistress was discharged on account of a lack of evidence, Salomons was instructed after the trial and was able to eventually convince the Full Court of the Supreme Court of New South Wales that Bertrand should have a new trial. The decision was tied with two judges for a new trial and two judges against, one judge subsequently retracted his judgment resulting in a win for Salomons. Rather bullishly, Salomons after winning the appeal went further to argue that the judge could not retract his judgment in law, luckily for his client, the court held that it could and the order for retrial stood. However, the decision for a new trial was subsequently overturned on appeal to the Privy Council on the basis that the Supreme Court could not make such an order. The New South Wales Governor commuted Bertrands sentence to life, in 1870 Salomons was a member of the Law Reform Commission
23.
Knight of the Order of the Garter
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honour in England and the United Kingdom. It is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George and it is awarded at the Sovereigns pleasure as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, the order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St Georges Day, the orders emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense in gold lettering. Members of the wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne, the list includes Sir Sanchet DAbrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed, the Kings wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that member of the Order already be a knight. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in Tirant lo Blanch and it was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter, at the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St.1431. Various legends account for the origin of the Order, the most popular legend involves the Countess of Salisbury, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers sniggered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, Honi soit qui mal y pense, King Edward supposedly recalled the event in the 14th century when he founded the Order. This story is recounted in a letter to the Annual Register in 1774, The motto in fact refers to Edwards claim to the French throne, the use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour. Medieval scholars have pointed to a connection between the Order of the Garter and the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in Gawain, a girdle, very similar in its erotic undertones to the garter, plays a prominent role. A rough version of the Orders motto also appears in the text and it translates from Old French as Accursed be a cowardly and covetous heart. While the author of that poem remains disputed, there seems to be a connection between two of the top candidates and the Order of the Garter. Scholar J. P. Oakden has suggested that it is related to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and, more importantly. Another competing theory is that the work was written for Enguerrand de Coucy, the Sire de Coucy was married to King Edward IIIs daughter, Isabella, and was given admittance to the Order of the Garter on their wedding day
24.
Justice of the peace
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A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
25.
Frederick Matthew Darley
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Darley was born in Ireland, the first child of Henry Darley of Wingfield, Bray, County Wicklow and his wife Maria Louisa Darley. Darley was educated at Dungannon College in County Tyrone, Ireland where he had as a fellow student George Higinbotham was who afterwards to become Chief Justice of Victoria, Darleys uncle, the Reverend John Darley, was headmaster of the college. In July 1847 Darley commenced studying at Trinity College, Dublin and he was called to the English bar at the Kings Inn in January 1853 but returned to Ireland and practised there for about nine years on the Munster circuit. He met Sir Alfred Stephen when Stephen was on a visit to Europe, Darley married Lucy Forest Browne at Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, on 13 December 1860. Lucy was the sister of novelist Rolf Boldrewood who is best known for the book Robbery under arms, Darley and Lucy had two sons and four daughters. One of their daughters Frederica Silvia Darley married 1stly Sir Windham Robert Carmichael-Anstruther 9th Bt, major Algernon Henry Charles Hanbury-Tracey, their son became the 6th Baron Sudeley of Toddington. Darley decided to emigrate to Australia and arrived in Sydney in 1862 and he was admitted to the NSW Bar on 2 June 1862 and was later appointed a Queens Counsel in 1878. In September 1868 he was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council, Serle states that he was a constant and conscientious attendant at its debates. In November 1881 he became vice-president of the council in the third Henry Parkes ministry. In November 1886 Darley was offered the position of Chief Justice of New South Wales in succession to Sir James Martin and he did not desire the office and to accept it would have meant a considerable monetary sacrifice. As a barrister, he was earning more than twice the amount of the salary offered. Darley declined the position and it was accepted by Julian Salomons who subsequently resigned a few days later, Darley was again approached, and this time he accepted it. He was sworn in on 7 December 1886 and he carried out his duties with great distinction, although Bennett notes that Darley was not an exceptional jurist. Sir Samuel Way spoke of him as in many respects the noblest figure we have ever had on the Australian bench, on the retirement of Sir Alfred Stephen at the end of 1891, Darley was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales. He administered the government seven times in that capacity, when the position of governor of New South Wales became vacant in 1901, Serle notes that there were many suggestions that Darley should be given the post, but the post was given to Sir Harry Rawson. But his anxiety for New South Waless supremacy may have contributed to the Hopetoun Blunder, according to Bennett, Darleys private assessment in 1902 was that Australian Federation is so far a pronounced failure. He visited England in 1902 and was appointed a member of the commission on the South African war. He was also appointed a member of the council in 1905
26.
William Portus Cullen
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Sir William Portus Cullen KCMG was a chief justice and politician from New South Wales, Australia. Cullen was born at Mount Johnston, near Jamberoo, New South Wales, a brother, Joseph Cullen, was a Member of Parliament for both New South Wales and Western Australia. William was educated at state schools, including Kiama, and the University of Sydney. William Cullen graduated B. A. with first class honours in classics in 1880, M. A. in 1882, LL. B. in 1885 and LL. D. in 1887. During his university career he won the University, Lithgow, Barker, and Renwick scholarships, Cullen was called to the bar in 1883 and his progress at first was slow. But, he took high rank at the equity bar, and argued with much success before the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He became a K. C. in 1905, Cullen entered politics in 1891 when he was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Camden. He was defeated at the 1894 election, and in 1895 was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council. Though not a party man, or even a politician by temperament. In January 1910 he was appointed Chief Justice of New South Wales in succession to Sir Frederick Darley, Cullen found much business awaiting him at the Supreme Court, but his great capacity for work soon cleared up the arrears. His chief interest from his days was the University of Sydney, he was elected a member of the university senate in 1896, vice-chancellor in 1908. Cullen retired from the chief justiceship in January 1925 but retained the position of lieutenant-governor until September 1930 and he several times acted as governor during the absence of governors from the State or between appointments. He died at Leura on 6 April 1935 and he married in 1891 Lily, eldest daughter of the Hon. R. H. D. White, who died in 1931. He was survived by two sons and a daughter and he was knighted in 1911 and created KCMG in 1912. Cullen was interested in literature, in the Australian flora, and in social and he was a very sound equity and constitutional lawyer who as chief justice worthily upheld the traditions of his court. Cullen was courteous and considerate to juniors appearing before him, and he had great conscientiousness, excellent knowledge of the law and sound judgment, and consequently his judgments were seldom upset. J. M. Bennett, Cullen, Sir William Portus, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, Melbourne University Press,1981, pp 167–168
27.
Dudley de Chair
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Admiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair KCB, KCMG, KBE, MVO was a senior Royal Navy officer and later Governor of New South Wales. De Chair joined the Royal Navy in 1878 and took part in the bombardment of Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 and he was promoted to commander on 22 July 1897, and to captain on 26 June 1902. He became Assistant Controller of the Navy in 1910 and Secretary to First Lord of the Admiralty in 1912, De Chair was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 8 November 1923. His uncle, Sir Harry Rawson, had held the same twenty years earlier. Arriving in Sydney in 1924, De Chair became Governor in stable political times, while Langs attempts ultimately failed, De Chair failed to gain the support of an indifferent Dominions Office. With Langs departure in 1927, the Nationalist Government of Thomas Bavin invited him in 1929 to stay on as Governor for a further term, De Chair agreed only to a years extension and retired on 8 April 1930. Returning to London after a trip, de Chair worked on his memoirs until his death in 1958. De Chair married Enid Struben in 1903, together they had three children, Henry Graham de Chair, Elaine de Chair and Somerset de Chair. Following the King Edward VIIs visit to the Russian Empire, de Chair was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 10 June 1908 for his role in the visit as commander HMS Cochrane. In the 1914 Kings Birthday Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath, on 6 March 1911, de Chair was appointed a Naval aide-de-camp to King George V. He relinquished the appointment on 31 July 1912, having promoted to flag rank on that day. Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair at Australian Dictionary of Biography
28.
Member of the Royal Victorian Order
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The Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarchs family, the present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the Sovereign of the order, its motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June. The orders chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London, the organisation was founded a year preceding Victorias Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The orders official day was made 20 June of each year, in 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order. The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Foreigners may be admitted as members, there are no limits to the number of any grade. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St, prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members and Members, respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO. Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia of the organisation, each grade being represented by different emblems and robes. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the orders ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres, for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres, and for all other members 31.7 millimetres. Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin. Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queens Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, upon the occupants death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the orders Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights and dames banners, founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, in Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the Royal Visit Order, as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country. Persons have been removed from the order at the monarchs command, anthony Blunt, a former surveyor of the Queens Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood, after it was revealed that he had been a spy
29.
Kenneth Street (jurist)
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Sir Kenneth Whistler Street, KCMG, KStJ, was an Australian jurist. He was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court on 7 October 1931 and he thus joined the bench of which his father Philip Whistler Street was then chief justice. In 1949, as puisne judge, Street acted as chief justice when Sir Frederick Jordan died. Confirmed in that office from 6 January 1950, he was sworn in on 7 February, farewelled in court in December 1959, he retired from the bench on his seventieth birthday. In 1951 he was appointed a knight of grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and he married Jessie Street, social reformer. They had four children including Sir Laurence Street who also attained the position of Chief Justice and his daughter Philippa married the Australian Test cricketer and journalist Jack Fingleton. Street died on 15 February 1972 and was accorded a state funeral and his youngest son Sir Laurence achieved in 1974 the rare distinction of occupying the same office of chief justice as had his father and grandfather. Kenneth Whistler Street at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
30.
John Northcott
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He was the first Australian-born Governor of New South Wales. Northcott joined the Australian Army as a reservist in 1908, before becoming an officer in 1912. On duty in Tasmania when the Great War broke out in 1914, he joined the 12th Infantry Battalion and he was wounded in the landing at Gallipoli on Anzac Day and invalided to Egypt, the United Kingdom, and ultimately Australia, taking no further part in the fighting. After the war, Northcott served on a series of staff posts, in March 1942, he assumed command II Corps. In September 1942, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff, as General Sir Thomas Blameys principal non-operational subordinate, he was responsible for administering and training the wartime army. After the war, he served as commander of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in the post-war Occupation of Japan and he retired from the Army in 1946 to become the Governor of New South Wales. John Northcott was born on 24 March 1890 at Creswick, Victoria, the eldest son of a storekeeper, John Northcott, Northcott was educated at Dean State School, Grenville College, Ballarat and the University of Melbourne. While at school, he served in the Australian Army Cadets and he was commissioned as second lieutenant in the 9th Light Horse, a Militia unit, on 14 August 1908, and was promoted to lieutenant on 31 October 1910 and captain on 31 July 1911. Northcott was assigned to staff of the 6th Military District, the district covering the state of Tasmania. His initial task was assisting with the raising of Australian Imperial Force units in Tasmania and he joined the AIF as a lieutenant on 24 August 1914 and was appointed adjutant of the 12th Infantry Battalion, which was forming at Anglesea Barracks near Hobart. He was promoted to captain in the AIF on 18 October 1914, Northcott embarked for Egypt from Hobart with the 12th Infantry Battalion on the transport A2, HMAT Geelong on 20 October 1914. This was one of the first battalions ashore in the landing at Anzac Cove on the first Anzac Day,25 April 1915, northcotts part in the battle was brief, for that day he was wounded in the chest by a Turkish bullet. He lay amongst a pile of dead bodies until the evening and he was evacuated to Alexandria and later to England. While recuperating, he was joined by his fiancée, Winifred Mary Paton, the two were married at the parish church in Oxted on 14 September 1915. He returned to Australia on 30 December 1915 and took no part in the fighting. His AIF appointment was terminated on 30 September 1916 and he was posted to the 5th Military District, Northcott was granted the honorary rank of major on 1 January 1919, and the brevet rank on 1 January 1920, but this was not made substantive until 1 October 1923. He attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1924 to 1926, on returning to Australia, Northcott served as Staff Officer, and later Director, Stores and Transport, at Army Headquarters in Victoria Barracks, Melbourne. Northcott served on the staff of the 4th Division from 17 September 1931 to 31 January 1932 and he returned to England as an exchange officer with the British Army, where he served the staff of the 44th Infantry Division
31.
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
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The Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarchs family, the present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the Sovereign of the order, its motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June. The orders chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London, the organisation was founded a year preceding Victorias Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The orders official day was made 20 June of each year, in 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order. The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Foreigners may be admitted as members, there are no limits to the number of any grade. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St, prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members and Members, respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO. Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia of the organisation, each grade being represented by different emblems and robes. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the orders ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres, for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres, and for all other members 31.7 millimetres. Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin. Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queens Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, upon the occupants death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the orders Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights and dames banners, founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, in Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the Royal Visit Order, as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country. Persons have been removed from the order at the monarchs command, anthony Blunt, a former surveyor of the Queens Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood, after it was revealed that he had been a spy
32.
H. V. Evatt
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Herbert Vere Evatt, QC KStJ, usually known as H. V. Evatt or Bert Evatt, and often as Doc Evatt on account of his Doctor of Laws degree, was an Australian judge, lawyer, parliamentarian and writer. Evatt was born in Maitland, New South Wales, the fifth of eight sons of John Ashmore Evatt, an English publican from British India and his younger brother was the politician and lawyer Clive Evatt. Their father died when Bert was seven years old, and his mother shouldered the task of encouraging an intellectually gifted family, Evatt played cricket, rugby league football, hockey and baseball. He was also the Editor of Hermes, the student literary journal, was a Tutor at St Andrews College. He graduated Legum Doctor in 1924 from the University of Sydney with a thesis on the royal prerogative, because of poor eyesight, Evatt was unable to serve in the First World War, in which two of his brothers were killed. He became a prominent industrial lawyer in Sydney, working mainly for trade union clients, in 1925 Evatt was elected as an Australian Labor Party member for Balmain in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Re-elected as an Independent Labor candidate in 1927, Evatt served in the Legislative Assembly until 1930, in 1930 the Labor government headed by James Scullin appointed Evatt as the youngest-ever justice of the High Court of Australia. Regarded by some as a brilliant and innovative judge, he delivered a number of minority judgments, Evatt could, however, be partial on the bench. Sir Owen Dixon noted in Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v F. S, Ltd that Evatt was on that occasion full of antagonism to the respondent. Whenever Evatt was not particularly interested in a case he appears to have gone along with Dixon. Evatt was one of six justices of the High Court who had served in the Parliament of New South Wales, along with Edmund Barton, Richard OConnor, Adrian Knox, Albert Piddington and Edward McTiernan. In 1940 Evatt resigned from the High Court to return to politics, when Labor came to power under John Curtin in 1941, Evatt became Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs. He became deputy leader of the Labor Party after the 1946 election, Evatt joined the diplomatic councils of the allies during World War II. In 1945, he played a role in the founding of the UN. He was President of the U. N. General Assembly from 1948 to 1949 and he wrote in his memoirs, I regard the establishment of Israel as a great victory of the United Nations. He helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and he put forward convincing arguments as to the need to re-establish sporting relations and the financial benefits of the tour and the MCC agreed to the 1946–47 Ashes series. Don Bradman would later aver that the resumption of Anglo-Australian Tests had justified itself in every way. In the 1949 election, Labor was defeated by Menzies new Liberal Party
33.
Eric Woodward
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Lieutenant General Sir Eric Winslow Woodward KCMG, KCVO, CB, CBE, DSO was an Australian military officer and Viceroy. Woodward was born in Hay, New South Wales in July 1899, the son of Victorian-born parents Albert William Woodward, a cattle station manager. He and attended Toowoomba Grammar School, at school he did well academically, becoming Captain of the swimming team and playing in the First XV Rugby Team. However, due to his familys financial concerns, he was unable to attend university, therefore, in 1917 he entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon. He graduated and was commissioned a lieutenant on 16 December 1920, Woodward first served twelve months with the 7th Queens Own Hussars in India from 1921–1922. Following this service Woodward returned to Australia and, in 1925, he transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force and qualified as a pilot at No.1 Flying Training School in Point Cook, on 7 February 1927, in Melbourne, he married his cousin Amy Weller. Despite his apparent success as a pilot, he reverted to the service in 1928. In January 1937 he was sent to the Staff College, Camberley in England, in the Middle East he gained distinction during the North Africa Campaign from December 1940 to January 1941 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 8 July 1941. He served in the Greece Campaign from March to April 1941 as a lieutenant colonel on General Sir Thomas Blameys staff, in May 1942 he was posted to the 9th Division. He fought in both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 11 February 1943 and he was twice mentioned in despatches for his work in the Middle East. Arriving back in Australia in February 1943, in March Woodward was promoted to the rank of brigadier and was posted to the headquarters of the Northern Territory Force until December 1943 and he then served in various administrative positions until the end of the war. From July 1945 to March 1946 he was appointed deputy adjutant and quartermaster-general, in 1948 Woodward attended the Imperial Defence College and remained in London as Australian Army representative for the High Commission of Australia in London. In December 1949 he was at Army Headquarters in Melbourne and implemented the new National Service scheme, on 20 February 1951 he was promoted to temporary major general and made Deputy Chief of the General Staff. Weary of involvement with bureaucrats, he requested not be put forward as a candidate for Chief of the General Staff, in 1952 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Appointed General Officer Commanding Eastern Command in December 1953, he was elevated to the role his great-grandfather Charles William Wall had held from 1823 to 1825. He was further appointed as a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1956, Woodward was further promoted as a lieutenant general in December 1953. The thirty-first governor of New South Wales, he was the first to have born in the state. As governor he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1958, the St. George Greek Orthodox parish in Rose Bay, Sydney was dedicated as a War Memorial by Woodward on 25 November 1962
34.
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
35.
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
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Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria in a Royal Warrant published in the The London Gazette on 9 November, the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886. It is typically awarded to officers ranked major or higher, during the First World War,8,981 DSOs were awarded, each award being announced in The London Gazette. The order was established for rewarding individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war, after 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire. Prior to 1943, the order could be only to someone mentioned in despatches. The order is given to officers in command, above the rank of captain. A number of junior officers were awarded the DSO. In 1942, the award of the DSO was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry while under enemy attack. Since 1993, its award has been restricted solely to distinguished service and it has, however, despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, remained an officers-only award and it has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank. Recipients of the order are known as Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. They are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DSO, one or more gold medal bars ornamented by the Crown may be issued to DSO holders performing further acts of such leadership which would have merited award of the DSO. The bars are worn as clasps on the ribbon of the original award. The medal signifying its award is a cross, enamelled white. In the centre, within a wreath of laurel, enamelled green, is the crown in gold upon a red enamelled background. On the reverse is the royal cypher in gold upon a red enamelled ground, within a wreath of laurel, a ring at the top of the medal attaches to a ring at the bottom of a gold suspension bar, ornamented with laurel. At the top of the ribbon is a gold bar ornamented with laurel. The red ribbon is 1.125 in wide with blue edges. The medals are issued unnamed but some recipients have had their names engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar, the bar for an additional award is plain gold with an Imperial Crown in the centre. The back of the bar is engraved with the year of the award, a rosette is worn on the ribbon in undress uniform to signify the award of a bar
36.
Leslie Herron
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Sir Leslie James Herron, KBE, CMG, KStJ was a prominent Australian barrister, judge, chief justice and lieutenant governor of New South Wales. Biographer Martha Rutledge describes him as being interested, interesting and with a sense of humour. He now has a ferry, The Lady Herron named after his wife, Herron was born on 22 May 1902 in the Sydney suburb of Mosman, to Henry Herron and Emily Ethel. Leslie was the second of six siblings and he was educated at the Mosman Church of England Preparatory School, at Sydney Grammar School and at the University of Sydney. He obtained an LL. B in 1924 with second class honours, Herron played first-grade rugby union in the position of breakaway for the Sydney club Western Suburbs Football Club between 1922 and 1925. Herron was admitted to the New South Wales bar on 28 August 1925 and he married Andree Lorna on 6 January 1930 at St James Anglican Church in the centre of Sydney on 6 January 1930. He took silk as a Kings Counsel on 20 December 1939, Herron was appointed as an acting judge of the District Court of New South Wales in February 1939. The District Court is a court in New South Wales. On 10 February 1941, Herron was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, in 1961, Herron became the chairman of the Law Reform Committee. From March 1962, Herron served as acting justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales due to the illness of the then chief justice Doc Evatt. On Evatts resignation, Herron was permanently appointed as justice on 25 October 1962. Herron was to serve as chief justice during a time of change in the Supreme Court. In 1965, the New South Wales Government established the Court of Appeal to replace the Full Court of the Supreme Court and this new court was to be the first court of its kind in Australia. The government however appointed a judge of the court, Justice Wallace. This made Wallace the second most senior judge of the Supreme Court and this appointment was resented by some of the other judges of the court and led to a schism in the bench, which was not fixed until Justice Sugerman replaced Wallace upon his retirement. It led to certain judges refusing to sit with other judges which created its own tensions, one of the legally significant cases Herron was involved with was R v Cuthbert. This case laid out the rationale upon which a society inflicts punishment upon offenders when they contravene the law, but all purposes may be reduced under the single heading of the protection of society, the protection of the community from crime. Courts have not infrequently attempted further analysis of the aspects of punishment
37.
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
–
It is named in honour of two military saints, St Michael and St George. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it, British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. It is the award for members of the FCO. The Orders motto is Auspicium melioris ævi and its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George, patron saint of England. One of its symbols is that of St Michael trampling over. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse, the last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that countrys independence in 1947. In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece, accordingly, numerous Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order. In 1965, the order was open for women, with Evelyn Bark becoming the first CMG, the British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master, the office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, he not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent. On the left side is a representation of the star, the mantle is bound with two large tassels. The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and it consists of depictions of crowned lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers SM and SG, all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions, each holding a book and seven arrows, at less important occasions, simpler insignia are used, The star is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast, the Knight and Dame Grand Cross star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed Maltese Asterisk, with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commanders star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Crosses, it does not include any gold rays, in each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan, the badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order, it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon
