1.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
2.
Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
3.
Kukla, Fran and Ollie
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Kukla, Fran and Ollie is an early American television show using puppets. It was created for children, but soon watched by adults than children. It did not have a script and was entirely ad-libbed and it was broadcast from 1947 to 1957. Burr Tillstrom was the creator and only puppeteer on the show, the program was renamed Kukla, Fran and Ollie and transferred to WNBQ on November 29,1948. The first NBC network broadcast of the show took place on January 12,1949, central Time, Monday through Friday from Chicago. The design style of puppets was in the style of Neapolitan puppet shows, or Punch and Judy without the slapstick, the puppet cast included Kukla, the earnest leader of the troupe, Ollie, or Oliver J. The series music was written and performed by Jack Fascinato, who first accompanied the troupe on solo piano, like Jack Bennys radio program, KFOs humor relied on building a relationship between its characters and the audience over time. The humor was quite tame by the standards of later comedy, there were few laugh-out-loud jokes per show—KFO relied on the humor of familiarity, much like The Honeymooners. KFO evoked not only loyalty but also a belief in its characters from regular viewers. Fans became so attached to the show that when it was cut back to 15 minutes in November 1951, letters of outrage poured into NBC, the Bob & Ray Show was the replacement 15-minute program and had considerable vitriol heaped on it by angry KFO viewers. From August 1952 to June 1954, KFO ran as a program on Sundays from 3–3,30 p. m. CT. They also began a radio show in October of that year. It was then picked up by the ABC network and returned to the 15-minute daily format until the last regular program aired on August 30,1957, a continuous run of nearly ten years. During that time, KFO was a successful show that counted Orson Welles, John Steinbeck, Tallulah Bankhead, Ben Grauer, Milton Caniff. The show had sponsors like Life magazine, RCA, Nabisco, james Thurber once wrote that Tillstrom was helping to save the sanity of the nation and to improve, if not even to invent, the quality of television. After the original series ended in 1957, Tillstrom continued to search for a place for the Kuklapolitans, doing a daily show for NBC. Tillstrom and his puppets returned to NBC television without Allison in the early 1960s for Burr Tillstroms Kukla, in 1967, KFO began hosting CBS Childrens Film Festival. In this context, their conversations were restricted to an introduction, commercial segues and a summary of the film
4.
Howdy Doody
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It was a pioneer in childrens television programming and set the pattern for many similar shows. Bob Smith created Howdy Doody during his days as an announcer on WNBC. At that time, Howdy Doody was only a voice Smith performed on the radio, Frank Paris, a puppeteer whose puppets appeared on the program, was asked to create a Howdy Doody puppet. Bob Smith, the shows host, was dubbed Buffalo Bob early in the shows run, at first the set was supposed to be a circus tent, but soon was changed, during the show, to a western town. Smith wore cowboy garb, and the name of the star was derived from the American expression howdy doody/howdy do. Used in the western United States Smith, who had gotten his start as a radio personality in Buffalo. Cast members Lew Anderson and Robert Nick Nicholson were both experienced jazz musicians, as both the character and television program grew in popularity, demand for Howdy Doody related merchandise began to surface. By 1948, toymakers and department stores had been approached with requests for Howdy Doody dolls, macys department store contacted Frank Paris, the creator of the puppet, to ask about rights for a Howdy Doody doll. With Paris past disappearances, impromptu excuses regarding the whereabouts of Howdy Doody had been hastily concocted and this time, an elaborate explanation was offered—that Howdy was busy with the elections on the campaign trail. NBC hurriedly constructed a map of the United States, which allowed viewers, with the help of Smith, the explanation continued that while on the campaign trail, Howdy decided to improve his appearance with some plastic surgery. Since Paris did not provide the voice of the character, Howdys voice would stay the same after his appearance changed, the puppet which is remembered as the original Howdy Doody replaced the actual original made by Frank Paris. Howdy Doody himself is a freckle-faced boy marionette with 48 freckles, one for state of the union. The Howdy Doody shows various marionettes were created and built by puppeteers Velma Wayne Dawson, Scott Brinker and Rufus Rose throughout the shows run. The redheaded Howdy marionette on the show was operated with 11 strings. Three strings were added when the show returned—two elbows and one nose, the original Howdy Doody marionette now resides at the Detroit Institute of Arts. Double Doody, the Howdy stand-in puppet, is now in the collection of the Division of Culture, photo Doody is the near-stringless marionette that was used in personal appearances, photos, parades, and the famed NBC test pattern. He was sold by Lelands Sports Auction House in 1997 for more than $113,000 to an art collector. There were also two other marionettes, Don José, and Hector Hamhock Bluster, brothers of Phineas T, one of Semoks marionette duplicates appears on a 2005 cover of TV Guide magazine as part of a series recreating classic covers from the magazines history
5.
Captain Kangaroo
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In 1986, the American Program Service integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes, distributing the newer version of the series until 1993. The show was conceived and the character was played by Bob Keeshan. Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show when it aired on NBC, Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9000 times over the nearly 30-year run of the show. The May 17,1971, episode had two changes on the show, The Treasure House was renovated and renamed The Captains Place. It was cancelled by CBS at the end of 1984 and he was the voice of Aniforms puppet TV Fred, and was the artist behind the Magic Drawing Board. Sam Levine as The Banana Man, the character was created by Adolph Proper, bill Cosby as himself, the host of the Picture Pages segment Debbie Weems appeared as Debbie, she also provided the voice for the puppet character Baby Duck. Even the opening sequence could change, the show generally began with the theme music starting up, then the Captain would unlock and open the doors of the Treasure House from the inside, and viewers would catch their first glimpse of him. Then he would put the Treasure House keys on a nail, however, sometimes the Captain could not get the keys to stay on the nail, and when they fell off, the theme music would begin playing again. Tom had a sidekick named Mighty Manfred the Wonder Dog, other cartoons included Lariat Sam, which was developed by veteran game show announcer Gene Wood, then a show staffer. The British cartoon Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings appeared in the 1970s, another British-produced cartoon, Ludwig, about a magical egg-shaped robot, was also included around the same time as Simon. The cartoons musical score consisted of selections from the works of Beethoven, episodes were generally a few minutes each and basically revolved around teaching children the importance of dental care. A silent cartoon in the 1970s named Crystal Tipps featured the adventures of a young girl, later reruns were narrated by the voice of Mr. Moose. Another British favorite, The Wombles, was also featured, the Red & Blue shorts from Italy were also shown. The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo, featuring a family of sea explorers, was featured, beginning in 1974 and continuing throughout the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s, the show opened with different people wishing the Captain good morning. Spock, characters from the Peanuts cartoons, and Fred Rogers from Mister Rogers Neighborhood, the montage of good mornings always ended with the Captain himself returning the greeting before the opening credits ran. The Sweet Pickles books were also featured, carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975 to 1977. On the first show of every month, the Captain had a cake for all of the children with birthdays that month. Keeshan also had a role as the Town Clown, a pantomime piece that took place in
6.
The Electric Company
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PBS broadcast 780 episodes over the course of its six seasons from October 25,1971, to April 15,1977. After it ceased production in 1977, the program continued in reruns until July 5,1985, the Workshop produced the show at Second Stage, located within the Reeves Teletape Studios, in Manhattan, which had been the first home of Sesame Street. The Electric Company employed sketch comedy and various devices to provide an entertaining program to help elementary school children develop their grammar. Since it was intended for children who had graduated from CTWs flagship program, Sesame Street, the original cast included Morgan Freeman, Rita Moreno, Bill Cosby, Judy Graubart, Lee Chamberlin and Skip Hinnant. Most of the cast had done stage, repertory, and improvisational work, with Cosby and Moreno already well-established performers on film and television. Ken Roberts, best known as an announcer, was the narrator of some segments during season one, most notably the parody of the genre that had given him prominence. Jim Boyd, who was strictly an off-camera voice actor and puppeteer during the first season, began appearing on-camera in the second season, Luis Ávalos also joined the cast at that time. Bill Cosby was a regular in one, and occasionally appeared in new segments during season two but left afterward. Nevertheless, segments that Cosby had taped during the first two years were used for the rest of the run, and Cosby was billed as a cast member throughout. Similarly, Lee Chamberlin also left after two, but many of her segments were also repeatedly reused, consequently, she was also billed as a cast member for the rest of the shows run. Added to the cast at the beginning of three was Hattie Winston, an actress and singer who later appeared on the show Becker. The Adventures of Letterman, Premiering during season two, Letterman featured the work of animators John and Faith Hubley. and written by Mike Thaler, the title character repeatedly foiled the Spell Binder, an evil magician who made mischief by changing words into new words. It featured the voices of Zero Mostel, Joan Rivers, who narrated the segments, five Seconds, Halfway through the show, viewers were challenged to read a word within a five- or ten-second time limit. In seasons three and four, in a send-up of Mission, Impossible, the word would self-destruct in a Scanimate animation sequence after the time expired, in seasons five and six, the viewers had to read the word before a cast member did. Giggles, Goggles, Two friends conversed while riding a bicycle or performing some other activity together. One would humorously misuse a word and the other would correct her, heres Cooking at You, A send-up of Julia Childs cooking shows, with Judy Graubart playing Julia Grown-Up. Jennifer of the Jungle, A Borscht Belt-style parody of George of the Jungle, which itself was a send-up of Tarzan, with Judy Graubart as Jennifer and Jim Boyd as Paul the Gorilla. The Last Word, Shown at the end of one, a dimly lit incandescent bulb with a pull-chain switch was shown hanging, the voice of Ken Roberts would gravely state, And now
7.
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
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Mister Rogers Neighborhood is an American half-hour childrens television series that was created and hosted by namesake Fred Rogers. The series is aimed primarily at preschool ages 2 to 5, despite this, a number of stations have chosen to continue airing the reruns independently of the PBS feed. Eleven years after Mister Rogers Neighborhood concluded, PBS debuted an animated spin-off and it was this program where many of the puppets, characters and music used in the later series were developed, such as King Friday XIII, and Curious X the Owl. It was also the time when Rogers began wearing his famous sneakers, the show won a Sylvania Award for best childrens show, and was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario in 1961 to work on a new series based on The Childrens Corner which was called Misterogers, most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets or characters. Fred Rainsberry, head of Childrens Programming at CBC, persuaded Rogers to appear on camera in the new show after seeing him interact with children. Ernie Coombs, one of the Americans whom Rogers brought with him to develop the CBC show, would remain with CBC. Coombs first appeared as Mr. Dressup in the CBC program Butternut Square, Coombs then helped to develop what became Mr. Dressup which continued for several decades. In 1966, Rogers acquired the rights to his program from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on The Childrens Corner. He renamed the show Misterogers Neighborhood, which initially aired regionally in the northeastern US through EEN, including stations in Boston, Washington, D. C. The 100 episodes of the show incorporated the Neighborhood of Make-Believe segments from the CBC episodes with additional reality-based opening and closing material produced in Pittsburgh. The series was cancelled in 1967 due to lack of funding, the first national broadcast of Misterogers Neighborhood appeared on most NET stations on February 19,1968. In 1970, when PBS replaced NET, it also inherited this program, around the same time the show had a slight title change, to the more-familiar Mister Rogers Neighborhood. The show was in production from February 19,1968 to February 20,1976, the studio in Pittsburgh where the series was taped was later renamed The Fred Rogers Studio, in honor of Rogers himself. Rogers also made a point to behave naturally on camera rather than acting out a character. I also believe that kids can spot a phony a mile away, the half-hour episodes were punctuated by a puppet segment chronicling occurrences in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. From 1979 to 1981, a version of the opening sequence was used. Usually, the camera goes from the neighborhood to out on the porch of the Rogers television house and this is the same model electric trolley that later in the program will transport viewers into the Neighborhood of Make-Believe
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
10.
The Magic Clown
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The Magic Clown was an NBC TV series which ran from 1949 to 1954. The final NBC broadcast was on June 27,1954, the show then moved to WABD where it stayed until 1958. After that, it was renamed Bonomo, The Magic Clown and was broadcast on WNTA from September 29,1958 to July 24,1959, the show was sponsored by Bonomo Turkish Taffy. Josh Norris, who used the stage name Zovella, was the first Magic Clown, and went on to a successful career as a full-time magician. The show featured a clown, at first referred to only as The Magic Clown, the show was created by Tico Bonomo, grandson of the founder of the Bonomo Turkish Taffy company, specifically as a vehicle to sell candy. As a result, each episode featured constant plugs for the sponsor, development of the show took more than a year, fresh out of Syracuse University, Bonomo went to work creating The Magic Clown. In a 1994 interview, Bonomo recalled the work that went into the program, I spent the summer of 1948 with writers and producers. Those days I worked a seven-day week, the program was on Sundays so I was at NBC every single Sunday at 8 a. m. and we were on the air at 11,30 a. m. The action of the program centered around its eponymous host, Tico Bonomo said that finding a host wasnt easy. You cant teach clowns to do magic, you have to have a magician, and, believe me, its tough teaching a good magician to put on white face and act like a clown. The first Magic Clown was known only by his name, Zovella. At that time, a comedian named Richard DuBois took over, serving even after the show was cancelled by NBC and moved to DuMont-owned WABD, until 1958, when the show moved to Newark, NJ based WNTA. The WNTA run was hosted by comedian, mimic, cartoonist, the couple added new segments to the show, including informational pieces and in-studio interviews as the show expanded from a weekly to a weekday basis. The Andersons, however, choked at the amount of control the sponsor had over the show. A short-lived revival of the program, produced in Toronto, Ontario, the Magic Clown was performed in this version by now-famous magician turned skeptic/atheist James Randi. The show was received by young audiences in both New York and New Jersey, although there is no record of how it was received nationally. Most modern reviews have panned the show, with calling it unintentionally hilarious. However, a reviewer at the Internet Archive called it delightful, Tico Bonomo claimed that the show was responsible for greatly increasing sales of Turkish Taffy
11.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
12.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
13.
Lost in Space
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Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series created and produced by Irwin Allen. The series follows the adventures of a family of space colonists who struggle to survive in a strange and often hostile universe after their ship is sabotaged. The show ran for three seasons, with 83 episodes airing between 1965 and 1968, the first season was filmed in black and white, with the second and third seasons filmed in color. Although the original concept centered on the Robinson family, many later storylines focused primarily on Dr. Zachary Smith, Smith and the Robot were both absent from the unaired pilot, as the addition of their characters was only decided upon once the series had been commissioned for production. Smith is thus the key to the story, in 1962 the first appearance of a space-faring Robinson family occurred in a comic book published by Gold Key Comics. The Space Family Robinson, who were scientists aboard Earths Space Station One, are away in a cosmic storm in the comics second issue. These Robinsons were scientist father Craig, scientist mother June, early teens Tim and Tam, along with pets Clancy, Space Station One also boasted two spacemobiles for ship-to-planet travel. The Jupiter 2 mission is sabotaged by Dr. Zachary Smith – an agent for an foreign government – who slips aboard the spaceship and reprograms the robot to destroy the ship and crew. However, when he is trapped aboard, his excess weight alters the crafts flight path, Smith manages to save himself by prematurely reviving the crew from suspended animation. The ship survives, but consequent damage caused by Smiths earlier sabotage of the robot leaves them lost in space. In the third episode the Jupiter 2 crashlands on a world, later identified by Will as Priplanus. Smith was liked by the trusting Will, and tolerated by the women, One of these colorful visitors even turned out to be Smiths own cousin, intent on swindling him out of a family inheritance with the assistance of a hostile gambling machine. A new theme tune was recorded by Warren Barker for the second season, in the third season, a major format change was introduced, to bring the series back to its roots as solid adventure, by allowing the Robinsons to travel to more planets. The Jupiter 2 was now allowed to freely travel space, visiting a new world each week, as the family attempt to return to Earth or to reach their original destination in the Alpha Centauri system. This season had a different opening credits sequence and a new theme tune – which. The stories had little realism, with, for instance, explosions happening randomly, merely to cover an aliens arrival or departure, or sometimes merely the arrival of some alien artifact. Props and monsters were regularly recycled from other Irwin Allen shows, as a matter of convenience. A sea monster outfit which had featured on Voyage would get a paint job for its Lost in Space appearance
14.
Sid and Marty Krofft
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They are largely known for a unique brand of ambitious fantasy programs, often featuring large-headed puppets, high-concept plots, and extensive use of low-budget special effects. The team also dominated the arena of celebrity music/variety programs during the period, the Krofft brothers, Sid and Marty, were born in Montreal, Québec. For years, they claimed to have born to a family of fifth-generation puppeteers. Their father was, in fact, a salesman who moved from Canada to Providence, Rhode Island. Sid Krofft became a puppeteer who worked in vaudeville and was a featured player with the Ringling Bros. In the 1940s, Sid created a puppet show, The Unusual Artistry of Sid Krofft. His father joined him on tour in Paris while Marty stayed in New York, by the 1950s, the Krofft brothers were working together, and in 1957, they developed Les Poupées de Paris, a puppet show with more mature themes. After designing the characters and sets for Hanna-Barberas Banana Splits, the Kroffts producing career began in 1969 with the childrens television series H. R. Pufnstuf. The series introduced the trademark style of large scale, colorful design, puppetry. Featuring a boy who has lured into an alternate fantasy world and can never escape. Some people suggested that the Krofft brothers were influenced by marijuana and LSD, in a 2005 interview with USA Today, Marty Krofft said, No drugs involved. You cant do drugs when youre making shows, referring to the alleged LSD use, Marty said in another interview, That was our look, those were the colors, everything we did had vivid colors, but there was no acid involved. Im no goody two-shoes, but you cant create this stuff stoned, the Kroffts also favored quirky superhero stories, often with children involved as the heroes or part of a hero team. In 1976, a developer asked the Kroffts to develop an amusement park for the new Omni International complex in downtown Atlanta, the World of Sid and Marty Krofft was the worlds first indoor amusement park, but due to poor attendance it was closed after just six months. The Omni International building that contained the amusement park was renamed the CNN Center when the site was converted to the present CNN headquarters, the Kroffts memorable childrens programs have developed a wide and enduring following, largely among adults who watched the shows as children. They were also responsible for a number of prime time music/variety programs. The Kroffts have occasionally departed from their formula, notably a new version of Family Affair. The team has attempted to update some of their most popular series for a younger generation, including new versions of Land of the Lost, Electra Woman and Dyna Girl
15.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
16.
TGIF (ABC)
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TGIF is the name of a defunct American prime time television programming block that aired on the American Broadcasting Company, initially from 1989 to 2000. The name comes from the initials of the popular phrase Thank God Its Friday, however, the block mainly featured situation comedies aimed at a family audience. It marked one of the first attempts by a network to brand a programming block, with the goal of encouraging young viewers to watch the entire lineup. The TGIF block dominated the ratings in the 18–49 demographic for most of the 1990s, however, ratings began declining in the latter half of the decade. ABC revived the TGIF brand in September 2003, with its second run lasting two seasons. All of these shows are considered television classics to this day, TGIF was created and executive produced by Jim Janicek. Prior to the launch of the block, Janicek was employed as a writer and producer for ABC Entertainment. Recalling his childhood when his family would gather to watch The Wonderful World of Disney, with four ABC family-oriented comedy series on board, and the backing of network president Bob Iger, the initial lineup for the block was created. Before ABC experienced its success on that night during the 1980s, its Friday night schedule consisted of hit comedies such as Webster, Benson and, for its final season, Diffrent Strokes. The block of predominantly family-friendly situation comedies was inaugurated in the 1988–89 season with Perfect Strangers, Full House, Mr. Belvedere, in March 1988, Perfect Strangers moved to Fridays, and the interstitials went with them. On Fridays, the hosted interstitial concept gained more traction before the concept on that night was actually implemented. Pinchot and Linn-Baker would remain the sole hosts of the Friday lineup throughout the 1988–89 season, and the freshman smash hit Roseanne, which now served as a strong anchor for the expanded comedy lineup. The Terrific Tuesday branding was a success, and ABC urged Janicek to continue the name for the following season. Over the summer, ABC began promoting the Friday sitcoms under the experimental title, while Terrific Tuesday and What-a-Wednesday were both on tap for the 1989–90 fall season, the Friday branding concept was to undergo a revision before September. As a result of ABC and Jim Janiceks plan for Friday brand familiarity, definitive changes occurred to the lineup on Friday, an opening sequence for the two-hour block was introduced, featuring animated mice against a gray background. The theme music, featuring a male vocalist and a backup chorus, sang the lyrics. The mice held up title cards containing the theme lyrics Thank goodness. Right in the way of an older mouse, the sequence concludes with the older mouse breaking a grandfather clock with a mallet, which cut to the hosted interstitial
17.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
18.
Sesame Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production
19.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
20.
Nickelodeon
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Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network launched on December 1,1977, and is owned by Viacom through Viacom Media Networks and based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 7–18 while its weekday morning edutainment programs are targeted at children ages 2–6. As of July 2015, Nickelodeon is available to approximately 93.7 million pay television households in the US, the name of the channel comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Nickelodeons history dates back to December 1,1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Its C-3 cable channel carried Pinwheel daily from 7,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. Eastern Time, Nickelodeon launched on April 1,1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984, the channel also airs reruns of select original series that are no longer in production, as well as occasional original made-for-TV movies. The channel also aired special editions of Nick News with Linda Ellerbee. The channel occasionally airs feature films produced by the networks Nickelodeon Movies film production division, although the film division bears the Nickelodeon brand name, the cable channel does not have access to most of the movies produced by its film unit. Nick Jr. – Nickelodeon currently programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on Monday through Fridays from 8,30 am-3,00 pm Eastern, the block primarily targets audiences of preschool age as Nickelodeons usual audience of school-age children are in school during the blocks designated time period. Programs currently seen in this block include Blaze and the Monster Machines, Team Umizoomi, Bubble Guppies, PAW Patrol, Max & Ruby, Saturday morning block - a morning block of primarily animated series from 9 am-12,30 pm Eastern and Pacific Time. It launched on September 22,2012, as Gotta See Saturday Mornings, recent episodes of certain original series may air when no new episodes are scheduled to air that week. The schedule features series such as SpongeBob SquarePants, Bunsen Is a Beast, ALVINNN. nicks New Saturday Night – a primetime live-action block airing from 8-10pm Eastern and Pacific Time. It launched on September 22,2012, as Gotta See Saturday Nights, recent episodes of certain original series may air when no new episodes are scheduled to air that week. The schedule features The Thundermans and Henry Danger, premieres of the networks original made-for-cable movies also occasionally air during the primetime block, usually in the form of premiere showings. SNICK – SNICK was the networks first dedicated Saturday primetime block that aired from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m. Eastern, geared toward pre-teens and teenagers, it debuted on August 15,1992. The block featured mainly live-action series, although it featured animated series. SNICK was discontinued on August 28,2004, and was replaced the following week by a Saturday night edition of the TEENick block and it was hosted by Stick Stickly, a Mr. Bill-like popsicle stick character. The block was replaced for the summer of 1999 by Henry, the Stick Stickly character was later revived for The 90s Are All That on TeenNick, which debuted in 2011
21.
Cartoon Network
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Cartoon Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Time Warner through the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary. It was founded by Betty Cohen and launched on October 1,1992, the channel primarily broadcasts childrens shows, mostly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It operates daily from 6,00 AM to 11,00 PM, a Spanish language audio track for select programs is accessible via second audio programing, some cable and satellite companies offer the Spanish feed as a separate channel. It is also the channel of Turner-owned Boomerang. As of January 2016, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94.0 million pay television households in the United States, however, Turner kept much of MGMs film and television library made prior to May 1986 and formed Turner Entertainment. On October 3,1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and had gained an audience with its film library. In 1991, Turner Entertainment purchased animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions for US $320 million, on February 18,1992, Turner Broadcasting System announced its plans to launch the Cartoon Network as an outlet for Turners considerable library of animation. Initial programming on the channel consisted exclusively of reruns of classic Warner Bros. cartoons, the 1933–1957 Popeye cartoons, MGM cartoons, at first, cable providers in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. and Detroit carried the channel. By the time the network launched, Cartoon Network had an 8, from its launch until 1995, the networks announcers said the networks name with the word The added before Cartoon Network, thus calling the network The Cartoon Network. By the time that the network debuted, Cartoon Network also operated a block that aired on TNT. Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience, however, Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day, late Night Black and White showed early black-and-white cartoons, and ToonHeads would show three shorts with a similar theme and provide trivia about the cartoons. There was also an afternoon block called High Noon Toons. The majority of the animation that was shown on Cartoon Network no longer air on a regular basis, with the exception of Tom and Jerry. A challenge for Cartoon Network was to overcome its low penetration of existing cable systems, when launched on October 1,1992, the channel was only carried by 233 cable systems. However, it benefited from package deals, New subscribers to sister channels TNT and TBS could also get access to Cartoon Network through such deals. The high ratings of Cartoon Network over the couple of years led to more cable systems including it. By the end of 1994, Cartoon Network had become the fifth most popular channel in the United States
22.
Videocassette recorder
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Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, in the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings. These features began as simple mechanical counter-based single-event timers, but were replaced by more flexible multiple-event digital clock timers. In later models the multiple timer events could be programmed through a menu interface displayed on the playback TV screen and this feature allowed several programs to be recorded at different times without further user intervention, and became a major selling point. The history of the recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956 and it became the worlds first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch wide tape. Due to its price of US$50,000, the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks. In 1959 Toshiba announced a new method of recording known as helical scan, first implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders, the Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, however, there were several drawbacks, it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use, Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel, the reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to be fully rewound before removing the cartridge. In 1972, videocassettes of movies became available for home use, Sony demonstrated a videocassette prototype in October 1969, then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers. The result, the Sony U-matic system, introduced in Tokyo in September 1971, was the worlds first commercial videocassette format. Its cartridges, resembling larger versions of the later VHS cassettes, used 3/4-inch tape and had a playing time of 60 minutes. Sony also introduced two machines to use the new tapes, U-matic, with its ease of use, quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North America, where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms schools and businesses. But the high cost - US$1,395 in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, in 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972
23.
Vortexx
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Vortexx was a Saturday morning childrens television block that aired on The CW from August 25,2012 to September 27,2014. Programmed by Saban Brands, it replaced Toonzai, a block that was programmed by 4Kids Entertainment until its bankruptcy, the block was replaced by Litton Entertainments One Magnificent Morning, which features live-action educational programming, on October 4,2014. It was the last Saturday morning block across the major American broadcast networks that primarily featured non-educational programming aimed at children, on April 6,2011, following a lawsuit involving the Yu-Gi-Oh. Franchise, 4Kids Entertainment, which programmed the The CW4Kids/Toonzai block for the network, on May 1,2012, Kidsco Media Ventures, an affiliate of Saban Capital Group, placed a bid to acquire some of 4Kids assets. On June 26,2012, after competition from 4K Acquisition Corp, a subsidiary of Konami, franchise and Saban receiving all other assets, including the programming rights to The CWs Saturday morning block. On July 2,2012, it was announced that Saban Brands, via Kidsco Media Ventures, on July 12,2012, it was announced that the block would be named Vortexx, which launched on August 25,2012. Officially the network preferred the block to air from 7,00 a. m. to 12,00 p. m, the station began carrying Vortexx in its network-recommended timeslot on April 6,2013, with the stations acquired E/I programming moving to Sunday afternoons. On April 29,2013, Saban Brands announced a partnership with Kabillion to add programming from the Vortexx block to the existing Kabillion video on demand service for cable providers. The programs were listed on the service without any separate Vortexx subdivision under their individual show titles, the shows currently remain on Kabillion with other advertising, even with the discontinuance of Vortexx. Most of the programming aired in high definition, with older standard definition content presented in 4,3 or widescreen with stylized pillarboxing and windowboxing. Zexal † Tiny Toon Adventures Halloween special, Night Ghoulery Gummibär, The Yummy Gummy Search for Santa Spike Saves Christmas Spikes Reindeer Rescue † – Former CW4Kids/Toonzai program
24.
The CW
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Entertainment division of Time Warner, former majority owner of The WB Television Network. The CW name is a derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations. The network made its debut on September 18,2006, after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year. The CWs first two nights of programming – on September 18 and 19,2006 – consisted of reruns, the CW marked its formal launch date on September 20,2006, with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of Americas Next Top Model. As of 2008, the programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34, although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeal to men. The CW is also available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico–U. S, in both countries, some CW affiliates are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the stations signal coverage. UPN and The WB both began just as the Fox network had started to secure a foothold with American television audiences, the two networks launched to limited fanfare and generally mediocre to poor results. However, over the subsequent 11 1⁄2 seasons, both were able to air several series that became quite popular, in the eleven years that UPN and The WB were in operation, the two networks lost a combined $2 billion. CBS chairman Leslie Moonves explained that the name of the new network was formed from the first letters of CBS and Warner Bros, joking, like both UPN and The WB, The CW targets its programming towards younger audiences. CBS and Time Warner hoped that combining their networks schedules and affiliate lineups would strengthen The CW into a major broadcast network. The CW launched with a premiere special/launch party from the CBS-produced Entertainment Tonight at Warner Bros, when Top Model made its network premiere on September 20,2006, The CW scored a 3.4 rating/5 share in the Nielsen household ratings. It scored a 2.6 rating among Adults 18–49, finishing fourth in that age demographic, on May 9,2008, The CW announced that it would lease its Sunday lineup to production company Media Rights Capital. With no first-run programming available to run on Sundays as a backup, the network added reruns of The Drew Carey Show and Jericho, the CW has generally struggled in the Nielsen ratings since its inception, primarily placing fifth in all statistics tabulated by Nielsen. On several occasions, The CW has even been outrated by Spanish language network Univision and this had led to speculation within the industry that CBS, Time Warner or both companies could abandon the venture if ratings did not improve. Executives with CBS Corporation and Time Warner also emphasized their commitment to the network and this, in turn, resulted in the discontinuance of the Sunday late afternoon repeat block that The CW inherited from The WB through its use of the predecessor networks scheduling model. Maatta began reporting to Pedowitz as a result of the appointment as network president. Pedowitz revealed that the target demographic of the network would not change. The network also ordered more episodes of its series and ran them consecutively through the first week of December, starting on September 12
25.
Blue's Clues
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Blues Clues is an American childrens television series that premiered on Nickelodeon in Sunday, September 8,1996. It was hosted originally by Steve Burns, who left in 2002 and was replaced by Donovan Patton, the show follows an animated blue-spotted dog named Blue as she leaves a treasure hunt for the host and the viewers. Blues Clues became the show for preschoolers on American commercial television and was critical to Nickelodeons growth. It has been called one of the most successful, critically acclaimed, a spin-off called Blues Room premiered in 2004. Research was part of the creative and decision-making process in the production of the show and was integrated into all aspects and its home-based setting is familiar to American children but has a look, unlike other childrens TV shows. A live production of Blues Clues, which used many of the innovations developed by the shows creators. As of 2002, over 2 million people had attended over 1,000 performances, by 2002, Blues Clues had received several awards for excellence in childrens programming, educational software, and licensing, and had been nominated for nine Emmy Awards. It has been syndicated in 120 countries and translated into 15 languages, regional versions of the show featuring local hosts have been produced in other countries. It was one of the first preschool shows to incorporate American Sign Language into its content, the shows extensive use of research in its development and production process inspired several research studies that have provided evidence for its effectiveness as a learning tool. Blues Clues is the second longest-running Nick Jr series, after Dora the Explorer, Blues Clues was developed during a transitional period for childrens television. It set no guidelines or criteria for educational programs and had no provisions for enforcement, according to author Diane Tracy in her 2002 book, Blues Clues for Success, The state of childrens television was pretty dismal. The Federal Communications Commission ruled in 1997 that the commercial broadcast networks had to air educational childrens programs for a minimum of three hours per week. Nickelodeon assigned a team of producers to create a new U. S. television program for children in mid-1994 using research on early childhood education. Angela Santomero, Todd Kessler, and Traci Paige Johnson met at Nickelodeon Studios for a month to develop Blues Clues, according to The New York Times, Kessler was the first creator to be brought on board to the project, Santomero and Johnson joined soon after. He later worked as a producer for Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1994 prior to working on Blues Clues. Researcher Daniel R. Anderson of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Kessler handled the shows production, Santomero the research, and Johnson the animation and design. They were given a modest $150,000 to produce a pilot, Blues Clues premiered in the U. S. on September 8,1996. It was a hit, largely due to the producers extensive research
26.
Dora the Explorer
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Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora the Explorer became a series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network, including the associated Nick Jr. channel and it aired on CBS until September 2006. The series is co-produced by Nickelodeon Productions and Nickelodeon Animation Studio, Dora the Explorer is one of the longest-running shows of Nick Jr. During the sixth season, the became the Nick Jr. series with most episodes, surpassing Blues Clues with 143 episodes. It won a Peabody Award in 2003 for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers, to stop Swiper, Dora must say Swiper no swiping three times. However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the We Did It. On numerous occasions, television specials have aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened. They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task that normally is not featured in average episodes, austin, Brandon Zambrano, Jacob Medrano Elaine Del Valle Eileen Galindo Chris Gifford K. J. According to a Nickelodeon spokesman, She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures, on March 8,2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, but after a short controversy, the change was criticized by one writer that did not support the feminization of Doras image. In 2012, a CGI opening was created for new episodes of the series, in 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls. The Explorer Girls were included in the Dora and Friends spin-off in 2014, Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide. It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases through its simplicity, Arabic – The Arabic language version is broadcast on the Nickelodeon on MBC3 block of MBC3, and is presented in Arabic-English. Cantonese – The Cantonese language version is sold in Hong Kong, Danish – The Danish language version is called Dora – udforskeren and there are commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on the national public childrens channel, DR Ramasjang, Dutch – The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick. Jr, It is presented in Dutch-English, the voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots. French – The French language version, Dora lexploratrice, broadcasts on TF1 in France and it is presented in French-English, with Dora and Boots speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English
27.
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
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Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American interactive computer animated childrens television series which aired from May 5,2006 to November 6,2016. The series, Disney Television Animations first computer animated series, is aimed at preschoolers, Mickey, Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Goofy, Pluto and a mechanical assistant Mouseketool called Toodles, interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during each episodes story. Disney says that each episode has the characters help children solve a specific age-appropriate problem utilizing basic math skills, such as identifying shapes, the series uses Disney Juniors whole child curriculum of cognitive, social and creative learning opportunities. Once the tools have shown to Mickey on the Mousekadoer screen, they are quickly downloaded to Toodles. Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and they Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of the show, Hot Dog. which echoes Mickeys first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. This is the first time the major Disney characters have appeared on television in computer-animated form. The characters debuted in CG form in 2003 at the Magic Kingdom theme park attraction Mickeys PhilharMagic and we have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004. So there is always a long time between recording and seeing it on TV. So don’t worry more is still to come, we just are not making any more, although the show is very learning-focused, its engaging without being intimidating. Minnies Bow-Toons is a series which premiered in the fall of 2011 on Disney Channel. It usually airs in the daytime Disney Junior programming block for younger audiences and she interacts with many of the characters seen in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse series. A second spin-off, Mickey and the Roadster Racers, debuted in January 2017, official website Mickey Mouse Clubhouse at the Internet Movie Database Mickey Mouse Clubhouse at the Big Cartoon DataBase
28.
Fourth wall
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The fourth wall is a performance convention in which an invisible, imagined wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this wall, the convention assumes, the metaphor suggests a relationship to the mise-en-scène behind a proscenium arch. When a scene is set indoors and three of the walls of its room are presented onstage, in what is known as a box set, the fourth wall, though, is a convention of acting, rather than of set design. Breaking the fourth wall is any instance in which this performance convention and this can be done through either directly referencing the audience or the work they are in, or referencing their fictionality. The temporary suspension of the convention in this way draws attention to its use in the rest of the performance and this act of drawing attention to a plays performance conventions is metatheatrical. The phrase breaking the wall is used to describe such effects in those media. Breaking the fourth wall is also possible in other media, such as video games, the concept is usually attributed to the philosopher, critic and dramatist Denis Diderot. The term itself was used by Molière, one play that uses the fourth wall extensively for comedic effect is The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Critic Vincent Canby described it in 1987 as that invisible scrim that forever separates the audience from the stage, oliver Hardy was probably the first to break the fourth wall, in his movies with Stan Laurel, by staring at the camera to seek comprehension from the viewers. Groucho Marx spoke directly to the audience in Animal Crackers,1930, woody Allen broke the fourth wall several times in his movie Annie Hall, as he explained, because I felt many of the people in the audience had the same feelings and the same problems. I wanted to talk to them directly and confront them, the John Hughes movie Ferris Buellers Day Off is another well-known fourth-wall-breaking movie. Bueller, played by Matthew Broderick, often turns to the camera, in the Mel Brooks film Blazing Saddles, the characters literally break the fourth wall. Breaking the fourth wall is an part of the ending of Alejandro Jodorowskys 1973 film The Holy Mountain. More recent examples include the 2016 film Deadpool, in which it is used as a device between the main character and the audience. On television, breaking the wall is rare, though it has been done throughout the history of the medium. George Burns did it numerous times on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show he starred in with his real-life wife Gracie Allen from 1950 to 1958. Its Garry Shandlings Show and Mrs. Browns Boys both have their title character walking between sets mid-scene, and the latter occasionally shows characters retaking fluffed lines. Another television character who breaks the fourth wall is Francis Urquhart in the British TV drama series House of Cards, To Play the King
29.
Slapstick
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Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dellarte in 16th Century Italy, the physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. The name slapstick originates from the Italian language word batacchio or bataccio — called the stick in English — a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in commedia dellarte. When struck, the batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though little force transfers from the object to the person being struck, actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing very little actual physical damage. Along with the bladder, it was among the earliest special effects. Slapstick comedys history is measured in centuries, shakespeare incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play The Comedy of Errors. In Punch and Judy shows, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters, british comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby and Dan Leno. American producer Hal Roach described Fred Karno as not only a genius and we in Hollywood owe much to him. Slapstick is also common in Disneys Goofy shorts, MGMs Tom and Jerry, silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by Max Linder and Charles Prince. In England, slapstick was an element of the Monty Python comedy troupe and in television series such as Fawlty Towers. Slapstick has remained an art form to the present day. Laughter List of slapstick comedy topics Slapstick film Comedy film Physical comedy Stage combat Schadenfreude
30.
Power Rangers
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Aisha Campbell is a fictional character from the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers TV series and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, The Movie. She was portrayed by Karan Ashley, spirited and full of energy, Aisha was always up to the challenge of being a Power Ranger. Aishas ancestor, Miss Alicia, is the second known Yellow Power Ranger, in the middle of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers second season, Aisha first appears alongside her friends and fellow Stone Canyon High School students, Rocky DeSantos and Adam Park. The trio attempt to rescue their teachers baby as its carriage rolls down a hillside, Aisha and Kimberly Hart reach the carriage together, providing the first meeting of the future teammates. Aisha picks the locks of her team, but they are recaptured, Rocky, Adam and Aisha are brought to the Command Center and swear that they will not disclose the Rangers identities. Aisha became the Yellow Power Ranger, entrusted with the Saber-Toothed Tiger Power Coin, the new Rangers subsequently transferred to Angel Grove High School, where a student named Sabrina tried to strike up a relationship with Adam while acting hostile toward Aisha. Aishas mistrust of Sabrina pays off when she reveals herself as Scorpina, in the process, Scorpina battles with her and thus making Aisha the first female Power Ranger to have a rivalry with Scorpina. Aisha and Kimberly soon became best friends, shopping together every day, Aisha was also selected to be a Fire Safety Captain during Angel Grove Highs Fire Safety Week. Aisha took the job so seriously that it began to harm her friendship with the other Rangers, after defeating a monster, Flame Head. In Season 3 of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Aisha is one of the five Rangers who travels to the planet Edenoi to help Prince Dex, the Masked Rider. Later, when Kimberly learns that her mother was relocating to France, Aisha, Kimberly and Aishas friendship was tested when Kimberly was accepted into the Angel Girls Club, and Aisha wasnt. At around the time, a new monster named the Hate Master used a hate spell to turn the rest of the Rangers against each other. Aishas compassionate and loving nature, along with a necklace that her grandmother had given her. Aisha uses her resourcefulness to save the Command Center from the other Rangers and undo the hate spell, Aishas caring nature also extended to animals, as she became a volunteer veterinary assistant at Angel Groves local animal shelter. While volunteering, she takes in a white cat from the park. She and Kimberly adopt the cat, who Aisha dubs P. C. for Park Cat, after Katherine takes control of the Falconzord, the Rangers seek the ancient Shogunzords and Aisha controls the Yellow Shogunzord. When Kimberly leaves to train for the Pan Global Games in Florida, Aisha is saddened, together, the girls train Katherines aunts chimp, Kelly, in sign language and write the winning song entry for a theme song contest at Angel Grove High. However, Aisha is reverted to her form with the other Rangers when Master Vile reverts time
31.
PBS Kids Go!
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PBS Kids Go. was an educational television brand used by PBS for programs intended for older children, in comparison to the younger-skewing PBS Kids. It was primarily broadcast on PBS stations during the hours on weekdays. It debuted on October 11,2004, and was discontinued on October 7,2013, PBS Kids Go. programming block was launched in October 2004. With the discontinuation of the PBS Kids network for PBS Kids Sprout in 2005, PBS announced that, in October 2006, a 24-hour digital multicast network called PBS Kids Go. Channel would be launched with additional content, slated were several programming blocks, an evening Go. family block targeted at both children and their families, a Spanish language-programming block, PBS Kids Vayan. and a school block. KidsWorld Sports, HIT Entertainment’s Wishbone reruns and Kratts’ Creatures were planned as exclusive programs for the network and these exclusive shows plus those from the PBS block would total seven hours of original programming. At this time, PBS planned on adding one or two new series per year, the network was to be fee-based, allowing those stations that subscript to place the networks exclusive programs on their analog channel if they wish. A branded interactive club was part of the plan, with stations working it into their existing club or starting a new club. With only one third of PBS stations affiliating with the network and half needed on July 6,2006, PBS left open the possibility to re-offer the network. Stations found that the sliding scale licensing fees were too high for what little exclusive programming they received, on August 7,2013, PBS announced that the PBS Kids Go. Brand would be discontinued and replaced with new and revamped PBS Kids branding, the new branding began on October 7,2013 with the launch of Peg + Cat. PBS Kids Go. was dropped, as few parents and kids understood what the brand was about, PBS Kids Go. has aired shorts, usually at the end of Maya & Miguel, and in between episodes of Arthur, to fill time after long-form programming. In 2009, PBS launched the first contest called PBS Kids Go
32.
NASA TV
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NASA TV is the television service of the United States government agency NASA. It is broadcast by satellite with a simulcast over the Internet, NASA TV is also available on a few broadcast television stations. The network was created in the early 1980s to provide NASA managers and engineers with real-time video of missions. NASA has operated a service since the beginning of the space program for archival purposes. The satellite link uses the DVB-S system for transmission, the Media Channel is dedicated to broadcast news organizations and other members of the press, featuring press release video, interviews, mission press conferences and other services. The final is the Space Operations Channel, an internal, encrypted feed for NASA spaceflight operations, a high definition simulcast feed of the Public Channel was launched on July 19,2010. The Education Channel was discontinued in 2016, with its programming merged into the main Public Channel, NASA TV carries a variety of regularly scheduled, pre-recorded educational and public relations programming 24 hours a day on its various channels. Live ISS coverage and related commentary is aired in hour-long segments throughout the day, the network also provides an array of live programming, such as 24-hour coverage of Space Shuttle missions, ISS events, press conferences and rocket launches. Under existing CRTC rules, a cable or satellite provider had to offer a minimum amount of programming from companies owned and operated by Canadians, NASA has used external companies to provide streaming services for internet viewers, both embedded into NASAs website and through streams branded by those companies. The variety of stream formats used have varied with the technology and with the popularity of formats, including RealMedia, QuickTime, Windows Media. As of 2011, NASA has entered agreements with Ustream to provide high definition streaming of NASA TV and high definition cameras aboard the International Space Station, archives of press conferences, NASA Social events, and other events are also made available via UStream. Other NASA TV programs and events are archived via the NASA TV YouTube channel, in 2009, NASA TV received two Emmy Awards
33.
TNBC
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TNBC was an American teen-oriented programming block that aired on NBC from September 12,1992 to September 7,2002. The success of the series – despite harsh reviews from television critics – ultimately persuaded NBC to restructure its Saturday morning lineup, the network first launched an hour-long Saturday edition of Today in August 1992. The following year in September 1993, this block officially adopted the TNBC brand, though Engel contributed heavily to the block, three comedy series he produced during its existence would not air on the TNBC block. In addition to the scripted, two reality-based series aired during the history, the game shows Brains & Brawn and Name Your Adventure. Another non-scripted NBC show, NBA Inside Stuff, aired directly after the block but was never an official part of the TNBC lineup. The following year Sk8, also produced by Lynch, premiered on the block, by 2001, the block was suffering from declining viewership, in addition, TNBCs adolescent-focused programs ironically had a mostly older-skewing viewership, registering a median viewer age of 41. On January 6,2002, Discovery Communications entered into an agreement with NBC to produce a new Saturday morning block featuring original programs from the Discovery Kids cable channel. TNBC ended its run on September 7,2002, the new Discovery-produced block, Discovery Kids on NBC, premiered the following week on September 14. All About Us Brains & Brawn California Dreams City Guys Double Up Hang Time Just Deal Name Your Adventure One World Running the Halls Saved by the Bell Saved by the Bell, The New Class Sk8
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