1.
New York Metro Area
–
The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
New York Metro Area
–
View of
Midtown Manhattan at night
New York Metro Area
–
Part of the
Palisades Interstate Park, the cliffs of the
New Jersey Palisades of
Bergen County overlook the
Hudson River as well as
The Bronx and
Upper Manhattan in
New York City.
New York Metro Area
–
Enveloped by the
Atlantic Ocean and
Long Island Sound, New York City and
Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly.
New York Metro Area
–
The
Bear Mountain Bridge connecting
Westchester and
Rockland Counties,
New York across the Hudson River as seen from
Bear Mountain.
2.
Northern New Jersey
–
North Jersey comprises the northern portions of the U. S. state of New Jersey between the upper Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean. Geologically, the north is in the Piedmont Province, the Highlands Province, depending on definitions, some is counted as being in the Atlantic coastal plain. A broad definition includes all points in New Jersey north of I-295 in the part of the state. Another definition uses the 1958 telephone area code 201, and all its additions, some people, especially residents of the northern tier of counties, use a narrower definition, counting only that area north of the mouth of the Raritan River. The state is sometimes described as having North Jersey and South Jersey separated from each other by Central Jersey. Generally in this approach, North Jersey is defined as anything north of an extending from I-287 in Edison westward to US22. South of that line down to I-195 is referred to as Central Jersey, in 2008 the New Jersey State Department of Tourism divided the state into six tourist regions, of which the Gateway Region and the Skylands Region are in North Jersey. The following counties are considered part of North Jersey. Its colonial history started after Henry Hudson sailed through Newark Bay in 1609, although Hudson was British, he worked for the Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the Dutch as part of the provincial colony of New Netherland, with original settlements were centered on Bergen. In 1664 the region part of the Province of New Jersey. During the American Revolutionary War, New Jersey was a location between New York City, and the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Important materials necessary to the war effort were produced in North Jersey, the Continental Army made its home here during the war, and history from this period can be found in nearly every village and town in North Jersey. Battle fields, camps, skirmish sites, and headquarters can be found near Morristown, in the northwestern part of the state, iron mines and foundries supplied raw material for guns and ammunition. The Industrial Revolution in America started by the founding of the North Jersey town of Paterson, today, the United States and the world enjoy the fruit born of seeds planted in North Jersey during the Industrial Revolution. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary for the Treasury and President of the Bank of New York during the end of the eighteenth century and he promoted the natural power of the Great Falls as an excellent location for textile mills and other manufacture. Paterson attracted skilled craftsmen and engineers from Europe to run the mills and produced a concentration of creative. During the mid century, the engines and materials to tame a continent were made here. Thomas Edison installed one of the first hydroelectric plants in the world using the Great Falls as an energy source
Northern New Jersey
–
Main Street and Lemoine Avenue in
Fort Lee Koreatown. Click on image for greater
Hangul resolution.
Northern New Jersey
–
India Square,
Newark Avenue,
Jersey City.
Northern New Jersey
–
Counties
3.
South Florida metropolitan area
–
The Miami metropolitan area, also known as the Greater Miami Area or South Florida, is the 67th largest metropolitan area in the world and the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is entirely located in the portion of the U. S. State of Florida. Its land area is 6,137 sq. mi, the three counties together have principal cities including Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, and Boca Raton. Besides its association with the South Florida region, is also synonymous with an area known collectively as the Gold Coast. This includes the four counties of Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River. The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area and it was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census. As of the 2000 census, the area had a land area of 1,116 square miles, with a population of 4,919,036. Miami and Hialeah had population densities of more than 10,000 per square mile, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census. The Miami metropolitan area includes several urban clusters as of the 2000 Census which are not part of the Miami Urbanized Area. The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population, the Miami area is a very diverse community with a large proportion of foreign-born residents, in large part due to its proximity to Latin America and the Caribbean. Another large factor are residents who were former snowbirds from the Northeast and, to a lesser extent, politically speaking, the region is heavily Democratic. Broward County is the second most reliably Democratic county in the state, as of the 2005 American Community Survey,5,334,685 people lived in the metropolis. The Miami area has a very large Jewish community,10. 2% of the population was Jewish in the 2000 Census, There is also a sizable Muslim community numbering at 70,000. Population, As of the 2010 U. S. Census,2.8 million were females and 2.6 million were males. The median age was 38.6 years, 24% of the population were under 18 years and 15% were 65 years and older. There were 2,097,626 households, and 1,378,108 families residing in the Miami metropolitan area, among people at least five years old living in the region in 2005, 52% spoke English at home while 48% spoke some other language at home. Of those speaking a language other than English at home, 78% spoke Spanish, households and families, There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2.6 people. Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area and this figure includes both married-couple families and other families
South Florida metropolitan area
–
Miami
South Florida metropolitan area
–
Miami metropolitan area
South Florida metropolitan area
–
Fort Lauderdale
South Florida metropolitan area
–
West Palm Beach
4.
Greater Los Angeles Area
–
Throughout the 20th century, it was one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States, although growth has slowed since 2000. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of nearly 13 million residents. Meanwhile, the metropolitan regions population at the 2010 census was estimated to be over 17.8 million residents. Either definition makes it the second largest metropolitan region in the country, behind the New York metropolitan area, the agglomeration of the urbanized Greater Los Angeles area surrounds the urban core of Los Angeles County. However, this Census definition includes large, sparsely populated and primarily desert swaths of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, according to the U. S. However, more than half of this area lies in the sparsely populated eastern areas of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. Los Angeles has a reputation for sprawl. For comparison, the New York–Newark Urbanized Area as a whole had a density of 5,309 per square mile. Los Angeles sprawl may originate in the decentralized structure. Its major commercial, financial, and cultural institutions are geographically dispersed rather than being concentrated in a single downtown or central area. Also, the density of Los Angeles proper is low when compared to some other large American cities such as New York, San Francisco, Boston. This is misleading though, since unlike other cities the boundary of Los Angeles incorporates mountain areas with almost no people, when the actually built up area is considered, urban Los Angeles has density in excess of 10,000 people per square mile. Densities are particularly high within a 5-mile radius of downtown, where some neighborhoods exceed 20,000 people per square mile. Also, what gives the entire Los Angeles metro region a high density is the fact many of the citys suburbs. Within its urbanized areas, Los Angeles is noted for having small lot sizes, buildings in the area are low when compared to other large cities, mainly due to zoning regulations. Los Angeles became a city just as the Pacific Electric Railway spread population to smaller cities much as interurbans did in East Coast cities. In the first decades of the century, the area was marked by a network of fairly dense. The ascendance of the automobile helped fill in the gaps between these towns with lower-density settlements. Many working class whites migrated to this area during the 1960s and 1970s out of East, as a result, there was a large growth in population into the Conejo Valley and into Ventura County through the US101 corridor
Greater Los Angeles Area
–
Los Angeles
Greater Los Angeles Area
–
Long Beach
Greater Los Angeles Area
–
The
Los Angeles Basin, viewed south from
Mulholland Drive. From left to right can be seen the
Santa Ana Mountains /
Saddleback (horizon),
downtown L.A., the
Hollywood Bowl (foreground),
Mid-Wilshire,
Long Beach –
Palos Verdes (background),
Catalina Island (horizon), the
Southbay and Pacific Ocean.
Greater Los Angeles Area
–
Skyscrapers in
Downtown Los Angeles
5.
Washington Metro Area
–
The Washington metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. The area includes all of the district and parts of the U. S. states of Maryland and Virginia. The Washington metropolitan area is one of the most educated and most affluent metropolitan areas in the United States, the regions three largest cities are the federal territory of Washington, D. C. the county of Arlington, and the independent city of Alexandria. The area is sometimes referred to as the National Capital Region. Another term used to describe the region is the D. C, the area is increasingly referred to as the DMV, a shorthand for the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. The area in the region that is surrounded by Interstate 495 is also referred to as being inside the Beltway. The city of Washington, which is at the center of the area, is referred to as the District because it is the federal District of Columbia, the Virginian portion of the region is known as Northern Virginia. Senate, and the U. S. House of Representatives, the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board, a component of MWCOG, is the federally designated metropolitan planning organization for the metropolitan Washington area. The area has been a magnet for international immigration since the late 1960s and it is also a magnet for internal migration. Census estimates show that persons of post-1965 immigrant stock will likely represent 25% of the population by 2010. Forbes magazine stated in its 2008 Americas Best- And Worst-Educated Cities report, The D. C. area is less than half the size of L. A. but both cities have around 100,000 Ph. D. s. In the 21st century, the Washington metropolitan area has overtaken the San Francisco Bay Area as the metropolitan area in the nation. The median household income of the region is US$72,800, census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Claritas Inc. and other sources. A Dice. com report showed that the Washington–Baltimore area had the second-highest number of tech jobs listed,8,289, changes in house prices for the D. C. S. residential real estate market. McLean ZIP code 22102 had the highest median home prices among ZIP codes within the Washington metropolitan area as of 2013, asian Americans had the highest median net worth in the Washington area. Although the median net worth for white D. C. -area households was 81 times that of black D. C. -area households, defense contracting Many defense contractors are based in the region to be close to the Pentagon in Arlington. Tourism Tourism is a significant industry in the Washington metropolitan region, the convention industry is also significant, in 2016, D. C. hosted fifteen city-wide conventions with an estimated total economic impact of $277.9 million. Fort Lee gained 7,344 mostly military employees, fort Meade gained 5,361 employees, primarily as a result of the expansion of the National Security Agency
Washington Metro Area
–
Washington, D.C. in September 2003
Washington Metro Area
–
Satellite photo of the Washington metropolitan area
Washington Metro Area
–
Map highlighting labor patterns of regional counties
Washington Metro Area
–
View of downtown Washington, with the northern skyline of Arlington in the background. The skyline of
Tysons Corner is visible in the horizon.
6.
Roman Catholicism
–
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
–
Saint Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
Pope Francis, elected in the
papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
–
Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of
Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
7.
Evangelicalism
–
Its origins are usually traced back to English Methodism, the Moravian Church, and German Lutheran Pietism. While all these phenomena contributed greatly, John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening, today, Evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches, as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones. The movement gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in the United Kingdom. The Americas, Africa, and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals, United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals in the world, its community forms a quarter of the population, is politically important and based mostly in the Bible Belt. In the United Kingdom, Evangelicals are mostly represented in the Methodist Church, Baptist communities, Evangelicalism, a major part of popular Protestantism, is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world, alongside resurgent Islam. While on the rise globally, the world is particularly influenced by its spread. The first published use of evangelical in English came in 1531 when William Tyndale wrote He exhorteth them to proceed constantly in the evangelical truth. One year later Sir Thomas More produced the earliest recorded use in reference to a theological distinction when he spoke of Tyndale his evangelical brother Barns, during the Reformation, Protestant theologians embraced the label as referring to gospel truth. Martin Luther referred to the evangelische Kirche to distinguish Protestants from Catholics in the Roman Catholic Church, into the 21st century, evangelical has continued in use as a synonym for Protestant in continental Europe, and elsewhere. This usage is reflected in the names of Protestant denominations such as the Evangelical Church in Germany, the term may also occur outside any religious context to characterize a generic missionary, reforming, or redeeming impulse or purpose. For example, the Times Literary Supplement refers to the rise, one influential definition of Evangelicalism has been proposed by historian David Bebbington. Conversionism, or belief in the necessity of being again, has been a constant theme of Evangelicalism since its beginnings. To Evangelicals, the message of the gospel is justification by faith in Christ and repentance, or turning away. Conversion differentiates the Christian from the non-Christian, and the change in life it leads to is marked by both a rejection of sin and a corresponding personal holiness of life. A conversion experience can be emotional, including grief and sorrow for sin followed by great relief at receiving forgiveness, the stress on conversion is further differentiated from other forms of Protestantism by the belief that an assurance of salvation will accompany conversion. Among Evangelicals, individuals have testified to both sudden and gradual conversions, biblicism is reverence for the Bible and a high regard for biblical authority. All Evangelicals believe in inspiration, though they disagree over how this inspiration should be defined
Evangelicalism
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
Evangelicalism
–
Jonathan Edwards' account of the revival in Northampton was published in 1737 as
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton.
Evangelicalism
–
John Wesley preaching
8.
Protestantism
–
Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
Protestantism
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
Protestantism
–
The Memorial Church in
Speyer, Germany
Protestantism
–
Key figures of the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther and John Calvin depicted on a church
pulpit. These reformers emphasised preaching and made it a centerpiece of worship.
Protestantism
–
The Bible translated into
vernacular by Martin Luther. The supreme authority of
scripture is a fundamental principle of Protestantism.
9.
Judaism
–
Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
Judaism
–
Judaica (clockwise from top):
Shabbat candlesticks,
handwashing cup,
Chumash and
Tanakh,
Torah pointer,
shofar and
etrog box
Judaism
–
Silver case containing a handwritten
Torah (
Museum of Jewish Art and History, Paris)
Judaism
–
Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu – remember us
Judaism
–
A 19th-century silver
Macedonian Hanukkah menorah
10.
Hispanic Americans
–
Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans, are Americans who are descendants of the peoples of Spain, Portugal, or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, other U. S. government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably, origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the persons parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race, as the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States, Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanic Americans are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, the predominant origin of regional Hispanic populations varies widely in different locations across the country. Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans, hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have lived within what is now the United States continuously since the founding of St. Augustine by the Spanish in 1565, after Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit much of what is today the United States. Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, the terms Hispanic and Latino refer to an ethnicity, people of this group may be of any race. Hispanic people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as Brazilians, as well as those of Spanish-language origin. In the United States, many Hispanics and Latinos are of both European and Native American ancestry, others are wholly or predominately of European ancestry, or wholly or predominantly of Amerindian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean, as well as regions of Latin America where African slavery was widespread. The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is confusing to some, the U. S. Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions, one definition of Latino is a Latin male in the United States. This is the oldest and the definition used in the United States. This definition encompasses Spanish speakers from both Europe and the Americas, under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U. S. Census Bureau and OMB, a later definition of Latino is as a condensed form of the term Latino-Americano, the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino, a Brazilian American is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain, however, would be classified as Hispanic, while the U. S. Census Bureaus definition of Hispanic is limited to Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, other government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term
Hispanic Americans
–
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, 16th century Spanish admiral who founded the first European settlement in North America (
Saint Augustine, Florida).
Hispanic Americans
–
César Chávez •
Ted Cruz •
David Farragut Sonia Sotomayor •
Franklin Chang Díaz •
Susana Martínez Alex Rodríguez •
Hilda Solis •
Romana Acosta Bañuelos Gloria Estefan •
Raquel Welch •
Marco Rubio
Hispanic Americans
–
Castillo de San Marcos in
Saint Augustine, Florida. Built in 1672 by the Spanish, it is the oldest masonry fort in the United States.
Hispanic Americans
–
Miami 's
Brickell neighborhood is known for its large concentration of wealthy Hispanics, largely of
South American descent.
11.
Indigenous peoples in Chile
–
The Mapuches, from the south, accounted for approximately 85% of this number. The Indigenous Law recognized in particular the Mapuche people, victims of the Occupation of the Araucanía from 1861 to 1883, other indigenous people officially recognized included Aymaras, Atacameñas, Collas, Quechuas, Rapa-Nui, Yámanas, Kawashkars and Diaguita. It also gives indigenous people a voice in decisions affecting their lands, cultures, approximately one-half the self-identified indigenous population remained separated from the rest of society, largely due to historical, cultural, educational, and geographical factors. Indigenous people also experienced some societal discrimination and reported incidents in which they were attacked and harassed, a 2003 Ministry of Planning survey reported that indigenous people earned 26% less than nonindigenous citizens for similar work. Chile is one of the twenty countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and it was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008, in November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. In 2005, CONADI regularized the property titles to approximately 173,000 acres of land that were restored to 300 Aymara families in the north, however, some observers criticized a lack of transparency in CONADIs land restoration processes and favoritism of the Mapuche over other indigenous groups. The Ministry of Education provided a package of financial aid consisting of 1,200 scholarships for indigenous elementary, the government also implemented the Indigenous Scholarship Program that benefited 36,000 low-income indigenous elementary, high school, and college students with good academic performances. As of 2009, there were instances of violent confrontations between indigenous Mapuche groups and landowners, logging companies, and local government authorities in the part of the country. The actions took the form of protests and, occasionally, instances of rock throwing, land occupations, many of these actions were initiated by the Coordinadora Arauco Malleco, an indigenous group that has been accused of terrorist acts. Three CAM-related Mapuches and a non-indigenous sympathizer remained imprisoned in a 2001 arson case in which antiterrorism penalties were applied, the four initiated a hunger strike in March, demanding the terrorism convictions be voided to allow their release on parole. In April the court acquitted two other individuals of all charges, criminal and terrorist, in the same case, in September the Senate rejected a proposed law to allow the release of the four imprisoned on terrorist charges. Government-sponsored legislation which would clarify the application of the law remained pending at years end. The government did not act on a United Nations special rapporteurs 2003 recommendation that there be a review of cases affecting Mapuche leaders. The government had not applied the law in Mapuche-related prosecutions since 2002. However, it again to apply this law in August,2009, as the Mapuche conflict deepened following several acts of occupation and arson
Indigenous peoples in Chile
–
Pre-history
12.
European Americans
–
European Americans are Americans with ancestry from Europe. The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, St. Augustine, Spanish Florida, was the first known person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare, born in 1587 on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, European Americans are included in the category of White. White is defined by the United States Census Bureau as a person having origins in any of the peoples of Europe. According to the US Census, European Americans are a subset of White Americans, the term Non-Hispanic White is often used as a proxy for European Americans, although that also includes a small fraction of peoples of Middle Eastern descent. In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management,15, a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the White group, European American came third, preferred by 2. 35% of panel interviewees, the term is used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American, and Anglo American in many places around the United States. Also, whereas the terms White American and Caucasian American carry somewhat ambiguous definitions, depending on the speaker, European American has a specific definition. According to linguist Janet Bing, the term European American has increased a little in use, the term is used by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans, in the same way as is done for African Americans and Asian Americans. A European American awareness is still notable because 90% of the classified as white in the U. S. Census knew their European ancestry. Historically, the concept of an American originated in the United States as a person of European ancestry, thus excluding African Americans, as a linguistic concern, the term is sometimes meant to discourage a dichotomous view of the racial landscape between the white category and everyone else. Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures, since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to other place or returned to their original homelands. Prior to 1960, the majority came from Europe or European descent from Canada. In 1960 for example,75. 0% of foreign-born population in the United States came from the region of Europe. Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from northwest Europe, principally Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, the years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U. S. Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from southern, central, some people of colonial stock, especially in the Mid-Atlantic states, are also of Dutch, German and Flemish descent
European Americans
–
The
New York City Metropolitan Area is home to the largest European population in the United States.
European Americans
–
Ancestry map
European Americans
–
American cultural icons,
apple pie,
baseball, and the
American flag. All have European influence (primarily British).
European Americans
–
Mount Rushmore was sculpted by
Danish American Gutzon Borglum. Sculptures of the heads of former
U.S presidents (from left to right)
Washington,
Jefferson,
Roosevelt and
Lincoln.
13.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans, are Americans who are descendants of the peoples of Spain, Portugal, or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, other U. S. government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably, origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the persons parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race, as the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States, Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanic Americans are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, the predominant origin of regional Hispanic populations varies widely in different locations across the country. Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans, hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have lived within what is now the United States continuously since the founding of St. Augustine by the Spanish in 1565, after Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit much of what is today the United States. Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, the terms Hispanic and Latino refer to an ethnicity, people of this group may be of any race. Hispanic people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as Brazilians, as well as those of Spanish-language origin. In the United States, many Hispanics and Latinos are of both European and Native American ancestry, others are wholly or predominately of European ancestry, or wholly or predominantly of Amerindian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean, as well as regions of Latin America where African slavery was widespread. The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is confusing to some, the U. S. Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions, one definition of Latino is a Latin male in the United States. This is the oldest and the definition used in the United States. This definition encompasses Spanish speakers from both Europe and the Americas, under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U. S. Census Bureau and OMB, a later definition of Latino is as a condensed form of the term Latino-Americano, the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino, a Brazilian American is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain, however, would be classified as Hispanic, while the U. S. Census Bureaus definition of Hispanic is limited to Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, other government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, 16th century Spanish admiral who founded the first European settlement in North America (
Saint Augustine, Florida).
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Percent of Hispanic and Latino population by state in 2012.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Castillo de San Marcos in
Saint Augustine, Florida. Built in 1672 by the Spanish, it is the oldest masonry fort in the United States.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Miami 's
Brickell neighborhood is known for its large concentration of wealthy Hispanics, largely of
South American descent.
14.
Argentine Americans
–
Argentine Americans are Americans whose full or partial origin is in Argentina. Prior to the 1970s, the Argentines that emigrated to the United States were classified in the category of Other Hispanics, therefore, early Argentines who settled in the United States arrived primarily in the 1960s, looking for greater economic possibilities. The majority of them held academic degrees, and many were medical doctors, however, immigrants in the late 1970s arrived fleeing the political persecution of the Dirty War. This new immigrant group had a level lower than earlier immigrants. The majority of Argentine immigrants are directed to areas, especially New York City. In the 1980s, that increased to just over 23 percent. Immigration to New York City was popular because of the existing Argentine and Italian communities, the 1990 U. S. Census recorded 92,563 Argentines, evidencing that nearly half of the Argentine immigrants arrived in the last two decades alone. After the nineties, Southern California and Florida became leading destinations for new immigrants from Argentina, the profile of the Argentine American population is generally similar to the overall U. S. populations. Among the key differences, however, is educational attainment, Argentine Americans exhibit a rate of 39. 5% of holders of bachelors, graduate, or professional degrees, contrasted with the 27. 5% of the overall U. S. population. The difference is marked among women,40. 2% for Argentine American females. Another major difference is that 69. 1% of Argentine Americans are immigrants, Argentine Americans had a median household income of $55,044. Again, this is higher than the figure, which was $50,740. The most noticeable Argentine American populations are in the areas of Florida, Texas, California, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut. Minority have Amerindian ancestors, Chinese ancestors, Indian/Indo-Caribbean ancestors, only data for immigrant Argentine Americans are available
Argentine Americans
–
Fernando Caldeiro
Argentine Americans
–
Carlos Alazraqui
Argentine Americans
–
Ariel Dorfman
Argentine Americans
–
Albert Hammond, Jr.
15.
Bolivian American
–
A Bolivian American is an American of Bolivian descent. Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous, European, Afro Bolivian, additionally, there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent, albeit, in small numbers. Bolivians compose the third smallest Hispanic group in the United States, the highest concentration resides in the Washington Metropolitan Area, which accounts for 38% of the total Bolivian population in the US. Additional areas of concentration include the New York City borough of Queens, Miami-Dade County, Bolivian immigration into the United States occurred in two significant phases. The first phase occurred during and subsequent to the 1952 National Revolution, most of these immigrants consisted of middle- to upper-middle income occupational professionals or political dissidents, and identify with Bolivias White or Criollo society. The second notable phase of Bolivian immigration was a result of Bolivias fiscal policies in the 1970s which gave way to the hyperinflation throughout most of the 1980s, most of these immigrants consisted of lower-income Mestizo and Indigenous Bolivians obtaining work posts as service and manual laborers. Many Bolivians who emigrated to the United States came as tourists, however, many remained indefinitely in the country, setting with family and friends. This made it difficult to know the number of Bolivians living in the United States, between 1984 and 1993, only 4,574 Bolivians got U. S. citizenship. In this period about 457 were naturalized each year, Bolivians have settled throughout the United States, mainly in Washington D. C. Maryland, and Virginia, there are large groups of Bolivian immigrants in Texas, New York City, New Jersey, South Florida, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Chicago. The number of Bolivians in the U. S. in 2006 was estimated at 82,322, slater - singer/songwriter Alberto Torrico - member of the California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board. Kori Udovički, politician Raquel Welch, actress, author Marcelo Claure, CEO of Sprint Wireless, and Brightstar Corporation Jacob Thalacker - local celebrity, public interest
Bolivian American
–
Jaime Escalante
Bolivian American
–
117,842 2014 Us surveys 0.04% of the U.S. population (2014)
Bolivian American
–
Cecilia Muñoz
Bolivian American
–
Marco Etcheverry
16.
Brazilian Americans
–
Brazilian Americans are Americans who are of full or partial Brazilian ancestry. There were an estimated 371,529 Brazilian Americans as of 2012, other U. S. Previously, Brazilians were not identified separately from other South Americans. Of approximately 234,761 South American emigres arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1960, at least some of them were Brazilian, the 1960 United States Census report recorded 27,885 Americans of Brazilian ancestry. From 1960 until the mid-1980s, between 1,500 and 2,300 Brazilian immigrants arrived in the United States each year, during the mid-1980s, economic crisis struck Brazil. As a result, between 1986 and 1990 approximately 1.4 million Brazilians emigrated to parts of the world. It was not until this time that Brazilian emigration reached significant levels, thus, between 1987 and 1991, an estimated 20,800 Brazilians arrived in the United States. A significant number of them,8,133 Brazilians, arrived in 1991, the 1990 U. S. Census Bureau recorded that there are about 60,000 Brazilians living in the United States. C. Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, and Phoenix. The 2000 U. S. Census showed that 34.5 percent of Brazilians had completed four or more years of college, second-and third-generation Brazilian Americans tend to have better jobs, they have been educated in the United States, speak English, and have citizenship. Naza is a Brazilian American Visual Artist, people who profess Spiritism make up 1. 3% of the countrys population, and those professing Afro-Brazilian religions make up 0. 3% of the countrys population. Brazilians began immigrating to the United States in large and increasing numbers in the 1980s as a result of worsening conditions in Brazil at that time. However, many of the Brazilians who have emigrated to the United States since this decade have been undocumented, more women have immigrated to the United States from Brazil than men, with the 1990 and 2000 U. S. Censuses showing there to be ten percent more female than male Brazilian Americans, the top three metropolitan areas by Brazilian population are New York City, Boston, and Miami. New York City is a point of entry for Brazilians entering the United States. West 46th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan has been designated Little Brazil has historically been a center for Brazilians living in or visiting New York City. Another NYC neighborhood home to many Brazilian Americans is located in Astoria, newark, New Jersey is also home to many Brazilian and Portuguese-Americans, most prominently in the citys Ironbound district. Massachusetts, particularly the Boston metropolitan area, has a sizable Brazilian immigrant population, framingham has the highest percentage of Brazilians of any municipality in Massachusetts. Large populations also exist in Somerville, Everett, Barnstable, Lowell, South Floridas large Brazilian community is mostly centered between around the islands and northeastern section of Miami-Dade County with the exception of Doral
Brazilian Americans
–
Camilla Belle
Brazilian Americans
–
Marcelo Gleiser
Brazilian Americans
–
Morena Baccarin
Brazilian Americans
–
Benny Feilhaber
17.
Chilean American
–
Chilean Americans are Americans who have full or partial origin from Chile. The Chilean population at the 2010 US Census was 126,810, in the United States, Chileans are the fourth smallest Hispanic group from South America and the fifth smallest overall amongst all Hispanic groups. Most Chileans migrating to the United States settle in metropolitan areas, in recent history, it is for economic or academic rather than political reasons that Chileans emigrate. Chileans and other South Americans have been present in the state of California since the 1850s gold rush, not all Chileans made it to the gold fields. Some remained in San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento, and Stockton where they worked as bricklayers, bakers. Some with capital established themselves in various businesses, particularly the importation of flour, in the cities most tended to congregate and live in specific areas in the poorer sections of town. In the gold fields they lived in camp sites. In the summer of 1849 Chileans constituted the majority of the population of Sonora, Chileans frequently worked their mines as group efforts. When the placer gold ran out around Sonora the Chileans were amongst the first miners in California to extract gold from quartz, names of Chilean towns and places are often found in the names of streets in Northern California, Valparaiso, Santiago, and Calera. Many of San Franciscos streets carry names of residents of Chile, Atherton, Ellis, Lick, Larkin. Chilean women also left their names, Mina and Clementina, manuel Briseño, an early journalist in the mines was one of the founders of the San Diego Union. Juan Evangelista Reyes was a Sacramento pioneer as were the Luco brothers, luis Felipe Ramírez was one of the City Fathers in Marysville. The Leiva family owned at one time, much of the land in Marin County, in 1975, Chilean exiles of the Agusto Pinochet dictatorship established La Peña Cultural Center in Berkeley, California, which is to this day the largest Chilean cultural center in the United States. Chileans integrated quickly and like their Little Chiles, becoming part of the mainstream of the United States, Chilean Americans have achieved many skills as entrepreneurs, judges, congressmen, and others. Most Chilean immigration to the U. S. has occurred largely since the 1990s, for the most part, Chileans left as either political asylees and refugees during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, or for economic reasons. Also, there have been others that have emigrated to seek higher education, since the 2010 Chile earthquake, many Chileans have pursued economic opportunities in the United States, with Paterson, New Jersey, representing an increasingly common destination. Many of the Pinochet-era immigrants were of middle or upper class origin, a significant proportion of them arrived with advanced educations and well-developed skills. They had contacts with other Chilean exiles and a sense of identity from their commitment to a democratic Chile
Chilean American
–
Claudio Arrau
Chilean American
–
140,045 0.05% of the U.S. population (2012)
Chilean American
–
Isabel Allende
Chilean American
–
Cote de Pablo
18.
Colombian American
–
Colombian Americans are Americans who trace their full or partial nationality or heritage to Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States, the first Colombians immigrants who settled in the United States likely arrived in the 1800s. However, the Colombian presence in United States would not be known with certainty since the census did not specify the country of origin for South Americans until 1960. These immigrants did not maintain any relation with their countries, just until a few generations after. Most immigrants settled in Jackson Heights, a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. The growth of the Colombian American population was slow until 1940, most Colombians who arrived after the mid-1960s wanted to stay in the United States temporarily. Therefore, the number of Colombian illegal immigrants increased, from 250,000 to 350,000 people in the mid 1970s, despite a succession of immigration laws, the Colombian population in the United States continued to grow. New York remained the most popular destination, smaller communities formed in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D. C. and in the 1970s, North Side, Chicago. Since the 1980s, many Colombians have settled in Miami, initially they settled in Little Havana, the largest Cuban neighborhood, many of them engaged in the business of trade between Miami and Latin America. The area also attracted wealthy Colombians, who settled there to get medical care, send their children to school, and escape from social, economic, by 1987, Colombian Americans were one of the fastest growing Hispanic groups in Miami. By the early 1990s, many Colombian Americans left the metropolitan centers for the due to crime. This trend was started for the first time in the coastal towns of Connecticut. Despite the migration to areas, the largest communities remained in New York City, Miami. In 1990 and 1991,43,891 Colombians were admitted to the United States and they were for the first time the most populous group of illegal immigrants in the US from South America. Between 1992 and 1997, the intensity of the conflict in Colombia increased, so nearly 75,000 Colombians immigrated to the United States in this period, many of them going to California. After of World War I, many Colombians immigrated to United States in order to complete their education there, most of them settled in New York. After the civil war in 1948 and increased poverty in Colombia many Colombians also emigrated to United States during the 1950s, in the 1960s, the economic crisis prompted the emigration of many Colombians to the United States, obtaining U. S. citizenship Between 1960 and 1977. Since the 1980s, many Colombians American fled their cities to migrate to suburban areas in states like New Jersey and Connecticut
Colombian American
–
1,039,923 0.34% of the U.S. population (2012)
19.
Costa Rican American
–
Costa Rican Americans are Americans of Costa Rican descent. The Costa Rican population at the 2010 Census was 126,418, Costa Ricans are the fourth smallest Hispanic group in the United States and the smallest Central American population. Costa Rican populations are prominent in the New York Metropolitan Area, additional areas with significant Costa Rican residents include New York City, Suffolk County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut. There are also groups of Costa Ricans in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, South Florida metropolitan area. There have never been waves of migration from Costa Rica to the United States, the Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate that very few Costa Ricans have actually tried to enter the country illegally. This is because, unlike other Hispanic groups, they have not been forced to emigrate to the U. S. for political oppression or extreme economic circumstances. Most Costa Ricans living in the United States have settled in the U. S. for any of the reasons, they have married American citizens. Since 1931 only 57,661 Costa Ricans have immigrated to the United States, hence, the number of Costa Rican emigrants has been increasing very slowly. This is a different from the pattern of emigration from most other Central American countries. The other two countries in this region that have a slow rate of emigration are Belize and Panama. Costa Ricans tend to blend in the English-speaking population or form working and friendly relationships with other Hispanics. If both parents speak Spanish, chances are that the children will be raised bilingually, however, if only one parent speaks Spanish, the children usually grow up speaking only English. Therefore, they usually acculturate and assimilate rapidly, most of Costa Ricans who live in the US live in California, Florida, Texas, and the New York City / New Jersey area. There is a significant Costa Rican American population in the Chicago, Illinois, the geographical preferences of Costa Ricans become evident in the statistics from the Immigration and Naturalization Service, as consistent with the findings of the 1990 census. Jardines - intelligence officer Rosa Mendes - professional wrestler Candice Michelle - professional wrestler, model, actress Alexander Salazar - prelate Harry Shum, Jr. com
Costa Rican American
–
Franklin Chang Díaz
Costa Rican American
–
140,152 0.05% of the U.S. population (2012)
Costa Rican American
–
Sonia Chang-Díaz
Costa Rican American
–
Candice Michelle
20.
Cuban American
–
Cuban Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest Latino group in the United States, many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. Florida has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the US, standing out in part because of its proximity to Cuba, followed by California, New Jersey, New York and Texas. South Florida is followed by New York City, Tampa, Union County and North Hudson, New Jersey areas, particularly Union City, Elizabeth, with a population of 141,250, the New York metropolitan areas Cuban community is the largest outside of Florida. Nearly 70% of all Cuban Americans live in Florida, thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule. Since 1820, the Cuban presence was more than 1,000 people. In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of which about 4,500 resided in New York City, about 3,000 in New Orleans, and 2,000 in Key West. The year 1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, the exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy. The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force, became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900. Tampa was added to such efforts, with a migration of Cubans. However, the half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population. The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant, in the mid- to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing disruptions as Cubans sought independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Cuban government had established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as La Bayamesa, in 1885, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa, Florida to escape labor strife. Ybor City was designed as a company town, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West. West Tampa, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892, both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cubas eventual independence. After the Spanish–American War, some Cubans returned to their native land, several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U. S. occurred in the early 20th century
Cuban American
–
Desi Arnaz
Cuban American
–
2,013,155 0.63% of the U.S. population (2013)
Cuban American
–
Andy García
Cuban American
–
Marco Rubio
21.
Dominican American
–
Dominican Americans are Americans who have full or partial origin from the Dominican Republic. Although their emigration began in the century, thousands of Dominicans passed through the gates of Ellis Island in the 19th. The most recent movement of emigration to the United States began in the 1960s, in 2010, there were approximately 1.41 million people of Dominican descent in the US, including both native and foreign-born. Dominican Americans are the fifth-largest Hispanic group in the United States, the first recorded person of Dominican descent to migrate into what is now known as the United States, outside of New Spain, was sailor-turned-merchant Juan Rodriguez. He arrived on Manhattan in 1613 from his home in Santo Domingo and he also became the first Dominican, the first Latino and the first person with European and African ancestry to settle in what is present day New York City. Dominican emigration to the United States continued throughout the centuries, recent research from the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute has identified some 5,000 Dominican immigrants who were processed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. With increased emigration, Dominican diaspora communities have sprouted in New York metro area, New Jersey, Boston metro area, Providence, South Florida, Dominican emigrant communities have similar settlement patterns to that of the Puerto Rican population. Almost half of all the Dominican Americans today arrived since the 1990s, there has been another surge of immigration in recent years as immigration from Mexico has declined, which allowed more backlogged Dominican applicants to obtain legal residence. Dominican Americans are the fifth-largest Hispanic or Latino American group, after Mexican Americans, Stateside Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, as of 2010, the five largest concentrations of Dominican Americans are in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. Rhode Island is the state where Dominicans are the largest Hispanic group. Dominicans are the most dominant Hispanic group in most of southeastern New England, Dominicans are also starting to be pretty dominant in many areas in North Jersey and the Lower Hudson Valley. The 2010 Census estimated the nationwide Dominican American population at 1,414,703, about 41% of Dominican Americans live in New York City alone. Many of New Yorks Dominicans live in the boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan, there are also large populations in other parts of New York State, including Long Island and the Hudson Valley. S. There are smaller and growing Dominican populations in states like Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Ohio, Texas, however, in both cities, Dominicans make up only a plurality of the Hispanic population. Since 1980, the Census Bureau has asked US residents to classify their race separately from their Hispanic or Latino origin, in 2010,29. 6% of Dominican Americans responded that they were white, while 12. 9% considered themselves black. A majority of 57. 5% chose the category Other race, in New York City, Dominican entrepreneurs have carved out roles in several industries, especially the bodega and supermarket and taxi and black car industries. Over two dozen Dominican Americans are elected local or state legislators, mayors or other in New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. A1997 Dominican law, which took effect in 2004, allows Dominicans living abroad to retain their Dominican citizenship and voting rights even if they become citizens of another country
Dominican American
Dominican American
Dominican American
Dominican American
22.
Ecuadorian American
–
Ecuadorian Americans are Americans of full or partial Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans can be Mestizo, White Spaniard, Afro-Ecuadorian, Indigenous, Mulato, some Ecuadorians are also of Lebanese, Sephardic and Japanese descent. Until the 1960s, very few Ecuadorians migrated to the United States, in the late 1960s, several waves of migration started. Most Ecuadorian immigration to the United States has occurred since the early 1970s and this emigration was because of several reasons, The first of them was that United States immigration law changed. Before 1965, national quotas on immigrants favored more European immigration than Latin American immigration, after 1965, changes in immigration law made it easier for Latin Americans and other foreign groups to emigrate to United States. In addition, the price of air travel lowered making immigration more accessible to Latin Americans and they were drawn to the U. S. for economic opportunities and political freedoms. Ecuadorian immigration peaked in the turmoil of 1996-97 and national banking crisis of 1998-99. Another factor in Ecuadorian emigration was the 1964 Ecuadorian land reform and this improved the lives of many Ecuadorian poor, but also had far-reaching and unpredictable consequences. Many new small landowners were forced to sell their land, many landowners abandoned their land and migrated to countries like Venezuela and the United States. Most immigrants who live in the United States send money home, many immigrants get American citizenship, others simply are legalized, while other groups live illegally, crossing the border from Mexico or entering by boat from Puerto Rico. Ecuadorian Americans come from every part of Ecuador, during the 1970s, most of the Ecuadorians came from the northern and central highlands, including the area around Quito. In the 1980s, many Ecuadorians came from the coast, in the 1990s, most of them came from the southern highlands, near the border with Peru. The majority of Ecuadorian immigrants emigrate into New York City and its surrounding suburbs, the 1990 census recorded that 60 percent of Ecuadorians living in the United States live in the New York City Metropolitan Area, while another 10% live in Miami. Queens Countys percentage of Ecuadorians is about 4. 7%, and it has the largest Ecuadorian community of any county in New York and in the United States, Ecuadorians are the largest South American Latino group in New York City as well as in the State of New York. Ecuadorians are the fourth largest Latino group in New York after Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Ecuadorians also constitute Queens Countys largest Latino group. Another New York group of Ecuadorians live in the Bronx, in the Morris Heights, still other Ecuadorian neighborhoods are situated in Brooklyn, in New Jersey cities such as Newark and Jersey City, and in towns in Connecticut. S. State with the smallest Ecuadorian population was North Dakota with 55 Ecuadorians, first Licensed Latin American to import spirits into the United States. Zhumir Aguardiente from Ecuador was the first spirit product he imported to United States, violet Chachki - American drag queen, singer and actress born in Atlanta, Georgia
Ecuadorian American
–
Emanuel Xavier
Ecuadorian American
–
Ecuadorian 662,633 0.22% of the U.S. population (2012)
Ecuadorian American
–
Michael Steger
Ecuadorian American
–
Gerardo
23.
Guatemalan American
–
Guatemalan Americans are Americans of full or partial Guatemalan descent. The Guatemalan American population at the 2010 Census was 1,044,209, Guatemalans are the fifth largest Latino group in the United States and the second largest Central American population after Salvadorans. Half of the Guatemalan population is situated in two parts of the country, the Northeast and Southern California, Guatemalans have emigrated to the USA since the 1930s and 1940s. Along with other Central Americans they first arrived by way of Mexico and settled in areas like Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Houston, New York City. Guatemalan refugees became an important political and economic influence on seeking an end to the civil war, during the Guatemalan civil war, there was massive destruction of rural villages and farmlands. In the 1996 peace accords, there was an exchange of civilian land to favor the rise of corporate agribusinesses with the drop of prices of local agricultural products. This heavily affected farm workers and inhabitants of the countryside and they had to immigrate into the US through Mexican territory, Guatemalan Americans are a very culturally diverse group of people, included about 23 distinct ethnic groups, whose languages are different, although maintain unique cultural traditions. The groups are, in majority, Mayan, the Ladino are a different group that speak Spanish language and have the Spanish culture. So, Guatemalan Americans are a multicultural community and this reason is why the assimilation processes, traditional beliefs, and customs vary differently between groups. Immigrant Mayan American communities have preserved their ethnic customs, the Guatemalans of European descent often mixed with other U. S. Hispanic groups. However, it is unknown the transmission of cultural traditions Guatemalans of immigrants to their descendants by lack of studies, some Guatemalan traditions are the celebration of Quinceñeros, the formation of soccer leagues, and the Organization de las Fiestas de la Patronal. The difference with Guatemalans in the US from other Latinos is that a percentage of Guatemalans are Evangelical Protestants. Guatemala had seen a rise of Protestant and Evangelist churches in the late 20th century, according to the national census in 2006, Protestants constituted about 30% of the population in Guatemala, the majority are from rural indigenous communities. Guatemalan-Americans are a contributor to the rise of Hispanic Protestants in the USA during the 2000s, half of the Guatemalan population is situated in two parts of the country, the Northeast and Southern California. A combined population of 267,335 resides in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, the Northeast megalopolis, extending from Northern Virginia to north of Boston is home to a population of 257,729 Guatemalans. Luis Beza – American trumpet player for third-wave ska band Suburban Legends, David Campos – Guatemalan-American attorney and member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors representing District 9. David Estrada – He is of Guatemalan descent, Francisco Goldman – American novelist, journalist, and Allen K. Smith Professor of Literature and Creative Writing. He is son of a Guatemalan Catholic mother and Jewish-American father, oscar Isaac – Guatemalan born American raised actor and singer
Guatemalan American
–
Luis von Ahn
Guatemalan American
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1,241,560 0.40% of the U.S. population (2012)
Guatemalan American
–
Héctor Tobar
Guatemalan American
–
David Campos
24.
Honduran American
–
Honduran Americans are Americans of Honduran descent. Honduran Americans are a group of people who may descend from Spanish, Honduran Native, Garifuna, African, Palestinian and Chinese people, the Honduran population at the 2015 Census was 837,694. Hondurans are the eighth largest Hispanic group in the United States, all periods of conflict have led to minor waves of Honduran emigration to the United States. This was the case after the 1956 military coup, Hondurans immigrated to the United States in the 1960s, primarily to Miami, New York City, and Los Angeles. The main reason for Hondurans to leave their country was to escape poverty, many Honduran-Americans are migrant farm laborers who first established themselves in the largest U. S. cities, in which they had support networks from the Honduran-American communities. In the late 1980s and 1990s, most Honduran Americans lived in New York City, Los Angeles, in 2000, Hondurans grew to be the third largest immigrant from Central America. Honduran-Americans have actively participated in U. S. military service, a total of 13.7 percent of native Honduran-American males older than 16 years are in the military. In addition,769 Honduran-American non-citizen males serve in the military, usually, Honduran-Americans live in areas with high economic growth and demand for employment in construction, domestic services, and other industries. Many Honduran-Americans suffer discrimination, as other Hispanic groups do, Honduran-American girls tend to spend more years in school than Honduran-Americans boys, in part due to pressure by their families on boys to start working at age 12 or 14. A total of 1,091 Honduran-Americans have a degree,862 have other professional degrees. The majority of individuals are women. According to the 2010 United States Census there are 633,401 Hondurans living in the United States, by 2011, the number of Hondurans estimated to reside in the United States by the Census Bureaus American Community Survey was 702,000. In 2014, according to Pew Research, 60% of 573,000 Honduran immigrants in the U. S. are unauthorized and he was a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in 2004. Steve Van Buren - NFL Hall of Fame Running Back Bianca Del Rio - actor, comedian, costume designer, brandon Escobar - wrestler Roger Espinoza - footballer who currently plays for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer. Miguel Estrada - an attorney who became embroiled in controversy following his 2001 nomination by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was the first Latino to be nominated to a position in the judicial branch. America Ferrera - film actress Michelle Fields - political journalist, Huffington Post contributor Henry Flores - professional American photographer who addresses modern pop culture and his background is Engineering and Information Technology. Brina Palencia - American voice actress, ADR director, and singer known for her work for Funimation Entertainment/OkraTron 5000
Honduran American
–
Roger Espinoza
Honduran American
–
837,694 0.24% of the U.S. population (2014)
Honduran American
–
Brina Palencia
25.
Mexican American
–
Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexican descent. As of July 2015, Mexican Americans made up 11. 1% of the United States population, as of July 2015, Mexican Americans comprised 63. 4% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself, canada is a distant third, with a small Mexican Canadian population of 96,055 as of 2011. Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California, in 2015, the United States admitted 157,227 Mexican immigrants, and as of November 2016,1.31 million Mexicans were on the waiting list to immigrate to the United States through legal means. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. Mexican-American history spans more than 400 years and varies from region to region within the United States, in 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics of Mexican descent living in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California and Texas. Most were Mexican Americans of Spanish descent and other Hispanicized European settlers who settled in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times, as well as local and Mexican Indians. Approximately ten percent of the current Mexican-American population are descended from the colonial settlers. As early as 1813, some of the Tejanos who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that desired independence from Spanish-ruled Mexico, in those days, there was no concept of identity as Mexican. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole and this was particularly true in frontier regions such as Zacatecas, Texas, Yucatán, Oaxaca, New Mexico, etc. As shown by the writings of colonial Tejanos such as Antonio Menchaca, Mexico encouraged immigration from the United States to settle east Texas and, by 1831, English-speaking settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in the region. Both groups were settled mostly in the part of the territory. The Mexican government became concerned about the volume of Anglo-American immigration. Consistent with its abolition of slavery, the Mexican government banned slavery within the state and his story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he, after receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico, where he was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican–American War. As a Spanish colony, the territory of California also had an population of colonial settlers. In the mid-19th century, more settlers from the United States began to enter the territory, in California, Spanish settlement began in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. 20 more missions were established along the California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios, settlers in California tended to stay close to the coast and outside of the California interior
Mexican American
–
Juan Seguin
Mexican American
–
35,320,579 10.94% of total U.S. population, 2014
Mexican American
–
Selena Gomez
Mexican American
–
Romualdo Pacheco
26.
Nicaraguan American
–
A Nicaraguan American is an American of Nicaraguan descent. The Nicaraguan American population at the 2010 Census was 348,202, Nicaraguans are the eleventh largest Hispanic group in the United States and the fourth largest Central American population. More than two-thirds of the Nicaraguan population in the US resides in California or Florida, in California, Nicaraguans are more dominant in the Greater Los Angeles Area and San Francisco Bay Area. Large populations also reside in the Inland Empire and the cities of Sacramento, San Diego, in Florida, 90% of Nicaraguans reside in the Miami Metropolitan Area. Miami-Dade County is home to 30% of Nicaraguans residing in the US, Nicaraguans have immigrated to the United States in small groups since the early 1900s, but their presence was especially felt over the last three decades of the 20th century. The Nicaraguan community is concentrated in three major urban areas, Metropolitan Miami, Greater Los Angeles, and San Francisco Bay Area. A more affluent group of Nicaraguan Americans reside in the New York metropolitan area, the earliest documents of immigration from Nicaragua to the United States was combined in total with those of other Central American countries. However, according to the U. S. Census Bureau some 7,500 Nicaraguans legally immigrated from 1967 to 1976, an estimated 28,620 Nicaraguans were living in the U. S. in 1970, 90% of which self-reported as white on the 1970 census. Most Nicaraguan immigrants during the late 1960s were women, there were only 60 male Nicaraguan immigrants for every 100 female immigrants during this period, over 62 percent of the total documented immigration from 1979 to 1988 occurred after 1984. In 1998 more than two million Nicaraguans were left due to hurricane Mitch, as a result many Nicaraguans received permanent residence or temporary protected status in the late 1990s. According to the 1990 U. S. Census 168,659 of the total 202,658 documented Nicaraguans in the U. S. were born in Nicaragua, in 1992 approximately 10–12% of the Nicaraguan population had emigrated. These emigrants tended to be disproportionately of working age, better educated, in addition, emigrants were more likely to come from larger premigration households and higher income households. The Sandinista revolution that started in the mid-1970s and the Contra war that brought the first large waves of Nicaraguan refugees into the U. S. As a result of the reforms under the FSLNs rule. They consisted mainly of large landholders, industrialists, and managers of North American enterprises, many Nicaraguan upper-class exiles had economic roots in the United States and in Miami before the upheaval. This phase of upper-class arrivals included exiled dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his family, another major wave of Nicaraguans to the United States, consisting primarily of bluecollar workers, peaked in the dramatic exodus of early 1989. Again, their motivation for migration was escape from political and economic torment in their homeland. By the late 1980s, the war, Hurricane Joan in 1988, many of these Nicaraguan immigrants settled in poor and deteriorated sections of Miami, where struggling Cubans who came during the Mariel boatlift exodus of 1980 had previously lived
Nicaraguan American
–
Diana López
Nicaraguan American
–
405,601 0.13% of the U.S. population (2012)
Nicaraguan American
–
Randy Caballero
Nicaraguan American
–
Bianca Jagger
27.
Panamanian American
–
A Panamanian American are Americans of Panamanian descent. The Panamanian population at the 2010 Census was 165,456, Panamanians are the sixth smallest Hispanic group in the United States and the second smallest Central American population. The largest population of Panamanians reside in Brooklyn and South Florida, since 1820, more than one million immigrants from Central and South America migrated to the United States. Until 1960, the U. S. Census Bureau did not produce statistics that separated the Panamanian immigrants, the Panamanian Americans increased slowly in the United States. Since the 1830s, only 44 arrivals were recorded in this country, after World War II the flow of immigrants from Panama remained small even though there were no immigration restrictions on the people from the Western Hemisphere. However, the Panamanian immigration increased dramatically after the 1965 Immigration Act and its increase immigration was such that by 1970, Panamanians were able to be one of the largest of the Central American groups in the United States. Most Panamanians that came were nonwhites and most were women, the number of immigrant males per 100 females was very low in the 1960s, falling to 51 for Panama. Many of the immigrants worked of in service, domestic, or low-paid, white-collar workers who immigrated to earn money to, in return. Since 1962 the percentage of employed newcomers who are domestic servants has remained high, the entry of homemakers and children after 1968 was eased by the immigration preference system favoring family reunions. They had already approximated 86,000 people of Panamanian ancestry living in the United States, although many of the first Panamanian immigrants managed to get or to hold jobs, the second generation of Panamanian Americans placed more emphasis on vocational training and college education. Most newcomers are domestic, very few are agricultural or industrial laborers, in the last two decades many Panamanians have embraced professional careers, and become white collar workers. Subsequent generations have progressed further in their educational and professional pursuits. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Panamanians congregated mainly in urban areas, most Panamanian immigrants are set in New England, or on the Gulf Coast, or Pacific Coast, or in middle Atlantic or Great Lakes areas. While, New York City contains the largest urban population of Panamanians, also there an important number of Panamanians settled in Florida and California. In contrast to other Hispanic nationalities, Panamanians are heavily concentrated in Army base cities, cities home to Navy and Air Force bases also lay claim to a concentration of Panamanians. These include San Antonio, Hampton Roads, Jacksonville, San Diego, more than other Hispanic groups, a significant percentage of Panamanian Americans are black, with the remaining being of mixed race. Although most Panamanian Americans speak Spanish, the group tends to identify more with English speaking West Indian groups rather than with other Hispanic groups. As a result, Panamanians are one of the least visible Hispanic nationalities in the US
Panamanian American
–
Tyson Beckford
Panamanian American
–
183,743 0.06% of the U.S. population (2012)
Panamanian American
–
Melissa De Sousa
Panamanian American
–
Hulk Hogan
28.
Paraguayan American
–
A Paraguayan American are Americans of Paraguayan descent. The Paraguayan population at the 2010 Census was 20,023, Paraguayans are the smallest Hispanic group in the United States. The Paraguayan population is concentrated mainly in Queens, NY, Westchester County, NY, additional areas of concentration include Miami-Dade County and Montgomery County, MD. The highest concentration of Paraguayans in the US reside in Somerset County and it is estimated that the first Paraguayans arrived to the United States between the years of 1841 and 1850. At that time, Paraguayans were not coming directly to the United States from Paraguay, but through others countries such as Brazil, Argentina, the Paraguayan residents in the U. S. were included in the early records in the group of other South Americans. During those years,3,579 other immigrants arrived, in the 1960s, one-fourth of all Paraguayans were registered as living in countries outside Paraguay, with a majority in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. In 1979, close to 11,000 Paraguayans immigrated to the United States, in 1982,4000 Paraguayans immigrated to the United States. The reasons of migration were varied, but many immigrants were people that wanted educational opportunities to get professional knowledge, skills. Additionally, some of the immigrants arrived for political reasons or to escape civil riots, the women exceeded in number to the male immigrants slightly, and more than half of its immigrants lacked occupation. Many Paraguayan immigrants were also adopted by American families. More than a thousand Paraguayan infants were adopted in this country, of these,254 were adopted in 1989,405 in 1993 and 351 in 1995. Others have agricultural jobs in California and Kansas, the latter state has partnered with Paraguay in an exchange program through a non-profit volunteer organization called Partners of the Americas. Both Kansas and Paraguay are land-locked, grow cattle and wheat, also a small number of Paraguayan American professionals who immigrated in search of better job and pay. It should be noted that of the 80 Paraguayan Americans who became U. S. citizens in 1984, in fact, most of these immigrants arrived eight to ten years earlier. Between 1987 and 1996, naturalization figures for Paraguayans in the United States increased slightly, thus, in 1996,420 Paraguayans became American citizens. In 1990,5,144 Paraguayan Americans spoke Spanish or Guarani and they have grown within the Hispanic community in the United States. In accordance with the 1990 U. S, of the 5,415 Paraguayan Americans in the U. S. population,1,830 only are enrolled in school. The large populations of Paraguayan Americans are in New York City, Miami, Paraguayan Americans also have population importance in Dallas and Atlanta
Paraguayan American
–
24,933
29.
Peruvian American
–
Peruvian Americans are Americans of Peruvian descent. Among Peruvian Americans there are those of White, mestizo, Amerindian, and Afro-Peruvian descent, as well as others, including British, Italian, French, German, a significant number are of pure or mixed Chinese and/or Japanese heritage. Peruvians have emigrated mainly due to turmoil and economic hardships the country had faced during the 1980s. Peruvian Americans are a relatively recent ethnic group, as most of them have moved to the United States since 1990, according to the U. S. Census Bureau,594,418 U. S. residents identify themselves as being of Peruvian origin. Small but significant waves of immigration occurred in San Francisco during the gold rush, however, the majority of Peruvians that have emigrated to the United States have arrived since the 90s. Peruvians typically emigrate due to economic reasons, to escape poverty, significant demographics of Peruvians are found in Northern New Jersey, the New York City Metropolitan Area, Miami, the Washington, D. C. The most popular dishes of Peruvian food in the U. S. include cebiche, papa a la huancaina, Peruvian cuisine is often recognized for being one of the most diverse and appreciated of the worlds cuisines, with influences including European, Native American, and African. Since there is a sizable Chinese and Japanese minority in Peru, there are Chifas, or Asian style Peruvian restaurants that serve typical Chinese or Japanese food with a Peruvian culinary influence. Inca Kola, a soda that originated in Peru, is sold in many heavily concentrated Latino areas, the Peruvian American Coalition in Passaic, New Jersey functions as an activist organization on behalf of the overall welfare of Peruvian Americans. The annual Peruvian Independence Day Parade is held in Paterson. S, state with the smallest Peruvian population was North Dakota with 78 Peruvians. Her mother is Puerto Rican, and her father is from Peru and he is a Peruvian born, but American raised. S. Soccer forward Lorenzo OBrien - writer-producer Carlos Bustamante biologist Julio C, canani - Peruvian trainer in American Thoroughbred horse racing who has won three Breeders Cup races. Kenny Florian - mixed martial artist Gabriela Lena Frank - American pianist and he is of Spanish and Peruvian descent. Santillan - Peruvian- American Actor and Currency Trader, also has many doubles in the DC metro area. Wenceslaus Sarmiento - also known as W. A. Sarmiento, carmen Giménez Smith - American poet, writer, and editor. Tony Succar - Peruvian born American musician, composer, arranger and producer, david Utrilla - The 31st member of the Utah Corps of Consuls Jose Valdivia, Jr. - jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing. Carlos De Valdez - Peruvian film actor who appeared in around forty American films and he spend the last years of his life in United States. Boris Vallejo - Peruvian-born American painter, alberto Vargas - Peruvian painter of pin-up girls. peruanosenusa. net http, //www. peruvian-americans. tv http, //www. peruvianamericans. com http, //www. peruvianamerican. com http, //www. curito. com
Peruvian American
–
Carlos I. Noriega
Peruvian American
–
626,789 0.19% of the U.S. population (2014)
Peruvian American
–
Marie Arana
Peruvian American
–
Carmen Giménez Smith
30.
Puerto Ricans in the United States
–
Puerto Ricans, either born in the island or in the states, are American citizens. At 10 percent of the Latino population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are the second largest Latino group nationwide, and comprise 1. 5% of the entire population of the United States. Although the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States at 4.6 million, more recent estimates show the Puerto Rican population to be over 5 million, as of 2012. The portmanteau Nuyorican refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City metropolitan area, important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history. ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States, the government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community. In July 1930, Puerto Ricos Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division, also part of Puerto Rico’s Department of Labor, was created in 1948, the strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. Since 1898, Puerto Rico has been under the control of the United States, even during Spanish rule, Puerto Ricans settled in the US. However, it was not until the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898 that a significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began, with its 1898 victory, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since. The 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens, freeing them from immigration barriers, the massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century, prior to its resurgence in the early 21st century. U. S. political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration, by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations, policymakers promoted colonization plans and contract labour programs to reduce the population. US employers, often with government support, recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of labour to the United States. Puerto Ricans migrated in search of jobs, first to New York City, and later to other cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia. New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan, the South Bronx, between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn, the Bronx, Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan. Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community, in 1960, the number of stateside Puerto Ricans living in New York City as a whole was 88%, with most living in East Harlem. They helped others settle, find work, and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends, there are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs. The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities, as of 1973, about 46. 2% of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below the federal poverty line. The struggle for legal work and affordable housing remains fairly low, New York Citys Puerto Rican community contributed to the creation of hip hop music, and to many forms of Latin music including Boogaloo, Salsa, Latin House, and Freestyle
Puerto Ricans in the United States
–
José Ferrer
Puerto Ricans in the United States
–
5,266,738 1.7% of the U.S. population (2014)
Puerto Ricans in the United States
–
Sonia Sotomayor
Puerto Ricans in the United States
–
Nicholas Estavillo
31.
Salvadoran American
–
Salvadoran Americans are Americans of full or partial Salvadoran descent. As of 2010, there are 1,648,968 Salvadoran Americans in the United States, recent estimates put the Salvadoran population as high as 2 million, as of 2013. Salvadorans are the largest group of Central Americans of the Central American Isthmus community in the U. S, among the Hispanic groups, Salvadorans are also the largest group of Spanish speakers in the United States who use voseo. Salvadoran is the accepted and used term for naming people of Salvadoran ancestry, however both Salvadorian and Salvadorean are equally the most widely used terms in daily life by English speaking Salvadoran citizens living in the U. S and other English speaking countries. Salvadorian and Salvadorean in their spelling and pronunciation can be seen in most restaurant and other El Salvador related signs in the U. S. This is because the sounds ia and ea, in Salvadorian and Salvadorean sound more closely to the ñ sound in the Spanish term Salvadoreño. The first Salvadorians that came to the United States before the war began arrived mostly to San Francisco, where they worked as shipyard employees in the early twentieth century. These were mostly working class Salvadorans, as Salvadorans from the middle and upper classes came to the U. S. for education or residence in the early 1900s, usually in the East Coast. Salvadorans that came during this period were economic migrants, as El Salvador was affected by economic turmoil during the Great Depression. In the 1960s and early 1970s, most of the immigrants were women, documented Salvadorans in the United States 1930-1970 While Salvadoran migration to the U. S. Many Salvadoran refugees came to the city of Los Angeles, where today holds the largest population of Salvadorans in the country, a large population of Salvadorans also arrived in Washington D. C, where by 1989, an estimated 150,000 Salvadorans reside in the nation’s capital. It is important to note that many Salvadorans came undocumented and applied for asylum and/or work permits in order to legalize their situation. This massive migration to the U. S. was a result of the violence as much as it was the deteriorating economic conditions in El Salvador. Young men, escaping the country from being drafted to the military or the guerilla and they numbered over 1,000 individuals and many of them are temporary exiles, who planned to go back after the war ends. By the end of 1989, more than 250,000 Salvadorans migrated to the U. S. Unofficially, El Salvadors exiled population is already changing life at home through its influence and its dollars and will undoubtedly play an important role in its future history. Salvadoran American immigration has changed the face of foreign affairs in the United States, the flood of refugees from a U. S. -supported government forced a national rethinking of foreign policy priorities. This in turn transformed the nature of American support for the Salvadoran government, Salvadoran Americans are at the center of an ongoing national debate about U. S. responsibility toward the worlds refugees and the future of immigration in general. The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of economic and political problems
Salvadoran American
–
Christy Turlington
Salvadoran American
–
2,102,160 (2014 US Community Survey) 0.64% of the U.S. population (2014)
Salvadoran American
–
Allison Iraheta
Salvadoran American
–
Dustin Corea
32.
Spanish Americans
–
Spanish Americans is a term with multiple meanings. The term can also extend to mean those who share a language and culture rooted in Spain, Spanish Americans are the longest-established European-American group with a continuous presence in Florida since 1565 and are the eighth-largest Hispanic group in the United States of America. Throughout the colonial times, there were a number of settlements of Spanish populations in the present–day United States of America with governments answerable to Madrid. The first settlement was at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565, followed by others in New Mexico, California, Arizona, Texas, and Louisiana. In 1598, San Juan de los Caballeros was established, near present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Juan de Oñate, Spanish immigrants also established settlements in San Diego, California, San Antonio, Texas and Tucson, Arizona. By the mid-1600s the Spanish in America numbered more than 400,000 and these Spanish settlers expanded European influence in the New World. The Canary Islanders settled in areas surrounding New Orleans in Louisiana from 1778 to 1783 and in San Antonio de Bejar, San Antonio, Texas. The earliest known Spanish settlements in the then northern Mexico were the result of the forces that later led the English to come to North America. Exploration had been fueled in part by imperial hopes for the discovery of wealthy civilizations, in addition, like those aboard the Mayflower, most Spaniards came to the New World seeking land to farm, or occasionally, as historians have recently established, freedom from religious persecution. A smaller percentage of new Spanish settlers were descendants of Spanish Jewish converts, basques stood out in the exploration of the Americas, both as soldiers and members of the crews that sailed for the Spanish. Prominent in the service and colonial administration, they were accustomed to overseas travel. The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000, many immigrants moved either back to Spain or to another country. Beginning with the Fascist revolt against the Second Spanish Republic in 1936, at the time of the Fascist takeover, a small but prominent group of liberal intellectuals fled to the United States. After the civil war the country endured 20 years of autarky, as a result, in the mid-1960s,44,000 Spaniards immigrated to the United States. In the 1970s, when Franco abandoned Spains autarkic economic system, prosperity began to emerge in Spain, in the 1980s, as Europe enjoyed an economic boom, Spanish immigrants to the United States dropped to only 15,000. The 1990 U. S. census recorded 76,000 foreign-born Spaniards in the country, many of the Hispanic and Latino Americans bring their Spanish-speaking culture into the country. However, some Spanish Americans are descendants of settlers in the southwestern states, especially New Mexico. Spanish-Americans in the United States are found in large concentrations in five states from 1940 through the early twenty-first century
Spanish Americans
–
El Centro Español de Tampa is a cultural house built in 1912 in the
Ybor City neighborhood of
Tampa, Florida.
Spanish Americans
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Spanish children from the
SS Heliopolis after arriving in
Hawaii.
Spanish Americans
–
Anita Page was a New York-born actress of paternal Spanish descent.
Spanish Americans
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Santa Barbara, California ’s annual Old Spanish Days Fiesta celebration.
33.
Uruguayan American
–
Uruguayan Americans are Americans of Uruguayan ancestry or birth. The American Community Survey of 2006 estimated the Uruguayan American population to number 50,538, similar to neighboring country Argentina, Uruguay took in many immigrants from Europe beginning in the late 19th century and lasting until the mid 20th century. As it stands, approximately 93% of Uruguays population is of European descent with Italians, Spaniards, French, because of this, many Uruguayan Americans identify both with their nationality and their familys country of origin. The history of Uruguayan emigration to the United States is very recent, before 1960, the Uruguayan living conditions were favorable, with many job opportunities, good education and a good healthcare system. The few Uruguayans that left the country migrated to other Hispanic countries such as Argentina, for this reason the Uruguayan emigration to the United States was low during that period. Moreover, Uruguay was ruled by a military regime for approximately a decade since 1973. All this led to a major Uruguayan emigration, which included numbers of well-educated professionals. This migration, also, contributed to a security crisis, as the population aged. This grew the burden on the financial resources. Of the Uruguayan immigrants from 1963 to 1975,17.7 percent of them were aged 14 years or younger, while 68 percent of them were between the ages of 15 and 39, only 14.3 percent were over 40 years old. The continued unemployment problem of the late 1980s developed yet another impetus for the youth of Uruguay to seek employment, some of them went to the United States, but the majority of Uruguayan emigrants continued to migrate to Argentina. Most Uruguayans find it easy to adapt to life in cities in the United States. Uruguayans in general have an exposure that makes English not an obstacle for adaptation in American society. In addition, the value that is given to higher education has led many Uruguayan students to migrate to the United States to continue their University studies there. According to the 2010 census on the Uruguayan descent population in the U. S. there are about 56,884 people of that origin, the majority of Uruguayans that migrated to the United States arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. It is estimated that, between 1963 and 1975,180,000 Uruguayans left the country, later on, between 1973 and 1985, during the period of oppressive military control,150,000 Uruguayans left Uruguay. And, in 1989, only 16,000 of these citizens had returned to their native country, when these two figures are added together, the migration figure stands at approximately one-tenth of the population of Uruguay. Most Uruguayan immigrants established themselves in New York City, New Jersey, two other remarkable centers for Uruguayan American population are Washington, D. C. and Florida
Uruguayan American
–
Bruno Fonseca
Uruguayan American
–
Uruguayan 626,789
34.
Venezuelan American
–
Venezuelan Americans are Americans who trace their heritage, or part of their heritage, to the nation of Venezuela. Venezuelan Americans are one of 20 Latin American groups in the United States and this includes influences from Spanish, Portuguese, Italians, Germans, and the French, along with influences from African and indigenous Amerindian elements. Venezuelan Spanish is the spoken form of the Spanish language. Until the 20th century, there was no record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States, however, there are not many specific figures that indicate the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to this country. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education and they are frequently joined by relatives. In recent years, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez are migrating to the U. S, the largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston. Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are, according to the 1990 census, New York, California, Texas, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland. Some of the areas with a highly populated Venezuelan community include Miami, Houston, New York City, Los Angeles. State with the smallest Venezuelan population was South Dakota with 25 Venezuelans, some 70 percent of Venezuelan immigrants are a mixture of European, Amerindian, and African ancestry. The rest are 21 percent white,8 percent black and 1 percent is Amerindian, most Venezuelan Americans are descendants of Spanish, Italians, Portuguese, Germans, French, and Chinese. The Venezuelan American population is highly educated, thus, they teach the language to their children. Venezuelan Americans work in a variety of professions, however, most of them are inclined to banking and the petroleum industry. Thus, they often have an expertise in these professions. Venezuelan Americans also work in highlighted positions of television, publishing, also, many Venezuelan Americans are becoming politicians, working both local politics as in government. In addition, also is growing the number of Venezuelan Americans that work in government service on the federal level, now, the Venezuelan Americans are involved in all the aspect of the American politics. Venezuelan Americans still maintain strong relations with their country of origin, which can easily be seen in business, family, Venezuelan Americans often report on the social and current events in Venezuela and first-generation immigrants visit there frequently. It is also common for Venezuelans to visit their relatives in the United States
Venezuelan American
–
Carolina Herrera
Venezuelan American
Venezuelan American
–
Fred Armisen
Venezuelan American
–
Carlos Pena, Jr.
35.
History of Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
The history of Latinos and Hispanics in the United States is wide-ranging, spanning more than four hundred years and varyingday United States, too. Hispanics became the first American citizens in the newly acquired Southwest territory after the Mexican–American War, as late as 1783, at the end of the American Revolutionary War, Spain held claim to roughly half of todays continental United States. In the Treaty of Paris France ceded Louisiana to Spain from 1763 until it was returned in 1800 by the Treaty of San Ildefonso, in 1775, Spanish ships reached Alaska. The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de León, within three decades of Ponce de Leóns landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, coronado travelled as far as central Kansas, close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States and he was the first European that saw the Canyon´s Colorado. In all, Spaniards probed half of todays lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt, the Spanish didnt just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. The fort was part of the Spanish King’s ongoing effort to establish a “Window on the Atlantic”, Spain needed a presence on the east coast of America to provide protection for the Spanish treasure galleons traveling back to Europe. By 1571 Menendez had brought settlers, including farmers and craftsmen, Santa Elena was now the first European capitol on the American mainland, with Mendez as Governor. Santa Elena was a settlement for 21 years, ending when Spain consolidated its Florida colony to St. Augustine. Later came Spanish settlements in San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco, the Spanish even established a Jesuit mission in Virginias Chesapeake Bay 37 years before the founding of Jamestown. Two iconic American stories have Spanish antecedents, too, almost 80 years before John Smiths alleged rescue by Pocahontas, a man by the name of Juan Ortiz told of his similar rescue from execution by an Indian girl. Spaniards also held a thanksgiving,56 years before the Pilgrims, Spanish claims to Alaska and the west coast of North America date to the papal bull of 1493, and the Treaty of Tordesillas. In 1513, this claim was reinforced by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean, Spain only started to colonize the claimed territory north of present-day Mexico in the 18th century, when it settled the northern coast of Las Californias. They also explored Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, thus, the Spanish explorer Manuel Lisa, first settler of Nebraska, left St. Louis, Missouri to head northwest toward Montana, inaugurating the Oregon Trail. The Spanish moved since the Missouri to eastern Montana, and along the Yellowstone to western and southern Montana. Juan Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, named Florida in honor of his discovery of the land on April 2,1513, during Pascua Florida, from that date forward, the land became known as La Florida. Over the following century, both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline in modern-day Jacksonville in 1564, but this fort was conquered by forces from the new Spanish colony of St. Augustine the following year. Augustine founder Pedro Menéndez de Avilés time to march his men over land, St. Augustine came to serve as the capitals of the British and Spanish colonies of East and West Florida, respectively
History of Hispanic and Latino Americans
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California is shown as an island on this 1650 map. The smaller islands located in the "channel" were mentioned in an early myth and subsequently included by mapmakers over the centuries who took it on faith that region had actually been explored.
History of Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
A portrait of Junípero Serra.
History of Hispanic and Latino Americans
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An early map illustrating the route of "El Camino Real" in 1821, along with the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions. The road at this time was merely a horse and mule trail.
36.
History of Mexican Americans
–
Large-scale new migration augmented their numbers during the 1910s, as Mexico was torn by a high-casualty civil war. Until the 1960s, most lived within a few hundred miles of the border, more recently, Mexican Americans have diffused throughout the U. S. especially in the Midwest and Southeast, with the largest numbers in California and Texas. In the past hundred years Mexican-Americans have campaigned for voting rights, stood against educational, employment, at the same time many Mexican-Americans have struggled with defining and maintaining their communitys identity. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. When Mexico took over control from Spain in the early 1820s, when Texas seemed too independent, Mexicos President Santa Anna led an army to massacre the villagers and destroy the American settlements. After initial victories and massacres at The Alamo and Goliad, Santa Anna was decisively defeated by the Texans, who declared independence. The Tejanos in Texas joined the revolution and supported the new Republic of Texas, The Hispanics in New Mexico and California were localistic and did not identify with the regime in Mexico City. Only when large numbers of Americans arrived did they develop a sense of lo mexicano, that is of being Mexican, American entrepreneurs often cultivated alliances and partnerships with the Mexican propertied elites in the states of Texas and California, and the territories of New Mexico and Arizona. The Latino culture of the rest of the Southwest, especially New Mexico and southern Texas, beginning in the 1820s, immigrants from the U. S. and Europe settled in Texas, then part of Mexico. Anglo and Hispanic Texas joined to fight Mexico in 1836, defeating an invading army, the Texas Republic included Tejanos as leading citizens, but Mexico refused to recognize its legal existence. The US annexed Texas in 1845, leading to the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, while there were some Americans who considered the war with Mexico illegal and immoral, others considered it part of Manifest Destiny—the American destiny to pursue the war. This policy claimed that it was the United States right to expand westward across North America, the Americans won easily and the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the Treaty Mexico gave up more than 500,000 square miles of territory, which today comprises Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The United States in 1853 purchased the Gadsden Purchase, a strip of land in southern New Mexico, the vast majority of Hispanic populations chose to stay and become full US citizens. By and large, the Hispanic populations of these supported the new government. After the Santa Fe Ring succeeded in dispossessing thousands of landholders in New Mexico, some Hispanics, of whom Joaquín Murieta was a legendary example and Tiburcio Vásquez a real one, responded by resorting to banditry. During the Gold Rush, there was an immigration of Mexican miners to California, about 20,000 Tejanos lived in South Texas in the 1850s. The social structure has been analyzed by historian Randolph Campbell, South Texans of Hispanic descent lived in a three-tiered society during the antebellum years, at the top stood the landed elite, the owners of huge ranches, many of which originated as haciendas in the Spanish colonial period
History of Mexican Americans
–
Dolores Huerta speaking at a rally in
Santa Barbara, California on September 24, 2006.
History of Mexican Americans
–
César Chávez at a
United Farmworkers rally, 1974
37.
Castizo
–
Castizo is a Spanish word with a general meaning of pure, genuine or representative of its race. From this meaning it evolved other meanings, such as typical of an area and it was used for one of the colonial Spanish race categories, the castas. In Latin America Castizo is used to describe the individuals with an admixture of 75% European, during this era, various other terms were also used. The word cuarterón usually denotes someone whose racial origin is three-quarters White and one-quarter Black, under the colonial caste system, the offspring of a Spaniard and a Castiza was classified as a criollo, thus the offspring regained his or her purity of blood. For castizos whose residual quarter of Amerindian ancestry was not apparent at all, many simply consolidated themselves within the criollos, some countries, however, have recently reintroduced voluntary and anonymous declarations of race in recent population censuses for statistical purposes, with no legal consequence to the individual. A person who formerly would have deemed a castizo would today simply identify as mestizo or White. The word castizo itself has lost all racial meaning, today they are scattered in almost all Latin America but many focus on specific countries or regions of the same. ARGENTINA, Since most of European immigrants arrived in Argentina during the century were men, many of these mixed with mestizo women. They in turn, mixed with Europeans over and over again, recent studies show that nearly 60% of Argentinas population has at least one ancestor of Native American or African origin, and that the average Argentinian is about 74% European and 23% Amerindian. CHILE, It might be the country with the highest percentage of castizos of America and they are located mainly in the central valleys of the country, in cities such as Santiago, Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Rancagua and Talca. They also constitute an important percentage in Northern and Southern Chile, in Chile whites and castizos together represent the countrys largest ethnic group. COSTA RICA, It could also be the country with the highest percentage of castizos of America due to continued European immigration, castizos are located in almost all the national territory. MEXICO, Castiza population in Mexico is located mainly in north and these areas have a similar castiza and white population to Costa Rica or Chile. PERU, Peruvian castizos are concentrated in the departments of Lima, Cajamarca, Arequipa, La Libertad, Lambayeque and Piura, GUATEMALA, Most Guatemalan castizos inhabit the eastern region of the country such as the departments of Zacapa, Chiquimila, and Jalapa. Castizo is used in Madrid for costumes, music, speech typical of the Madrid populace about the end of the 19th century, a person dressed in Castizo fashion can be called manolo/manola and chulapo/chulapa. Many zarzuelas are set in a Castizo environment, like La verbena de la Paloma, items associated with Castizo culture are the street swivel piano, barquillos, Schottisch music and Manila shawls. Casticismo is a tendency among Spanish and Latin American intellectuals to reject foreign loanwords, an example is deporte, a word recovered from Medieval Castilian meaning pastime, that successfully replaced the Anglicism sport, which has the same Latin origin as the Spanish word. Its closely related to costumbrismo in literature, White Latin American Peninsulares Mestizo Cholo Casta
Castizo
–
Union of castizo (left) and mestiza (right): chamizo
38.
Cholo
–
Its use has migrated from the initial negative ethnic designation as originated by Hispanic criollos in the 16th century. In sociological literature, it is one of castas, and refers to Mexican American gangsters, the precise usage of cholo has varied widely in different times and places. In modern American usage, it most often applies to the low-rider sub-culture manner of dress, the terms use is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. He writes The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mulato, the children of these they call cholo. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands, it means dog, not of the variety, but of very disreputable origin. In Colonial Mexico, the terms cholo and coyote co-existed, indicating mixed Mestizo, other terms were used to denote other ratios of smaller or greater Spanish-to-Amerindian ancestry. During the War of the Pacific Peruvians were contemptuously referred to as cholos by Chilean officers, an article in the Los Angeles Express of April 2,1907, headlined Cleaning Up the Filthy Cholo Courts Has Begun in Earnest, uses the terms cholos and Mexicans interchangeably. In 1571, Fray Alonso de Molina, in his Nahuatl vocabulary, defined the word xolo as slave, servant, or waiter. The Porrúa Dictionary defines cholo, as used in the Americas, as a civilized Native American or a half-breed or mestizo of a European father and Native American mother. The word has historically been used along the borderland as a term to mean lower class Mexican migrants. Despite, or because of, its history of denigrating semantics. During the 1930s and 40s, Cholos and Chicanos were known as pachucos and were associated with the zoot suit, the press at the time accused the Cholos in the US of gang membership and petty criminality, leading to the Zoot Suit Riots. Continuing until the early 1970s, the typical cholo and chicano hairstyle was a variant of the pompadour, piled high on the head, Cholos are known for starching and pressing their pants and shirts, and often wear military-style webbed belts. Cholos in the 1990s and 2000s frequently have their hair buzzed very short, though some continue to have the more traditional slicked-back hair, footwear originally included Stacy Adams dress shoes, and biscuits. Modern cholos tend to wear shoes, such as Converse, Nike Cortez, Vans, Fila, Adidas Stan Smith, slip-on house shoes. Popular Cholo brands include Dickies, Ben Davis, Joker, Lowrider, in South Texas, cholos are sometimes referred to as chucs or chukes. This term is short for pachucos, tejano cholos typically make heavy use of starch on their pants but so do traditional Tejanos. This designation may also be associated with black ink tattoos, commonly involving calligraphy, a cholo might also stereotypically own a lowrider
Cholo
–
An example of "cula de Castas" which classified people by their ancestry, admixture, and degree of admixture. Within this representation of Cholos during the Latin American colonial period one can read "De mestizo e india, sale coiote" (from Mestizo and Amerindian, begotten a Coyote).
Cholo
–
Typical dress of a chola
cuencana
39.
Criollo people
–
Although Criollos were legally Spaniards, in practice, they ranked below the Iberian-born Peninsulares. Nevertheless, they had preeminence over all the populations, Amerindians, enslaved Africans. According to the Casta system, a criollo could have up to 1/8 Amerindian ancestry without losing social place, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, changes in the Spanish Empires policies towards its colonies led to tensions between Criollos and Peninsulares. Criollos were the supporters of the Spanish American wars of independence. The word criollo and its Portuguese cognate crioulo are believed to come from the Spanish/Portuguese verb criar, in Spanish colonies, an español criollo was an ethnic Spaniard who had been born in the colonies, as opposed to an español peninsular born in Spain. Whites in colonial Brazil, born in the Iberian Peninsula, were known as mazombos, limpieza de sangre or cleanness of blood was a legal concept in use since the Spanish Reconquista, and introduced to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The English word creole was a loan from French créole, which in turn is believed to come from Spanish criollo or Portuguese crioulo, such cases might include the offspring of a Castizo parent and one Peninsular or Criollo parent. This one-eighth rule, also in theory, did not apply to African admixture, in reality, officials assigned various racial categories to mix-raced people depending on their social status, what they were told or due to testimony from friends and neighbors. To preserve the Spanish Crowns power in the colonies, the Spanish colonial society was based on a caste system. The highest-ranking castes were the españoles, Spaniards by birth or descent, people of mixed ancestry were classified in other castes — such as castizos, mestizos, cholos, mulatos, indios, zambos, and enslaved Africans, called blacks. Poole argues that the Virgin Mary, especially as Our Lady of Guadalupe and they used the story to legitimize their own social position and infuse it with an almost messianic sense of mission and identity. Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs and that situation changed by the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III. Spain needed to extract increasing wealth from its colonies to support the European, the Crown expanded the privileges of the Peninsulares, who took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the ranks of the clergy. By the 19th century, this policy of the Spanish Crown. With increasing support of the castes, they engaged Spain in a fight for independence. The former Spanish Empire in the Americas separated into a number of independent republics, the word criollo retains its original meaning in most Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. In some countries, however, the word criollo has over time come to have additional meanings, for instance, comida criolla in Spanish-speaking countries refers to local cuisine, not cuisine of the criollos
Criollo people
–
Clockwise from top left:
Agustín de Iturbide
Criollo people
–
Criollos rejoice upon learning about the declaration of independence from Spain on September 15, 1821.
Criollo people
40.
Mestizo
–
The term was used as an ethnic/racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empires control of their New World colonies. Mestizos are usually considered to be mixed Spaniards by the crown of Spain, the term mestizaje - taking as its root mestizo or mixed - is the Spanish word for miscegenation, the general process of mixing ancestries. To avoid confusion with the usage of the term mestizo. In colonial Venezuela, pardo was more commonly used instead of mestizo, pardo means being mixed without specifying which mixture, it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Amerindian, and Black African. In colonial Brazil most of the population was mestiço in the original Iberian definition of the word. In the Philippines, which was a colony of Spain, the term came to refer to a Filipino with any foreign ancestry especially whites. In Canada, the Métis people is a community composed of those who possess combined European, in Saint Barthélemy, the term mestizo refers to people of mixed European and East Asian ancestry. The Spanish word mestizo is from Latin mixticius, meaning mixed and its usage has been documented as early as 1275, to refer to the offspring of an Egyptian and a Jew. This term was first documented in English in 1582 and it is related to the particular racial identity of historical non-white Amerindian-descended Hispanic and Latino American communities in an American context. In English-speaking Canada, Canadian Métis, as a loanword from French, refers to persons of mixed French, in the United States, Métis Americans and Mestizo Americans are two distinct racial and ethno-racial identities, as reflected in the use of French and Spanish loanwords, respectively. The latter was listed as a mestizo de sangley in birth records of the 19th century, with sangley as a reference to the Hokkiense word for business. Mestizo, mestiço, métis, mestís, Mischling, meticcio, mestiezen, mestee, in the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish developed an extremely vast complex system of racial hierarchy, which was used for social control and which also determined a persons standing in society. There were three categories of race during the initial period of colonization of the Americas by the Spanish, White Spaniard, Amerindian. During the Spanish colonial era, a myriad of terms were created to differentiate these racial mixtures, by the end of the colonial period in 1821, over one hundred sub-categories of possible variations of mixture existed, but official church and civil records were maintained with few categories. Church baptismal and marriage registers and civil records used the terms español, castizo, mestizo, mulato, and indio. As time went on, a system of hierarchy, the sistema de castas or the sociedad de castas developed where society was divided based on race, wealth. Mestizo – a person of mixed White European and Amerindian ancestry, in theory, and as depicted in eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings, español status could also be attained by people of mixed origin who consistently had intermarried with Europeans. Such cases might include the offspring of a parent and one Peninsular or criollo parent
Mestizo
–
A painting of a Spanish man and a Peruvian indigenous woman with Mestizo child, 1770.
Mestizo
–
Las castas. 18th century, Museo Nacional del Virreinato,
Tepotzotlán, Mexico.
Mestizo
–
A representation of a Mestizo, in a Pintura de Castas from
New Spain during the late colonial period. The painting's caption states "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780.
Mestizo
–
A statue of
Gonzalo Guerrero, who adopted the Maya way of life and fathered the first mestizo children of
Mexico, but not of the
Americas, since the first mestizos were born in the Caribbean, by Spanish men and indigenous Caribbean women.
41.
Mulatto
–
Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of one white parent and one black parent or to persons born of a mulatto parent or parents. In English, the term is generally confined to historical contexts. English speakers of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as mulatto. Some residents of Latin America, Spain America, the Caribbean, in Latin America, most mulattoes have descended from multi-ethnic relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than from recent ethnic mixing. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. The etymology of the term is believed to derive from the Spanish and Portuguese mulato, which comes from mula, meaning mule, the hybrid offspring of a horse. Some dictionaries and scholarly works trace the origins to the Arabic term muwallad. Muwallad literally means born, begotten, produced, generated, brought up, with the implication of being born and raised among Arabs, Muwallad is derived from the root word WaLaD, and colloquial Arabic pronunciation can vary greatly. Walad means, descendant, offspring, scion, child, son, boy, young animal, in al-Andalus, Muwallad referred to the offspring of non-Arab/Muslim people who adopted the Islamic religion and manners. Notable examples of this include the famous Muslim scholar Ibn Hazm. Thus, in context, the term Muwalad has a meaning close to the adopted. According to the source, the term does not denote being of mixed-race but rather being of foreign-blood. In English, printed usage of mulatto dates to at least the 16th century and this earliest usage regarded black and white as discrete species, with the mulatto constituting a third separate species. According to Julio Izquierdo Labrado, the 19th-century linguist Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas, as well as some Arabic sources muwallad is the origin of mulato. The Real Academia Española casts doubt on the muwallad theory, Scholars such as Werner Sollors cast doubt on the mule etymology for mulatto. In the 18th and 19th centuries, racialists such as Edward Long and they projected this belief back onto the etymology of the word mulatto. Sollers points out that this etymology is anachronistic, The Mulatto sterility hypothesis that has much to do with the rejection of the term by some writers is only half as old as the word Mulatto. Of São Tomé and Príncipes 193,413 inhabitants, the largest segment is classified as mestiço. or mixed race, 71% of the population of Cape Verde is also classified as such
Mulatto
–
Juan de Pareja by
Diego Velázquez, 1650
Mulatto
–
The Christmas Bands are a popular Cape Coloured cultural tradition in
Cape Town
Mulatto
–
Don Miguel Enríquez, a
Puerto Rican privateer, is the only known mulatto knighted by the
Monarchy of Spain. After being born illegitimate, he became a shoemaker and privateer, ultimately one of the wealthiest men of the New World.
Mulatto
–
Portrait "A Redenção de Cam" (1895), showing a Brazilian family.
42.
Zambo
–
Zambo and cafuzo are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry. Historically, the cross between African slaves and Amerindians was referred to as a zambaggoa, then zambo, then sambo. In the United States, the word sambo is thought to refer to the cross between a black slave and a white person. The meaning of the term however is contested in North America. The word most likely originated from one of the Romance languages, or Latin, under the casta system of Spanish colonial America, the term originally applied to the children of one African and one Amerindian parent, or the children of two zambo parents. During this period, many other terms denoted individuals of African-Amerindian ancestry in ratios smaller or greater than the 50,50 of zambos, today, zambo refers to all people with significant amounts of both African and Amerindian ancestry, though it is frequently considered pejorative. The term zambo was not formally used in Spanish writing until the seventeenth century, African slaves began mixing with indigenous people from the beginning of their importation into Hispaniola in the early sixteenth century. In the eighteenth century, the Spanish began producing systematic racial classifications, some famous zambo groups were created by runaway or rebel Africans who mixed with or took over indigenous communities. They united with the indigenous Miskito people, and by the eighteenth century came to dominate the kingdom. Their alliance with and protection of English merchants and settlers in the area helped England found the colony of British Honduras, officially, zambos represent small minorities in the northwestern South American countries Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Ecuador. A small but noticeable number of resulting from recent unions of Amerindian women to Afro-Ecuadorian men are not uncommon in major coastal cities of Ecuador. In Central America, there are two indigenous-African mixed groups, the Miskito and the garifunas, the Garifuna originated from the combination of Africans who were either shipwrecked or fled from neighboring islands to St. Vincent, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1797 they were deported by the English for their role in supporting France during the French Revolutionary Wars to the island of Roatan off the coast of Honduras, from there they spread up and down the coast of Central America, communities being found from Nicaragua to Belize. In Mexico, where zambos were sometimes known as lobos, they form a sizeable minority, according to the 2015 Intercensus Estimate,896,829 people identified as both Afro-Mexican and Indigenous Mexican. The great majority of the countrys Afro-descended population has been absorbed into the mestizo population. Culturally, Mexican lobos followed more Amerindian traditions rather than African influences and this acculturation also took place in Bolivia, where the Afro-Bolivian community absorbed and retained many aspects of Amerindian cultural influences, such as dress and use of the Aymara language. These communities of Afro-Bolivians reside in the Yungas region of the Bolivian department of La Paz
Zambo
–
16th century painting of Zambo
Caciques from
Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Zambo
–
A representation of an infant zambo, in an 18th-century "Pintura de Castas" from
New Spain. The painting illustrates "from a Black and an Amerindian produces a lobo ", here a synonym for zambo.
Zambo
–
"From a black man with a
mulata produces a
Sambo ", Indian school, 1770.
43.
Chicano Movement
–
Socially, the Chicano Movement addressed negative ethnic stereotypes of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. While most people of Mexican descent still refused to call themselves Chicanos, Chicanos did this through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated the Mexican American ethnicity and culture practices. The term Chicanos was originally used as a label for the sons. Some prefer to spell the word Chicano as Xicano and this new generation of Mexican Americans were singled out by people on both sides of the border in whose view these Mexican Americans were not American, yet they were not Mexican, either. In the 1960s Chicano was accepted as a symbol of self-determination, the Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. Early in the century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the League of United Latin American Citizens, was formed in 1929, the Chicano Movement had been fermenting since the end of the U. S. –Mexican War in 1848, when the current U. S–Mexican border took form. Since that time, many Chicanos and Chicanas have campaigned against discrimination, racism, the Chicano Movement that culminated in the early 1970s took inspiration from heroes and heroines from their indigenous, Mexican and American past. The movement gained momentum after World War II when groups such as the American G. I, Forum, which was formed by returning Mexican American veterans, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations. After the Longoria incident, the AGIF quickly expanded throughout Texas and by the 1950s, there were several leaders throughout the Chicano Movement. In New Mexico there was Reies López Tijerina who worked on the land grant movement and he fought to regain control of what he considered ancestral lands. He became involved in civil rights causes within six years and also became a cosponsor of the Poor Peoples March on Washington in 1967. In Texas, war veteran Dr. Hector P. Garcia founded the American GI Forum and was appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. In Denver, Rodolfo Corky Gonzáles helped define the meaning of being a Chicano through his poem Yo Soy Joaquin, in California, César Chávez and the farm workers turned to the struggle of urban youth, and created political awareness and participated in La Raza Unida Party. The most prominent civil rights organization in the Mexican-American community is the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, founded in 1968. Although modeled after the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of organizations, including political advocacy. This led Chicana women to form the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional, in 1975, it became involved in the case Madrigal v. Quilligan, obtaining a moratorium on the compulsory sterilization of women and adoption of bilingual consent forms. These steps were necessary because many Hispanic women who did not understand English well were being sterilized in the United States at the time, sVREPs mission is to empower Latinos and other minorities by increasing their participation in the American democratic process
Chicano Movement
–
Cesar Chavez with demonstrators
Chicano Movement
–
Casa
Aztlán. A mural in
Pilsen, Chicago for the Chicano Movement
44.
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
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The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is an organization of 30 Democratic members of the United States Congress of Hispanic descent. The Caucus is dedicated to voicing and advancing, through the process, issues affecting Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The CHC was founded in December 1976 as a service organization of the United States House of Representatives. Today, the CHC is organized as a Congressional Member organization, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus aims to address national and international issues and the impact these policies have on the Hispanic community. The function of the Caucus is to serve as a forum for the Hispanic, in addition to covering legislative action, the CHC also monitors Executive and Judicial issues. CHC legislative priorities cover all areas that have a impact on the Hispanic or Latino community. In order to best address these issues, members work in smaller task forces that draw on their expertise. The CHC is currently composed entirely of Democrats, although it had been an organization since its founding. The Republican members left in the late 1990s over policy differences and, in 2003, formed their own group, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus was organized in 1976 by five Hispanic Congressmen, Herman Badillo, Baltasar Corrada del Río, Kika de la Garza, Henry B. It was staffed by Raquel Marquez Frankel, who had grown up in Silver City and Albuquerque, New Mexico, and had become, in 1947, the first Latina to attend the University of New Mexico School of Law. Rep. Baca has denied this charge, but two other CHC members, Linda Sánchez and Hilda Solis, expressed support for Loretta Sanchez. In the case of Solis, Baca called her a kiss-up to Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a year prior to the whore incident, The CHCs Political action committee gave $3,000 to Joe Bacas childrens campaigns for state offices in California. Although Baca recused himself from the decision to make the contributions, six members of the caucus criticized the decision, saying that CHCs PAC should support only federal candidates. Consequently, on November 15,2006, when Joe Baca was elected chair of the CHC, Solis, on Monday, April 2,2007, Congresswoman Linda Sánchez closed her offices in honor of César Estrada Chávez Day, a state holiday in California. CHC chair Baca made the comment on Sánchezs decision to close the office I believe the best way to observe César Estrada Chávez Day is not by taking the day off from work or school. She specifically stated that her decision was not based on personal animus directed at Baca, on June 30,2013, Congressman Filemon Vela, Jr. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus has received support over the years from Mexican billionaire, Ricardo Pliego, ramirez has appeared at functions for the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. Nydia Velázquez In October 1981, the House Committee on House Administration drafted new regulations stipulating that fundraising activities were to be moved off all government premises, Congressional caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference 1977 Womens National Conference, Minority-Latino-Women Congressional Hispanic Caucus Website Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
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Hispanic Caucus meeting at the White House in 2009
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
45.
Congressional Hispanic Conference
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The Congressional Hispanic Conference is a Republican Party-controlled caucus in the United States Congress. Currently with 13 members, the CHC was formed in 2003, with the goal of promoting policy outcomes of importance to Americans of Hispanic or Latino. These priorities included support of the following, then-President George W, the impetus behind the Conferences creation was the debate surrounding the nomination of conservative lawyer Miguel Estrada to the DC Circuit Court of Appeals. The Congressional Hispanic Conference should not be confused with the older Congressional Hispanic Caucus, on March 17,2003, Diaz-Balart revealed the formation of the Conference in an open letter published in the Wall Street Journal. S. The group was announced at a press conference two days later. They were soon joined by two more Portuguese American congressmen, Richard Pombo of California and Patrick Toomey of Pennsylvania, like their Democratic counterpart, the Conference allows members from the Senate. Mel Martinez, the first Cuban-American US Senator, joined the group shortly after his election in 2004, additionally, the Conference is open to non-Hispanic associate members who represent districts with significant Hispanic populations or generally support its goals with regards to public policy. In 2003, Conference members also formed the Congressional Hispanic Leadership Institute as an equivalent to the Democratic CHC-affiliated CHCI, in the 2006 and 2008 elections, the Conference suffered the loss of nearly half of their members to electoral defeat, attempts at higher office or resignations. Past chair Luis Fortuño left Congress after being elected Governor of Puerto Rico
Congressional Hispanic Conference
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CHC members in 2005 with Attorney General
Alberto Gonzales
46.
League of United Latin American Citizens
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The League of United Latin American Citizens is the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U. S. It was established on February 17,1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC was a consolidation of smaller, like-minded civil rights groups already in existence. With a goal of achieving assimilation, the organization initially admitted only United States citizens as members, the organization has a national headquarters, active councils in many states, and a professional staff. LULAC follows an ideology which emerged among cholos groups around the time of the Great Depression in the United States. In response to sentiment, the federal government deported an estimated 500,000 Mexican nationals. Benjamin Marquez asserts, This demographic shift favored the rise of a more assimilated political leadership, but as LULAC has been interested in assimilation to the US, it admitted as members only those ethnic Mexicans who were United States citizens. LULAC promoted the adaptation of its members into the dominant European-American culture. The organization claimed that discrimination was caused by racism, not by the economic or political systems, LULAC promoted capitalism and individualism, its leaders believed that, through hard work and assimilation into American culture, Mexican Americans could improve their socio-economic standing. LULAC emphasized American patriotism as a path to assimilation and it asserted that Mexican Americans should disavow any allegiance to Mexico, remain permanently in the United States, and commit fully to democratic ideals. The leagues official song is America, its language is English. Its constitution is modeled on the United States Constitution, because of LULAC’s assimilation ideology and its advancement of the interests of Mexican-American citizens, it advocated restrictions on immigration. LULACs central means of achieving equal status with European Americans was dependent on promoting the image of Mexican residents as conforming to the norms of the United States. The League recognized that most of the dominant society did not distinguish among the cultures and attitudes of immigrants, citizens, and naturalized persons of Mexican descent. New immigrants from Mexico resisted the assimilation strategy, as they had ties to their native culture, limited English proficiency. Some Mexican Americans knew that they would be lumped together with the recent immigrants and be perceived as un-American, backward, and poor and it fully supported education of its members and adoption of fluent English. Through formal education, Mexican Americans would learn how to function in American institutions, socialize with European-American children, with respect to organizational structure, the League of Latin American Citizens was similar to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, though the two civil rights groups may have possessed some institutional similarities, LULAC tried to establish distance from the African American civil rights struggle. As LULAC believed that blacks were more oppressed than Latinos, its members thought that forces would not strengthen its own struggle for equality
League of United Latin American Citizens
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League of United Latin American Citizens
League of United Latin American Citizens
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The LULAC No. 7 hall (established 1929) at 1613 Hidalgo Street in
Laredo,
Texas; in 2013 Laredo LULAC was named the "National Council of the Year" at the annual convention in
Las Vegas,
Nevada. From 2012 to 2013, the council raised $35,000 in scholarships.
47.
MEChA
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The term mecha may refer to both scientific ideas and science fiction genres that centers on robots or machines controlled by people. Mechas are typically depicted as walker types of Mobile robots and these machines vary greatly in size and shape, but are distinguished from vehicles by their humanoid or biomorphic appearance. Different subgenres exist, with varying connotations of realism, the concept of Super Robot and Real Robot are two such examples found in Japanese anime. The term may refer to real world piloted humanoid robots / non-humanoid robotic platforms. Alternatively, in the original Japanese context of the word, mecha may refer to mobile machinery/vehicles in general, the word mecha is an abbreviation first used in Japanese of the word mechanical. Outside of this usage, it has associated with large robots with limbs or other biological characteristics. While the distinction is often hazy, mecha typically does not refer to form-fitting powered armor such as Iron Mans suit and they are usually much larger than the wearer, like Iron Mans enemy the Iron Monger, and possess a cockpit from which they are operated. In most fiction in which appear, mecha are fighting machines. Often, they are the means of combat, with conflicts sometimes being decided through gladiatorial matches. Other works represent mecha as one component of a military force, supported by and fighting alongside tanks, fighter aircraft. In some continuities, special scenarios are constructed to make mecha more viable than current-day status, for example, in Gundam the fictional Minovsky particle inhibits the use of radar, making long-range ballistic strikes impractical, thus favouring relatively close range warfare of Mobile Suits. Mecha also see roles as transporters, recreation, advanced hazmat suits, Mecha have been used in fantasy settings, for example in the anime series Aura Battler Dunbine, The Vision of Escaflowne, Panzer World Galient and Maze. In those cases, the designs are usually based on some alternative or lost science-fiction technology from ancient times. In case of anime series Zoids, the machines resemble dinosaurs and animals, the 1880 Jules Verne novel La Maison à vapeur featured a steam-powered, piloted, mechanical elephant. One of the first appearances of such machines in modern literature was the tripods of H. G. Wells famous The War of the Worlds. The novel does not contain a detailed description of the tripods mode of locomotion, however it is hinted at. That was the impression those instant flashes gave, but instead of a milking stool imagine it a great body of machinery on a tripod stand. Two of the earliest uses of mecha in the United States were Kimball Kinnisons battle suit in E. E, doc Smiths Lensman novel Galactic Patrol, and the Mobile Infantry battle suits in Robert Heinleins Starship Troopers
MEChA
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An illustration depicting mass-produced versions of
Metal Gear REX on a conventional battlefield.
MEChA
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Illustration of a
Tripod walker from the 1906 French edition of
The War of the Worlds
MEChA
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The Imperial AT-AT Walkers in
The Empire Strikes Back
MEChA
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Strike Suit Zero is a 2013 space combat video game featuring mecha designs by Junji Okubo.
48.
National Council of La Raza
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The National Council of La Raza is the USAs largest Latino nonprofit advocacy organization. It advocates in favor of public policy changes including immigration reform, a path to citizenship for immigrants living in the country illegally. Founded in 1968, NCLR has regional offices in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Miami, Phoenix, San Antonio and is headquartered in Washington, janet Murguía serves as NCLRs president. In 1963, a group of Mexican Americans in Washington, D. C. formed the National Organization for Mexican American Services, the organization existed primarily to provide technical assistance to Hispanic groups and bring them together under one umbrella. NOMAS presented a proposal to the Ford Foundation to establish an organization that could provide technical assistance, the Ford Foundation hired Herman Gallegos, Julian Samora, and Ernesto Galarza to travel the Southwest and make a recommendation on how the Ford Foundation could help Mexican Americans. Gallegos, Samora and Galarza founded the Southwest Council of La Raza in Phoenix, Arizona, SWCLR was given financial support from the Ford Foundation, the National Council of Churches, and the United Auto Workers, and the organization received 501 status later that year. In 1973, the SWCLR became an organization, changed its name to the National Council of La Raza. The Spanish word raza is often translated into English as race, the phrase La Raza has a particular history in the context of political activism in which NCLR uses it. NCLR uses “La Raza” to refer to “the people” or “the Hispanic people of the New World, beginning in about 1975, the NCLR began expanding its focus to include the issues of non-Mexican American Latinos. This policy was made official in 1979, by 1980, the NCLR was funded almost entirely by the federal government. When the Reagan Administration reduced available funding, the NCLR cut back the scale of its operations. As a result, the organization began focusing on policy and concentrating its efforts in Washington. The organization holds an annual conference, in 2016, Elizabeth Warren and Steve St. Angelo spoke at the conference. Prior to 2000, three-quarters of the funding came from private sources, including individuals and corporations. As of 2015, the organization reported receiving 85% of its funding from individuals, corporations, and foundations, some critics, such as conservative talk radio host George Putnam, call NCLR exclusionary in its approach to civil rights. César Chávez was a critic of La Raza, stating to Peter Matthiessen of The New Yorker, some people don’t look at it as racism, but when you say ‘la raza, ’ you are saying an anti-gringo thing, and it won’t stop there. Today it’s anti-gringo, tomorrow it will be anti-Negro, Chávez friend and UFW staffer LeRoy Chatfield stated, Thats one of the reasons is so upset about La Raza. The same Mexicans that ten years ago were talking about themselves as Spaniards are coming on real strong these days as Mexicans, everyone should be proud of what they are, of course, but race is only skin-deep
National Council of La Raza
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National Council of La Raza
49.
National Hispanic Institute
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The National Hispanic Institute is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to serving the future leadership needs of the global Hispanic community. NHI is now an organization with over 85,000 alumni worldwide. NHI instead recognizes the talent of Hispanic and Latino youth, the potential they represent to the future of the Hispanic/Latino community and extended sectors of the American and global society. Based on this philosophy, NHI develops and conducts experiences through which students may become intellectually, culturally, NHI utilizes a combination community-based revenue generating strategies to fund its work. It relies neither on government nor private charity to support its efforts, since its first program in 1981, the National Hispanic Institute has identified and selected high-ability youth to participate in its leadership and academic development experiences. These selected students are challenged to alter old, strident views that have historically framed their understanding of Hispanics. NHI leadership programs are hosted on the campuses of notable universities that are members of the organizations consortium known as the NHI College Register and they have also been hosted in Argentina, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Spain. This allows students to test and improve their written and verbal skills and gain confidence. Students gain experience creating content-rich arguments, communicating them through powerful, eloquent expression, most importantly, students begin to immerse themselves in the everyday issues that face the global Hispanic/Latino community. The LDZ challenges high-achieving 10th grade students to envision themselves as part of the leadership of a 21st Century Hispanic/Latino community. Students are challenged to assess the promise and potential of a community rooted in a reality of dual cultures. As a result, critical thinking, collaboration, and the ability to influence outcomes will emerge as essential skills to facilitate success as a leader in the 21st century Latino community, the MLP focuses on the internationalization of perspectives and beliefs as key to 21st century leadership. Here students experience aspects of the global Hispanic/Latino community alongside Mexican and international students while continuing the leadership, as counselors, research specialists, trainers and planners, fellows gain direct interactive experiences that enable them to critically examine the needs and capacities required for future leadership. Named in honor of NHI alumnus and Board member, John F. Lopez, Jr. the JFL Fellowship is designed to elicit qualities of spirit, creativity, the CRC allows NHI to carry out research in collaboration with diverse community partners. The research across several youth populations includes the study of Latinos from upwardly mobile families, urban inner city settings, rural communities, CRC research is used primarily for internal use and study, however, more recently NHI research has been requested for various uses. NHIs CRC studies are currently being aimed to assist institutions of learning in their outreach and recruitment efforts. In October 2004, Villanova University and NHI announced a partnership to jointly launch the Leadership Service Center on the campus of Villanova University. Having inaugurated the LSC at Villanova University in 2004, this joint effort has begun to prepare young bright Latino men and women for leadership roles in their communities
National Hispanic Institute
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NHI Original Logo
National Hispanic Institute
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Ernesto Nieto
50.
Republican National Hispanic Assembly
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In 1967, an informal meeting was held in Washington, DC by thirteen Hispanic-American men. As one participant, Francisco Vega, later recalled, the meeting came about by word of mouth. We were from Florida, California, Texas, New Jersey, Michigan, the purpose of the gathering was to discuss how they could increase Hispanic political involvement. Although all of men intimated some kind of affiliation with the Democrats, having had their offers to organize some kind of Hispanic outreach rebuffed by both the Democratic and Republican Partys national offices, the dejected group returned to their hotel. Eventually, the gathering dwindled down to five, Ben Fernandez, Manuel Lujan, Fernando Oaxaca, Martin Castillo and these last attendees continued to talk, bonded over their common World War II service and political ideologies, and, eventually, formed the Republican National Hispanic Council. Fernandez was selected as its first president, the next year, the name of the organization was changed to the Republican National Hispanic Assembly with Fernandez taking up the title of national chairman. Without formal acknowledgment from the Republican Party, the group began to organize chapters in their home. They also managed to more than $400,000 by the end of 1968 which they presented to astonished Party officials. Relations between the two political entities soon warmed considerably, as part of its 1972 re-election campaign strategy, the Nixon Administration sought to increase Hispanic electoral participation. In addition to others, key RNHA personnel were tapped to assist in this endeavor, additionally, Fernandez and Vega occupied several important positions within Nixons re-election campaign, in particular, the Hispanic Finance Committee. Chaired by Fernandez, the HFC raised over $250,000 for the President in 1972, later that year, newly appointed RNC chairman George H. W. Bush began to lay the groundwork for a more permanent organization to woo and retain Hispanic voters. In April,1973, Bush authorized the formation of the Spanish Speaking Advisory Committee, in meetings held with the SSAC in Crystal City, Virginia from July 11 to July 13,1974, the RNHA was formally recognized and chartered by the RNC. Since that time, it has been the only Hispanic Republican group officially affiliated with the national Republican Party, the RNHA began increasing their public profile by holding Annual Banquets starting in 1976. President Gerald Ford delivered the address at the first such event on July 29. At that time, Oaxaca was serving as an Associate Director in the Office of Management, a Hispanic Heritage Leadership Breakfast series was added in 1995. The RNHA ran into difficulties in 2007 due to declining membership concomitant with declining Hispanic numbers within the Republican Party. However, chairman Danny Vargas reported that new fundraising efforts were underway, additionally, a new executive director, Bettina Inclan, was hired to revitalize the groups image. Nevertheless, attempts at increasing Hispanic participation at the highest levels of the RNC were stymied in 2009, the leaders of several prominent Republican and Republican-leaning Hispanic organizations- including the RNHA- complained in a March 6 letter to RNC chairman Michael Steele of the situation
Republican National Hispanic Assembly
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Republican National Hispanic Assembly
Republican National Hispanic Assembly
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President Ford with Raul Espinoza, RNHA's first executive director, at the 1976 banquet
51.
Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
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The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers was founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1974 by a group of engineers employed by the city of Los Angeles. Their objective was to form an organization of professional engineers to serve as role models in the Hispanic community. Social networking was the key basis for the organization, SHPE quickly established two student chapters to begin the network that would grow to encompass the nation as well as reach countries outside the United States. Today, SHPE enjoys a strong but independent network of professional, National President, Manuel Manny Hernandez – Presidents Message The Hispanic Alliance for STEM Opportunities is a coalition to improve science, technology, engineering and math education. The alliance is made up of SHPE, the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference, SHPE has three very important conferences throughout the year. First, the National Institute for Leadership Advancement is a conference that provides tools to new elected leaders for the undergraduate. This conference is an opportunity to network with SHPE leaders. Also, NILA gives an opportunity to improve the resume of the members that attend because if they pass the final exam at the conference. Second, the National SHPE Conference is the best opportunity to network with companies, the National Conference is the biggest conference for Hispanics in United States. More than 200 companies attend to the career fair looking for Hispanic talent, also, they support different competitions like the Extreme Engineering that consists of a non-stop 24 hours competition to design a specific machine. Another important activity at the Conference is that chapters are awarded for their dedication, finally, the Regional Leadership Development Conference is the opportunity for the new leaders of the chapter to increase their leadership abilities and network with the leaders of the region. The seven regions have an RLDC conference each year at a specific university, all the conferences offer leadership skills training and networking opportunities. SHPE is an organization and is divided into seven regions as the picture below shows. It will take more than numbers to ensure success for Hispanics, students win national award, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers honors local latinos. Naval Officer Receives Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers Technology Award, VCNO Delivers Keynote Speech to Hispanic Engineering Professionals. Official SHPE — Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers national website Diversitycareers. com, Diana L
Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
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The SHPE Logo
52.
United Farm Workers
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The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers, is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and this organization was accepted into the AFL-CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farmworkers Union. Dolores Huerta grew up in Stockton, California, which was in the San Joaquin Valley, in the early 1950s, she completed a degree at Delta Community College, part of the University of the Pacific. She briefly worked as a school teacher. Huerta saw that her students, many of children of farm workers, were living in poverty without enough food to eat or other basic necessities. To help, she one of the founders of the Stockton chapter of the Community Service Organization. The CSO worked to improve social and economic conditions for farm workers, in 1952, Chávez met Fred Ross who was a community organizer working on behalf of the Community Service Organization. This was a group which was affiliated with the Industrial Areas Foundation which was headed by Saul Alinsky, to further her cause, Huerta created the Agricultural Workers Association in 1960. In 1962, she co-founded a workers union with César Chávez, the two made a great team. Chávez was the leader and speaker and Huerta was a skilled organizer. Huerta was instrumental in the many successes, including the strikes against California grape growers in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1950s, César Chávez and Fred Ross developed twenty-two new Community Service Organization chapters in the Mexican American neighborhoods of San Jose, in 1959, Chávez would claim the rank of executive director in the Community Service Organization. During this time, Chávez observed and adopted the notion of having the community become more involved in order to bring about the social changes that the community sought. This would be a tactic in Chávez’s future struggles in fighting for immigrant rights. César Chávez’s ultimate goal in his participation with the Community Service Organization, Saul Alinsky did not share Chávez’s sympathy for the farm workers struggle, claiming that organizing farm workers, was like fighting on a constantly disintegrating bed of sand. In March 1962 at the Community Service Organization convention, Chávez proposed a project for organizing farm workers which was rejected by the organization’s members. By 1965 the National Farm Workers Association had acquired twelve hundred members through Chávez’s person-to-person recruitment efforts which he learned from Fred Ross just a decade earlier, Out of those twelve hundred, only about two hundred paid dues. Also in 1962, Richard Chavez, the brother of César Chávez, designed the black Aztec eagle insignia that would become the symbol of the NFW, César Chávez chose the red and black colors used by the organization
United Farm Workers
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UFW Flag
53.
USHCC
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The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce is the largest Hispanic business organization in the United States. It was founded in 1979 and is headquartered in Washington, DC and it serves as the umbrella organization for more than 200 local chambers and business associations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Additionally, it advocates for the 259 major American companies who are its supporting members and it regularly invites public officials and political candidates from both sides of the aisle to present to its members. In 2016 the chamber endorsed Hillary Clinton and John Kasich for president, since 2007, the number of Hispanic-owned businesses increased by 57% to 4.07 million, and revenues at these companies grew by 88% to roughly $660 billion. Each year, the chamber hosts its national convention and business expo and this is the country’s largest networking venue for Hispanic businesses and Fortune 1000 corporations interested in the Hispanic market. The 2015 convention, held in Houston, TX, had 6,000 people in attendance, each year during the session of the United States Congress, the chamber hosts its annual Legislative Summit. The summit provides chamber members, Hispanic business leaders, and corporate executives the opportunity to discuss policy issues that impact the small business community. Hispanic chamber executives also use the opportunity to meet with their Congressional representatives, in addition, every two years, the chamber issues its Legislative Policy and Priorities to the White House and Congress. In September 2016 the chamber started a Guac the Vote campaign to use trucks to register voters. The campaign name is a reference to guacamole, Chamber of commerce Greater Philadelphia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Hispanic Chamber of E-Commerce United States Chamber of Commerce USHCC Official Website
USHCC
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United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
54.
Latin American music in the United States
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Latin American music has long influenced American popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues, and even country music. This includes music from Spanish, Portuguese, and French-speaking countries and territories of Latin America. For an early example, the bridge to St. Louis Blues--Saint Louie woman, with her diamond rings—has a habanera beat, prompting Jelly Roll Morton to comment, many an American band has added a conga player, maracas, or other Latin percussion for just that reason. The Argentine tango was a success in the 1930s. Tango dancers and records could be found from Los Angeles to Beijing, in more recent times, artists such as Carmen Miranda, Desi Arnaz, Xavier Cugat, and Pérez Prado were popular with audiences of all cultures. Judy Garlands first hit, as a member of the Gumm Sisters, was La Cucaracha and it was common in dance halls in the 1930s and 1940s for a Latin orchestra, such as that of Vincent López, to alternate with a big band because dancers insisted on it. Latin American music was popular with dancers, not only the samba, pasodoble, rhumba, and mambo. Latin American music imported from Cuba and Mexico had brief periods of popularity during the 1950s, the first Mexican-Texan pop star was Lydia Mendoza, who began recording in 1934. It was not until the 1940s, however, that musica norteña became popularized by female duets like Carmen y Laura and Las Hermanas Mendoza, the following decade saw the rise of Chelo Silva, known as the Queen of the Bolero, who sang romantic pop songs. The 1950s saw further innovation in the Mexican-Texan community, as guitars, drums and elements of rock. Valeria Longoria was the first major performer of conjunto, known for introducing Colombian cumbia, later, Tony de la Rosa modernized the conjunto big bands by adding electric guitars, amplified bajo sexton and a drum kit and slowing down the frenetic dance rhythms of the style. In the mid-1950s, bandleader Isidro Lopez used accordion in his band, the rock-influenced Little Joe was the first major star of this scene. The Spanish tinge was also a feature of rhythm and blues in the 1950s. The monster hit Little Darling was driven by the clave beat, ritchie Valens, born Ricardo Valenzuela, blew the roof off the hit parade with La Bamba, originally a Mexican wedding song. The Texas Tornadoes featured Freddy Fender, who brought Latin soul to country music, and the Tornadoes Flaco Jiménez is a genuine conjunto hero, a third-generation accordionist whose grandfather learned the instrument from German settlers in Texas. Johnny Rodriguez is another Latin country star, in the modern rock and roll era, Carlos Santana featured a full-blown Latin approach. Joe King Carrasco y las Coronas play punk rock Tex-Mex style, herman Santiago wrote the lyrics to the iconic rock and roll song Why Do Fools Fall in Love. Another song which became popular in the United States and which is heard during the Holiday/Christmas season is Feliz Navidad by José Feliciano, starting in the mid-1980s, Billboard introduced the Top Latin Albums and Hot Latin Tracks charts for Latin music albums and singles
Latin American music in the United States
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Freddy Fender performing in 1977
Latin American music in the United States
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Latin American music influence in the United States.
Latin American music in the United States
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New Year's Eve 1976 at the
Cow Palace in San Francisco
Latin American music in the United States
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Gloria Estefan
55.
Belizean American
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Belizean Americans are Americans who are of Belizean ancestry. These ancestors might be from Belize or of its diaspora, smaller numbers now live in Canada. Kriols and other groups are emigrating mostly to the United States. In 1990, there were about 10,000 Belizean Americans citizens in the United States, avery August, doctor and scientist Andrew Ballen, entrepreneur and producer Zee Edgell, author Max Faget, mechanical engineer Noel Felix, basketball player Kareem Ferguson, actor O. T
Belizean American
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Marion Jones
Belizean American
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Lisa Tucker
56.
Brazilian American
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Brazilian Americans are Americans who are of full or partial Brazilian ancestry. There were an estimated 371,529 Brazilian Americans as of 2012, other U. S. Previously, Brazilians were not identified separately from other South Americans. Of approximately 234,761 South American emigres arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1960, at least some of them were Brazilian, the 1960 United States Census report recorded 27,885 Americans of Brazilian ancestry. From 1960 until the mid-1980s, between 1,500 and 2,300 Brazilian immigrants arrived in the United States each year, during the mid-1980s, economic crisis struck Brazil. As a result, between 1986 and 1990 approximately 1.4 million Brazilians emigrated to parts of the world. It was not until this time that Brazilian emigration reached significant levels, thus, between 1987 and 1991, an estimated 20,800 Brazilians arrived in the United States. A significant number of them,8,133 Brazilians, arrived in 1991, the 1990 U. S. Census Bureau recorded that there are about 60,000 Brazilians living in the United States. C. Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, and Phoenix. The 2000 U. S. Census showed that 34.5 percent of Brazilians had completed four or more years of college, second-and third-generation Brazilian Americans tend to have better jobs, they have been educated in the United States, speak English, and have citizenship. Naza is a Brazilian American Visual Artist, people who profess Spiritism make up 1. 3% of the countrys population, and those professing Afro-Brazilian religions make up 0. 3% of the countrys population. Brazilians began immigrating to the United States in large and increasing numbers in the 1980s as a result of worsening conditions in Brazil at that time. However, many of the Brazilians who have emigrated to the United States since this decade have been undocumented, more women have immigrated to the United States from Brazil than men, with the 1990 and 2000 U. S. Censuses showing there to be ten percent more female than male Brazilian Americans, the top three metropolitan areas by Brazilian population are New York City, Boston, and Miami. New York City is a point of entry for Brazilians entering the United States. West 46th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan has been designated Little Brazil has historically been a center for Brazilians living in or visiting New York City. Another NYC neighborhood home to many Brazilian Americans is located in Astoria, newark, New Jersey is also home to many Brazilian and Portuguese-Americans, most prominently in the citys Ironbound district. Massachusetts, particularly the Boston metropolitan area, has a sizable Brazilian immigrant population, framingham has the highest percentage of Brazilians of any municipality in Massachusetts. Large populations also exist in Somerville, Everett, Barnstable, Lowell, South Floridas large Brazilian community is mostly centered between around the islands and northeastern section of Miami-Dade County with the exception of Doral
Brazilian American
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Camilla Belle
Brazilian American
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Brazilian Americans 371,529 0.11% of the US population in 2012
Brazilian American
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Marcelo Gleiser
Brazilian American
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Morena Baccarin
57.
Filipino Americans
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Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino descent. The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Ams, or Pinoy, according to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon, the earliest appearance of the term Pinoy, was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. The article that featured the terms, is titled, Filipino Women in U. S, excel in Their Courses, Invade Business, Politics. Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines, Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4,1946. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America. Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a following the 1898 Treaty of Paris. During the 1920s, a majority of Filipino workers who arrived in the United States lacked necessary training, after independence in 1946, Filipino American numbers continued to grow. The population of Filipino immigrant workers, as well the quality of their skills, improved following the passing of the Immigration Act of 1965. The 2010 Census counted 3.4 million Filipino Americans, while the United States Department of State in 2011 estimated the total at 4 million, the total at 4 million, or 1. 1% of the U. S. population. They are the second largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey. They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos, significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area and Illinois. The history of Spanish and American rule and contact with merchants, Filipino American cultural identity has been described as fluid, adopting aspects from various cultures, that said there has not been significant research into the culture of Filipino Americans. In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a sense of family and these organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events. Organizations are often organized into regional associations, the associations are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii, a few communities have Little Manilas, civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino American community. Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames, due to the legacy of colonization, Filipinos are considered Latinos of Asia. Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called Latinos due to their relationship to Spanish colonialism
Filipino Americans
–
Ben Cayetano
Filipino Americans
–
Tagalog language spread in the United States.
Filipino Americans
–
Edward Soriano
Filipino Americans
–
Bruno Mars
58.
Guyanese American
–
Guyanese Americans are Americans who can trace their ancestry back to Guyana. After the independence of Guyana from the United Kingdom, in 1966, many of the first Guyanese immigrants to the United States were of African descent. They were women who were recruited as workers or nursing assistants. Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Guyanese of Asian descent faced immigration restrictions because of existence of Asiatic Barred Zone. However, many Guyanese who had studied in the US in the mid 20th century or earlier stayed on in the US, some, the United States has the highest number of Guyanese people outside of Guyana. The Guyanese-American community consists basically of people of Afro-Guyanese and Indo-Guyanese origins, as of 1990,80 percent of Guyanese Americans lived in the Northeast. The Guyanese Americans students vary their English accent, depending on whether they are at home or at school, in schools, Guyanese students learn to speak The British English. Some Indo–Guyanese Americans, in addition to speaking English, also speak Hindi, the Indians have religious ceremonies at their houses monthly and they attend a temple. The Indo-Guyanese who are Christian attend a church but there are a lot more Hindus than Christians. They have various centers for Bhajans, the Guyanese have formed their own businesses in the United States, many of which are shops, restaurants of traditional Guyanese cuisine, grocery stores, and jewelry stores. There are also many shops of clothing belonging to Guyanese that sell clothing Indian, in addition to these stores, there are also video playback stores specializing in Bollywood films with English subtitles for those who do not understand Hindi. The Indo - Guyanese Americans try to keep alive their culture and contact with Guyana, hence, they watch movies, listen to music and read books of Guyana and India. In addition, people of Indian - Guyanese descent that do not speak Hindi, try to learn it from their nearby Hindu temples, Guyanese have organized most of the U. S. Caribbean organizations. There are many nurses from Guyana and police associations, shirley Chisholm was the only Congresswoman of Guyanese descent in American history, as well as the first African-American woman elected to the United States Congress. Some of the associations are the Indo-Caribbean American Cultural and Arts Association, The Indo-Caribbean Federation of North America, the development of the cultural groups in the area had made a necessity for announcements of community news. The Guyanese American community has close ties with Guyana and help financially to this country. There is a large ongoing academic exchanges between Guyana and the United States as academic conferences, the Journal of the Caribbean is a Caribbean newspaper important to inform the Indo-Guyanese and other Caribbean groups of their achievements and inform them about the events in Guyana. This newspaper is published weekly and distributed throughout North America, the publications of these papers are written in English
Guyanese American
–
Kojo Nnamdi
Guyanese American
–
The
New York City Metropolitan Area is home to the largest Guyanese population in the United States.
Guyanese American
–
Mark Teixeira
59.
Haitian Americans
–
Haitian Americans are Americans of Haitian descent. The largest proportion of Haitians in the United States live in the South Florida area and especially the cities of Tampa and Orlando. In addition, they have settled in major East Coast cities such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, most are immigrants or their descendants from late 20th-century migrations to the United States. In 2009 the US Census estimated that 830,000 Haitian Americans live in the U. S. During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U. S. to escape the conditions during the dictatorships of François Papa Doc. Political unrest, economic strains, and natural disasters have supplied additional reasons for people to emigrate, during the 18th century, the French colony of Saint-Domingue was the richest in the Caribbean, due to its massive production of sugar cane. This wealth was concentrated in the hands of a minority of mostly French and European planters, who used slave labor from Sub-Saharan Africa to cultivate, harvest. Beginning in 1791, slaves revolted against their masters, fought against invading forces, the rebellion proved disruptive to the countrys economy, however. Many wealthy colonists left, both white and free people of color, the freedmen wanted to cultivate their own plots rather than work on plantations. Though France and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean were other destinations for many immigrants. Haitians sought political asylum or permanent resident status in many such as the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, France, Dominican Republic. Between 1977 and 1981,60,000 Haitians landed in South Florida, in the late 20th century, there was a significant brain drain from Haiti as thousands of doctors, teachers, social workers and entrepreneurs moved to New York City and Miami. Other Haitians worked in restaurants and music stores, in 1986,40,000 Haitians who came to the United States seeking political asylum achieved permanent resident status. In 1991, there was wave of Haitian boat people. But the administration of President Bill Clinton tried to discourage Haitian immigration, people were either detained and/or sent back to Haiti. Still, between 1995 and 1998,50,000 Haitians obtained temporary legal status, political strife, marked with corruption, and intimidation led to many Haitians leaving the island for an opportunity of a better life. In addition, most of the migrants were from the poor masses, suffering from less education, many have had difficulty flourishing in the United States. Waves of Haitians made it to the shores of Florida seeking asylum, most of the foreign-born Haitians arrived during the 1970s
Haitian Americans
–
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
Haitian Americans
–
W. E. B. Du Bois
Haitian Americans
–
Charles Terres Weymann
Haitian Americans
–
John James Audubon
60.
Portuguese Americans
–
Portuguese Americans, also known as Luso-Americans, are American citizens and residents of the United States who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, ancestry, or citizenship. An estimated 191,000 Portuguese nationals are living in the United States. Bilateral ties date from the earliest years of the United States, following the American Revolutionary War, Portugal was the first neutral country to recognize the United States. Portuguese people have had a long history in the United States. The first documented Portuguese to live in colonial America was Mathias de Sousa, some of the earliest European explorers to reach portions of the New World were said to be Portuguese. Navigators, like the Miguel Corte-Real family, may have visited the North American shores at the beginning of the 16th century, there is a historic landmark, the Dighton Rock, in southeastern Massachusetts, that a small minority of scholars believe testifies their presence in the area. Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho explored the California coast for the first time, during the Colonial period, there was a small Portuguese emigration to the present day U. S. especially to the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. Peter Francisco, the giant soldier in the US Continental Army, is thought to have been born Portuguese. In the late 19th century, many Portuguese, mainly Azorean and Madeiran, there are also connections with Portuguese communities in the Pacific Northwest in Astoria, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada as well. Many Portuguese relocated to the Kingdom of Hawaii, prior to its overthrow by the United States in the late 19th century, in the mid-late 20th century, there was another surge of Portuguese immigration in America, mainly in the Northeast. Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Africa and Asia, there were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000. A general contribution the Portuguese people have made to American music is the ukulele, john Philip Sousa was a famous Portuguese American composer most known for his patriotic compositions. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and Portuguese in Hawaii, there were very few marriages between European and Chinese people with the majority being between Portuguese and Chinese people. These unions between Chinese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Chinese Portuguese parentage, called Chinese-Portuguese, for two years to June 30,1933,38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. Andrade, Julian Silva, Emily Daniels, Art Coelho, Sue Fagalde Lick, portuguese-Americans are the fourth largest ethnic group in the State of Hawaii, fifth largest group in Rhode Island and the eighth largest group in Massachusetts. Portuguese-Americans and contemporary Civic Culture in Massachusetts, the Portuguese in America,590 B. C. –1974, A Chronology & Fact Book Leal, Joao, and Wendy Graca. Azorean Identity in Brazil and the United States, Arguments about History, Culture, warrin, Donald, and Geoffrey L. Gomes. Land, as Far as the Eye Can See, Portuguese in the Old West, tagus Press at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth/University Press of New England
Portuguese Americans
–
Largest self-reported ancestry groups in
New England. Americans of Portuguese descent plurality shown in grey.
61.
Surinamese American
–
Surinamese Americans are Americans of Surinamese descent. According to answers provided to an open-ended question included in the 2000 census,2,833 people said that their ancestry or ethnic origin was Surinamese, the Surinameses began migrating to United States, al least, from 1975. For much of the century, many Surinamese immigrants in the U. S. came to this country through a permanent visa. Some of these people were refugees that fled the Bouterse regime. Thus, many Surinamese who traveled to Miami with tourist purposes, most Surinamese that migrated to cities in the U. S. after traveling to them were people of middle class and low who arrived between the late 80s and early 90s. Also the existence of families already residents in some American cities boosted the emigration of many Surinamese to those places, many Surinamese, however, are also illegal, mostly students and tourists who decided to stay in the U. S. Most Surinamese Americans live in Miami and New York City, other places where many Surinamese living are Washington, Atlanta, California and others cities of Florida. However, according most associations, they are scattered all over the country. These associations estimated about of 10, 000-15,000 Surinamers living through the United States, most Surinamese are attracted to places similar to their land, from the point of view of the architecture of the houses and the presentation of the flora. For that reason, the highest concentrations of Surinamese are in Florida, most of Surinamese living in United States are of Chinese, East Indian, Creole, and mixed descent. However, all other ethnicities and races in Suriname are also represented in the U. S. So, many Surinamese of United States are also white and people of Javanese, Amerindian and this racially variety in the Surinamese community is displayed specially in New York. The Surinamese community has many problems, such as lack of unity, if well, there is a greater relative between the Surinamese in New York that among those living in Florida. Most organizations try to maintain the identity and Surinamese cultures, seven of the eight organizations are in Miami. On the other hand, the Surinamese church try to promote social union based on the Christian religion, a Surinamese religious association in United States is the Surinamese Moravian Church, in Miami. Otto Huiswoud Robert Van Lierop Jacques Judah Lyons Jan Ernst Matzeliger Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop Jimmy Smits Faylobi - official page Suriname Moravian Fellowship, Corp
Surinamese American
–
Jimmy Smits
62.
Spanglish
–
Most varieties of Spanglish are not usually considered a language itself, but instead a blend of Spanish and English lexical items and grammar. Spanglish is not a pidgin, because unlike pidgin languages, Spanglish can be the primary form for some individuals. Spanglish can be considered a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English or a variety of English with heavy use of Spanish and it can be more related either to Spanish or to English, depending on the circumstances. Since Spanglish arises independently in each region, it reflects the spoken varieties of English and Spanish. In general different varieties of Spanglish are not necessarily mutually intelligible, the term was introduced by the Puerto Rican poet Salvador Tió in the late 1940s, when he called it Espanglish or Inglañol. Some of these creoles have become recognized languages in their own right, including the Llanito language of Gibraltar and San Andrés–Providencia Creole of Colombia. In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist Salvador Tió coined the terms Espanglish for Spanish spoken with some English terms, between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools was English. Currently Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages, consequently, many American English words are now found in the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Spanish. Spanglish may also be known by different regional names, Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. It is common in Panama, where the 96-year U. S. control of the Panama Canal influenced much of society, especially among the former residents of the Panama Canal Zone. The same applies to the large Puerto Rican-descended populations of New York City, Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States, reflecting the growth of the Hispanic-American population due to immigration. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 53 million between 2000 and 2012, Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 80% are of Mexican descent, Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups, increasing from 20.6 million to 34.5 million between 2000 and 2012. Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California. The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, in Miami a Spanglish familiarly known as Cubonics is spoken. Spanglish is known as bilingualism/ semi-lingual ism, the acquisition of the first language is interrupted or unstructured language input follows from the second language. This can also happen in reverse, many Mexican-Americans, immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various Spanglishes. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, however, many others believe that Spanglish should not exist and should be prohibited
Spanglish
–
Spanish street ad in
Madrid humorously showing baidefeis instead of the Spanish gratis (free). Baidefeis derives from the English "by the face"; Spanish: por la cara, "free". The adoption of English words is very common in Spain.
63.
Spanish language
–
Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
Spanish language
–
A page of
Cantar de Mio Cid, the oldest preserved Spanish
epic poem, in medieval Spanish.
Spanish language
–
Spanish is sole official language at the national level
Spanish language
–
Antonio de Nebrija, author of
Gramática de la lengua castellana, the first grammar of modern European languages.
Spanish language
–
Miguel de Cervantes author of
Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel.
64.
Spanish language in the United States
–
Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States of America. Forty-five million Hispanophones speak Spanish as a first or second language and this makes the United States the third-largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico and Colombia. Spanish has both the largest number of native language Romance speakers and Indo-European language speakers in the world, about half of all American Spanish-speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English very well in the 2000 U. S. Census. There are more Spanish-speakers in the United States than speakers of French, German, Italian, Hawaiian, varieties of Chinese and Native American languages combined. The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, colonisers settled in areas that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U. S. states leaving behind a range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent. Today, Hispanics are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States, thus increasing the use. Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America, Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida, in 1898, San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico became the oldest city in all of the U. S. territory, Juan Ponce De León founded San Juan in 1508. When Louisiana was sold to the United States, its Spanish and Cajun French inhabitants became U. S. citizens, in 1813, George Ticknor started a program of Spanish Studies at Harvard University. In 1821, after Mexicos War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas, a large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexicos president. In 1836, the now largely American Texans, fought a war of independence from the government of Mexico. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state, per the 1850 U. S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people who were outnumbered by English-speaking settlers. After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado, most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Mexico lost almost half of the territory gained from Spain in 1821 to the United States in the Mexican–American War. This included parts of contemporary Texas, and Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, California, Nevada, although the lost territory was sparsely populated, the thousands of Spanish-speaking Mexicans subsequently became U. S. citizens. The war-ending Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo does not explicitly address language, however, the English-speaking American settlers who entered the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere. In 1898, consequent to the Spanish–American War, the United States took control of Cuba and Puerto Rico, in 1902, Cuba became independent from the United States, while Puerto Rico remained a U. S. territory
Spanish language in the United States
–
Juan Ponce de León (
Santervás de Campos,
Valladolid,
Spain). He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current
United States because he led the first European expedition to
Florida, which he named. Spanish was the first European language spoken in the territory that is now the United States.
Spanish language in the United States
–
Spanish language distribution in the United States by county
Spanish language in the United States
–
Buildings influenced by
Spanish colonial architecture in
Los Angeles '
Plaza Historic District. The Spanish language in the
Southwestern United States spans many centuries.
Spanish language in the United States
–
Spanish language heritage in Florida dates back to 1565, with the founding of
Saint Augustine, Florida. Spanish was the first European language spoken in Florida.
65.
New Mexican Spanish
–
Despite a continual influence from the Spanish spoken in Mexico to the south by contact with Mexican migrants who fled to the U. S. Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, during this time, contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited, and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course. In the meantime, Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples, the development of a culture of print media in the late nineteenth century allowed New Mexican Spanish to resist assimilation toward either American English or Mexican Spanish for many decades. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, for instance, noted that About one-tenth of the Spanish-American and Indian population habitually use the English language. Until the 1930s or 1940s, many never came to learn English. The advance of English-language broadcast media accelerated this decline, in fact, this feature still remains in some parts of the northwest of Spain such as Asturias and Galicia. Regularization of irregular present indicative 1st person singular, salgo becomes salo, different forms of haber as an auxiliary verb, nosotros hamos comido instead of nosotros hemos comido, yo ha comido instead of yo he comido. That is, casa and caza are homophones, seseo is prevalent in nearly all of Hispanic America as well as in the Canary Islands, and some areas of southern Spain. For an example of loanword phonological borrowing in Taos, see Taos loanword phonology, New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status. For instance, constitutional amendments must be approved by referendum and must be printed on the ballot in both English and Spanish, certain legal notices must be published in English and Spanish, and the state maintains a list of newspapers for Spanish publication. Spanish was not used officially in the legislature after 1935, though the New Mexico Constitution provided that laws would be published in both languages for twenty years and this practice was renewed several times, it ceased in 1949. Accordingly, some describe New Mexico as officially bilingual, while others disagree, hispanos of New Mexico Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico New Mexican English List of colloquial expressions in Honduras Rubén Cobos. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish, santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico Press,2003. New Mexican Spanish, Demise of the Earliest European Variety in the United States and our linguistic and social context, Spanish in the United States, Sociolinguistic Aspects. Sociolingüística y Pragmática del Español 2001, 26–63, la supresión de la /y/ en el español chicano
New Mexican Spanish
–
Spanish language distribution in the New Mexico by county
66.
Californio
–
The Californio era was from the first Spanish presence established by the Portolá expedition in 1769 until the regions cession to the United States of America in 1848. Non-Spanish-speaking immigrants who 1) became naturalized Mexican citizens, 2) married Californios, such residents, by these actions, became eligible to own land and receive rancho grants from the Mexican government. Most such grants occurred after mission secularization in the 1830s, an even looser definition may include descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californio descendants. The much larger population of non-Spanish-speaking indigenous peoples of California who lived in the prior to. Many Californios, however, were the California-born children of non-Spanish speakers who married Spanish speakers, such spouses usually also converted to the Catholic faith and, after Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821, often became naturalized Mexican citizens. The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the presidios, missions. After secularization, the Mexican authorities divided most of the lands into new ranchos. The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, People from other parts of Latin America did settle in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts were ever undertaken—notably the second expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios. Sporadic colonization efforts continued under Mexican rule, including the Hijar-Padres group of 1834, One genealogist estimated that, by 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios. Alta California was nominally controlled by a national-government appointed governor, the governors of California were at first appointed by the Viceroy, and after 1821 by the approximate 40 Mexican Presidents from 1821 to 1846. The costs of the minimum Alta California government were paid by means of a roughly 40–100% import tariff collected at the entry port of Monterey. The other center of Spanish power in Alta California was the Franciscan friars who, as heads of the 21 missions, none of the Franciscan friars were Californios, however, and their influence rapidly waned after the secularization of the missions in the 1830s. Governors had little support from far-away Mexico to deal with Alta Californians. Mexico-born governor Manuel Victoria was forced to flee in 1831, after losing a fight against an uprising at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass. As Californios matured to adulthood and increasingly assumed positions of power in the Alta California government, several times, Californio leaders attempted to break away from Mexico, most notably Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1836. Southern regional leaders, led by Pio Pico, made attempts to relocate the capital from Monterey to the more populated Los Angeles. Alvarado recruited a company of Tennessean riflemen, many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area, the company was led by another American, Isaac Graham, the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans
Californio
–
José Antonio Estudillo
Californio
–
USS Cyane taking San Diego 1846
Californio
–
Juan Bautista Alvarado
Californio
–
The
California state flag flying at
San Francisco City Hall
67.
Chicano
–
Chicano or Chicana is a chosen identity of some Mexican Americans in the United States. The term Chicano is sometimes used interchangeably with Mexican-American, both names are chosen identities within the Mexican-American community in the United States. However, these terms have a range of meanings in various parts of the Southwest. The term became widely used during the Chicano Movement by Mexican Americans to express pride in a cultural, ethnic. Ultimately it was the experience of Mexican Americans in the United States which culminated in the creation of a Chicano identity. Linguists Edward R. Simmen and Richard F. Bauerle report the use of the term in an essay by Mexican-American writer, Mario Suárez, however, a gunboat, the Chicana, was sold in 1857 to Jose Maria Carvajal to ship arms on the Rio Grande. The King and Kenedy firm submitted a voucher to the Joint Claims Commission of the United States in 1870 to cover the costs of this conversion from a passenger steamer. No particular explanation of the name is known. The origin of the word chicano is disputed, some claim it is a shortened form of Mexicano. In most cases the sh sound has been replaced with the h sound, the word Chicano would have also been affected by this change. Many Chicanos replace the ch with the x, forming Xicano. In the United States, some Mexican Americans choose the Xicano spelling to emphasize their indigenous ancestry, thus, a newly emigrated Nahuatl speaker in an urban center might referred to his cultural relatives in this country, different from himself, as mexicanos, shortened to chicanos. The Indians later referred to themselves as Meshicanos and even as Shicanos, however, Chicanos generally do not agree that chicamo was ever a word used within the culture, as its assertion is thus far entirely unsubstantiated. Therefore, most self-identifying Chicanos do not agree that Chicano was ever derived from the word chicamo, another hypothesis is that chicano derives from the indigenous population of Guanajuato, the Chichimecas, combined with the word Mexicano. An alternative idea is that it is a form of Chilango. A similar notion is that the word derives from Chichen Itza, Chicano would thus be a Hispanized word for Chichen and Mayans, rather than the Aztec or Nahua people. This seems dubious, as the term is not frequently used other than in reference to Mexican Americans, is not primarily used for Chilean-Americans. Thus far, explanations of the origins of the word remain inconclusive and this is an indication that the term originated as a self-identification
Chicano
–
Chicano teenagers in
Venice, California, 1974
Chicano
–
César Chávez at a
United Farmworkers rally, 1974
68.
Hispanos
–
This article is about the descendants of Spanish and Mexican settlers in the US South. Not to be confused with Hispanic, the English translation of Hispano, for other uses of the term, see Hispano. Hispanos are people of colonial Spanish descent in what is today the United States who retained a predominantly Spanish culture, the distinction was made to compensate for flawed U. S. Census practices in the 1930s which used to characterize Hispanic people as non-white. They are mostly descendants of Spanish settlers, Mexicans who arrived during the Spanish colonial period and the Mexican period, some Hispanos differentiate themselves culturally from the population of Mexican Americans whose ancestors arrived in the Southwest after the Mexican Revolution. As the United States expanded westward, it annexed lands with a population of Spanish-speaking settlers. Prior to incorporation into the United States, Hispanos had enjoyed a status in the society of New Spain. In the US today, this group is associated with the state of Louisiana. While generally integrated into mainstream American societies, Hispanos have retained much of their colonial culture, many Hispanos also identify with later waves of Mexican immigrants that arrived after these lands became part of the US. Many Hispanos, particularly those of generations, identify more with the mainstream population. Most of them are Roman Catholic Christians
Hispanos
–
Map showing subdivisions of
New Spain in 1800 (excluding
Spanish East Indies).
69.
Canarian Americans
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Canarian Americans are Americans with ancestry that can be traced back to settlers from the Canary Islands of Spain who have emigrated since the 16th century to the present-day United States. Most of them are descendants of settlers who emigrated to Spanish colonies in the Americas during the 18th century. The Canarians were among the first settlers of the modern United States, the first Canarians migrated to modern Florida in 1569, Canarian Americans today consist of several communities, formed by thousands of people. Those in San Antonio and in Louisiana are mostly of Canarian settler descent and their ancestors arrived in what is now the United States in the 18th century, while the Canarian community in Miami is made up of recent emigrants and their children. These communities are distinct within the American population, having preserved much of the culture of their ancestors to present times. Most Canarian Americans now speak only English, although some Canarian communities that speak different dialects of the Spanish language are extant in Louisiana. Canarian emigration to North America started in the 16th century, when Spain had several colonies stretching around the Gulf of Mexico. The first Canarians arrived in the region as early as 1539, between 1731 and 1783, many Canarian families emigrated to the southern colonies, establishing their own communities there. In 1731,16 Canarian families were sent to San Antonio, Texas, after arriving at Veracruz, they were forced to cross overland on foot to Texas, led by the Canarian Juan Leal Goraz, who eventually would become the first mayor of San Antonio. This community had confrontations with the resident Catholic monks of the area over property rights, between 1718 and 1734, Florida was governed by Lt. Florida was returned to Spain in 1783. When Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819, however, most of the new settlers also emigrated to Cuba, as happened in 1763, in Louisiana, the settlers eventually consolidated into three communities, St. Bernard Parish, Valenzuela, and Barataria. Other places in the southern United States had Canarian settlers during the Spanish period, a few communities were founded by Canary Island colonists in Southern California and there are records of Canary Islanders colonists and their descendants living in New Mexico in the 19th century. Many Canarians live in the United States temporarily as migrant workers, the city of Miami, Florida has a Canarian community of recent immigrants. There are also Canarians living in Boston, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Washington D. C. Canarian culture in San Antonio and Louisiana has been preserved up to the present day, although not in Florida. The majority of them descended from Canarian settlers who arrived in Louisiana between 1778 and 1783, according to Samuel G. Armistead, there are four small areas of the state where the Spanish language has been spoken since the 18th century, now in three different dialects. The main Isleño community in Louisiana is in St. Bernard Parish, recorded interviews have been conducted in these communities with the elderly residents, who still speak their dialect of the Spanish language on video and DVD. They are kept in the Museo Canario in Saint Bernard to prevent the language, before the arrival of the Canarian settlers in 1730, the San Pedro channel was built for the exclusive use of the Canary Island colonists. It was called the acequia madre, the ditch that crossed the city
Canarian Americans
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Maria Montez
Canarian Americans
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Jeanette
Canarian Americans
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Aerial view of the city, San Antonio, December 4, 1939
Canarian Americans
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Presidio San Antonio de Bexar,
San Antonio (
Texas).
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