1.
Beijing
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Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and the worlds third most populous city proper. It is also one of the worlds most populous capital cities, the city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by population after Shanghai and is the nations political, cultural. It is home to the headquarters of most of Chinas largest state-owned companies, and is a hub for the national highway, expressway, railway. The citys history dates back three millennia, as the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A. D, the city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture, encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. Siheyuans, the traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, many of Beijings 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. Beijings Zhongguancun area is known as Chinas Silicon Valley and Chinas center of innovation. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory Personal Finance Index, expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had other names. The name Beijing, which means Northern Capital, was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing, the English spelling is based on the pinyin romanisation of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, the single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is BJ, the earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossils from the date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, the first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city from the 11th to 7th century BC
2.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
5.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
6.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
7.
Chaoyang District, Beijing
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Chaoyang District is a district of the city proper of Beijing, China. Chaoyang is home to the majority of Beijings many foreign embassies, the Olympic Green, built for the 2008 Summer Olympics, is also in Chaoyang. Chaoyang extends west to Chaoyangmen on the eastern 2nd Ring Road, within the urban area of Beijing, it occupies 475 square kilometres, making it the largest district, with Haidian second. As of 2005, Chaoyang had a population of 3,642,000. The district has jurisdiction over 22 subdistrict offices and 20 area offices, Chaoyang is also home to Silk Street, and many other market areas, shopping malls, and restaurant strips. Chaoyang is divided into 24 subdistricts, and 19 townships of which carry the label, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. China National Aviation Holdings Company, SOHO China, CITIC Group, Sinopec, Qihoo 360, renren Inc. has its headquarters on the 23rd floor of the Jing An Center in Chaoyang District, and subsidiary 56. com is headquartered on the 5th floor of the same building. Wanda Group has its headquarters in the Wanda Plaza, Wanda Cinemas is headquartered in the same complex. China Resources Beverage, the distributor of Cestbon water, has its north China regional office in the district, some of these are, ABB Group, Air France, All Nippon Airways, Halliburton, IBM, KBR, Kerr-McGee China Petroleum Ltd. Lummus Technology, a subsidiary of CB&I, Lufthansa, Asiana Airlines, Standard & Poors, Swire Group, Etihad Airways, EVA Air, the Hong Kong-based company Swire Properties has two locations in Chaoyang. Beijing Hyundai Motor Company, a 50-50 joint venture of the Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co. at one time China Xinhua Airlines had its headquarters in Chaoyang. Chaoyang serves as Beijings diplomatic district, All foreign embassies to China are located in the district except for those of Russia and Luxembourg, which are both in Dongcheng. Chaoyang has three areas in the Sanlitun, Chaoyangmenwai, and Liangmahe neighborhoods. Chaoyang District is one of the fastest growing districts in the Beijing Metropolitan Area, there are several subway lines running through the district. The Beijing Capital Airport, although surrounded by the Shunyi District, is an exclave of Chaoyang District
8.
Tiananmen Square
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Tiananmen Square is a city square in the centre of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen located to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the Monument to the Peoples Heroes, the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum of China, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in the square on October 1,1949, Tiananmen Square is within the top ten largest city squares in the world. It has great significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history. Outside China, the square is best known for the Tiananmen Square Massacre, the Tiananmen, a gate in the wall of the Imperial City, was built in 1415 during the Ming dynasty. In the 17th century, fighting between Li Zichengs rebel forces and the forces of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty caused heavy damage to, or even destroyed, Tiananmen Square was designed and built in 1651, and has since been enlarged by four times its original size in the 1950s. Near the centre of the square stood the Great Ming Gate, the gate to the Imperial City, renamed Great Qing Gate during the Qing dynasty. This gate had a status as the Gate of the Nation. It normally remained closed, except when the Emperor passed through, commoner traffic was diverted to side gates at the western and eastern ends of the square, respectively. Because of this diversion in traffic, a marketplace, called Chess Grid Streets, was developed in the big. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, when British and French troops invaded Beijing, they pitched camp near the gate and briefly considered burning down the gate and they decided ultimately to spare the Forbidden City and instead burn down the Old Summer Palace. When the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance besieged Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, they damaged the office complexes. After the Boxer Rebellion ended, the became a space for the foreign powers to assemble their military forces. In 1954, the Gate of China was demolished, allowing for the enlargement of the square, in November 1958, a major expansion of Tiananmen Square started, which was completed after only 11 months, in August 1959. This followed the vision of Mao Zedong to make the square the largest and most spectacular in the world, in that process, a large number of residential buildings and other structures have been demolished. On its southern edge, the Monument to the Peoples Heroes has been erected, the year after Maos death in 1976, a mausoleum was built near the site of the former Gate of China, on the main north-south axis of the square. In connection with this project, the square was further increased in size to become fully rectangular, the urban context of the square was altered in the 1990s with the construction of National Grand Theatre in its vicinity and the expansion of the National Museum. Used as a meeting place since its creation, its flatness is contrasted by the 38-metre high Monument to the Peoples Heroes
9.
Beijing Subway
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The Beijing Subway is a rapid transit rail network that serves the urban and suburban districts of Beijing municipality. The network has 19 lines,345 stations and 574 km of track in operation, and is the second longest subway system in the world after the Shanghai Metro. The subway is the worlds busiest in annual ridership, with 3.66 billion trips delivered in 2016, averaging 9.998 million per day, the Beijing Subway opened in 1969 and is the oldest metro system in mainland China. The subway has undergone rapid expansion since 2002, as two lines were in service before then. The existing network still cannot adequately meet the mass transit needs. Beijing Subways extensive expansion plans call for 999 km of lines serving a projected 18.5 million trips everyday by 2020. The most recent expansion came into effect on December 31,2016 with the opening of the section of Line 16 from Xiyuan to Beianhe, as well as Chaoyang Park and Wangjing East stations. Beijing is currently constructing six new fully automated lines totaling 300 km in length using domestically developed communications-based train control systems and this will potentially create the longest fully automated subway network in the world. The Beijing Subway is owned by the city of Beijing and has two operators, the main operator is the wholly state-owned Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corp. which operates 15 lines. The second operator is the Beijing MTR Corp, the Beijing Subway switched from a fixed-fare to a distance-based fare schedule for all lines except the Airport Express on December 28,2014. For example, a 40 km trip would cost ¥7, the Airport Express costs ¥25 per ride. Children below 1.3 metres in height ride for free when accompanied by a paying adult, riders can look up fares by checking fare schedules posted in stations, calling the subway hotline 96165, going to the Beijing Subway website, or using the subways smartphone app. Riders must insert the ticket or tap the card at the gate both before entering and exiting the station, the subways fare collection gates accept single-ride tickets and the Yikatong fare card. Riders can purchase tickets and add credit to Yikatong card at ticket counters or vending machines in every station. The Yikatong, also known as the One Card Through Card, is an integrated circuit card that stores credit for the subway, urban and suburban buses, the Yikatong card itself must be purchased at the ticket counter. To enter a station, the Yikatong card must have a balance of ¥3.00. To prevent fraud, riders are required to complete their journeys within four hours upon entering the subway, if the four-hour limit is exceeded, a surcharge of ¥3 is imposed. Each Yikatong card is allowed to be overdrawn once, the overdrawn amount is deducted when credits are added to the card
10.
China Railway High-speed
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China Railway High-speed is the high-speed rail service operated by China Railway. Hexie Hao is the designation for rolling stock operated for this service, All trains had been marked CRH, before being changed shortly afterwards to the Chinese characters 和谐号 on the centre of the head vehicles and the side of the walls of other vehicles. The introduction of CRH was a part of the sixth national railway speedup. All high-speed trains in use in China are named CRH. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a speed of 250 km/h. The new trainsets CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h, the fastest trainset, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h 302.8 mph). High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock and those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350 km/h. China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A, CRH380B, CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China, the signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the components of these trains. However, these patents are valid within China, and as such hold no international power. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan and it is designed to have two versions, one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h, the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines, planned to service by 2011 CRH380A. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, however, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors. Based on data published by Sinolink Securities, some changes were made according to the most recent news. ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012, ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014. Before the introduction of technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations
11.
China Railways CRH3
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In November 2005 the Ministry of Railways ordered 60 Velaro trains for use on the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail line. On 27 July 2006, the joint project office was opened at Tangshan, the first three trains were built in Germany by Siemens, and these imported trains were labelled CRH3A. These trains are based on the German Deutsche Bahns ICE3 high-speed trains and were given designations of CRH3A. Of these German trains, the first one was shipped from Bremerhaven on 19 December 2007, on 30 November 2012, the CNR announced new design of CRH3A, with three styles that can operate at top speed of 160 km/h,200 km/h and 250 km/h. The first train was rolled out on June 3,2013, after December 2008, the three imported CRH3A were repainted and renamed to CRH3C. The rest of the trains are now being built by Tangshan Railway Vehicle with some components from Germany, the first Chinese-built CRH3 was unveiled on 11 April 2008. Each train sets consists of four cars and four trailer cars. The bogies are improved versions of the SF500 bogie, innovations include the body bolster, vibration damper, spring parameters, transmission ratio, widening the carbody and increasing the speed of the trainsets. The trains are designed for running at 350 km/h, on 24 June 2008, CRH3-001C reached a top speed of 394.3 km/h during a test on the Beijing to Tianjin high speed line. On 9 December 2009, a pair of CRH3 EMUs reached a top speed of 394.2 km/h during a test on the Zhengzhou to Xian high speed line, on 28 September 2009, an additional 20 CRH3C sets was ordered by the Chinese MOR. In March 2009, a new contract was signed with China Northern Railways to supply 100 16-car trainsets for 39. 2B RMB with delivery from October 2010 onwards. This order for a total of 1600 railway cars is greater than the production of all Velaro. It is planned that the trains will be produced by CNR subsidiaries, Tangshan Railway Vehicles and Changchun Railway Vehicles, in this contract, Siemens acts as a component supplier, with 85% of the content actually made by the company. An additional order for 40 16-car sets and 40 8-car sets was made on 28 September 2009 for 25. 32B RMB, top travel speed for this variant is 380 km/h, though it is capable of attaining even higher speeds. These trains have been designated as CRH380B and CRH380BL in September 2010, the first CRH380BL set with series number CRH380B-6401L rolled off the production line and was unveiled to the public in September 2010. It was manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle, on October 2010, the 16-car train was sent to Beijing loop line for test. On November 2010, the train was sent to Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway for trial run, the trainset reached the maximum speed of 457 km/h on 5 December 2010. More recently, during a subsequent test on 10 January 2011, since 13 January 2011, the CRH380BL enter regular service at the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway
12.
Ministry of Railways (China)
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The Ministry of Railways is a defunct ministry under the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. The last minister was Sheng Guangzu, the ministry was also in charge of the operations of China Railways which manages the railway bureaux and companies in mainland China. On 10 March 2013, it was announced that the Ministry would be dissolved and its duties taken up by the Ministry of Transport, State Railways Administration, the Ministry of Railways predecessor was the Qing and the Republican Ministry of Posts and Communications. MOR, which acts as a corporation in the debt market, for the year 2009, MOR plans to sell at least 100 billion yuan worth of construction bonds to finance a large expansion of the countrys rail network. There are 16 railway bureaux and 2 railway group companies under the Ministry of Railways, as of 2008, approximately 2 million people work in the Ministry of Railways
13.
Beijing Ancient Observatory
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The Beijing Ancient Observatory is a pretelescopic observatory located in Beijing, China. The observatory was built in 1442 during the Ming dynasty, and it received major reorganization and many new, more accurate instruments from Europeans in 1644. As one of the oldest observatories in the world, the Beijing Ancient Observatory grounds cover an area of 10,000 square meters. The observatory itself is located on a 40 by 40 wide meter on a 15 meter tall brick tower, several of the bronze astronomical instruments are on the platform, and other armillary spheres, sundials, and other instruments are located nearby at ground level. It is operated as a museum in affiliation with the Beijing Planetarium and it was said that in 1227, the Jin dynasty transferred the ancient astronomical instruments from Kaifeng to the first observatory in Beijing. In 1279, the succeeding Mongols under Kublai Khan built a new observatory just north of the current observatory. Kublai Khan made his chief adviser of hydraulics, mathematics and astronomy, Guo Shoujing, director of the observatory in 1283 after the death of Guos friend, after the Mongols, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding Ming Emperor, transferred the instruments from Beijing to Nanjing. When the Yongle Emperor came to power, he had craftsmen make copies of the instruments in Nanjing, the current observatory was completed in 1442. It assisted the Ming and Qing astronomers in their reports for the Emperor. As he was considered the Son of Heaven, the movements of the bodies were an important affair. Another function was to assist sea navigation, with Muslim scholars recruited for their expertise in the area, in the mid-17th century, after winning an astronomy contest, the Jesuit Ferdinand Verbiest was awarded complete charge of the astronomy observatory by the emperor. In 1673, he supervised the rebuilding of some of the instruments and he and other Jesuits helped to further develop the observations of the stars and the planets. During the later stages of the Qing dynasty, members of the Eight-Nation Alliance stole some of the instruments, however, as World War I drew to a close, the instruments were returned to China by the French and German governments. An early seismograph of Zhang Hengs design used to be housed at the observatory, some of the instruments from the Ming era are now at Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing. The Beijing Railway Station and the Ming City Wall Relics Park are a short walk to the south
14.
Beijing Liao and Jin City Wall Museum
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The Beijing Liao and Jin Dynasty City Wall Museum is a museum built over the ruins of Beijings Liao and Jin dynasty city wall. The museum is located in Yulin neighborhood, near Youanmenwai in Fengtai District of southwestern Beijing, during the 12th century, the city of Beijing was centered to the southwest of the present day metropolis in southern Xicheng District and Fengtai District. The city known as Zhongdu was the capital of the Jin Dynasty, in 1990, the remnants of a water gate in the city wall of Zhongdu was discovered at the site. The museum built over the gate opened in 1995. The museums display space of 2,500 square meter is primarily underground, the renmants of the water gate, a wood and stone structure, is 43.4 m in length with a tunnel that is 21 m long and 7.7 m wide. The museum also showcases Liao and Jin era artifacts unearthed in, admission to the museum is free. The nearest city bus stops are Youanmenwai,500 m to the east, history of Beijing Beijing city fortifications List of museums in China Ming City Wall Relics Park
15.
Beijing Museum of Natural History
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The Beijing Museum of Natural History is located at 126 Tian Qiao Nan Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing,100050, and is the most popular natural history museum in China. It was founded in 1951 as the National Central Museum of Natural History, the BMNH is the first large scale natural history museum created in China. The BMNH has total floor space of 24,000 square meters, of which 8,000 square meters are available for display, the major display area is the Tian Jiabing Building. The collections include paleontology, ornithology, mammals and invertebrates, and include a collection of dinosaur fossils. The BMNH also engages in significant scientific research in these areas, List of museums in China List of natural history museums Official website
16.
Beijing Planetarium
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The Beijing Planetarium is a national level natural science museum located in Beijing, China. The Planetarium comprises two buildings, Building A & B. Building A, which was built in 1957, contains the Celestial Theater, an Eastern Exhibition Hall and it was the first large-scale planetarium in China, and at one time the only planetarium in Asia. Building B contains a digital theater, 3D and 4D theaters, several exhibition halls
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Capital Museum
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The Capital Museum is an art museum in Beijing, China. The Beijing Capital Museum today contains over 200,000 cultural relics in its collection, only a small fraction of the collection is exhibited, and a significant percentage of the museums art collection comprises artifacts unearthed in Beijing. The Capital Museum was established in 1981 with a collection of some 83,000 objects, list of museums in China Capital Museum website Capital Museum Gets Modern Look in Beijing This Month
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China Science and Technology Museum
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The China Science and Technology Museum is a major science museum established in 1988 in Beijing, China. The museum contains two buildings, Hall I & II. The Hall I was completed in 1988, and the museum exhibits ancient Chinese technology such as devices, the compass, gunpowder, bronze smelting and casting. Hall II, completed in 2000, displays topics concerning astronautics, energy, communications, material science and mechanics, information technology, life science, the museum is accessible within walking distance to the southeast of South Gate of Forest Park Station of Beijing Subway. List of museums in China Official website
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Chinese Aviation Museum
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The Chinese Aviation Museum, sometimes referred to as the China Aviation Museum and the Datangshan Aviation Museum, is an aviation museum close to Beijing in China. The museum was first opened to the public on 11 November 1989, the museum is located 40 km north of Beijing city. Part of the museum is located inside a cave in the side of Datangshan Mountain, the cavern was originally part of the tunnels and underground bunker system of Shahezhen Airbase, and is 586 metres long by 11 metres high by 40 metres wide. The road leading to the museum is also used as a taxiway between the base and bunker system. The entrance fee is RMB ¥50 for the displays, and some smaller exhibits inside the museum, such as the Orbis flying hospital airplane or Maos airplane. However, the displays are free to enter. There are more than 200 aircraft on display, with an emphasis on the Korean War, the collection includes many unique machines, including a 1903 Wright Flyer replica
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Cultural Palace of Nationalities
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The Cultural Palace of Nationalities is located in Beijings Xicheng District, on West Changan Avenue. It was built in September 1959 and is one of the Ten Great Buildings and it was registered as the first of 55 museums in the city. It consists of a museum, gallery, library, art institute, theater, guesthouse, as a cultural institution, it is under the administration of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the Peoples Republic of China. The buildings architecture was praised when it was unveiled. The building has an area of 32,000 m², the main building for the tower has 13 floors. East and west sides are surrounded by wings, stretching north central exhibition hall, house body are white, with peacock blue glazed tile roof eaves decoration. Central Hall 2 entrance letter solidarity, progress, the mission of the Culture Palace is to serve and educate the various minority cultures of the country. The collection of National Culture Palace includes literature and science text books of more than 60 million copies, the basic display for the Chinese Traditional Culture Series exhibition, and theater performances will be from time to time various national art. In recent years, the community also to provide space to other types of exhibitions organized. National Palace Museum in 1979 has been changed to the National Palace Hall, the museums collection of cultural relics protection of ethnic minorities in China, of promoting minority cultures
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Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum
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The two tombs are over 2,000 years old and were discovered in 1974. Also discovered in the vicinity are remnants of a residence from the Jin dynasty, the museum opened in 1983 and has been closed since 2012 for renovation and expansion. Liu Jian was the Prince of Guangyang who ruled the Guangyang State and his father Liu Dan, also a prince, was stripped of his royal title for conspiring against the Han Emperor Zhao and the State of Guangyang was demoted to a prefecture. During the reign of Han Emperor Xuan, the royal status was restored. He ruled for about 29 years from 73 BC to 45 BC and his descendants continued to rule as princes of Guangyang until Wang Mang overthrew the Western Han dynasty. Liu Jian’s tomb was discovered in 1974 by workers of the East is Red Petrochemical Refinery who were digging inside two mounds of earth in Dabaotai village to bury storage tanks and they discovered charcoal, plaster and ancient coins. Chinese archaeologists called to inspect the site discovered Tomb No.1, the tomb had been looted and burned in antiquity. Charred bone remnants indicates that the entombed was a male of about 45–55 years old, archaeologists identified the tomb as belonging to Liu Jian using artifacts and historical records. Based on the scale of the tomb, they determined that the buried was a royal prince, inscription on a piece of lacquerware found inside the tomb indicates that the ware was made in the 24th year of the reign of the owner. According to historical records, only four princes in the Han dynasty ruled the Beijing region for as long as 24 years, based on coins found in the tomb that date to 118 BC, two of the princes who died prior to that date were eliminated. The tomb of a prince, Liu Dan who was Liu Jian’s father had already been found in Shijingshan District. 2, belonging to Liu Jian’s wife, was excavated, during the excavation, archaeologists also found Jin-era artifacts including a brick well between the two tombs and remnants of a residence. Jin dynasty records indicate that Dabaotai, located about 15 km south of the Jin capital Zhongdu, was a retreat for Consort Li of the Emperor Zhangzong. The name Dabaotai, which means Grand Terrace for Convalescence, is derived from Consort Lis visits, Jin-era coins found at the site dates to Zhangzongs reign. Based on these facts, archaeologists believe the Jin residence and well may have part of Consort Lis country retreat. The Jin-era artifacts were incorporated into the mausoleum, which opened on December 1,1983 and was designated a major historical landmark of Beijing in 1995. The museum covered an area of 18,000 m2, the museum closed in July 2012 due to flooding damage from torrential rains and briefly reopened in September before closing for extensive repairs. Due to drainage problems, the museum was flooded in the summer of 2013 and 2015, in October 2015, the Beijing Cultural Bureau announced extensive expansion for the museum
22.
Geological Museum of China
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The Geological Museum of China, built in 1916, is a geological museum, boasting 200 thousand specimens. This museum is located in the Xisi area of Beijing and opened on October 1,1959 and it is the earliest geological scientific museum of China. At present, the Geological Museum of China has more than 100,000 geological specimens, list of museums in China China Geological Survey Bureau China University of Geosciences Geological Museum of China information in English Geological Museum of China home page
23.
Guanfu Museum
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Guanfu Museum is an art museum in Beijing, China. It was founded by Ma Weidu in 18th 1997, and it was among the first private museums in the Peoples Republic of China, the Guanfu Museum is a non-profit organization and it has a qualification of Independent Legal Entity. The museum was moved to Nanxiaojie Street and again to Dashanzi in 2004. The Ceramics Hall exhibits are masterpieces of antique Chinese ceramics that span more than 1,000 years, within this exhibition, the categories include celadon, monochrome glaze and polychrome glaze, tri-colored pottery, under glaze cobalt-blue and under glaze copper red, famille-rose. China has a history of furniture-making. Furniture from the Ming and Qing periods in many ways represent the culmination of Chinese furniture-making skills, Ming furniture features simple, smooth, and flowing lines, and plain and elegant ornamentation, fully bringing out the special qualities of frame-structure furniture. Because of the level of development of Chinese furniture in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Furniture gallery in Guanfu Museum contains 6 smaller exhibiting halls, on the second floor there is an exhibition of finely carved doors and window frames. There is also new addition of a collection of oil paintings, a adult ticket to this museum costs 50 RMB. Half-price ticket,25 RMB per person includes seniors, students, teachers, soldiers, the disabled and the staff in museum and heritage institution. Free admission for children under 1. 2m in height, group tour and English tour are available everyday. Making reservation is recommended at least one day in advance, with prior appointment, the museum offers authentication with a price on objects such as ceramics and wood furniture. With extra fees, certificate can be provided on objects authenticated, the museum does not offer financial appraisal or evaluation. The Guanfu Museum now has branches in Shanghai, Hangzhou and Xiamen, with branches planned in Haerbin, List of museums in China List of museums in Beijing
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Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
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Military Museum of the Chinese Peoples Revolution or China Peoples Revolution Military Museum is located in Haidian District, Beijing, China. The museum displays restored military equipment from the history of the Peoples Liberation Army, up to and including modern-day machinery. One of the Ten Great Buildings erected in celebration of the anniversary of the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, construction of the museum began in October 1958. The museums four floors include ten halls, the largest of which is the Hall of Weapons, in addition, the Hall of Weapons displays equipment from Chinas space program, such as satellites and a two-seat orbital capsule. With two exceptions, the halls are largely historical exhibits, combining plaster sculptures, maps, paintings, artifacts, movies. The museum is accessible by Line 1 of the Beijing Subway at the Military Museum Station and city bus routes 1,4,21,65,68,205,308,320,337,617,728, and 802. List of museums in China http, //www. china. org. cn/english/kuaixun/73574. htm
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National Art Museum of China
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The National Art Museum of China is located at 1 Wusi Ave, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China. It is one of the largest art museums in China, and is funded by the Ministry of Culture, the construction of the museum started in 1958, and concluded in 1962. It has a land area of 30,000 square metres. The museum was renovated between May 2004 and January 2005, and has given an additional area of 5,375 square metres. Its permanent collection includes ancient and contemporary Chinese artworks as well as notable Western artworks. It has a building of four stories, the first three being display areas. There are 21 exhibition halls at the museum, the museum will be built in collaboration with the Beijing Institute of Architectural Design. List of museums in China Official website of NAMOC
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National Museum of China
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The National Museum of China flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The museums mission is to educate about the arts and history of China and it is directed by the Ministry of Culture of the Peoples Republic of China. It is one of the largest museums in the world, the building was completed in 1959 as one of the Ten Great Buildings celebrating the ten-year anniversary of the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. It complements the opposing Great Hall of the People that was built at the same time, the structure sits on 6.5 hectares and has a frontal length of 313 metres, a height of four stories totaling 40 metres, and a width of 149 metres. The front displays eleven square pillars at its center and it has a total floor space of nearly 200,000 m2 to display. The renovations were designed by the German firm Gerkan, Marg, the museum, covering Chinese history from the Yuanmou Man of 1. However Yves Carcelle, Chairman and Chief executive officer of Louis Vuitton Malletier defended the exhibition by stating, I think before money, theres history,157 years of creativity and craftsmanship
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Forbidden City
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The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912. It is located in the center of Beijing, China, and it served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings, the palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, part of the museums former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. With over 14.6 million annual visitors, the Palace Museum is the most visited art museum in the world, the common English name, the Forbidden City, is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng. The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576, another English name of similar origin is Forbidden Palace. The name Zijin Cheng is a name with significance on many levels, zi, or Purple, refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure, was the realm of the Celestial Emperor, the Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin, or Forbidden, referred to the fact no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperors permission. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng, the museum which is based in these buildings is known as the Palace Museum. When Hongwu Emperors son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood found in the jungles of south-western China, the floors of major halls were paved with golden bricks, specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty, in April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty. He soon fled before the armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, the Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise Harmony rather than Supremacy, made the name plates bilingual, and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City, in 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use, the Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925
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Paleozoological Museum of China
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The Paleozoological Museum of China is a museum in Beijing, China. The same building houses the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology. The museum containing exhibition halls with specimens aimed at the public, the main building consists of three floors, with the first floor devoted primarily to fishes and amphibians, with reptiles and birds represented on the second floor, and mammals on the third floor. Many of the specimens on display are of extinct animals examples of which have only been found within the boundaries of modern-day China. It also has examples of the evolutionary precursors to birds, including specimens of Confuciusornis and Microraptor. An adjoining gallery to the main floor looks at the origins of man, including information on Peking Man and it also contains a number of stone tools used by paleolithic peoples, and examples of other, later fossil skulls from early homonids who once inhabited the area. The collection is significant as it contains many holotypes that were used in scientific journals to describe a number of ancient extinct lines of creatures unique to China. List of museums in China The Paleozoological Museum of China The Paleozoological Museum of China Paleozoological Museum of China USA Today Forget Indiana Jones, Dinosaur hunter Xu digs it
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Prince Kung's Mansion
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The Prince Gong Mansion or Prince Kung Mansion is a museum and tourist attraction located in Xicheng District, Beijing, just north of the Shichahai Lake. It consists of large mansions and gardens. The Prince Gong Mansion was constructed in 1777 during the Qing dynasty for Heshen, in 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor, successor to the Qianlong Emperor, accused Heshen of corruption and had him executed and his property confiscated. The mansion was given to Prince Qing, the 17th and youngest son of the Qianlong Emperor, in 1851, the Xianfeng Emperor gave the mansion to his sixth brother, Prince Gong, whom the mansion is named after. In 1921, after the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Prince Gongs grandson, Puwei, the Benedictines invested significant resources into restoring the dilapidated mansion for use as a university. It was then known as Furen Catholic University until the priests were evicted from China in 1951, during the Cultural Revolution, the mansion was used by the Beijing Air Conditioning Factory until it experienced a revival in the 1980s. In 1982, it was declared a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level in Beijing, since November 1996, the buildings and the gardens have become a tourist attraction. Renovation works on the mansion were completed on 24 August 2008 during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Prince Gong Mansion is one of the most exquisite and best-preserved imperial mansions in Beijing and used to house several families, the mansion buildings are located in the south, the gardens are in the north. The buildings include several siheyuan courtyards, two buildings, and a grand Beijing opera house. Some of the courtyards house permanent exhibitions on the history of the mansion as well as art exhibitions. In addition to the mansion, there is a 28, 000-square-metre garden, with 20 scenic spots, pavilions, artificial hills including rock originating from the Lake Tai in Jiangsu, and ponds. There is a stele which bears the Chinese character 福 based on the calligraphy of the Kangxi Emperor. Since 2005, the mansion has undergone renovation worth 200 million yuan, in November 2006, restoration works started on the buildings. The mansion reopened as the Prince Gong Mansion on 24 August 2008 and it showcases the lives of Manchu nobles and aspects of the Qing dynasty. The Beijing opera house inside the mansion not only stages Beijing operas, in August 2008, the kunqu performance group from the Jiangsu Kunqu House performed at the Prince Gong Mansion for a week with their programme Floating Dreams. Prince Gong Mansion Official website Geographic data related to Prince Gong Mansion on OpenStreetMap
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Tuancheng Fortress
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The Tuancheng Fortress or Tuan Cheng Fortress is a historic 18th-century fortress located near the Fragrant Hills in the Haidian District of Beijing, China. Today, the fortress is a museum and is also known as the Tuancheng Exhibition Hall. The fortress was built in the 14th year of the Qianlong Emperors reign, Tuancheng was a castellated military training compound used by the Qing to train, inspect, and honor their troops. The site is well preserved. Today, the fortress frequently holds large-scale martial arts events and attracts fans from all around China, the Tuang Cheng Fortress at Beijing government website
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Western Zhou Yan State Capital Museum
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The Western Zhou Yan State Capital Museum is an archaeological museum in southwestern Beijing Municipality at the site of the capital of the ancient State of Yan during the Western Zhou Dynasty. The site is located in Dongjialin Village, just north of Liulihe Township, in Fangshan District,43 km south of Beijings city centre. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, over 3,000 years ago, the settlement at Liulihe, as the site is also known, served as the capital of the Yan. The discovery of the site in 1962 is considered to be one of the 100 major archaeological discoveries in China during the 20th century, artifacts from the site including engraved bronze ware and chariots provide the earliest archaeological evidence of urban settlement in Beijing Municipality. The museum at the site, operated by the municipal government, the ancient city at Liulihe measured 3.5 km from east to west and 1.5 km from north to south, covering an area of 5.25 km2. Some 829 m of the wall and 300 m of the west wall still remain and are visible in the farmland around the museum. A moat 2 m deep surrounded the city, a palace was located inside the city just north of city center with sacrificial sites and living quarters nearby. Cemeteries located outside the city to the southeast are divided by the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway into Sectors I, sector I, from the Shang Dynasty, is smaller in size and contains remnants of human and dog sacrifice. Sector II, possibly from the Zhou Dynasty, contains greater numbers of large- and medium-sized tombs of nobles with chariots, in all,200 tombs have been found, with the largest containing 42 sacrificed horses. Several thousand ceramic, ivory, jade, bone, lacquer and bronze artifacts including bronze ceremonial vessels, the most historically-significant discovery at Liulihe is M1193, the tomb of the Marquis of Yan, which yielded two inscribed bronzes. These two bronzes memorialize exchanges between Yan, the state, and the Kings of the Zhou Dynasty. The inscriptions on the bronzes describe investiture ceremony and the enfeoffment of the vassal State of Yan to the Duke of Shao, among those receiving titles were the rulers of the States of Ji and Yan, two states located in modern-day Beijing Municipality. The capital of Yan at Liulihe has been established with certainty through archaeological evidence at Liulihe. The capital of Ji, is believed to be located further north, the artifiacts unearthed Liulihe demonstrate the Yan capitals wealth and political importance during the Western Zhou Dynasty dating back to at least the 11th century B. C. During the subsequent Eastern around in the 7th century B. C, the ancient city at Liulihe was discovered in 1962. Four major archaeological excavation were undertaken from 1972 to the early 1990s, the site was named a National Level Cultural Heritage Protection Site in 1988 and planning for a museum began in 1990. The Western Zhou Dynasty Yan Capital Site Museum opened on August 21,1995, in 1996, a tortoise shell was discovered in H108 with the initials of King Cheng of Zhou, the second ruler of the Zhou Dynasty who ruled from 1042 to 1020 B. C. This artifact has been used in the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the museum complex occupies 18,000 m2 of land at the Liulihe Site
32.
Ten Great Buildings
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The Ten Great Buildings are ten public buildings that were built in Beijing in 1959, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. They were part of an architecture and urbanism initiative of the Great Leap Forward, most of the buildings were completed in a time span of ten months. Two subsequent art campaigns for these buildings were conducted in 1961, the buildings were designed by members of the Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, working with the Beijing Planning Bureau and the Ministry of Construction. The Ten Great Buildings transformed Beijing and these monumental new buildings, constructed on a grand scale and providing modern facilities and services, helped to establish and celebrate an image of Mao Zedongs New China. C. and Moscow. The National Museum of China – Originally known as the China Revolutionary History Museum, the Cultural Palace of Nationalities – Located on the north side of West Changan Avenue, the Nationalities Cultural Palace is a medium rise building incorporating traditional Chinese design elements. It has won a number of awards as an example of modern Chinese-style design, the Beijing Railway Station – Designed by architects Yang Tingbao and Chen Dengao, Beijing Railway Station was the largest modern passenger rail terminal in China at the time of construction. Since its construction, it has served as the terminal of a number of domestic and international services, including services to Moscow, Ulan Bator and it replaced the old Beijing Railway Station at Qianmen, near Tiananmen Square, which had been built in 1901. The Workers Stadium – The multi-purpose stadium was last renovated in 2004 and it hosted the first National Games of the Peoples Republic of China. The National Agriculture Exhibition Hall – Premier Zhou Enlai oversaw the planning of this building and it was first used in 1959 to house the Tenth Anniversary National Agricultural Achievements Exhibition. The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse – The hotel and guesthouse complex is built on the site of an 800-year-old garden dating back to the Jin Dynasty, the building incorporates design elements of traditional Chinese garden architecture. Formerly reserved for visiting dignitaries and Party officials, the guesthouse is now open to the public The Minzu Hotel – The Minzu Hotel is located on West Changan Avenue and it has hosted numerous foreign delegations, and is often used for press conferences. The Overseas Chinese Hotel – The original Overseas Chinese Hotel was demolished in the 1990s, a new building on the same site is now part of the Prime Hotel chain. The Chinese Peoples Revolutionary Military Museum – Located on Fuxing Road in Beijing, displays focus on wars of the twentieth century, especially the Chinese Civil War, but also cover other ancient and modern warfare and weapons. The main building is seven storeys high at the centre, and is topped by a central steeple, two four-storey side wings extend on either side. The art program to coincide with the construction of the Ten Great Buildings was vast in its scope—including some 345 paintings, murals, many were done in the modes of traditional Chinese painting, and others were in the socialist realist style. The Great Hall of the People received much of the commissions attention, one aspect of the decoration in the Great Hall was the correlation of rooms for representatives from each province with regional art by artists from these respective provinces. The artistic centerpiece of this building was a painting by Fu Baoshi. Entitled This Land So Rich in Beauty, it is one of the largest paintings on paper in China, the painting was based on the poem Ode to Snow by Mao Zedong, and includes a transcription of Maos calligraphy of the title
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Beijing railway station
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Beijing Railway Station, or simply Beijing Station, is a passenger railway station in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The Beijing Railway Station opened in 1959 and was the largest train station in China at the time, though superseded by the larger Beijing West and Beijing South Stations, this station remains the only one located inside the old walled city. Trains entering and leaving the station pass by the Dongbianmen corner tower, with gilded eaves and soaring clock towers, the architecture of the railway blends traditional Chinese and socialist realist influence. Some international lines, also depart from this station, the Beijing Subways first line used to terminate at Beijing Railway Station from 1969 to 1981. The subway station is now a stop on Line 2, more than 30 Beijing bus and Beijing trolleybus routes stop at or near the railway station. In late October 1958, according to the early 1950 Beijing municipal governments construction and planning records, the stations design progressed rapidly and by early December the same year, the whole design proposal was completed. On December 10, the proposal was approved by the Central Committee. In determining the design proposal, Zhou Enlai proposed that turrets be built on each of the two wings of the main building and this suggestion was adopted.82 million yuan. Soviet Union experts were hired to give technical guidance at the construction sites. In just over seven months, the project was completed on September 10,1959, chairman Mao Zedong wrote the calligraphic characters in the station sign. The Beijing Railway Station was one of the largest construction projects in mainland China during that time modern facilities. At the time of completion, the station has a twelve tracks, installed on the roof of the Station House were two marble clock faces and every morning from 7am to 9pm the bell sounded punctually and The East Is Red song is played out. The four sets of escalators were replaced during the 1980 and again during 1990, in 1988, the Shanghai Electric Clock Factory installed Chinas first large screen display system in the Beijing Railway Station Square. Since June 18,2003, the Beijing Railway Station began an expansion of two new sites, comprising an area of 20,513 square meters and includes a large parcel luggage line. Renovations included the removal of the canopy, alterations to the steel arch station pole. Beijing Subway, Line 2 stops at the Beijing Railway Station, bus route numbers in bold denotes bus terminus. South Korea, Seoul Station Japan, Tokyo Station Ueno Station Official site Beijing Train Schedule
34.
Diaoyutai State Guesthouse
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The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse is a historic hotel and guesthouse complex in Beijing, China. It includes a number of buildings, houses and gardens, the hotel complex is mentioned as one of the Ten Great Buildings, a list of landmarks constructed in 1959 for the 10th anniversary of the Peoples Republic of China. The guesthouse is located in Beijings Haidian District, to the west of Sanlihe Road, the guesthouse is used to house visiting foreign dignitaries and provincial government officials. During the Cultural Revolution, it was used as the office of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, since then, the guesthouse has also been open to paying customers. The name Diaoyutai means angling platform, and is so named because the site was a fishing spot of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin. It is not related to the Diaoyutai Islands, list of hotels in Beijing Beijing portal Grand Hotel The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse
35.
Great Hall of the People
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The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the Peoples Republic of China government and it is also the meeting place of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which, since 1982, has occurred once every five years. The Great Hall of the People is also an attraction in the city frequented by tourists visiting the capital. The Great Hall of the People was designed by Zhang Bo and it was opened in September 1959, and was one of the Ten Great Constructions completed for the 10th Anniversary of the PRC. The structure was built in 10 months by construction workers and volunteers, the building covers 171,801 square metres of floor space, it is 356 metres in length and 206.5 metres in width. The centre peaks at 46.5 metres, at the eaves of the main gate hangs the national emblem of the PRC. The Great Hall of the People consists of three sections, the central section principally includes the Great Auditorium, the Main Auditorium, the Congress Hall, the Central Hall, the Golden Hall and other main halls. The northern section consists of the State Banquet Hall, the Salute State Guest Hall, the North Hall, the East Hall, the southern part is the office building of the Standing Committee of the Peoples Congress of China. Each province, special administrative region, autonomous region of China has its own hall in the Great Hall, such as Beijing Hall, Hong Kong Hall, each hall has the unique characteristics of the province and is furnished according to the local style. The Great Auditorium, with volume of 90,000 cubic metres, government leaders make their speeches, and the representatives do much of their business. It can simultaneously seat 10,000 representatives, the ceiling is decorated with a galaxy of lights, with a large red star is at the centre of the ceiling, and a pattern of a water waves nearby represents the people. Its facilities equipped with audio-visual and other systems adaptable to a variety of meeting types and sizes, a simultaneous interpretation system is also provided with a language booth. The State Banquet Hall with an area of 7,000 square meters can entertain 7,000 guests, the Great Hall of the People is the political hub of Beijing and home of the National Peoples Congress. The Communist Party of China also holds its National Congress every five years in the Great Hall of the People, the Great Hall has been used for meetings with foreign dignitaries on state or working visits, as well as large anniversary celebrations attended by top leaders. The Great Hall has been used for the funerals and memorial services for several top leaders. Former President Liu Shaoqi was purged during the Cultural Revolution and died in the ensuing struggles and he was posthumously rehabilitated after 1978. In 1982 Liu was granted a funeral held at the Great Hall. The Great Hall also held the funerals of General Secretary Hu Yaobang in 1989 during the Tiananmen Square protests, mao Zedongs funeral ceremony was not held at the Great Hall, it was held at Tiananmen Square
36.
Minzu Hotel
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The Minzu Hotel, located in Xicheng District, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China, is one of the Ten Great Buildings of Beijing. The Minzu Hotel is located on West Changan Avenue, having opening in 1959, it has hosted numerous foreign delegations, and is often used for press conferences. The 10-storey hotel has 507 rooms, list of hotels in Beijing Beijing portal Minzu Hotel
37.
Workers' Stadium
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The Workers Stadium, often called Gongti or Gong Ti, is a multi-purpose stadium in the Chaoyang District of north-eastern Beijing, China. It is mostly used for football matches, the stadium was built in 1959 and was last renovated in 2004. It has a capacity of 66,161 and covers a area of 350,000 square meters. It is one of the Ten Great Buildings constructed in 1959 for the 10th anniversary of the Peoples Republic of China, the stadium was the main venue for the 1990 Asian Games, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held. Some high attendance matches of the Beijing Guoan football club are held at the stadium. The stadium holds claim to the fastest womens 1500 m time ever recorded of 3,50.46, the fastest womens 3000 m of 8,06.11 and these world records still stand today and are arguably the stadiums biggest claim to fame. The next year, the stadium was demolished and renovated as part of Chinas bid for the 2000 Olympic Games - a bid which ultimately failed. The stadium continued to be a mainstay of Beijing sport into the 21st century, for the 2008 Summer Olympics it hosted the football quarter-finals and semi-finals, and the womens gold medal final. The stadium was scheduled to host the first ever NFL game played in China, however, the China Bowl was canceled in April 2007. The stadium was the host for the 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy on 29 July and 31 July 2009, featuring Beijing Guoan, the areas north, east and west of the stadium are popular nightlife destinations. The xi men offers a strip of nightclubs, the Workers Indoor Arena is located to the west of the stadium. Contrary to the usual sports occasions at the stadium, global superstar Mariah Carey began her sold-out five-show tour at the Workers Stadium, the stadium hosted FC Bayern Munichs pre-season China Tour of 2012, during which the Bundesliga club had a friendly match with Beijing Guoan. Linkin Park played The Hunting Party Tour at July 26,2015 in front of 60，000 audience. August 61999, A-mei - Mei Li 99 October 132002, Glay - Glay One Love In Beijing, audience,35,000 August 282004, Faye Wong - No Faye
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Olympic Green
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The Olympic Green is an Olympic Park in Chaoyang District, Beijing, China constructed for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Since then, the streets around the park have been used for a street race of the FIA GT1 World Championship in 2011. It will again serve as an Olympic Park when Beijing hosts the 2022 Winter Olympics, the Beijing National Stadium or Birds Nest is the centerpiece of this project. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, and football finals of the Games, the stadium has room for 91,000 spectators, but the capacity was reduced to 80,000 after the Olympics. It will be the site of the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympics, the Beijing National Aquatics Center or Water Cube hosted the swimming, diving and synchronized swimming events. It has a capacity of 6,000 and is located next to the National Stadium and it will be the site of the curling competitions during the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Beijing National Indoor Stadium or the Fan held the handball, artistic gymnastics, with a capacity of 19,000, it was the main indoor arena used during the Games. The National Speed Skating Oval is an arena that will be built for the 2022 Winter Olympics, the Olympic Green Convention Center, also called the National Convention Center, held fencing and, the shooting and fencing disciplines of the modern pentathlon. It is also used as the International Broadcast Center and the Main Press Center, the center covers an area of 270,000 square meters. The Olympic Green Hockey Field hosted the hockey events. It covered an area of 11.87 hectares with 2 courts and it was deconstructed after the Games. The Olympic Green Archery Field hosted the archery events, the field occupied 9.22 hectares and had a capacity of 5,000. It was dismantled after the Games, the Olympic Green Tennis Center hosted the tennis and wheelchair tennis events. It has 16 courts and a capacity of 17,400 and it opened on October 1,2007. The park itself, outside of the venues constructed on the Olympic Green and these included the racewalk events, where the loops occurred on the Olympic Green, and the portion of the marathons just outside the National Stadium. The Beijing Olympic Village housed all the participating athletes, the village is made up of 22 6-story buildings and 20 9-story buildings. The Digital Beijing Building served during the Games as the data center and it was the only building on the Green at the time of the Olympics that was not an event venue. Since then it has converted into a museum of the Digital Olympics
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Beijing National Stadium
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Beijing National Stadium, officially the National Stadium, also known as the Birds Nest, is a stadium in Beijing. The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the stadium is currently mostly unused, after having been unsuccessfully suggested as the permanent headquarters of the Beijing football team. The Birds Nest sometimes has some extra temporary large screens installed at the stands of the stadium, located at the Olympic Green, the stadium cost US$428 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof, leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project. The retractable roof was removed from the design after inspiring the stadiums most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to use of the stadium. In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the games, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design, multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and low maintenance costs, were required of each design. The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs, the model was approved as the top design by a professional panel and later exhibited to the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design, the nest scheme design became official in April 2003. During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the decided to do something unlike Herzog. China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium, in an effort to design a stadium that was porous while also being a collective building, a public vessel, the team studied Chinese ceramics. This line of thought brought the team to the nest scheme, the stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart, a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it. Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl, each one weighing 1,000 tons, despite the random appearance of the Stadium, each half is nearly symmetrical. After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle Airport and it was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the nest design, as well as 9,000 seats from the design. The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the construction budget of $290 million. With the removal of the roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity, however
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Beijing National Aquatics Center
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Despite its nickname, the building is not an actual cube, but a cuboid. Ground was broken on December 24,2003, and the Center was completed and handed over for use on January 28,2008, swimmers at the Water Cube broke 25 world records during the 2008 Olympics. After the 2008 Olympics, the building underwent a 200 million Yuan revamp to turn half of its interior into a water park, the building officially reopened on August 8,2010. It will host the curling at the 2022 Winter Olympics, in July 2003, the Water Cube design was chosen from 10 proposals in an international architectural competition for the aquatic center project. The Water Cube was specially designed and built by a made up of PTW Architects, Arup international engineering group, CSCEC. Contextually the cube symbolises earth whilst the circle represents heaven, hence symbolically the water cube references Chinese symbolic architecture. Comprising a steel frame, it is the largest ETFE clad structure in the world with over 100,000 m² of ETFE pillows that are only 0.2 mm in total thickness. The ETFE cladding, supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, allows more light and heat penetration than traditional glass, the outer wall is based on the Weaire–Phelan structure, a structure devised from the natural pattern of bubbles in soap lather. Using the Weaire–Phelan geometry, the Water Cubes exterior cladding is made of 4,000 ETFE bubbles, some as large as 9.14 metres across, the structure had a capacity of 17,000 during the games that is being reduced to 7,000. It also has a land surface of 65,000 square meters. Although called the Water Cube, the center is really a rectangular box 178 metres square and 31 metres high. The buildings popularity has spawned many copycat structures throughout China, for example, there is one-to-one copy of the facade near the ferry terminal in Macau – the Casino Oceanus by Paul Steelman. The Aquatics Center hosted the swimming, diving and synchronized swimming events during the Olympics, Water polo was originally planned to be hosted in the venue but was moved to the Ying Tung Natatorium. Many people believed the Water Cube to be the fastest Olympic pool in the world and it is 1.314 meters deeper than most Olympic pools. The London 2012 Aquatics Centre is the depth, which leads many to believe the London pool is as fast as, if not faster than. Up to a limit, beyond which swimmers will lose their sense of vision, deeper pools allow the waves to dissipate to the bottom. The pool also has perforated gutters on both sides to absorb the waves. After the Olympics, the Water Cube was opened to the public on days of the week beginning in June 2009
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Beijing National Indoor Stadium
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The National Indoor Stadium, is an indoor arena that is located in the Olympic Green in Beijing, China. The stadium was constructed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and it is nicknamed the Fan due to its design resembling a traditional Chinese folding fan. It is also used for basketball, the stadium opened its doors on November 26,2007 for the artistic Gymnastics test event. At the 2008 Olympics, it hosted the Artistic Gymnastics, Trampolining, after the Olympics, the stadium is used for sports competition, cultural and entertaining purposes, and serves as a multi-functional exercise center for local residents. The stadium has a capacity of 18,000 people, media related to Beijing National Indoor Stadium at Wikimedia Commons Beijing National Indoor Stadium Official Website
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China National Convention Center
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The China National Convention Center, previously known as the Olympic Green Convention Center is a convention center located in the Olympic Green in Beijing. It was designed by RMJM and was used for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. It covers an area of 270,000 square metres and it was one of the four principal buildings of the Olympic Green. The International Broadcast Centre was located in this venue, the nearest subway station is Olympic Green on line 8 Official website
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Digital Beijing Building
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The Digital Beijing Building is located northwest of the intersection of Beichen West and Anxiang North roads, on Olympic Green, in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. It is a 57-metre-tall block-shaped building erected to serve as a data center during the 2008 Summer Olympics, since then it has served as both a museum devoted to the use of computing in the Olympics, and exhibition space for digital technology companies. It was the major facility on Olympic Green not to be an event venue for the games. That architect, Pei Zhu, was interested in the connections between traditional Chinese design and digital technology and it has been both praised for its avoidance of kitsch and criticized as resembling Orwells Ministry of Truth. At the 2008 World Architecture Festival it was shortlisted in its category, guihua Third Street is to the north, and Tianchen West Road is to the west. East of the building is the Beijing National Indoor Stadium, where gymnastics, another important Olympic venue, the China National Convention Center, takes up several blocks to the northeast. Directly to the south are several blocks of lightly planted open space buffering the Aquatics Center from Beichen West, on the north a parking lot separates Digital Beijing from National Stadium Road and the InterContinental Beichen Beijing Hotel high-rise on the other side. Water surrounds the buildings 16,000 square metres on all sides, all are connected by pedestrian bridges at various heights, those nearer each other have larger bridges, with the two on the west having a two-story glass hyphen. They are faced in a stone quarried in northern China. At night a series of green LEDs blink in a descending fashion down the 1, the flat roof has a rainwater collection system. Inside the rooms and hallways are floored in a translucent fiber-reinforced plastic, images can be, and are, projected on the undersides of interior pedestrian bridges. There is 98,000 m2 of space, including two underground levels, lighting is provided by an LED system that uses 60% less energy than other forms. One theme of the Olympics was to be the Digital Olympics, early in 2002, the citys Municipal Informatization Office called for a landmark building to use as the main data center during the Games and for other, related purposes afterwards. A contest was held, and the design by Pei Zhu, then with the Chinese firm Urbanus and it was the only major facility among the 31 new buildings to have been designed by a Chinese architect. It was also the only Olympic Green building that was not an Olympic event venue, if the industrial revolution resulted in modernism, contemporary architecture needs to explore what will form out of the current revolution of information, Zhu wrote later. Conceptually, Digital Beijing was developed through reconsideration and reflection on the role of Chinese architecture in the information era. Helps to develop a new aesthetic, a language that is thoroughly contemporary. To that end, the building he designed echoes the tools it was designed to house, from the ends it resembles a bar code, rising from the water
