1.
Platform shoe
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Platform boots are boots with thick wedge soles or a combination of thick soles and high heels that are similar in some respects to the platform shoe. They were seen as the edge of fashion in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. They were worn by men and women. Since the 1970s ended, the platform boot declined in popularity, however, some music artists have worn them in music videos and on stage, such as Lenny Kravitz, Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, James Brown, and Stevie Nicks from the rock band Fleetwood Mac. The rock band Kiss is known for their outrageous platform boots as well, marilyn Manson wore platform boots on the Mechanical Animals promo and Rock Is Dead tours. His main outfit was a black jumpsuit with feathers on the ends of the sleeves and collar. For his Grotesk Burlesk tour and associated promotion, Manson, as well as most of the band members, wore platforms——most notably in the shots taken by Perou. For live performances, the prominent wearers were Manson, Skold, John 5, ginger wore them too, but most of the time they were hidden behind his drumset. They were only viewed when he stood up on the drums, trashed the set, then jumped off and these styles of boots are also popular in the goth fashion. Richard, the lead guitarist, has worn stylized platforms for the sehnsucht tour, dani Filth, as well as other members of the band, notably Paul Allender, can be seen in platform boots with large sheet metal razorblades screwed into the front on stage
2.
Patten (shoe)
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Pattens are protective overshoes that were worn in Europe from the Middle Ages until the early 20th century. Pattens were worn outdoors over a shoe, had a wooden or later wood and metal sole. Pattens functioned to elevate the foot above the mud and dirt of the street, in a period when road, the word patten probably derives from the Old French pate meaning hoof or paw. Women continued to wear pattens in muddy conditions until the nineteenth or even early 20th century, Pattens were worn during the Middle Ages outdoors and in public places over the thin soled shoes of that era. Medieval pattens were known in English by the terms, patyns, clogges, and galoches, medieval and Early Modern overshoes are now all usually referred to as pattens for convenience. There were three types of pattens, one with a wooden platform sole raised from the ground by either with wooden wedges or iron stands. The second variant had a wooden sole often hinged. The third type had a sole made from stacked layers of leather. Some later European varieties of these pattens had a sole, light wooden inner sections with leather above. In earlier varieties of pattens, dating from the 12th century on, from the late 14th century, the flat variety became increasingly common. Most London patten soles were constructed of alder, willow or poplar woods, in 1390, the Diocese of York forbade clergy from wearing pattens and clogs in both church and in processions, considering them to be indecorous, contra honestatem ecclesiae. Since shoes of the period had thin soles, pattens were commonly used mainly because of unpaved roads, furthermore, refuse in cities – animal especially horse dung and human effluent – was usually thrown directly into the street. Making full foot contact with such an unpleasant surface was, understandably, highly undesirable, by this time mens shoes had thicker soles and the wealthier males commonly wore high riding boots, thus pattens seem only to have been worn by women and working-class men in outdoor occupations. Since dress hems extended down to the feet for most of period, it was necessary to raise the hem above the ground to keep the dress clean even in well-swept. To talk excessively and too loudly was coined to be as if one, had your tongue run on pattens, used by Shakespeare and others. In houses, pattens were taken off with hats and overcoats upon entering, not doing so being considered rude, the word was also used for the traditional wooden outdoor shoes of Japan and other Asian countries. What are in effect snowshoes for mud, as used by wildfowlers, boatmen and these are shaped boards attached to the sole of a shoe, which extend sideways well beyond the shape of the foot, and therefore are a different sort of footwear from the patten discussed here. Horse-pattens were used on horses, especially for ploughing muddy fields, the word was also used for ice-skates, as it is in French
3.
Clog
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Clogs are a type of footwear made in part or completely from wood. Clogs are used worldwide and although the form may vary by culture, traditional clogs remain in use as protective footwear in agriculture and in some factories and mines. Clogs are also used in different styles of dance. When worn for dancing an important feature is the sound of the clog against the floor and this is one of the fundamental roots of tap, but with the tap shoes the taps are free to click against each other and produce a different sound from clogs. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a clog as a piece of wood, and later as a wooden soled overshoe. Welsh traditional clog maker Trefor Owen identified three main varieties of clogs, wooden upper, wooden soled and overshoes, Wooden upper clogs, are made by hollowing out a lump of solid wood to make a combined upper and lower. Two main variants can be seen, whole foot clogs, where the upper covers the whole of the foot to near the ankle. They are also known as wooden shoes, whole foot clogs can give sufficient protection to be used as safety footwear without additional reinforcements. Half open clogs, where the wooden upper extends over the toes or slightly further, the upper is similar in outline to a court shoe. Half open clogs may have additional covering or securing straps in some sort of fabric or leather, Wooden soled clogs, use wood for the sole only. Wooden soled clogs come with a variety of uppers, complete uppers made from leather or similar material, for more protection, they may have steel toecaps and/or steel reinforcing inserts in the undersides of the soles open sandal type fitting. For example, Japanese geta toe peg styles, for example, Indian paduka Overshoes, are wooden soles with straps designed to be worn over other footwear for protection, commonly known as pattens. Patten style clogs are not used anymore, however the derivative galoshes are common world-wide. The type of upper determines how the clogs are worn, whole foot clogs need to be close fitting and can be secured by curling the toes. In contrast wooden soled clogs are fastened by laces or buckles on the welt, half open clogs may either be secured like whole foot clogs, or have an additional strap over the top of the foot. Some sandal types, and in particular toe peg styles, are more like flip-flops. Being wood, clogs cannot flex under the ball of the foot as softer shoes do, to allow the foot to roll forward most clogs have the bottom of the toe curved up, known as the cast. Some styles of clogs have feet, such as Spanish albarca, the clog rotates around the front edge of the front feet
4.
Galoshes
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Galoshes, also known as dickersons or overshoes, are a type of rubber boot that is slipped over shoes to keep them from getting muddy or wet. In the United States, the word galoshes may be used interchangeably with boot, in the United Kingdom, however, a galosh is an overshoe made of a weatherproof material to protect a more vulnerable shoe underneath and keep the foot warm and dry. The word comes through French and Latin from Greek and originally meant a shoemakers last, by the 14 C it had been transferred to English style clogs, that is those with a wooden sole and fabric upper. By 1572 the term applied to a Gallage or Patten, that is. In Turkey, the word refers to a polythene overshoe that is worn temporarily when visiting homes or offices, Goloshes appears to be the older spelling of galoshes used previously in Great Britain. The spelling perhaps changed around 1920 to the present-day spelling, the transition from a traditional wooden sole to one of vulcanized rubber may be attributed to Charles Goodyear and Leverett Candee. The qualities of rubber, though fascinating to Goodyear, were dependent on temperature, it was tacky when hot. Vulcanization of rubber tempered its properties so that it was molded, durable. A rubberized elastic webbing made Goodyears galoshes easy to pull on, Galoshes are now almost universally made of rubber. In the bootmakers trade, a galosh is the piece of leather, of a stronger than, or different from, that of the uppers. A more modern term for galoshes could be rubber boots or bad weather shoes, overshoes have evolved in the past decades and now are being made with more advanced features, such as high traction outsoles. An unconfirmed legend states that an Englishman named Radley invented galoshes and he suffered from rheumatism and wanted to keep his feet dry. While reading De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar he noticed a description of protective cloth overshoes gallicae and he patented cloth overshoes reinforced with rubber to keep the feet dry. There are also records of an inventor by the name of Alvin Longo Rickman, one is like an oversize shoe or low boot made of thick rubber with a heavy sole and instep, designed for heavy-duty use. The other one is of thinner, more flexible material, more like a rubber slipper. Russian FM radio station Silver Rain Radio has presented a Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in business every year since 1996. This references the Russian idiom to sit into a galosh, which means to embarrass oneself or to screw up. Hans Christian Andersen wrote a fairy tale The Goloshes of Fortune about magic galoshes which made every wish of their bearers true, There are childrens movies based on this tale, The Magic Galoshes and Russian Galoshi schastya
5.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
6.
Courtesan
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A courtesan was originally a courtier, which means a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person. In feudal society, the court was the centre of government as well as the residence of the monarch, prior to the Renaissance, courtesans served to convey information to visiting dignitaries, when servants could not be trusted. In Renaissance Europe, courtiers played an important role in upper-class society. In fact, the verb to court originally meant to be or reside at court, the most intimate companion of a ruler was called the favourite. The word was borrowed by English from Italian through the French form courtisane during the 16th century, a male figure comparable to the courtesan was the Italian cicisbeo, the French chevalier servant, the Spanish cortejo or estrecho. It actually seems that the figure of the servant of a married lady was quite common in Europe up to the 18th century. The courtesans of East Asia, particularly those of the Japanese empire, examples of Japanese courtesans included the Oiran class, who were more focused on the aspect of entertainment in comparison with European courtesans. There were two types of courtesan, in one category was a type of courtesan known as the cortigiana onesta, or the honest courtesan, who was cast as an intellectual. In the other was the cortigiana di lume, a class of courtesan. Although the latter was considered better than an average courtesan. It is with type of courtesan that the art of courtisanerie is best associated. The cortigiane oneste were usually well-educated and worldly, and often held simultaneous careers as performers or artists and they were typically chosen on the basis of their breeding—social and conversational skills, intelligence, common-sense, and companionship—as well as their physical attributes. It was usually their wit and personality that set apart from regular women. Sex constituted only a facet of the array of services. For example, they were well-dressed and ready to engage and participate in a variety of topics ranging from art to music to politics, in some cases, courtesans were from well-to-do backgrounds, and were even married—but to husbands lower on the social ladder than their clients. In cases like this, a courtesan was solely dependent on her benefactor or benefactors financially, making her vulnerable, Cora Pearl is a good example. In the event that the courtesan had angered or dissatisfied a benefactor, they would find themselves cast out of wealthy circles. In instances like this, it was often viewed simply as an agreement by both parties involved
7.
Renaissance
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The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science, Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, the word Renaissance, literally meaning Rebirth in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelets 1855 work, Histoire de France, the word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Renaissance was a movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism, however, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were back from Byzantium to Western Europe. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe life as it really was. Others see more competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand, Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia, silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa, unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity, Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily and this work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history
8.
Fashion
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Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
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