1.
Platform shoe
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Platform boots are boots with thick wedge soles or a combination of thick soles and high heels that are similar in some respects to the platform shoe. They were seen as the edge of fashion in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. They were worn by men and women. Since the 1970s ended, the platform boot declined in popularity, however, some music artists have worn them in music videos and on stage, such as Lenny Kravitz, Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, James Brown, and Stevie Nicks from the rock band Fleetwood Mac. The rock band Kiss is known for their outrageous platform boots as well, marilyn Manson wore platform boots on the Mechanical Animals promo and Rock Is Dead tours. His main outfit was a black jumpsuit with feathers on the ends of the sleeves and collar. For his Grotesk Burlesk tour and associated promotion, Manson, as well as most of the band members, wore platforms——most notably in the shots taken by Perou. For live performances, the prominent wearers were Manson, Skold, John 5, ginger wore them too, but most of the time they were hidden behind his drumset. They were only viewed when he stood up on the drums, trashed the set, then jumped off and these styles of boots are also popular in the goth fashion. Richard, the lead guitarist, has worn stylized platforms for the sehnsucht tour, dani Filth, as well as other members of the band, notably Paul Allender, can be seen in platform boots with large sheet metal razorblades screwed into the front on stage
2.
Patten (shoe)
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Pattens are protective overshoes that were worn in Europe from the Middle Ages until the early 20th century. Pattens were worn outdoors over a shoe, had a wooden or later wood and metal sole. Pattens functioned to elevate the foot above the mud and dirt of the street, in a period when road, the word patten probably derives from the Old French pate meaning hoof or paw. Women continued to wear pattens in muddy conditions until the nineteenth or even early 20th century, Pattens were worn during the Middle Ages outdoors and in public places over the thin soled shoes of that era. Medieval pattens were known in English by the terms, patyns, clogges, and galoches, medieval and Early Modern overshoes are now all usually referred to as pattens for convenience. There were three types of pattens, one with a wooden platform sole raised from the ground by either with wooden wedges or iron stands. The second variant had a wooden sole often hinged. The third type had a sole made from stacked layers of leather. Some later European varieties of these pattens had a sole, light wooden inner sections with leather above. In earlier varieties of pattens, dating from the 12th century on, from the late 14th century, the flat variety became increasingly common. Most London patten soles were constructed of alder, willow or poplar woods, in 1390, the Diocese of York forbade clergy from wearing pattens and clogs in both church and in processions, considering them to be indecorous, contra honestatem ecclesiae. Since shoes of the period had thin soles, pattens were commonly used mainly because of unpaved roads, furthermore, refuse in cities – animal especially horse dung and human effluent – was usually thrown directly into the street. Making full foot contact with such an unpleasant surface was, understandably, highly undesirable, by this time mens shoes had thicker soles and the wealthier males commonly wore high riding boots, thus pattens seem only to have been worn by women and working-class men in outdoor occupations. Since dress hems extended down to the feet for most of period, it was necessary to raise the hem above the ground to keep the dress clean even in well-swept. To talk excessively and too loudly was coined to be as if one, had your tongue run on pattens, used by Shakespeare and others. In houses, pattens were taken off with hats and overcoats upon entering, not doing so being considered rude, the word was also used for the traditional wooden outdoor shoes of Japan and other Asian countries. What are in effect snowshoes for mud, as used by wildfowlers, boatmen and these are shaped boards attached to the sole of a shoe, which extend sideways well beyond the shape of the foot, and therefore are a different sort of footwear from the patten discussed here. Horse-pattens were used on horses, especially for ploughing muddy fields, the word was also used for ice-skates, as it is in French
3.
Clog
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Clogs are a type of footwear made in part or completely from wood. Clogs are used worldwide and although the form may vary by culture, traditional clogs remain in use as protective footwear in agriculture and in some factories and mines. Clogs are also used in different styles of dance. When worn for dancing an important feature is the sound of the clog against the floor and this is one of the fundamental roots of tap, but with the tap shoes the taps are free to click against each other and produce a different sound from clogs. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a clog as a piece of wood, and later as a wooden soled overshoe. Welsh traditional clog maker Trefor Owen identified three main varieties of clogs, wooden upper, wooden soled and overshoes, Wooden upper clogs, are made by hollowing out a lump of solid wood to make a combined upper and lower. Two main variants can be seen, whole foot clogs, where the upper covers the whole of the foot to near the ankle. They are also known as wooden shoes, whole foot clogs can give sufficient protection to be used as safety footwear without additional reinforcements. Half open clogs, where the wooden upper extends over the toes or slightly further, the upper is similar in outline to a court shoe. Half open clogs may have additional covering or securing straps in some sort of fabric or leather, Wooden soled clogs, use wood for the sole only. Wooden soled clogs come with a variety of uppers, complete uppers made from leather or similar material, for more protection, they may have steel toecaps and/or steel reinforcing inserts in the undersides of the soles open sandal type fitting. For example, Japanese geta toe peg styles, for example, Indian paduka Overshoes, are wooden soles with straps designed to be worn over other footwear for protection, commonly known as pattens. Patten style clogs are not used anymore, however the derivative galoshes are common world-wide. The type of upper determines how the clogs are worn, whole foot clogs need to be close fitting and can be secured by curling the toes. In contrast wooden soled clogs are fastened by laces or buckles on the welt, half open clogs may either be secured like whole foot clogs, or have an additional strap over the top of the foot. Some sandal types, and in particular toe peg styles, are more like flip-flops. Being wood, clogs cannot flex under the ball of the foot as softer shoes do, to allow the foot to roll forward most clogs have the bottom of the toe curved up, known as the cast. Some styles of clogs have feet, such as Spanish albarca, the clog rotates around the front edge of the front feet
4.
Galoshes
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Galoshes, also known as dickersons or overshoes, are a type of rubber boot that is slipped over shoes to keep them from getting muddy or wet. In the United States, the word galoshes may be used interchangeably with boot, in the United Kingdom, however, a galosh is an overshoe made of a weatherproof material to protect a more vulnerable shoe underneath and keep the foot warm and dry. The word comes through French and Latin from Greek and originally meant a shoemakers last, by the 14 C it had been transferred to English style clogs, that is those with a wooden sole and fabric upper. By 1572 the term applied to a Gallage or Patten, that is. In Turkey, the word refers to a polythene overshoe that is worn temporarily when visiting homes or offices, Goloshes appears to be the older spelling of galoshes used previously in Great Britain. The spelling perhaps changed around 1920 to the present-day spelling, the transition from a traditional wooden sole to one of vulcanized rubber may be attributed to Charles Goodyear and Leverett Candee. The qualities of rubber, though fascinating to Goodyear, were dependent on temperature, it was tacky when hot. Vulcanization of rubber tempered its properties so that it was molded, durable. A rubberized elastic webbing made Goodyears galoshes easy to pull on, Galoshes are now almost universally made of rubber. In the bootmakers trade, a galosh is the piece of leather, of a stronger than, or different from, that of the uppers. A more modern term for galoshes could be rubber boots or bad weather shoes, overshoes have evolved in the past decades and now are being made with more advanced features, such as high traction outsoles. An unconfirmed legend states that an Englishman named Radley invented galoshes and he suffered from rheumatism and wanted to keep his feet dry. While reading De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar he noticed a description of protective cloth overshoes gallicae and he patented cloth overshoes reinforced with rubber to keep the feet dry. There are also records of an inventor by the name of Alvin Longo Rickman, one is like an oversize shoe or low boot made of thick rubber with a heavy sole and instep, designed for heavy-duty use. The other one is of thinner, more flexible material, more like a rubber slipper. Russian FM radio station Silver Rain Radio has presented a Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in business every year since 1996. This references the Russian idiom to sit into a galosh, which means to embarrass oneself or to screw up. Hans Christian Andersen wrote a fairy tale The Goloshes of Fortune about magic galoshes which made every wish of their bearers true, There are childrens movies based on this tale, The Magic Galoshes and Russian Galoshi schastya
5.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
6.
Courtesan
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A courtesan was originally a courtier, which means a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person. In feudal society, the court was the centre of government as well as the residence of the monarch, prior to the Renaissance, courtesans served to convey information to visiting dignitaries, when servants could not be trusted. In Renaissance Europe, courtiers played an important role in upper-class society. In fact, the verb to court originally meant to be or reside at court, the most intimate companion of a ruler was called the favourite. The word was borrowed by English from Italian through the French form courtisane during the 16th century, a male figure comparable to the courtesan was the Italian cicisbeo, the French chevalier servant, the Spanish cortejo or estrecho. It actually seems that the figure of the servant of a married lady was quite common in Europe up to the 18th century. The courtesans of East Asia, particularly those of the Japanese empire, examples of Japanese courtesans included the Oiran class, who were more focused on the aspect of entertainment in comparison with European courtesans. There were two types of courtesan, in one category was a type of courtesan known as the cortigiana onesta, or the honest courtesan, who was cast as an intellectual. In the other was the cortigiana di lume, a class of courtesan. Although the latter was considered better than an average courtesan. It is with type of courtesan that the art of courtisanerie is best associated. The cortigiane oneste were usually well-educated and worldly, and often held simultaneous careers as performers or artists and they were typically chosen on the basis of their breeding—social and conversational skills, intelligence, common-sense, and companionship—as well as their physical attributes. It was usually their wit and personality that set apart from regular women. Sex constituted only a facet of the array of services. For example, they were well-dressed and ready to engage and participate in a variety of topics ranging from art to music to politics, in some cases, courtesans were from well-to-do backgrounds, and were even married—but to husbands lower on the social ladder than their clients. In cases like this, a courtesan was solely dependent on her benefactor or benefactors financially, making her vulnerable, Cora Pearl is a good example. In the event that the courtesan had angered or dissatisfied a benefactor, they would find themselves cast out of wealthy circles. In instances like this, it was often viewed simply as an agreement by both parties involved
7.
Renaissance
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The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science, Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, the word Renaissance, literally meaning Rebirth in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelets 1855 work, Histoire de France, the word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Renaissance was a movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism, however, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were back from Byzantium to Western Europe. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe life as it really was. Others see more competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand, Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia, silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa, unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity, Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily and this work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history
8.
Fashion
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Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
9.
Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
10.
Hamlet
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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies
11.
Wood
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Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and other woody plants. It is a material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, in a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots, Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. In 2005, the stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy, in 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction, a 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick discovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks. Constructions using wood date back ten thousand years, buildings like the European Neolithic long house were made primarily of wood. Recent use of wood has changed by the addition of steel. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the climate at that time. This process is known as growth, it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem. These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, if the distinctiveness between seasons is annual, these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent, if the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will likely be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. It is usually lighter in color than that near the portion of the ring. The outer portion formed later in the season is known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are differences, depending on the kind of wood
12.
Cork (material)
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Cork is an impermeable buoyant material, the phellem layer of bark tissue that is harvested for commercial use primarily from Quercus suber, which is endemic to southwest Europe and northwest Africa. The montado landscape of Portugal produces approximately half of cork harvested annually worldwide, Cork was examined microscopically by Robert Hooke, which led to his discovery and naming of the cell. There are about 2,200,000 hectares of cork forest worldwide, 34% in Portugal and 27% in Spain. Annual production is about 200,000 tons,49. 6% from Portugal,30. 5% from Spain,5. 8% from Morocco,4. 9% from Algeria,3. 5% from Tunisia,3. 1% Italy, and 2. 6% from France. Once the trees are about 25 years old the cork is traditionally stripped from the trunks every nine years, the trees live for about 300 years. The cork industry is regarded as environmentally friendly. Cork production is considered sustainable because the cork tree is not cut down to obtain cork. The tree continues to live and grow, the sustainability of production and the easy recycling of cork products and by-products are two of its most distinctive aspects. Cork Oak forests also prevent desertification and are a habitat in the Iberian Peninsula. The Corticeira Amorim’s study, in particular, was developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers, results concluded that, concerning the emission of greenhouse gases, each plastic stopper released 10 times more CO2, whilst an aluminium stopper releases 26 times more CO2 than does a cork stopper. The Cork Oak is unrelated to the trees, which have corky bark but are not used for cork production. Cork is extracted only from early May to late August, when the cork can be separated from the tree without causing permanent damage, when the tree reaches 25–30 years of age and about 24 in in circumference, the cork can be removed for the first time. However, this first harvest almost always produces poor quality or male cork, bark from initial harvests can be used to make flooring, shoes, insulation and other industrial products. Subsequent extractions usually occur at intervals of 9 years, though it can take up to 13 for the cork to reach an acceptable size. If the product is of quality it is known as gentle cork. The workers who specialize in removing the cork are known as extractors and this is the most delicate phase of the work because, even though cutting the cork requires quite a bit of strength, the extractor must not damage the underlying phellogen or the tree will be harmed. To free the cork from the tree, the extractor pushes the handle of the axe into the rulers, a good extractor needs to use a firm but precise touch in order to free a large amount of cork without damaging the product or tree. These freed portions of the cork are called planks, the planks are usually carried off by hand since cork forests are rarely accessible to vehicles
13.
Metal
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A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible and ductile, about 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms, astrophysicists use the term metal to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all chemical elements. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures, the atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others, in fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature, atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat, while this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond, Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales. Examples,4 Na + O2 →2 Na2O2 Ca + O2 →2 CaO4 Al +3 O2 →2 Al2O3, the transition metals are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all, some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades. The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO3, Mn2O7, and OsO4, which have strictly acidic reactions. Painting, anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion, however, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee. Metals in general have high conductivity, high thermal conductivity. Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving, in terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque, although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest
14.
Leather
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Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry, people use leather to make various goods—including clothing, bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is produced in a variety of types and styles. Several tanning processes transform hides and skins into leather, Chrome-tanned leather, invented in 1858, is tanned using chromium sulfate and it is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. It is also known as wet-blue for its color derived from the chromium, more exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and it is reported that chrome-tanned leather adds up to 80% of the global leather supply. Vegetable-tanned leather is tanned using tannins and other found in different vegetable matter, such as tree bark prepared in bark mills, wood, leaves, fruits. It is supple and brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of chemicals and it is the only form of leather suitable for use in leather carving or stamping. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water, it tends to discolor, so if left to soak and then dried it shrinks, in hot water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals—becoming rigid, and eventually brittle. Boiled leather is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in hot water, historically, it was occasionally used as armour after hardening, and it has also been used for book binding. Aldehyde-tanned leather is tanned using glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine compounds and this is the leather that most tanners refer to as wet-white leather due to its pale cream or white color. It is the type of chrome-free leather, often seen in shoes for infants. Formaldehyde tanning is another aldehyde tanning method, brain-tanned leathers fall into this category, and are exceptionally water absorbent. Brain tanned leathers are made by a process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle. They are known for their softness and washability. Chamois leather also falls into the category of aldehyde tanning, and like brain tanning, produces a porous, chamois leather is made using marine oils that oxidize easily to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather to color it. Rose-tanned leather is a variation of oil tanning and brain tanning. Rose-tanned leather tanned leaves a powerful rose fragrance even years from when it is manufactured and it has been called the most valuable leather on earth, but this is mostly due to the high cost of rose otto and its labor-intensive tanning process
15.
Velvet
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Velvet is a type of woven tufted fabric in which the cut threads are evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it a distinctive feel. By extension, the word velvety means smooth like velvet, Velvet can be made from either synthetic or natural fibers. Velvet is woven on a loom that weaves two thicknesses of the material at the same time. The two pieces are cut apart to create the pile effect, and the two lengths of fabric are wound on separate take-up rolls. This complicated process meant that velvet was expensive to make before industrial power looms became available, Velvet is difficult to clean because of its pile, but modern dry cleaning methods make cleaning more feasible. Velvet pile is created by warp or vertical yarns and velveteen pile is created by weft or fill yarns, Velvet can be made from several different kinds of fibers, traditionally, the most expensive of which is silk. Much of the velvet sold today as silk velvet is actually a mix of rayon, Velvet made entirely from silk is rare and usually has market prices of several hundred US dollars per yard. Cotton is also used to make velvet, though this results in a less luxurious fabric. Velvet can also be made from such as linen, mohair. A cloth made by the Kuba people of the Democratic Republic of Congo from raffia is often referred to as Kuba velvet. More recently, synthetic velvets have been developed, mostly from polyester, nylon, viscose, acetate, a small percentage of spandex is sometimes added to give the final material a certain amount of stretch. Because of its softness and appearance as well as its high cost of production. Velvet was introduced to Baghdad during the rule of Harun al-Rashid by Kashmiri merchants, in the Mamluk era, Cairo was the worlds largest producer of velvet. Much of it was exported to Venice, Al-Andalus and the Mali Empire, musa I of Mali, the ruler of the Mali Empire, visited Cairo on his pilgrimage to Mecca. Many Arab velvet makers accompanied him back to Timbuktu, later Ibn Battuta mentions how Suleyman, the ruler of Mali, wore a locally produced complete crimson velvet caftan on Eid. During the reign of Mehmed II, assistant cooks wore blue-coloured dresses, conical hats, king Richard II of England directed in his will that his body should be clothed in velveto in 1399. Chiffon velvet, Very lightweight velvet on a silk or rayon chiffon base. Ciselé, Velvet where the pile uses cut and uncut loops to create a pattern, crushed, This type of velvet can be produced by pressing the fabric down in different directions
16.
Galliard
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The galliard was a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in the 16th century. It is mentioned in dance manuals from England, France, Spain, Germany, as a dance, the galliard was definitely not one to be improvised. It had dancers combining patterns of steps which occupy one or more measures of music, in one measure, a galliard typically has five steps, in French such a basic step is called a cinq pas and in Italy, cinque passi. This is sometimes written in English sources as sinkapace and these steps are, right, left, right, left, cadence. The galliard is a dance, characterised by leaps, jumps, hops. The main feature that defines a galliard step is the last two beats consist of a jump, landing with one leg ahead of the other. This jump is called a cadence, and the landing is called the posture. The sources generally describe movement patterns starting on the left foot, a galliard pattern may also last twice as long, or more, which would involve 11 steps, or 17 steps. While most commonly being a dance, the galliards steps are used within many other forms of dance. For example, 16th-century Italian dances in Fabritio Carosos and Cesare Negris dance manuals often have a galliard section, lavolta was considered by some dancing masters as an inappropriate dance. Another special step used during a galliard is the tassel kick and these steps are found in Negris manual and involve a galliard step usually ending with a spin. The easier steps involve single spins of 180 or 360 degrees, later, during the spin, the dancer kicks out to touch a tassel suspended between knee and waist height. Musical compositions in the form appear to have been written. In musical compositions, the galliard often filled the role of an after dance written in 6, the distinctive 6 beats to the phrase can still be heard today in songs such as God Save the Queen. Facsimile reprint in one volume, Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile, second series, Music Literature,46, New York, Broude Brothers,1967. Facsimile reprints, Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, Sez,104, Bologna, Forni Editore,1969, Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile. 141, New York, Broude Bros.1969, Renaissance Dance article and video clips Reconstruction of Tassel Kicks
17.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
18.
Pint
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The pint /ˈpaɪnt/ is a unit of volume or capacity in both the imperial and United States customary measurement systems. In both of those systems it is traditionally one-eighth of a gallon, Imperial or U. S. although measuring a different amount of liquid, the British pint is thus about 20% larger than the American pint. Almost all other countries have standardized on the metric system, the size of what may be called a pint varies depending on local custom. The imperial pint is used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, in the United States, two pints are used, a liquid pint and a less-common dry pint. Each of these pints is one-eighth of its respective gallon, but the gallons differ, the imperial pint consists of 20 imperial fluid ounces and the US liquid pint is 16 US fluid ounces, making the imperial fluid ounce about 4% smaller than the US fluid ounce. In the United Kingdom, the pint is still the primary unit for draught beer and cider. Historically, units called a pint were used much of Europe. Within continental Europe, the pint was replaced with the system during the 19th century. The imperial pint is equal to one-eighth of an imperial gallon, the United States liquid pint is equal to one-eighth of a United States liquid gallon. It is used commonly in the United States, the United States dry pint is equal to one-eighth of a United States dry gallon. It is used in the United States, but is not as common as the liquid pint, a now-obsolete unit of measurement in Scotland known as the Scottish pint or joug equals three imperial pints. It remained in use until the 19th century, surviving significantly longer than most of the old Scottish measurements, the French word pinte is etymologically related, but historically described a larger unit. The Royal pint was 48 French cubic inches and this is one of numerous false friends which exist between English and French. They are not the same although they have the same linguistic origin - the French Canadian pinte is actually equivalent to the English quart. If you want to order an English pint of beer in Canadian French, the Imperial system of measurement is no longer taught in Canadian schools, so servers may be unclear on how big a pint or pinte is regardless of language. In Flanders, the word pintje, meaning little pint, refers only to a 250 mL glass of lager, some West- and East-Flemish dialects use it as a word for beaker. The equivalent word in German, Pintchen, refers to a glass of a third of a litre in Cologne, one US fluid pint of water weighs about a pound, resulting in the popular saying, The pints a pound, the world around. A different saying for the pint is a pint of pure water weighs a pound
19.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
20.
Footwear
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Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet, which originally serves to purpose of protection against adversities of the environment, usually regarding ground textures and temperature. Footwear in the manner of shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose to ease the locomotion, secondly footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure. Socks and other hosiery are typically worn additionally between the feet and other footwear for further comfort and relief, cultures have different customs regarding footwear. These include not using any in some situations, usually bearing a symbolic meaning and this usually takes place in situations of captivity, such as imprisonment or slavery, where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or whether not footwear is being worn. In these cases the use of footwear categorically indicates the exercise of power as against being devoid of footwear, Footwear is in use since earliest human history, archeological finds of complete shoes date back to the copper age. Some ancient civilizations, such as Egypt however saw no practical need for footwear due to convenient climatic and landscape situations and used primarily as ornaments. The Romans saw clothing and footwear as unmistakable signs of power and status in society, and most Romans wore footwear, while slaves and peasants remained barefoot. The Middle Ages saw the rise of high-heeled shoes, also associated with power, and the desire to look larger than life, officials like prosecutors, judges but also slave owners or passive bystanders were usually portrayed wearing shoes. In some cultures, people remove their shoes before entering a home, bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect, and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot. Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings, in several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing. In a similar context deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase, practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers, cobblers, or cordwainers. In the 15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually 7-8 inches high and these shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing. During the 16th century, royalty such as Catherine de Medici, by 1580, men also wore them, and a person with authority or wealth might be described as, well-heeled. In modern society, high-heeled shoes are a part of fashion and are widespread in certain countries around the world. Modern footwear is made up of leather or plastic. In fact, leather was one of the materials used for the first versions of a shoe. The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes having a sheet of metal inside, roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that it would not bend out of shape. More recently, footwear providers like Nike, have begun to source environmentally friendly materials, whereas in 2005, there were about 27,000 firms, in 2008 there were only 24,000
21.
Blucher shoe
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A blucher is a style of shoe similar to a derby. Its vamp is made of a piece of leather. It is named after the 18th century Prussian field marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, general von Blücher commissioned a boot with side pieces lapped over the front in an effort to provide his troops with improved footwear. This design was adopted by armies across Europe
22.
Brogue shoe
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The Brogue is a style of low-heeled shoe or boot traditionally characterised by multiple-piece, sturdy leather uppers with decorative perforations and serration along the pieces visible edges. Modern brogues trace their roots to a rudimentary shoe originating in Ireland that was constructed using untanned hide, Brogues were traditionally considered to be outdoor or country footwear not otherwise appropriate for casual or business occasions, but brogues are now considered appropriate in most contexts. Brogues are most commonly found in one of four toe cap styles, modern brogues trace their roots to a rudimentary shoe originating in Scotland and Ireland that was constructed using untanned hide. These are often said to stem from the original Irish brogues as well, however, contemporary descriptions of the original brogues do not mention such holes. The word brogue came into English in the sixteenth century. It comes from the Gaelic bróg, bròg shoe, from the Old Norse brók meaning leg covering, the Scots word brogue is also used to denote a bradawl or boring tool as well as the action of piercing with such a tool. The word brogue was first used to describe a form of outdoor, at that time the brogue was not considered to be appropriate for other occasions, social or business. Over time perceptions have changed and brogues are now considered appropriate in most contexts, Brogues continue to be most common as leather dress and casual shoes and boots, but can also be found in many other forms including canvas and leather sneakers and high-heeled womens shoes. Brogues are most commonly found in one of four toe-cap styles, full brogues are characterised by a pointed toe cap with extensions that run along both sides of the toe, terminating near the ball of the foot. Viewed from the top, this toe cap style is W shaped and looks similar to a bird with extended wings, the toe cap of a full brogue is both perforated and serrated along its edges and includes additional decorative perforations in the center of the toe cap. A shoe with a wingtip-style toecap but no perforations is known as an austerity brogue, spectator shoes are full brogue Oxfords constructed from two contrasting colours, typically having the toe and heel cap and sometimes the lace panels in a darker color than the main body of the shoe. Common color combinations include a white body with either black or tan caps. The ghillie style of full brogue has no tongue, to facilitate drying, despite the functional aspects of their design, ghillies brogues are most commonly seen as a component of traditional, formal Scottish dress and are worn primarily for social occasions. Semi-brogues are characterised by a toe cap with decorative perforations and serration along the caps edge and includes additional decorative perforations in the center of the toe cap. The half brogue was first designed and produced by John Lobb Ltd. as an Oxford in 1937 in an effort to offer his customers a shoe more stylish than a plain oxford, yet not as bold as a full brogue. Quarter brogues are more formal than semi brogues and full brogues, longwing brogues are Derby style shoes characterised by a pointed toe cap with wings that extend the full length of the shoe, meeting at a center seam at the heel. Longwing Derby brogues were most popular in the US during the 1970s, closure style is not a defining characteristic of the brogue and therefore brogues can be found in a variety of closure styles. Brogues are commonly available in laced Oxford, Derby or ghillie styles, lace-ups with brogue detailing are considered to be less smart than plain-toed lace-up mens styles
23.
Brothel creeper
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Brothel creepers are a style of shoe which has thick crepe soles, often in combination with suede uppers. This style of footwear became fashionable in the years following World War II, a version of this style of shoe is said to have become popular with World War II soldiers in North Africa, who adopted suede boots with hard-wearing crepe rubber. Writing in The Observer in 1991, John Ayto put the origin of the name brothel creeper to the wartime years – although he does not say whether or not similar designs existed before World War II. The Smithsonian suggests the crepe in the sole may have given the shoes the title creeper. It may also be associated with a Ken Mackintosh dance tune popular in 1953, initially they came in shades of blue, ranging from pastel shades to electric blue, and were made of suede or polished leather. Later, more extravagant patterned versions were created, the shoes were taken up by the Teddy Boys – along with drainpipe trousers worn with exposed socks and drape jackets. The shoes were also worn by the Ton-Up boys of the 1950s and later on the rockers of the 60s. The stilyagi youth subculture in the Soviet Union of the mid 1950s adopted home-made brothel creepers as footwear, the brothel creeper regained popularity in the early 1970s when Malcolm McLaren sold them from his Let it Rock shop in Londons Kings Road. The shoe has since adopted by subcultures such as indie, ska, punk, new wavers, psychobilly, greasers and goth, Japanese Visual Kei. A resurgence in popularity of grunge culture in 2011 saw popular artists such as Rita Ora, Rihanna, Carly Rae Jepsen and Miley Cyrus wearing them
24.
Court shoe
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A court shoe, or pump, is a shoe with a low-cut front, the vamp, and without a fastening. They are usually worn by women, but are still traditional menswear in some formal situations, Pumps with a strap across the instep are called Mary Janes. Pumps may have an ankle strap, Pumps for women are usually heeled. The shape has varied through time, in the UK, in 2007, a closed toe and wide heel were worn by the very fashion-conscious, but most still wore stilettos of mainly kitten height to medium height. In the UK, outside the trade, the term pumps would normally imply flat or low-heel dancing or ballerina pumps. In the U. S. pumps exclusively refers to womens shoes with a kitten or higher heel, Pumps can be made from any material, but traditional patent leather is popular. Pumps are mostly worn with a suit or a uniform, but are worn with formal and informal dresses, skirts, trousers. White, stiletto-heeled pumps are the standard attire with swimsuits in beauty pageants, Pumps are also part of the costume of a ballroom dancer. They are made of satin, usually tan, though other colors are made as well, in the Regency period, during the day upper-class gentlemen in western Europe wore dress boots, and boots or pumps by night, which accompanied silk knee-high stockings and breeches. The shoes originally had silver cut-steel buckles, but these were removed by the influence of Brummell, by Victorian times, evening footwear was pumps when there would be dancing or music, and patent leather dress boots otherwise. Pumps remained as standard with evening full dress until the 1930s, at that time, the dress boot was also going out of fashion, as laced shoes began to be worn at all times. It remains acceptable with black tie, and, since formal boots are now hardly ever worn, pumps are standard with white tie and they are still preferred with formalwear by many leaders of style. The original versions worn with steel cut buckles are still worn as part of British court uniform, the construction of pumps is simple, using a whole-cut leather top with a low vamp, lined with either quilted silk or plain leather, trimmed with braid at the opening. The sole is, as on ordinary shoes, several layers of leather put together, the bow is made of grosgrain silk or rayon, in a pinched or flat form. The Suit, A Machiavellian Approach to Mens Style, clothes and the Man, The Principles of Fine Mens Dress. Dressing the Man, Mastering the Art of Permanent Fashion, media related to Pumps at Wikimedia Commons
25.
Derby shoe
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A derby is a style of boot or shoe characterized by quarters with shoelace eyelets that are sewn on top of the vamp. This construction method, also known as open lacing, contrasts with that of the oxfords. In American English the derby shoe may be referred to as a blucher, in modern colloquial English, the derby shoe may be referred to as bucks, when the upper is made of buckskin. The derby became a sporting and hunting boot in the 1850s. By the turn of the 20th century, the derby had become appropriate for wear in town
26.
Monk shoe
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A monk shoe is a style of shoe with no lacing, closed by a buckle and strap. It is also known as a strap, and has been described as the most advanced dress shoe. It is a moderately formal shoe, less formal than a full Oxford, in between these, it is one of the main categories of mens shoes. It often has a cap toe, is occasionally brogued, and is popular in suede
27.
Oxford shoe
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An Oxford shoe is characterized by shoelace eyelets tabs that are attached under the vamp, a feature termed closed lacing. This contrasts with Derbys, or Blüchers, which have shoelace eyelets attached to the top of the vamp, originally, Oxfords were plain, formal shoes, made of leather but they evolved into a range of styles suitable for both formal, uniform, and casual wear. Based on function and the dictates of fashion, Oxfords are now made from a variety of materials, including leather, faux and genuine patent leather, suede. They are normally black or brown, and may be plain or patterned, Oxfords first appeared in Scotland and Ireland, where they are occasionally called Balmorals after Balmoral Castle. However, the shoes were later named Oxfords after Oxford University and this shoe style did not appear in North America until the 1800s. Oxfords are called Bal-type as opposed to Blucher-type, in France, Oxfords are known as Richelieu. Oxfords were derived from the Oxonian, a half-boot with side slits that gained popularity at Oxford University in 1800, unlike early shoes, Oxfords were cut smaller than the foot. The side slit evolved into a side lace that eventually moved to the instep, the meaning of Oxford and Balmoral may vary geographically. In the United States, Balmoral is often synonymous with Oxford, in the United Kingdom, Oxford often means any more formal lace-up shoe, including the Blucher and Derby. In Britain and other countries, the Balmoral is an Oxford with no seams, apart from the toe cap seam, descending to the welt, shoes with closed lacing are considered more formal than those with open lacing. Women’s Oxford shoes are fashionable in the 2010s, however, this dates back to the 19th century. Borrowed from men’s footwear style, women’s Oxfords have received immense popularity since the 1920s including much attention in the 1940s–1950, the body of the Oxford shoe is created to appear as a flawless portion of leather, with a second leather piece forming the toe-cap. The differences in styles are due to the ornamentation, taller heels. This implies that Oxford shoes can fit almost every woman’s preferred style
28.
Slip-on shoe
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Slip-ons are typically low, lace-less shoes. The style most commonly seen, known as a loafer or slippers in American culture, has a moccasin construction, one of the first designs was introduced in London by Wildsmith Shoes, called the Wildsmith Loafer. They began as casual shoes, but have increased in popularity to the point of being worn in America with city lounge suits, another design was introduced as Aurlandskoen in Norway. They are worn in situations in a variety of colours and designs, often featuring tassels on the front. A less casual, earlier type of slip-on is made with side gussets, made in the same shape as lace-up Oxfords, but lacking the laces, these shoes have elasticated inserts on the side which allow the shoe to be easily removed but remain snug when worn. This cut has its greatest popularity in Britain, a bespoke shoe company based in London that was established in 1847 developed the first loafer as a country house shoe for the landed gentry and the royal family. The Wildsmith Loafer made by Raymond Lewis Wildsmith of Wildsmith Shoes, was designed for King George VI as a casual house shoe, the shoe has subsequently been marketed and sold by other London shoe firms and dubbed the Harrow. Shoemaker Nils Gregoriusson Tveranger in Aurland, Norway, introduced his first design around 1908, at age 13 Tveranger went to North America where he learned the craft of shoemaking and returned to Norway age 20. Around 1930, Tveranger introduced a new design called the Aurland moccasin and this design resembles the moccasins used by the Iroquois as well as the design of moccasin-like shoes traditionally worn by locals in Aurland. The Norwegians began exporting them to the rest of Europe, where they were taken up by visiting Americans, some photographs included with the Esquire feature were of Norwegian farmers in a cattle loafing area. The Spaulding family in New Hampshire started making shoes based on design in the early 1930s, naming them loafers. Bass started making loafers under the name Weejuns, the distinctive addition was a strip of leather across the saddle with a diamond cut-out. The term penny loafer has uncertain beginnings, one explanation is when American prep school students in the 1950s, wishing to make a fashion statement, took to inserting a penny into the diamond-shaped slit on their Weejuns. Another theory is that two pennies could be slipped into the slit, enough money to make a phone call in the 1930s. Either way, the name penny loafer came to be applied to style of slip-on and has since stuck. The practice continues, especially among those who committed to a classic and refined but still scholarly appearance. In the mid-1950s, further continental influences brought a more elegant image to light, lower-cut slip-ons, in 1966, Italian designer Gucci made the further step of adding a metal strap across the front in the shape of a horses snaffle bit. These Gucci loafers also spread over the Atlantic and were worn by 1970s businessmen, becoming almost a Wall Street uniform, another variation on the basic style is the tassel loafer, which emerged in the 1950s
29.
Spectator shoe
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This style of shoe dates from the nineteenth century but reached the height of popularity during the 1920s and 1930s. Common color combinations include a white body with black, brown or tan toe and heel caps. The spectator is typically an all leather shoe, but can be constructed using a canvas, the spectator was originally constructed of willow calf leather and white buck or reverse calf suede. The white portion was made from a mesh material, for better ventilation in hot weather. John Lobb, the famous English footwear maker, claimed to have designed the first spectator shoe as a shoe in 1868. In the 1920s and 1930s in England, this style was considered too flamboyant for a gentleman, wallis Simpson was famed for wearing this style, although it was said that she was an adulteress and that it was Edward VIII who acted the part of co-respondent. Oxford shoe Brogue shoe Saddle shoe
30.
Venetian-style shoe
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Venetian-style shoes are mid-heel slippers with an upper or top part that is slightly open to the kick of the foot and the ankle bone. The venetian-style shoe and its lack of ornamentation contrasts with the loafer which may have slotted straps, vamps, the term came from Great Britain. Loafers are slip-on shoes with a moccasin toe construction and slotted straps stitched across vamps, a loafer may even be decorated with metal chains or tassels. A penny-loafer has a tongue and strap, by the 20th century, the slip-on loafers were common male footwear. During this period other popular shoes included low, laced oxfords in various leathers, ankle boots, during the 1950s, the loafer became fashionable. Crackowes or Poulaine Shoe Slipper Chopine Loafers List of shoe styles OQLF, le Grand dictionnaire terminologique, Office de la langue française,1989. Le Grand dictionnaire terminologique, Office de la langue française,1989
31.
Winklepicker
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Winklepickers, or winkle pickers, are a style of shoe or boot worn from the 1950s onward by male and female British rock and roll fans. Other countries had other names, e. g. in Norway and Sweden they were called myggjagere/myggjagare. They are still popular in the raggare and rockabilly subcultures, in some parts of the U. S. they are called roach stompers. Winklepicker shoes, inspired by the Poulaines worn by the medieval French nobility, were a conspicuous contrast to the brothel creepers worn by Teddy Boys, the male shoes were lace-up Oxford style with a low heel and an exaggerated pointed toe. A Chelsea Boot style was worn by the Beatles but although it had a pointed toe, was not considered to be a winklepicker. Winklepicker shoes from Stans of Battersea were also worn by the Teddy Girls as well as being a fashion for young women generally. In the early 1960s, the toe was popular with modernists. In the early 1960s, the point was effectively chopped off, winklepickers with stiletto heels for women swept the UK in the late fifties, and at one stage, the High Street versions were commonly worn by a large part of the adult female populace of the UK. The original 1960s winklepicker stilettos were similar to the long, pointed toe that has been fashionable on womens shoes and boots in Europe of late. The long, sharp toe was always teamed with a stiletto heel, in most cases, too, the modern shoe toes lack the length of the true 1960s winklepicker and bear more resemblance to the less pointed mass-produced versions of the era. They attained some notoriety, when they first appeared, as a result of being worn in gang fights, although there is some question as to the accuracy of contemporary newspaper accounts. In fact, although the winklepicker looks lethal, it would be far more likely for damage to be caused to the delicately pointed shoe than to the opponent in any serious kicking incident, faris Badwan has personally endorsed Paolo Vandini Veers. They are also worn by English comedians Russell Brand and Noel Fielding and English DJ, currently, winklepicker boots are very popular in Germany among the modern Vogue Goth and Punk subcultures, who refer to the boots as pikes. Although slightly pointed toes are often a feature of womens fashion shoes, pointed shoe Pigache Crakow Chelsea boot Beatle boot Mexican pointy boots Western wear Leningrad Cowboys 1945–1960 in fashion Video, Behind The Seams – Mexican Pointy Boots, VBS. tv,1 April 2011
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Ballet flat
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Ballet flats or Dolly shoes are derived from a womans soft ballet shoe, with a very thin heel or the appearance of no heel at all. The style sometimes features a ribbon-like binding around the low tops of the slipper and may have a gathering at the top-front of the vamp. Ballet slippers can be adjusted and tightened to the foot by means of this string tie. The essence of the flat has existed since at least the 16th century. In medieval times ballet flats were popular with men and women. They only went out of fashion in the 17th and 18th centuries when the shoe came into fashion after Catherine de Medici requested that her cobbler add 5 cm to her wedding shoes. Heels went out of fashion quickly after Marie Antoinette walked to the guillotine in a pair of heels, functional shoes – sandals, boots, and flat shoes – prevailed in the 19th century. Ballet flats took off again when Audrey Hepburn wore them with cigarette pants in Funny Face in 1957, in 1947, Rose Repetto hand stitched her first ballet flat for her son, famous dancer and choreographer, Roland Petit. Once actress Brigette Bardot donned a pair of Repettos flats, variations of ballet flats became wildly popular and they are also often referred to as ballet pumps or ballet sneakers and designed for outdoor wear, using a variety of fabrics and usually with a rubber sole. Kent, OH, Kent State University,2000, pp.65 W. Rossi Why Shoes Make Normal Gait Impossible Podiatry Magagement, March 1999, pp 50–61. Biomechanics of Sports and Exercise, 2nd ed. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics,2005
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High-heeled footwear
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High-heeled footwear is footwear that raises the heel of the wearers foot significantly higher than the toes. When both the heel and the toes are raised equal amounts, as in a shoe, it is technically not considered to be a high heel, however. High heels tend to give the illusion of longer, more slender legs. High heels come in a variety of styles, and the heels are found in many different shapes, including stiletto, pump, block, tapered, blade. The apparel industry would appear to take a view, the term high heels covers heels ranging from 2 to 5 inches or more. Extremely high-heeled shoes, such as those exceeding 6 inches, strictly speaking, are no longer considered apparel and they are worn for display or the enjoyment of the wearer. High heels are not a modern invention but there is confusion regarding when it was developed, research shows that high heels can be traced back to ancient Egypt. In the middle of the second millennium BC, Egyptians began to frequently uses sandals, retention was obtained generally by the Egyptians by a T or V thong passing through the sole. Egyptian butchers also wore heeled shoes for practical purposes, that is, things started to change when during the European renaissance, the high heel became a status symbol worn by both male and females from the higher social statuses. Catherine de Medici a Franco/Italian noblewomen pioneered the use of heels as a fashion statement, Catherine de Medici is believed to have worn them to impress the French court when she wed the Duke of Orleans, the future king. Two hundred years later King Louis XIV of France decreed that only nobility could wear heels, seventeenth-century portraits of King Louis XIV depict the various intricate heels worn by the king and they were often decorated with miniature battle scenes. During the 16th century, European royalty, such as Catherine de Medici and Mary I of England, by 1580, men wore them, and a person with authority or wealth was often referred to as well-heeled. Since the French Revolution the trend wearing high heels was ended to avoid any associating with the old aristocracy, since people wished to avoid the appearance of wealth, heels were largely eliminated from the common market for both men and women and replace by casual fashion and shoe wear. From the beginning of the Baroque the heel came back to shoes and it is sometimes suggested that raised heels were a response to the problem of the riders foot slipping forward in stirrups while riding. The riders heel, approximately 1 1⁄2 inches high, appeared in Europe around 1600 and these features are evident today in riding boots, notably cowboy boots. Since the Second World War, high heels have fallen in and out of fashion several times, most notably in the late 1990s. Lower heels were preferred during the late 1960s and early 1970s as well, the shape of the fashionable heel has changed from block to tapered, and stiletto. Today, high heels are typically worn with heights varying from a heel of 1.5 inches to a stiletto heel of 5 inches or more
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Mary Jane (shoe)
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Mary Jane is an American term for a closed, low-cut shoe with one or more straps across the instep. Classic Mary Janes for children are made of black leather or patent leather, have one thin strap fastened with a buckle or button, a broad and rounded toebox, low heels. Among girls, Mary Janes are traditionally worn with pantyhose or socks, among boys, Mary Janes are traditionally worn with socks, short trousers, and a shirt. Childrens shoes secured by a strap over the instep and fastened with a buckle or button appeared in the early 19th century, originally worn by both sexes, they began to be perceived as being mostly for girls in the 1930s in North America and the 1940s in Europe. They were also popular with women in the 1920s, more modern styles are also worn in casual settings, however, playgrounds, shopping centers, sports, etc. Although less popular than in the past, Mary Janes remain a classic of childrens fashion and, for many people. Moreover, Mary Janes are an accessory of many traditional or folk costumes, such as those of the flamenco female dancer and of the typical woman in Maos China. Mary Jane was a created by Richard Felton Outcault Father of the Sunday Comic Strip for his comic strip Buster Brown. She was the sweetheart of the title character Buster Brown and was drawn from real life, in Outcaults own words—and his daughters—she was the only character drawn from life in the Buster Brown strip, although Mrs. Brown did resemble Outcaults wife. In 1904, Outcault traveled to the St. Louis Worlds Fair, among them was the Brown Shoe Company, which later hired actors to tour the country, performing as the Buster Brown characters in theaters and stores. This strategy helped the Brown Shoe Company become the most prominently associated brand with the Buster Brown characters, the style of shoe both Buster Brown and Mary Jane wore came to be known by her name, Mary Jane. These styles were popular in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s, within punk rock, psychobilly. Mary Janes are a part of kinderwhore and Lolita fashion. A pump with a strap across the instep may be referred to as a Mary Jane pump, fashion portal T-bar sandal—a very similar style
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Mojari
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Mojari or Khussa or Saleem Shahis is a style of handcrafted footwear produced in South Asia. They are traditionally made by artisans mostly using tanned leather, the uppers are made of one piece of leather or textile embroidered and embellished with brass nails, cowry shells, mirrors, bells and ceramic beads. Even the bonding from the upper to the sole is done by cotton thread that is not only eco-friendly, some product range also uses bright and ornate threads. As it evolved through the centuries and is being produced by artisans, products vary in designs. It encapsules cultural diversity, local ethos and ethnicity, the Mojari originated under the Mughal Empire, where it was decorated with colours, gems, and other ornaments. They are said to have been popularized under the Mughal King Saleem Shah and are referred to as Saleem Shahis as a result. They are also worn with Shalwar Kameez. Jutti Kolhapuri chappal Multani Khussa Paduka Khussa Shoes – Symbol of the Traditional Culture of Sindh Photos of Pakistani Khussa Shoes Mojari Shoes
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Mule (shoe)
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Mule, a French word, is a style of shoe that is backless and often closed-toed. Mules can be any heel height - from flat to high, the style is predominantly worn by women. The term derives from the Ancient Roman mulleus calceus a red or purple shoe worn by the three highest magistrates, although there is indication of any structural resemblance. High-heeled mules were a popular indoor shoe style of the 18th century, influenced by the patten, by the early twentieth century, mules were often associated with prostitutes. In the early 1950s, Marilyn Monroe popularized the shoe and helped break its poor reputation
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Saddle shoe
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The saddle shoe is a low-heeled casual Oxford shoe, characterized by a plain toe and distinctive, saddle-shaped decorative panel placed mid foot. Saddle shoes are constructed of leather and are most frequently white with a black saddle. Saddle shoes are worn by men and women in a variety of styles ranging from ultra-high platforms to golf cleats. Some groups identify with this type of shoe irrespective of current fashion trends and those associated with ska, sometimes known as rudeboys, often wear them in some combinations since both the classic look and the black/white color scheme represent the genre as a whole. In 1957 Elvis Presley wore saddle shoes in Jailhouse Rock, bert from Sesame Street often wore saddle oxfords and they can be seen in his song and dance called Doin the Pigeon. The Peanuts comic strip character Lucy van Pelt wears saddle shoes, for decades, Woody Allen has worn saddle shoes
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Moccasin
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A moccasin is a shoe, made of deerskin or other soft leather, consisting of a sole and sides made of one piece of leather, stitched together at the top, and sometimes with a vamp. The sole is soft and flexible and the upper part often is adorned with embroidery or beading, though sometimes worn inside, it is chiefly intended for outdoor use, as in exploring wildernesses and running. Historically, it is the footwear of many people of North America, moreover, hunters, traders. Etymologically, the moccasin derives from the Algonquian language Powhatan word makasin, in the 1800s, moccasins usually were part of a Canadian regalia, e. g. a powwow suit of clothes. The most common style is that of the Plains Indians moccasin, Moccasins protect the foot while allowing the wearer to feel the ground. The Plains Indians wore hard-sole moccasins, given that their territorial geography featured rock, the eastern Indian tribes wore soft-sole moccasins, for walking in leaf-covered forest ground. Moccasins are usually all brown, the same color, in New Zealand and Australia, sheep shearers moccasins are constructed of a synthetic, cream-colored felt, with a back seam and gathered at the top of the rounded toe. These moccasins are laced in the front, and the lacing is covered with a flap fastened with a buckle at the outer side. The fastener arrangement prevents the shearers handpiece comb from catching in the laces, shearers moccasins protect the feet, grip wooden floors well, and absorb sweat. The word moccasin can also denote a shoe of deer leather adorned with laces, a driving moccasin is a contemporary version of the traditional Native American moccasin with the addition of rubber tabs on the sole. The addition of rubber-pad sole adds to the versatility and longevity of the shoe while maintaining the flexibility, there are many variations of the sole including, Rubber-dotted - These have a uniform covering of small, round rubber pads. Separated Pad - These have larger, flat rubber pads separated by small areas. Moc Toe Boots, commonly referred as a Moc Toe, the boots are normally combined with hard rubber compounded soles, the moccasin toe work boot is a style that reflects the Native American moccasin. Normally by weld stitching two pieces of leather or fabric, the pattern creates a U-shaped design around the toe box and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Moccasin. The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Moccasins Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa - Moccasins Creek - Seminole moccasins
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Flip-flops
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Flip-flops are a type of sandal typically worn as a form of casual wear. They consist of a sole held loosely on the foot by a Y-shaped strap that passes between the first and second toes and around both sides of the foot. This style of footwear has been worn by the people of many throughout the world. The modern flip-flop descends from the Japanese zōri, which became popular after World War II when soldiers returning to the United States brought them back and they became popular unisex summer footwear starting in the 1960s. The term flip-flop has been used in American and British English since the 1970s to describe the thong or no-heel-strap sandal and it is an onomatopoeia of the sound made by the sandals when walking in them. They are called thongs in Australia, jandals in New Zealand, slops in South Africa and this footwear has a number of other names around the world. In India and Pakistan, flip-flops are commonly known as hawai chappal, the Japanese wear similarly designed, traditional straw sandals known as zōri. Thong sandals have been worn for thousands of years, dating back to pictures of them in ancient Egyptian murals from 4,000 BC, a pair found in Europe was made of papyrus leaves and dated to be approximately 1,500 years old. These early versions of flip-flops were made from a variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves, the Masai of Africa made them out of rawhide. In India, they were made from wood, in China and Japan, rice straw was used. The leaves of the plant were used to make twine for sandals in South America. The Ancient Greeks and Romans wore versions of flip-flops as well, in Greek sandals, the toe strap was worn between the first and second toes, while Roman sandals had the strap between the second and third toes. These differ from the sandals worn by the Mesopotamians, with the strap between the third and fourth toes, in India, a related chappal sandal was common, with no straps but a small knob sitting between the first and second toes. They are known as Padukas The modern flip-flop became popular in the United States as soldiers returning from World War II brought Japanese zōri with them and it caught on in the 1950s during the postwar boom and after the end of hostilities of the Korean War. As they became adopted into American popular culture, the sandals were redesigned and changed into the colors that dominated 1950s design. They quickly became popular due to their convenience and comfort, and were popular in beach-themed stores, during the 1960s, flip-flops became firmly associated with the beach lifestyle of California. As such, they were promoted as primarily a casual accessory, typically worn with shorts, bathing suits, as they became more popular, some people started wearing them for dressier or more formal occasions
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Sandal
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Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearers foot by straps going over the instep and, sometimes, around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel, while the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry, the common understanding is that a sandal leaves most of the upper part of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy, usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing athletes foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such an infection. The oldest known sandals were discovered in Fort Rock Cave in the U. S. state of Oregon, radiocarbon dating of the bark from which they were woven indicates an age of at least 10,000 years. The word sandal is of Greek origin, the sole of the latter was sometimes made much thicker than usual by the insertion of slices of cork, so as to add to the stature of the wearer. The ancient Egyptians wore sandals made of palm-leaves and papyrus and they are sometimes observable on the feet of Egyptian statues and in reliefs, being carried by sandal-bearers. According to Herodotus, sandals of papyrus were a part of the required, a sandal may have a sole made from rubber, leather, wood, tatami or rope. A sandal may or may not have a heel or heel strap, crochet sandals Fisherman sandal is a type of T-bar sandal originally for men and boys. The toes are enclosed by a number of leather bands interwoven with the central length-wise strap that lies along the instep, an adjustable cross strap or bar is fastened with a buckle. The heel may be enclosed or secured by a single strap joined to the cross strap. The style appears to have originated in France, a similar style is sometimes called gladiator sandal High-heeled sandal, a type of sandal with an elevated heel. They allow the wearer to have an open shoe while being less casual or more formal, depending on the style of the sandal. Hiking and trekking sandals are designed for hiking or trekking in hot and tropical climates, usually using robust rubber outsole, suitable for any terrain and these sandals are usually shaped to support the arched contour of the foot. The straps are made of polyester or nylon webbing for quick drying after exposure to acid. Also suitable for other adventure sports and activities where quick drying and reduced perspiration is required. Ho Chi Minh sandals is one name for a homemade or cottage industry footwear, the cut from an old automobile tire. Made and worn in countries, they became wider known in the US as worn by the rural people of Indochina during the Vietnam War
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Slipper
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Slippers are light footwear that are easy to put on and off and are intended to be worn indoors, particularly at home. The following is a partial list of types of slippers, Open-heel slippers - usually made with an upper layer that encloses the top of the foot and the toes. These are often distributed in hotels, included with the cost of the room. Closed slippers - slippers with a guard that prevents the foot from sliding out. Slipper boots - slippers meant to look like boots, often favoured by women, they are typically furry boots with a fleece or soft lining, and a soft rubber sole. Modelled after sheepskin boots, they may be worn outside, Sandal slippers - cushioned sandals with soft rubber or fabric soles, similar to Birkenstocks cushioned sandals. Evening slipper, also known as the Prince Albert slipper in reference to Albert and it is made of velvet with leather soles and features a grosgrain bow or the wearer’s initials embroidered in gold. Some slippers are made to resemble something other than a slipper, the slippers are usually made from soft and colorful materials, and may come in the shapes of animals, animal paws, vehicles, cartoon characters, etc. Contrary to popular belief, all shoes with a fluffy interior are not a slippers. Any shoe with a sole and laces, by definition, is a normal outdoor shoe. In India, rubber chappals are worn as indoor shoes, the fictional character Cinderella is said to have worn glass slippers, in modern parlance they would probably be called glass high heels. This motif was introduced in Charles Perraults 1697 version of the tale, for some years it was debated that this detail was a mistranslation and the slippers in the story were instead made of fur, but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek The Slipper Man Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30,2007, the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz sold for a record $165,000. Grandpas Slippers is a book by Joy Watson. Birkenstocks Flip-flops Mahabis Ladys slipper orchids Sandal Slippering Ruby slippers Moccasins Bunny slippers
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Veldskoen
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Veldskoen are Southern African walking shoes made from vegetable-tanned leather or soft rawhide uppers attached to a leather footbed and rubber sole without tacks or nails. The name comes from Afrikaans vel and skoen and they were first made by the Dutch East India Co. in the 17th century by the first Dutch settlers in South Africa. Their design is believed to be based on the traditional Khoisan footwear observed by these settlers, the footwear was later embedded into the Afrikaans psyche when the velskoen was used as the footwear of the Great Trek. Easy to make, lightweight and extremely tough, the vellie could withstand the conditions of the great migration north. The vellie has become part of South African, Zimbabwean and Namibian society, worn by all classes and professions but favoured by farmers and safari guides. Nathan Clarks company, C&J Clark, made the desert boot famous but Clarks design is modeled after the same round toe and style last used to manufacture velskoen. Clark was inspired by the shape and design of the velskoen he discovered for sale in the bazars of Cairo and they are sometimes considered light boots, and can essentially be considered a subset of chukka boots or desert boots although vellies tend to have a lower topline. Veldskoen soles are sometimes cut from old car tyres rather than crepe rubber, veldskoene saw considerable use by the Rhodesian Army during the Rhodesian Bush War as tough light-weight boot. Vellies along with canvas Takkies were also favourites of the Selous Scouts as the sole made going untracked easier than the heavy lugs normally found on infantry boots
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