1.
New Zealand House of Representatives
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The New Zealand House of Representatives is the sole chamber of the legislature of New Zealand. The House and the Queen of New Zealand together constitute the New Zealand Parliament, the House of Representatives passes all laws, provides ministers to form a cabinet, and supervises the work of the Government. It is also responsible for adopting the states budgets and approving the states accounts, the House of Representatives is a wholly democratically elected body, usually consisting of 120 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected for limited terms, holding office until Parliament is dissolved, a government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of MPs. If no majority is then a minority government can be formed with a confidence. The chamber was created by the British New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established a legislature, however the upper chamber. Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, the seat of the House of Representatives is Parliament House in Wellington, the capital city. The House of Representatives takes the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as its model, the New Zealand Parliament is based on the Westminster system. As a democratic institution, the role of the House of Representatives is to provide representation for the people. The executive branch of the New Zealand government draws its membership exclusively from the House of Representatives, although it does not elect the Prime Minister, the position of the parties in the House of Representatives is of overriding importance. By convention, a minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the governor-general appoints the person most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party and this support is immediately tested through a motion of confidence. The House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members, known as Members of Parliament, the Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives has overall charge of the administration of the House, and presides over sittings. Seating in the chamber is arranged in a horseshoe pattern. The Speaker of the House sits in a chair at the open end of the horseshoe. Following the example of the British House of Commons, members of Government are seated on the hand of the Speaker. MPs are assigned seating on the basis of the seniority in a party caucus, for example, the prime minister sits on the front row, in the fourth seat along from the Speaker. The 51st New Zealand Parliament is the current sitting of the House and its membership was elected at the 2014 general election and, so far, one subsequent by-election
2.
Attorney-General (New Zealand)
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The Attorney-General is a political and legal officer in New Zealand. The current Attorney-General is Chris Finlayson, the Attorney-General has two main areas of official responsibility. Firstly, the Attorney-General has ministerial jurisdiction over the Crown Law Office, the Parliamentary Counsel Office, secondly, the Attorney-General is the principal law officer of the Crown, responsible for supervising the states administration of the law and for providing legal advice to the government. In the latter role, the Attorney-General is assisted by the Solicitor-General and this is to reduce the extent to which the Attorney-Generals actions on behalf of the state can be influenced by their political allegiance. A more complete description of the Attorney-Generals powers can be found in the 2004 ministerial briefing prepared by the Crown Law Office, which the Attorney-General supervises. The position of Attorney-General is distinct from that of Minister of Justice, at present, there is no statutory basis which establishes the office of Attorney-General, although the position is referenced by a number of other legal documents, such as the Constitution Act 1986. The Attorney-General usually has a background, the recent exception below being Michael Cullen. In November 1906 when Albert Pitt died, there were no members of the legal profession in Parliament. Hence Joseph Ward appointed John Findlay to the Legislative Council on 23 November 1906, the post of Attorney-General has existed since the separation of New Zealand as a distinct Crown Colony from New South Wales. Because of the nature of the role, however, it has sometimes been filled by politicians. The table below is a listing of New Zealand politicians who have sat in Cabinet as Attorney-General since 1856. It does not show non-political attorneys-general and it is also interesting to note that Peter Wilkinson was the half-brother of his successor, Jim McLay. Ministerial Briefing describing the role of the Attorney-General
3.
John Key
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John Phillip Key is a New Zealand politician who served as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party. He was elected leader of the party in November 2006 and appointed Prime Minister in November 2008, born in Auckland before moving to Christchurch when he was a child, Key attended the University of Canterbury and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor of commerce. In 1999 he was appointed a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving in 2001 and he has held the seat since then. In 2004, he was appointed Finance Spokesman for National and eventually succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. After two years as Leader of the Opposition, Key led his party to victory at the November 2008 general election, and repeated this feat at both the November 2011 and September 2014 elections. He was expected to lead National into the 2017 election, as Prime Minister, Key led the Fifth National Government of New Zealand which entered government at the beginning of the late-2000s recession in 2008. In his first term, Keys government implemented a GST rise, Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key, on 9 August 1961. His father was an English immigrant and a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in the Christchurch suburb of Bryndwr, by his mother, an Austrian Jewish immigrant. Key is the prime minister or premier of New Zealand to have Jewish ancestry, after Julius Vogel. He attended Aorangi School, and then Burnside High School from 1975 to 1979, then he attended the University of Canterbury and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. She also has a BCom degree, and worked as a consultant before becoming a full-time mother. They have two children, Stephie and Max, Max is a night-time radio host for George FM, and is also a singer. On 25 July 2008, Key was added to the New Zealand National Business Review Rich List for the first time, the list details the wealthiest New Zealand individuals and family groups. He had a wealth of NZ$50 million, making him the wealthiest New Zealand Member of Parliament. Keys first job was in 1982, as an auditor at McCulloch Menzies, in 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. Some co-workers called him the smiling assassin for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis and he was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001. In 1998, on learning of his interest in pursuing a political career, former party leader Jenny Shipley describes him as one of the people she deliberately sought out and put my head on the line–either privately or publicly–to get them in there
4.
Bill English
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Simon William Bill English is the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the National Party, having taken office on 12 December 2016. He was previously Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2016, a farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to parliament in 1990 as the National Partys candidate in the Wallace electorate. He was elevated to cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made Minister of Finance, in October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party. The party lost the 2002 general election, and in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash, in November 2006, after Don Brashs resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key. After Nationals victory at the 2008 general election, English became Deputy Prime Minister and was also made Minister for Finance for a second time and he became a list-only MP after retiring as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election. In December 2016, John Key announced his intention to resign as prime minister and he endorsed English as his replacement, and English won the resulting leadership election unopposed. English is the second-youngest of 12 children of Mervyn English and Norah English and his parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyns uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944. English was born in the town of Lumsden. He attended St Thomass School in Winton, then boarded at St. Patricks College in Upper Hutt and he played in the first XV of the schools rugby team. After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years, English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University. He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, after moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively. At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority. He and three newly elected National MPs were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the brat pack, the gang of four. In his first term in parliament, English chaired a committee into social services. He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health, in early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education. He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinets youngest member, after the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government. In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health, however, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ Firsts Neil Kirton was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming Englishs deputy. This arrangement was described in the press as a shotgun marriage, after their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters
5.
Michael Cullen (politician)
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Sir Michael John Cullen KNZM is a former New Zealand politician. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, also Minister of Finance, Minister of Tertiary Education and he was the deputy leader of the Labour Party from 1996 until November 2008, when he resigned following a defeat in the general election. He resigned from Parliament in April 2009, to become the deputy chairman of New Zealand Post from 1 November 2009, born in London, Cullen emigrated to New Zealand while young. He attended secondary school at Christs College in Christchurch, and achieved an MA in history at Canterbury University, receiving a Commonwealth Scholarship he then gained a PhD in social and economic history from the University of Edinburgh. From 1971 to 1981 he was a lecturer at Otago University, on 16 December 2009, he received an honorary LLD from the University of Otago in recognition of his contributions as an Otago academic and as a respected and highly influential politician. In the 2012 Queens Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours List, Cullen was appointed Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, Cullen joined the Labour Party in 1974, and served on the partys Executive and Council between 1976 and 1981. In 1981 he was elected MP for the Dunedin electorate of St Kilda, when Labour entered government in 1984, Cullen became Senior Whip. These goals, which were against traditional Labour policies, angered both party members and the public, when the Prime Minister, David Lange, attempted to limit the influence Douglas had on the governments direction, Cullen became involved on Langes side. After Labours re-election in 1987, Cullen was made Associate Minister of Finance, eventually, Douglas was forced to resign, but a month later the political controversies around the dispute prompted the resignation of Lange himself. Douglas was succeeded as Finance Minister by David Caygill, one of his allies, Cullen was made Associate Minister of Health, again to reduce the effect of reforms on that sector. When Labour lost the 1990 election, Cullen returned to being Labours spokesperson on social welfare, the following year, he replaced David Caygill as the partys chief finance spokesperson. When Caygill retired from politics in 1996 Cullen took the deputy leaders post as well, before Labours position in the polls improved, Cullen was also involved in an attempt to oust Helen Clark as party leader, which was not successful. The two do not appear to each other any resentment, however. Cullen has claimed to be happy with his position as second, saying that in terms of personality, many commentators agree, believing that Cullens strength lies more in administration than leadership. Labours electoral victory in 1999 resulted in Cullen becoming Minister of Finance, in 2004 Cullen declared his support for the monarchy of New Zealand, he was a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days. However, in 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queens reign ends, in 2005 Helen Clark appointed Cullen to the post of Attorney-General following the election of Margaret Wilson as Speaker of the House. His appointment became controversial because of his background and because of his previous criticisms of the judiciary. His term in the position ended following the 2005 general election, however, with the resignation of David Parker in March 2006, Cullen took over the position again
6.
David Parker (New Zealand politician)
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David William Parker is a New Zealand politician, a member of the New Zealand Labour Party and a list MP. He was interim leader of the Labour Party from September to November 2014 and he previously served as Minister of State Services, Minister of Energy, Minister for Land Information and Minister Responsible for Climate Change Issues in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand. David Parker was born in Roxburgh and grew up in Dunedin and he attended the University of Otago, studying law and business, and co-founded the Dunedin Community Law Centre. Before entering politics, Parker worked as a partner in the law firm Anderson Lloyd Caudwell. He later had a career in the agri-biotechnology field, including with Blis Technologies. Parker first gained election to Parliament as a Labour member in the 2002 elections, in the 2005 elections the National candidate Jacqui Dean defeated him in his Otago electorate seat, but he returned to the House due to his position on the Labour list. In the 2008 general election Parker and Dean both stood in the resurrected Waitaki electorate, with Dean winning by over 11,000 votes, nevertheless, due to his list position he was still returned to parliament. In the 2011 election, Parker stood in the Epsom electorate, where he came third behind ACT New Zealands John Banks and Nationals Paul Goldsmith, in the 2014 election, Parker did not contest an electorate, but was number two on the Labour list. He served as Attorney-General and Minister of Transport and Energy from 2005 until March 2006, on 21 March Parker also resigned his place in Cabinet as Minister of Energy, Minister of Transport, and Minister Responsible for Climate Change Issues. An inquiry by the Companies Office cleared him of the charge of filing false returns, helen Clark, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, re-appointed Parker to the Energy and Climate Change portfolios and to the Land Information portfolio on 2 May 2006. In July 2007 Clark appointed Parker as the acting Minister for the Environment following the resignation of David Benson-Pope, following Labours defeat in the 2008 general election, Parker became the Opposition spokesperson on Conservation, ACC and Shadow Attorney-General. Parker ran for the party leadership in 2011, but withdrew part-way through the contest to support David Shearers bid, Parker then became the Labour spokesperson for Finance and the shadow Attorney-General. From 17 September 2013, Parker was the deputy leader of the Labour Party, following the poor performance of the Labour Party in the 2014 general election, and the eventual resignation of David Cunliffe as leader, Parker was appointed interim leader of the Labour Party. He then unsuccessfully ran in the 2014 Labour Party leadership election and he came third in the leadership election behind Grant Robertson
7.
Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)
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Andrew James Little is a New Zealand politician and former trade union official who was elected as Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party on 18 November 2014. He has been a Labour Member of Parliament since 2011, previously he was the national secretary of New Zealands largest trade union, the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union, and he was President of the Labour Party from 2009 to 2011. Born in New Plymouth on 7 May 1965, Little was educated at New Plymouth Boys High School and his father was a devout National Party supporter and Little recalls delivering National pamphlets under his fathers direction when he was younger. When he was 17, Little got his first job as a labourer digging the main trench for a new methanol plant in Waitara Valley as part of the Think Big project. During his time there he noticed that the contractor he was working for was deliberately using a less than amount of concrete than the work required. He finished work here at the beginning of 1984 and left upon being accepted to enter university, in the 1980s he studied law, philosophy and public policy at Victoria University of Wellington, where he became active in the campaign against New Zealands student loan scheme. He was elected president of the Victoria University of Wellington Students Association, after graduating he took a job as a lawyer with the Engineers Union, with his work including Accident Compensation Corporation and employment law issues. In 1997 he was appointed the general counsel. Two years later, he was appointed assistant national secretary, and was elected national secretary when Rex Jones stood down from the position in 2000, in 2007 Little was ranked at number 40 on the New Zealand Listener Power List. Little became an important extra-parliamentary figure within the Labour Party and was one of the advisors from the trade unions. Little was a representative on Labours national council as Affiliates Vice-President, on 2 March 2009 it was announced that Little was elected unopposed as President of the New Zealand Labour Party. He held that post until 2 April 2011 and he took on the ACC portfolio and gained profile during the National Partys restructuring of the organisation. Together with Trevor Mallard, he launched attacks against ACC Minister Judith Collins, the affair resulted in the resignations of the Accident Compensation Corporation chairman John Judge, and the ACC chief executive Ralph Stewart. At the 2014 election he stood and lost in the New Plymouth electorate. Young was returned with an increased margin, but this was partially explained by boundary changes. Little was elected as list MP because of his ranking of 11 on the Labour Party list, Little introduced a private members bill in the ballot that, if passed, would create a new criminal offence of corporate manslaughter. The bill was drafted in the wake of the 2010 Pike River Mine disaster, the bill is modelled on the United Kingdoms Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. A2012 3News poll found that seventy-four percent of respondents would like to see a charge of corporate manslaughter introduced, following Labours defeat at the general election in September 2014, David Cunliffe resigned as leader of the Labour Party
8.
Helen Clark
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Helen Elizabeth Clark ONZ PC is the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, and was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand. She has been Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, the third-highest UN position, in April 2016, she declared her candidacy for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations. Clark graduated from the University of Auckland in 1974 and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party as a teenager. While a junior lecturer at the University in the early 1970s, in 1975 she came second for Labour in the rural seat of Piako. In 1981 she was elected to Parliament for the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert, Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour government of 1984–1990, including Minister of Housing, Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation. She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989–1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer, after Labours strong showing in the 1993 election, Clark challenged the Labour leadership of Mike Moore and won, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. After failing to win the 1996 election, she led the Labour Party to a victory in the 1999 election. As Prime Minister of the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, Clarks government presided over nearly a decade of economic growth and her government was defeated in the 2008 election and she resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Party leader. She resigned from Parliament in April 2009 from her Mount Albert electorate and was replaced by David Shearer to take up the post of Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme. Clarks government implemented major economic initiatives including Kiwibank, the New Zealand Superannuation Fund. Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 which caused controversy and was eventually repealed in 2011. Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War, but did not contribute troops to the Iraq War although some medical. Forbes magazine ranked her 20th most powerful woman in the world in 2006 and she rose to the 23rd position in 2014 and then 22nd in 2016. On 26 January 2017 AFP reported that Clark had resigned her directorship of the UN Development Programme, Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu in the Waikato Region. Her mother, Margaret McMurray, of Irish birth, was a school teacher. Her father, George, was a farmer, Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School, at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland, where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA in 1974. Her thesis focused on political behaviour and representation. As a teenager Clark became politically active, protesting against the Vietnam War, Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian, attending Sunday school weekly
9.
Maggie Barry
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Margaret Mary Maggie Barry ONZM is a New Zealand politician and a member of the House of Representatives, first elected in the 2011 general election. She is a member of the National Party, and is Minister for Conservation, Seniors Citizens, Barry has had a long career in broadcasting, including gardening shows, and has a rose named after her. Barrys father was an accountant for the railways, and her mother was a florist, Barry was born in Wellington and went to Erskine College, a Roman Catholic school in Wellington. She was a radio and television presenter for over 30 years and she began her broadcasting career in 1986 on National Radios Morning Report and moved on to Nine to Noon in 1990. In 1992 she was an interviewer for TV2s Counterpoint. Her garden show, originally titled Palmers Garden Show but renamed to Maggies Garden Show, ran on TV ONE from 1991 to 2003, featured were ‘bug man’ Ruud Kleinpaste, gardening experts Bill Ward, Jack Hobbs, Gordon Collier and Professor Thomas William Walker. She also produced several television documentaries, in the 1996 Queens Birthday Honours, Barry was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to broadcasting. Barry has written for the New Zealand Listener since 2007, producing a fortnightly gardening column and she hosted Radio Live Drive from March 2009 to December 2010. Barry was interested in standing for the National Party in the 2011 Botany by-election and she was selected as the National candidate for the safe seat of North Shore in May 2011 after the sitting MP Wayne Mapp decided not to run in the 2011 general election. Placed in number 57 on the National Party list, Barry was elected to Parliament by winning the vote with an increased majority of 41. 87% over her nearest rival. She also increased the Party Vote to 62. 16%,45. 9% clear of the Labour Party and she became a member of the Finance and Expenditure Select Committee upon entering parliament, she was appointed its Deputy Chairperson in 2013. During the 2011 election campaign Barry was spat at in Devonport, on 6 October 2014, Prime Minister John Key appointed Barry to the portfolios of Minister for Arts, Culture & Heritage, Minister of Conservation, and Minister for Senior Citizens. She was ranked 20th in Cabinet under the Key Ministry, after Prime Minister Keys resignation, Prime Minister Bill English reshuffled the Cabinet. Barry retained all three of her portfolios and is ranked 18th, World War I, 100th anniversary celebrations have been taking place since Barry took office. As Minister she has been in charge of the World War 100 celebrations, with over 80% of New Zealands birds and reptiles endangered, Predator Free 2050 focuses on protecting these species from rats, stoats, possums, weasels and ferrets. In 2015, Barry urged the SPCA to put down stray cats instead of just neutering and releasing them, under Prime Minister Bill English, National launched a policy to increase the superannuation age from 65 to 67. As Minister for Seniors much of the groundwork for implementing this policy will fall under her portfolio and her partner, Grant Kerr, is a lawyer. She was the Chair of the Board of the New Zealand Book Council in 2006 and she has been a patron for the Mary Potter Hospice, Alzheimers Wellington, and Hospice New Zealand
10.
New Zealand Parliament
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The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951
11.
New Zealand National Party
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The New Zealand National Party is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two parties in contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its historic rival, the New Zealand Labour Party. The party originated in 1936 with the merger of the United and Reform parties, National is the nations second-oldest extant political party. National governed for four periods in the course of the 20th century and it has favoured economic liberal policies since the 1990s. Since November 2008, National has been the largest party in minority governments with support from the centrist United Future, the liberal ACT Party, Bill English has been the party leader and Prime Minister of New Zealand since 12 December 2016. The New Zealand National Party has been characterised as conservative and liberal, with outlying populist, the partys principles, last revised in 2003, seek a safe, prosperous and successful New Zealand that creates opportunities for all New Zealanders to reach their personal goals and dreams. It supports a limited welfare state but says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment, historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. The last major interventionist policy was Prime Minister Robert Muldoons massive infrastructure projects designed to ensure New Zealands energy independence after the 1973 oil shock, Think Big. The Fourth National Government mostly carried on the sweeping reforms of the Fourth Labour Government known as Rogernomics. Following a moderate Fifth Labour Government, the Fifth National Government of New Zealand took power in 2008 under John Key. For instance they extended free general practitioner visits to children under 13 as part of their 2014 election package, in the most recent general election, in 2014, the National Party ran a campaign focusing on stability. They promised to limit new spending every year, to not introduce any new taxes and they also campaigned on the possibility of moderate tax cuts within the next few years and are generally in favour of free-trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The National Party was formed in May 1936, but its roots go further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party and the Reform Party, historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a United-Reform Coalition held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the National Political Federation, the two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them. Another factor was a party, the Democrat Party formed by Albert Davy. The new party split the vote and aided Labours victory. In hopes of countering Labours rise, United and Reform decided to turn their alliance into a single party and this party, the New Zealand National Party, was formed at a meeting held in Wellington on 13 and 14 May 1936
12.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
13.
Annette King
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Annette Faye King is a New Zealand politician. She served as Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011 and she was a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand. She is the current MP for the Rongotai electorate in Wellington, King was born in Murchison, a town in the Tasman region of the South Island. After receiving primary education in Murchison, she attended Murchison District High School and she gained a BA degree from the University of Waikato. She then obtained a diploma in dental nursing, and worked as a dental nurse from 1967 to 1981. She was a tutor of dental nursing in Wellington from 1982 to 1984 and she is partly of Sri Lankan descent. King joined the Labour Party in 1972, and has various offices within the party. In the 1984 elections, she stood as the candidate for Horowhenua. She was re-elected in the 1987 election, following the 1987 election, she was appointed parliamentary under-secretary to the Minister of Employment and of Social Welfare. In 1989, she was elevated to Cabinet, becoming Minister of Employment, Minister of Immigration and she was also given special responsibility for liaising between Cabinet and the party caucus. In the 1990 election, King lost the Horowhenua electorate against Hamish Hancock and she served as chief executive officer of the Palmerston North Enterprise Board from 1991 until the 1993 election, when she was returned to Parliament as the MP for Miramar. In that 1996 election, she was ranked in sixth place on the Labour Partys list, when Labour won the 1999 election, and Helen Clark became Prime Minister, King was appointed Minister of Health. She was ranked sixth within Cabinet, after Labour winning a third term in government at the 2005 election, King took on the roles of Minister of Transport and Minister of Police. Following another reshuffle in late 2007, King became the new Minister of Justice, before the 2008 general election she was elevated to number four on the party list. Labour was defeated in the 2008 election by the National Party led by relative newcomer John Key, King retained her seat with a majority of about 7,800 votes. King became the deputy leader of the Labour Party in a caucus meeting on 11 November 2008 replacing former Deputy Leader. Phil Goff, another senior Labour Party member, became the leader of the Labour Party, King stood again for Rongotai in the 2011 general election. She was ranked second on the Labour Party list and she was succeeded as Deputy Leader by Grant Robertson in the 2011 Labour Party leadership election
14.
Cabinet of New Zealand
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The Cabinet of New Zealand is a council of senior Government ministers, responsible to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the Prime Minister, occur once a week where vital issues are discussed, the Cabinet has significant power in the New Zealand political system and nearly all bills proposed by the Cabinet in Parliament are enacted. All Cabinet ministers also serve as members of the Executive Council, outside the Cabinet, there is an outer ministry and also a number of non-Cabinet ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister. No legislative act established the Cabinet, rather, it exists purely by constitutional convention and this convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to the Cabinet, and a government department exists with responsibility for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the Cabinet Manual has become the official document which governs its functions, the structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the Executive Council. Most Ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some Executive Councillors – known as ministers outside Cabinet – do not have Cabinet positions, the convention of members of the Executive Council meeting separately from the Governor began during Edward Staffords first tenure as Premier. Stafford, an advocate of responsible government in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs. Because the Governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the Governor present, all ministers have the style of The Honourable, except for the Prime Minister, who is styled The Right Honourable. The lack of legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the powers of its members only loosely defined. The Cabinet generally directs and controls policy and is responsible to Parliament and it also has significant influence over lawmaking. Convention regarding the Cabinets authority has considerable force, and generally strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a field from the Crown. But the Governor-General can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the Prime Minister, Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. This has become known as the doctrine of collective responsibility, problems arise when the Prime Minister breaches collective responsibility. On the other hand, a Prime Minister who tries to act against concerted opposition from his Cabinet risks losing the confidence of his party colleagues. An example is former Prime Minister David Lange, who spoke against a tax reform package which was sponsored by then-Finance Minister Roger Douglas. Lange dismissed Douglas, but when the Cabinet supported Douglas against Lange, Lange himself resigned as Prime Minister, the Cabinet typically meets weekly in the Beehive, where it discusses important political issues. The Prime Minister usually chairs the meeting and sets the agenda, a Cabinet Committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy
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Government Communications Security Bureau
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Signals intelligence was the responsibility of the Combined Signals Organisation, run by the military. Anti-bugging measures were the responsibility of the Security Intelligence Service, upon its establishment, the GCSB assumed responsibility for these three roles. Officially, the new organisation was part of the Ministry of Defence, in the 1980s, however, information was gradually released, first about the GCSBs security role, and then about its signals intelligence operations. Also in the 1980s, the GCSB was split away from the Ministry of Defence and it was not until 2000, however, that it was decided to make the GCSB a government department in its own right. This decision was implemented through the Government Communications Security Bureau Act 2003, in 2001, the Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection was formed within the GCSB with a mandate to assist in the protection of national critical infrastructure from information borne threats. The National Cyber Security Centre was established within the GCSB in September 2011, the GCSB is considered to be a government department in its own right with its head office in Pipitea St, Wellington. Through its director, the GCSB reports to the holding the Intelligence portfolio. Its main functions are, the collection and processing of intelligence and it has about 300 staff with a range of disciplines including foreign language experts, communications and cryptography specialists, engineers, technicians and support staff. In 2015/16 the budget for the GCSB is $89.6 million, former Green MP Keith Locke says that despite the attention the GCSB received as a result of its illegal surveillance of Kim Dotcom, there has been little public discussion about its value. Locke questions GCSBs suitability for the task of protecting government computers given its security failures, Cabinet Secretary Rebecca Kitteridges report noted the Bureaus problems included under-resourcing and a lack of legal staff. An Inspector General has oversight of the GCSB, in 2013, that role was being filled by former judge, 79-year-old Paul Neazor. He has a secretary as his one and only staff member - compared with the Australian inspector general who has a staff of 12. In her review of the GCSB released in 2013, Rebecca Kitteridge recommended the inspector generals office should be beefed up along Australian lines, the Prime Minister appoints both the director of the GCSB and the Inspector General. Associate Professor of law at Auckland University, Bill Hodge, says the watchdog should be appointed by Parliament rather than by the Prime Minister, former prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer agrees, There needs to be some separation between the inspector and the agency he oversees. The functions of the GCSB include signals intelligence, communications security, anti-bugging measures, the GCSB does not publicly disclose the nature of the communications which it intercepts. It is frequently described by authors, such as Nicky Hager. In 2006, after the death of former Prime Minister David Lange, the report listed a number of countries as targets of GCSB efforts, including Japan, the Philippines, Argentina, France, Vietnam, and many small Pacific island states. It also mentioned United Nations diplomatic traffic, in his book on the GCSB, Nicky Hager says that during the Cold War, the locations and activities of Soviet ships were a major focus of the organisations activities
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New Zealand Security Intelligence Service
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The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service is New Zealands primary national intelligence agency, responsible for national security and foreign intelligence. The New Zealand Security Service was modelled on the British domestic intelligence agency MI5 and its first Director of Security was Brigadier William Gilbert, the organizations existence remained a state secret until 1960. Another predecessor to the NZSIS during the Second World War was the short-lived New Zealand Security Intelligence Bureau, the SIB, modeled after the British MI5, was headed by Major Kenneth Folkes, a junior MI5 officer. The conman Syd Ross duped Major Folkes into believing there was a Nazi plot in New Zealand. Due to this embarrassment, Prime Minister Peter Fraser dismissed Folkes in February 1943, following the end of World War II in 1945, the Police Force resumed responsibility for domestic intelligence. In 1969 the New Zealand Security Service was formally renamed the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service and that same year the New Zealand Parliament passed an Act covering the agencys functions and responsibilities, the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act. The 1977 amendment saw sizeable protests outside Parliament, as a civilian organisation, the Security Intelligence Service takes no part in the enforcement of security. Its role is intended to be advisory, providing the government with information on threats to security or national interests. It also advises other government agencies about their own internal security measures, the SIS is responsible for most of the governments counter-intelligence work. The NZSIS is an intelligence and security organisation. In 2007, it was reported that the SIS wished to expand its role into fighting organised crime, the SIS is based in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand. It also has branches in Auckland and Christchurch and it has over 200 permanent staff, somewhat less than the Government Communications Security Bureau – New Zealands other significant intelligence agency. With a 2015 budget of 50.6 million New Zealand dollars, the SIS is headed by the Director of Security, and is watched over by the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security and the Intelligence and Security Committee. The SIS itself reports to a Cabinet minister with responsibility for intelligence, many claim that extensive political and judicial oversight are necessary to keep agencies on task, and to ensure that limited intelligence-gathering resources are not wasted. Members of the public can report information of security concern to the NZSIS by telephone by calling 0800-SIS-224, the SIS is administered by a Director. Sutch was acquitted, and the SIS was criticised for having accused him in the first place, in 1981, the SIS was criticised for drawing up a list of 20 subversives who participated in protests against the 1981 Springbok Tour, a visit by South Africas apartheid rugby team. That singling out of individuals as subversives was deemed by many to be a violation of the right to protest government decisions, in 1985, the SIS failed to detect the French operation in which DGSE operatives bombed the Greenpeace vessel, the Rainbow Warrior, killing a photographer. This was probably the most significant case of espionage or terrorism in New Zealand, in 1999, Choudry was awarded an out-of-court settlement and an apology from the Crown
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Intelligence agency
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Means of information gathering are both overt and covert and may include espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. The assembly and propagation of information is known as intelligence analysis or intelligence assessment. Intelligence agencies can provide the services for their national governments. There is a distinction between security intelligence and foreign intelligence, security intelligence pertains to domestic threats. Foreign intelligence involves information collection relating to the political, or economic activities of foreign states, zegart, Flawed by Design, The Evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC, Stanford, Calif. Нариси з історії розвідки субєктів державотворення на теренах України / Заг, journals The Journal of Intelligence History Reports Ruiz, Victor H.2010. A Knowledge Taxonomy for Army Intelligence Training, An Assessment of the Military Intelligence Basic Officer Leaders Course Using Lundvalls Knowledge Taxonomy
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Khandallah
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Khandallah is a suburb of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. It is located 4 kilometres northeast of the city centre, on hills overlooking Wellington Harbour, Khandallah is named after Khandela, Rajasthan. For this reason the suburb and those surrounding it have many place names connected with the Indian subcontinent, however Edward Battersbee was listed in the 1864-1865 Province of Wellington electoral roll as living at Khandalah, Porirua Road on 23 April 1864 some 20 years earlier than Andrew. In addition Battersby had worked for the East India Company, thereby making him the more likely originator of the suburbs name, in January 1868 Battersbee placed his 450-acre property, named in the advertisement as Khrandalah, on the market for sale. When the formation of Onslow Borough was proposed in 1889, Khandallah was already described as a District, the northeastern part of the suburb is dominated by a large area of parkland, which stretches north towards Johnsonville. Three parks that make up this reserve land total almost 2 km2 of the slopes of Mount Kaukau, the summit of this 445-metre peak, which is topped by Wellingtons main television transmitter tower, provides impressive views of the harbour. Khandallah has a reputation for being one of the most affluent of Wellingtons suburbs, the village of Khandallah is a popular location, in that it holds various facilities, such as a supermarket, restaurants, a dairy and a pub. Box Hill was named after a sentry post that was established in 1846, during the peak development of Khandallah itself, much focus was put into Torwood Road. Khandallah library was opened in 1953 in the middle of Khandallah village on Ganges road, the library serves an average of 1600 customers a week. The Khandallah town hall has a capacity of over 350 people, including 140 seats and 20 tables and has a stage, kitchen, nairnville Recreation Centre features a multi-purpose sports hall suitable for basketball, netball, volleyball, and badminton. A squash court is available for hire and a community room with kitchen facilities. Nairnville park features sports fields that are used for football, rugby, an artificial turf was added in March 2009. The park also includes a playground, cricket training nets. Nairnville park and recreation center are named after James and Louisa Nairn who owned land in the area. Khandallah summer pool is a 30-meter non-heated outdoor summer pool at 45 Woodmancote Road, the suburb is served by the Johnsonville Branch commuter railway which connects it to the central city and surrounding suburb. It has three stations, Khandallah Railway Station, Box Hill Railway Station, Wellington and Simla Crescent Railway Station. Parts of the nearer the harbour and some distance from the stations are served by several Metlink bus routes, number 43 and 44 Khandallah - Strathmore buses. Khandallah is within the enrollment zones for Wellington Girls College, Onslow College, Raroa Normal Intermediate, Khandallah has three primary schools, Khandallah school, Cashmere Avenue school and St Benedict’s school
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St. Patrick's College, Wellington
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St Patricks College is the oldest Catholic boys secondary school in New Zealand. Founded by Archbishop Francis Redwood SM, St Patricks opened on 1 June 1885 with nine day-boys, from that time the city college has borne the nickname St Pats Town. The two separate Colleges bearing the name have developed a shared history, and a healthy rivalry. In 1979 St Patricks College shifted from its Cambridge Terrace site to a new facility near Kilbirnie Green in Evans Bay, the college held its 125th Jubilee over Queens Birthday Weekend in 2010. Chanel – Named after Saint Peter Chanel SM, who came to the Pacific as a missionary, Kennedy – Named after the third Rector of the college, Father David Kennedy SM. Redwood – Named after an important founder of the college, Archbishop Francis Redwood SM, Watters – Named after the first Rector of the college, Father Felix Watters SM. Saint Patricks College bases its education on Catholic and gospel values embodied in the Marist tradition and philosophy, the school fosters growth within a nurturing and sustaining environment in six facets, spiritual, academic, cultural, emotional, physical and social. The Church establishes the resources of the College to assist parents as the first educators of their children, the Marist approach to education sees this partnership between the College and parents as fundamental. Foundational to this philosophy is the Catholic belief that God has created each person as an individual with a range of talents. Developing these gifts in the College community means that the school encourages each boy to do his best in every endeavour, the synthesis of this idea with the New Zealand and ANZAC spirit of attempting to achieve the best that can be in all circumstances is shared by many schools. In sport it is achieved by entering teams at different levels, students at St Patrick’s share so much of their time and lives together that this develops a camaraderie and sense of belonging leading to lifelong friendships. Pride in current achievements and in those who have gone before them is an part of pride in themselves. Belonging, community and family are powerful forces and provide the motivation to do ones best in all things. Each student is encouraged to develop confidence and self-discipline. Standards of behaviour and appearance are clear, and all know exactly what is expected, the foundations of the Colleges approach to discipline are, Respect for oneself, Respect for others, Respect for society and Respect for the environment. These are placed within the context of loving God, loving ones neighbour, St Pats Town regained the shield in 2008,2010,2012,2013 and 2014. Old Boys Cup – Annual Athletics competition against brother college St Patricks Silverstream, St Pats Town has won 6 of the last 7 years, including 2013. As of 2010, Wellington College have won 75 matches, St Pats have won 43 matches, the first rugby game televised live in New Zealand was this traditional fixture, at Athletic Park on 27 June 1967, with St Pats winning 9–8
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Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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Master of Laws
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The Master of Laws is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the professional degree for admission into legal practice. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, while in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws is required, the U. S. and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor is a doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, the majority of individuals holding a J. D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions. If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a area of law. The word legum is the plural form of the Latin word lex. When used in the plural, it signifies a body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word jus, from which the words juris. The highest research degree in law is the S. J. D. and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Doctorat en Droit, or the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften in Germany. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D. C. L. degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada, most schools require an LL. M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded, orally defended, the Doctor of Laws degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. Historically, the LL. M. degree is an element particular to the system of English speaking countries. Over the past years, however, specialized LL. M, Programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not yet been fully implemented. Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Cyprus, Italy and Switzerland require a Masters with a two to five years to become a lawyer. As of 2014, Spain requires a degree in addition to a 4 years degree to become a lawyer. In Finland, an LL. M. is the graduate degree required to practice law. To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL. M. degree with a course in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be written in the district court for three years
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Victoria University of Wellington
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Victoria University of Wellington is a university in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Zealand, the university is well known for its programmes in law, the humanities, and some scientific disciplines, and offers a broad range of other courses. Entry to all courses at first year is open, and entry to second year in some programmes is restricted, Victoria had the highest average research grade in the New Zealand Governments Performance-Based Research Fund exercise in 2012, having been ranked 4th in 2006 and 3rd in 2003. Victoria has been ranked 229th in the Worlds Top 500 universities by the QS World University Rankings, in 2017s QS World University Rankings Victoria was ranked in the top 2% of universities in the world, and in the top 1% for 14 subjects. Victoria is named after Queen Victoria, as 1897 was the 60th anniversary of her coronation, there was a dispute initially as to where to site it, and it opened in temporary facilities in Thorndon. It was eventually decided to place it in Kelburn, where it still has its primary campus. This decision was influenced by the Cable Car companys offer of a donation of £1,000 if it were located in Kelburn so that students would patronise the Cable Car from the city, the foundation stone of the historic Hunter Building was laid in 1904. An extramural branch was founded at Palmerston North in 1960 and it merged with Massey College on 1 January 1963. Having become a branch of Victoria upon the University of New Zealands 1961 demise, in 2004, Victoria celebrated the 100th birthday of its first home, the Hunter Building. In 2015, Victoria opened a new campus in Auckland to service the growing demand for its courses and its main campus is in Kelburn, a suburb on a hill overlooking the Wellington central business district, where its administration and humanities & social science and science faculties are based. A smaller campus in Te Aro is the base for the architecture, the Faculty of Education is in the Karori campus. The newest facility, the Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory supports research programmes in marine biology, the Court of Convocation is composed of all graduates who choose to participate. Charles Wilson, at the time the librarian of the parliamentary library, was a member of the original council. For New Zealand residents entry to most courses is open, with a few exceptions, there is selection for entry into the second year in degrees such as the LLB, BArch and BDes. BA in criminology and creative writing is based on selection. It is one of three institutions to offer a degree in architecture in New Zealand. In conjunction with Massey University it owns the New Zealand School of Music, the blazon for the arms is, Vert on a fesse engrailed between three Crowns Or, a Canton Azure charged with four Estoilles Argent. What this means, The colour of the shield is first described, Vert is green so the shield is green
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New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
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The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra is a symphony orchestra based in Wellington, New Zealand. The national orchestra of New Zealand, the NZSO is a crown entity owned by the Government of New Zealand. It is currently based in the Michael Fowler Centre and frequently also in the adjacent Wellington Town Hall. A national orchestra for New Zealand was first proposed with the founding of the Radio Broadcasting Company in 1925, a national orchestra was formed in 1939 for New Zealands Centennial Exhibition in 1940. The orchestra became permanent in 1946 in the aftermath of World War II as the National Orchestra of the New Zealand Broadcasting Service, the inaugural concert took place on 6 March 1947. It was managed as a department of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, the orchestra was renamed the NZBC Symphony Orchestra in 1963, still being administered by Radio New Zealand. In 1975, it became the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, in 1988, the orchestra became fully independent of Radio New Zealand, and began operating as an independent Crown-owned company under its current name, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. Even after the separation of the orchestra from Radio New Zealand, NZSO performances continue to be recorded, broadcast. The NZSO has always had a touring schedule within New Zealand. It performed in Christchurch as early as 1947 and it performs its core series of 12 programmes in Wellington and Auckland, about half of those in Hamilton, Christchurch and Dunedin, and visits several provincial cities each year. It has several times toured overseas, notably in 2005 to the BBC Proms, the Snape Maltings, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the World Expo at Aichi in Japan. Franz-Paul Decker was the last NZSO conductor to have the title of chief conductor, the first conductor to have the title of Music Director of the NZSO was James Judd, from 1999 to 2007. Judd is now the orchestras Music Director Emeritus, in May 2007, Pietari Inkinen was named the NZSOs second Music Director, and he formally took up the post in January 2008. Inkinen concluded his NZSO tenure in 2015 and subsequently took the title of honorary conductor, in June 2015, the NZSO announced the appointment of Edo de Waart as its next music director, with his first concerts in March 2016. In the last decade it has sold 500,000 CDs and it records at least one CD of New Zealand music each year. It has made a number of recordings on the American Koch label, the latest recordings are two CDs of music by Jean Sibelius and one CD of music by Einojuhani Rautavaara. In 2012, the NZSO collaborated with Booktrack and Salman Rushdie to create music for an edition of Rusdhies short story In the South. The NZSO also performed and recorded Howard Shores score for The Hobbit, in April 2016 the orchestra recorded the 207 national anthems to be used at medal ceremonies at the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro the following year
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Waitangi Tribunal
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The Waitangi Tribunal is a New Zealand permanent commission of inquiry established under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975. The Tribunal is not a court of law, therefore, the Tribunals recommendations and they are sometimes ignored, for instance in the foreshore and seabed dispute. Abuse included murder, rape, physical and psychological torture and long-term enslavement, the inquiry process contributes to the resolution of Treaty claims and to the reconciliation of outstanding issues between Māori and Pākehā. In 2014 the Tribunal found that the Maori had never intended to give up their sovereignty when they signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the Honourable Matiu Rata was Minister of Māori Affairs in the early 1970s and the politician most responsible for the Tribunals creation. Originally the Tribunal could investigate grievances only since 1975, but in 1985 a law meant the Tribunals jurisdiction was extended back to 1840. The subsequent findings of many Treaty breaches by the Crown in various inquiries led to a backlash against the Tribunal. The Tribunal has often been an issue in the 1990s and 2000s. Originally a Tribunal investigation and report was a prerequisite for a Treaty settlement with the New Zealand Government and this was an increasingly popular short-cut to settlement in the face of the slow Tribunal process. The deadline for submitting claims was 1 September 2008. As a consequence, the Māori people would be denied their claims for radio frequencies, in June 1990 claim Wai 150 was lodged by Sir Graham Latimer on behalf of the New Zealand Māori Council. The Waitangi Tribunal amalgamated the Wai 26 with the Wai 150 claim, the final report of the Tribunal recommended that the Crown suspend the radio frequency tender process and proceed to negotiate with the Iwi. The Ngāi Tahu Maori Trust Board filed the claim with the Waitangi Tribunal in 1986, the claim covered nine different areas and was heard over two years from 1987. The Tribunal released its report in 1991 – at that time it was the tribunals most comprehensive inquiry. It found that the Crown acted unconscionably and in repeated breach of the Treaty of Waitangi in its dealings with the tribe. Ngāi Tahu also filed a claim in regards to commercial fisheries, Ngāi Tahu settled with the Crown in 1998, and received $170 million in compensation, an apology, and the return of its sacred mountain Aoraki/Mount Cook. On 2 July 2011 the Tribunal released its report into the Wai 262 claim. The Wai 262 claim concerns the ownership of, and rights to, mātauranga Māori in respect of indigenous flora and fauna. The Wai 262 claim, and the subsequent Ko Aotearoa Tēnei report, is unusual in Tribunal terms because of its wide scope and the contemporary nature of the issues being grappled with
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Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
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The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest judicial bodies in the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Councillors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. It is often referred to as the Privy Council, as in most cases appeals are made to Her Majesty in Council. The panel of judges hearing a case is known as the Board. The report of the Board is always accepted by the Queen in Council as judgment, in Commonwealth republics retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. In the case of Brunei, appeals are made to the Sultan of Brunei, formerly the Judicial Committee gave a unanimous report, but since the Judicial Committee Order 1966 dissenting opinions have been allowed. The Judicial Committees permanent home is in London, in the United Kingdom, in this renovated building, Court 3 is used for Privy Council sittings. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has jurisdiction in the domestic matters. Appeals from the courts in non-doctrinal faculty cases. Appeals from the High Court of Chivalry, Appeals from the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports. Appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, disputes under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975. Additionally, the government may refer any issue to the committee for consideration, in other courts in the United Kingdom, judgments of the Judicial Committee are only of persuasive authority and are not binding as a matter of law. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the Court of Final Appeal for the Church of England. It hears appeals from the Arches Court of Canterbury and the Chancery Court of York, except on matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony, which go to the Court for Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved. By the Church Discipline Act 1840 and the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England became eligible to be members of the Judicial Committee. Prior to the coming into force of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, on 1 October 2009 this jurisdiction was transferred to the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The New Zealand associated states of Cook Islands and Niue, the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, including Guernseys own dependencies of Alderney and Sark, and appeals from the Staff of Government Division on the Isle of Man. The United Kingdoms Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, in Cyprus, Appeal is directly to the Judicial Committee from three independent Commonwealth republics, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago, and also, if the case involves constitutional rights, Kiribati
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Government of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Government, commonly referred to as the UK government or British government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The government is led by the Prime Minister, who all the remaining ministers. The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, the government ministers all sit in Parliament, and are accountable to it. After an election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command a majority of MPs in the House of Commons. Under the uncodified British constitution, executive authority lies with the monarch, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the prime minister, the Cabinet members advise the monarch as members of the Privy Council. They also exercise power directly as leaders of the Government Departments, the current prime minister is Theresa May, who took office on 13 July 2016. She is the leader of the Conservative Party, which won a majority of seats in the House of Commons in the election on 7 May 2015. Prior to this, Cameron and the Conservatives led a government from 2010 to 2015 with the Liberal Democrats. A key principle of the British Constitution is that the government is responsible to Parliament, Britain is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament and this constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch, beginning with the Magna Carta in 1215. Parliament is split into two houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, the House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful. The House of Lords is the house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws. Parliamentary time is essential for bills to be passed into law, Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit, they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords, since the start of Edward VIIs reign, in 1901, the prime minister has always been an elected member of Parliament and therefore directly accountable to the House of Commons. Under the British system the government is required by convention and for reasons to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons. It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply, by convention if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a General Election is held. The support of the Lords, while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay, is not vital, a government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House. The House of Commons is thus the Responsible house, the prime minister is held to account during Prime Ministers Question Time which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject
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Queen's Counsel
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A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
28.
New Zealand general election, 2005
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The 2005 New Zealand general election on Saturday 17 September 2005 determined the membership of the 48th New Zealand Parliament. One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives,69 from single-member electorates, including one overhang seat, and 52 from party lists. No party won a majority, but the Labour Party of Prime Minister Helen Clark secured two more seats than nearest rival, the National Party of Dr Don Brash. With the exception of the newly formed Māori Party, which took four Māori seats from Labour, most of the other parties polled lower than in the election, losing votes. Brash deferred conceding defeat until 1 October, when Nationals election-night 49 seats fell to 48 after special votes were counted, the official count increased the Māori Party share of the party vote above 2%, entitling them to three rather than two list seats from the party vote. Despite its resurgence, National failed to displace Labour as the largest party in Parliament, Nationals gains apparently came mainly at the expense of smaller parties, while Labour won only two seats less than in 2002. The total votes cast in 2005 was 2,304,005, turnout was 80. 92% of those on the rolls, or 77. 05% of voting age population. Turnout was higher than in the previous 2002 election, and the Māori roll turnout at 67. 07% was significantly higher than 2002, in the election 739 candidates stood, and there were 19 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates,525 were electorate and list,72 were electorate only and 142 were list only, all but 37 represented registered parties. Only 35 candidates from registered parties chose to stand as a candidate only. 71% of candidates were male and 29% female, the percentages as in 2002. The election saw an 81% voter turnout, the results of the election give a Gallagher index of disproportionality of 1.11. MPs returned via party lists, and unsuccessful candidates, were as follows and these party list members later resigned during the parliamentary term. New Zealand general election,2005 - changes during the parliamentary term Going into the election, Labour had assurances of support from the Greens. This three-party bloc won 57 seats, leaving Clark four seats short of the 61 seats needed for a majority in the 121-seat Parliament, on 5 October the Māori Party began a series of hui to decide whom to support. That same day reports emerged that a meeting between Helen Clark and Māori co-leader Tariana Turia on 3 October had already ruled out a coalition between Labour and the Māori Party. Had Turia and her co-leader Pita Sharples opted to join a Labour-Progressive-Green coalition, without the Māori Party, Labour needed the support of New Zealand First and United Future to form a government. New Zealand First said it would support the party with the most seats, Clark sought from New Zealand First a positive commitment rather than abstention
29.
48th New Zealand Parliament
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The 48th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined at an election held on 17 September 2005. The new parliament met for the first time on 7 November 2005 and it was dissolved on 3 October 2008. The Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by New Zealand First and United Future, the Labour-led administration was in its third term. The National Party and ACT form the opposition to the government. Other non-government parties are the Greens and the Māori Party, the 48th Parliament consists of 121 representatives. This represents an overhang of one seat, with the Māori Party having won one more electorates than its share of the vote would otherwise have given it, in total, sixty-nine of the MPs were chosen by geographical electorates, including seven Māori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system, all the Māori Party MPs tried to alter their Oath of office by adding references to the Treaty of Waitangi. They all had to retake their oaths, 48th New Zealand Parliament - changes during the term parliamentary term Rod Donald, co-leader of the Green Party, died on 6 November 2005 before he was sworn in as a member of the 48th Parliament. He was replaced by the person on the Green Partys list, former MP Nándor Tánczos. Jim Sutton, a Labour list MP, retired from politics on 31 July 2006 and he was replaced by the next person on the Labour Partys list, Charles Chauvel. Don Brash, a National list MP and former leader of the National Party and he was replaced by the next person on the National Partys list, Katrina Shanks. Georgina Beyer, a Labour list MP, announced her retirement on 15 December 2006, on 20 February she was replaced by the next person on the Labour Partys list, former MP Lesley Soper. Taito Phillip Field, Labour MP for Mangere, quit the Labour party after being threatened with expulsion on 16 February 2007 and he continued to serve as an MP, and formed the New Zealand Pacific Party in January 2008. Gordon Copeland, a United Future list MP, left the party to become an independent MP in May 2007, ann Hartley, a Labour list MP, was elected to the North Shore City Council in the 2007 local body elections. She left Parliament when it resumed in 2008, and was replaced by the person on the Labour list, Louisa Wall. Brian Donnelly, a New Zealand First MP, resigned from Parliament from 12 February 2008, Donnelly was appointed as New Zealands High Commissioner to the Cook Islands. Dianne Yates, a Labour list MP, stood unsuccessfully for the Hamilton City Council in the 2007 local body elections and she resigned as an MP on 29 March 2008 and was replaced by William Sio on 1 April 2008 as the next person on Labours list
30.
New Zealand general election, 2008
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The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008 to determine the composition of the 49th New Zealand parliament. Key announced a week later that he would lead a National minority government with support from the ACT, United Future. The Governor-General swore Key in as New Zealands 38th Prime Minister on 19 November 2008, the Green Party became the third-largest party in Parliament, with nine seats. The ACT Party came joint-fourth, increasing their number of seats from two to five, and reversing some of their losses from the 2005 election, the Māori Party also won five seats – out of the seven Māori seats – creating an overhang of two seats. The New Zealand First party, which had seven MPs in the parliament, failed to win any electorates or pass the 5 per cent MMP threshold. In her concession speech, Helen Clark announced her resignation as the leader of the Labour Party. She had led the party since 1993, and had served as prime minister since the 1999 election and this was one more overhang seat than in 2005. cParty Votes and Turnout by Electorate. Chief Electoral Office, New Zealand Ministry of Justice, dThe turnout is given as a percentage of those enrolled to vote. In New Zealand, enrolment is compulsory, though voting is not, New Zealand General Election 2008 - Official Results. While the National Party has dominated rural seats since 1938, it achieved a clean sweep this year, Palmerston North remains the only provincial city with a Labour MP. The two seats of Hamilton both went to National, ^† These people entered Parliament at the election as list MPs Notes Party list members resigned during the parliamentary term. Originally unsuccessful party list members declared elected to parliament when elected list MPs resigned, convention in New Zealand expects Parliaments to run for a full three years unless the government loses the confidence of the House, although this has not happened since 1911. On Friday 12 September 2008, Prime Minister Helen Clark announced that the election would take place on 8 November 2008. This set the election timetable as, Dissolution of parliament – Friday,3 October 2008. Writ day – Wednesday,8 October, nominations day – Tuesday,14 October. Election day – Saturday,8 November, Official results declared and writs returned by Saturday,22 November. The 49th Parliament must convene no later than Saturday 3 January 2009, nineteen registered political parties contested the party vote, The following parties either disappeared during the previous parliaments term, or did not contest the 2008 elections for other reasons. New Zealand First received 4. 07% of the party vote – below the threshold of 5% –, in contrast, voter turnout of 79. 5% of enrolled voters came in lower than in most previous elections, the second-lowest since 1978 and third-lowest since 1902
31.
49th New Zealand Parliament
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The 49th New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2008 election. It comprised 122 members, including an overhang of two seats caused by the Māori Party having won two more seats than its share of the party vote would otherwise have given it. The Parliament served from 2008 until the November 2011 election, New Zealand uses the Mixed Member Proportional system to elect its parliaments. Seventy of the members of the 49th Parliament represented geographical electorates, sixteen in the South Island,47 in the North Island, the remaining 52 were elected from nationwide party vote candidate lists to realise proportionality. There were 10 resignations leading to Electoral Commission replacement selections for new list Candidates from four parliamentary parties, lockwood Smith was the Speaker in the 49th Parliament. In May 2007, the Representation Commission announced the changes to take effect for the next general election. The Commission announced the formation of a new electorate in Greater Auckland, the new electorate, originally dubbed Howick, would have included parts of the existing Pakuranga, Manukau East and Clevedon electorates. After Pakuranga electors strongly objected to the changes the Commission largely reverted proposed changes to the boundaries of the Pakuranga electorate. The Commission opted to alleviate population pressures by moving the Auckland City suburb of Otahuhu into Manukau East, the revised new electorate received the name Botany to reflect its focus on the growing population-centres of Botany Downs–Dannemora. On paper, Botany counts as a safe National seat and this was one more overhang seat than in 2005. cParty Votes and Turnout by Electorate. Chief Electoral Office, New Zealand Ministry of Justice, dThe turnout is given as a percentage of those enrolled to vote. In New Zealand, enrolment is compulsory, though voting is not, New Zealand General Election 2008 - Official Results. There were a number of changes during the term of the 49th Parliament, helen Clark resigned in April 2009 to take up a position as Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme. The resulting Mount Albert by-election was won by David Shearer on 13 June 2009, michael Cullen resigned in April 2009 to become the deputy chairman of New Zealand Post. He was replaced by the person on the Labour Partys list. Richard Worth resigned in June 2009 and he was replaced by the next person on the National Partys list, Cam Calder. Sue Bradford resigned in October 2009 and she was replaced by the next person on the Green Partys list, David Clendon. Jeanette Fitzsimons resigned in February 2010 and she was replaced by the next person on the Green Partys list, Gareth Hughes
32.
New Zealand general election, 2011
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The 2011 New Zealand general election on Saturday 26 November 2011 determined the membership of the 50th New Zealand Parliament. One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives,70 from single-member electorates, including one overhang seat, and 50 from party lists. New Zealand since 1996 has used the Mixed Member Proportional voting system, a referendum on the voting system was held at the same time as the election, with voters voting by majority to keep the MMP system. A total of 3,070,847 people were registered to vote in the election, with over 2.2 million votes cast and a turnout of 74. 21% – the lowest turnout since 1887. The incumbent National Party, led by John Key, gained the plurality with 47. 3% of the party vote and 59 seats, two seats short of holding a majority. New Zealand First, having won no seats in 2008 due to its failure to reach the 5% threshold or win an electorate. Nationals confidence and supply partners in the 49th Parliament meanwhile suffered losses, ACT New Zealand won less than a third of the party vote it received in 2008, reducing from five seats to one. The Māori Party was reduced from five seats to three, as the party split between the Māori Party and former Māori Party MP Hone Harawiras Mana Party. United Future lost party votes, but retained their one seat in Parliament, the election date was set as Saturday 26 November 2011, as predicted by the media. Breaking with tradition, Prime Minister John Key announced the date in February. Traditionally, the date is a closely guarded secret, announced as late as possible. The date follows the tradition of holding the election on the last Saturday of November unless the schedule is interrupted by a snap election or to circumvent holding a by-election. The Governor General must issue writs for an election seven days of the expiration or dissolution of Parliament. The writs for the general election were returnable on 27 November 2008. As a result, the 49th Parliament would have expired, if not dissolved earlier, as that day was a Sunday, the last available working day was 25 November 2011. Consequently, the last day for issuance of writs of election was 2 December 2011, except in some circumstances, the writs must be returned within 50 days of their issuance with the last possible working day being 20 January 2012. Because polling day must be a Saturday, the last possible polling date for the election was 7 January 2012, the Christmas/New Year holiday period made the last realistic date for the election Saturday 10 December 2011. The Rugby World Cup 2011 was hosted by New Zealand between 9 September and 23 October 2011, and ruled out all the election dates in this period
33.
50th New Zealand Parliament
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The 50th New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2011 general election. It had 121 members, and was in place from December 2011 until September 2014, the first sitting of the 50th Parliament was held on 20 December 2011, where members were sworn in and Lockwood Smith was elected Speaker of the House. This was followed by the speech from the throne on 21 December, John Key continued to lead the Fifth National Government. Following the resignation of Smith, David Carter was elected Speaker, the Parliament was elected using the mixed-member proportional representation voting system. Members of Parliament represent 70 geographical electorates,16 in the South Island,47 in the North Island and 7 Māori electorates, the remaining 51 members were elected from party lists using the Sainte-Laguë method to realise proportionality. The Representation Commission is tasked with reviewing electorate boundaries every five years following each New Zealand census, the last review was undertaken in 2007 following the 2006 census, and the electorate boundaries determined then were used in both the 2008 and 2011 general elections. The next census was scheduled for 8 March 2011, but it was postponed due to the disruption caused by the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The new date for the census was 5 March 2013, a total of twenty general and five Maori electorates remained unchanged. The 2011 New Zealand general election was held on Saturday,26 November 2011, one hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives,70 from single-member electorates, including one overhang seat, and 51 from party lists. Since the 1996 election, New Zealand has used the Mixed Member Proportional voting system, a referendum on the voting system was held at the same time as the election, in which 57. 8% of voters voted to keep the MMP voting system. A total of 3,070,847 people were registered to vote in the election, with over 2.2 million votes cast and a turnout of 73. 83%—the lowest turnout since 1887. New Zealand First, having won no seats in 2008 due to its failure to reach the 5% threshold or win an electorate. Nationals confidence and supply partners in the 49th Parliament meanwhile suffered losses, preliminary results indicated that ACT New Zealand won less than a third of the party vote it received in 2008, reducing from five seats to one. The Māori Party was reduced from five seats to three, as the party split between the Māori Party and former Māori Party MP Hone Harawiras Mana Party. United Future lost party votes, but retained their one seat in Parliament, the poor results for both the Labour Party and ACT resulted in changes to their leaderships. ACT leader Don Brash failed to get re-elected to Parliament due to the party vote. On 10 December, the results were published after the counting of the special votes. The main changes were that the National Partys vote share had decreased to 47. 31%, the Green Party vote rose to 11. 06%, which gained it one seat and is now eligible for 14 seats
34.
New Zealand general election, 2014
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The 2014 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 20 September 2014 to determine the membership of the 51st New Zealand Parliament. Voters elected 121 members to the House of Representatives, with 71 from single-member electorates and 49 from party lists. Since 1996, New Zealand has used the Mixed Member Proportional voting system, the party vote decides how many seats each party gets in the new Parliament, a party is entitled to a share of the seats if it receives 5% of the party vote or wins an electorate. Normally, the House has 120 seats but extra seats may be added there is an overhang. The one-seat overhang from the 50th Parliament will remain for the 51st Parliament, a total of 3,140,417 people were registered to vote in the election, around 92. 6% of all eligible New Zealanders. A total of 2,446,279 votes were cast, including a record 717,579 advance votes, turnout was 77. 90%, higher than the 2011 election, but the sixth-lowest since women gained the vote in 1893. The centre-right National Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister John Key, on election night counts, the party appeared to hold the first majority since 1994 with 61 seats, but lost one seat to the Green Party on the official count. The centre-left Labour Party, Nationals traditional opponent, lost ground for the election in a row. The Green Party dropped in the party vote from 11. 1% to 10. 7%, New Zealand First meanwhile increased its vote share to 8. 7% and seat count to 11. The Māori Party, ACT, and United Future retained their Parliamentary representation, the Internet Mana Party did not return to Parliament after its only representative in Parliament, Hone Harawira, was defeated in his electorate of Te Tai Tokerau. A referendum on the system took place in conjunction with the 2011 election. In the report, the Commission recommended the following, Reducing the party vote threshold from 5 percent to 4 percent, If introduced, the 4 percent threshold should be reviewed after three general elections. Abolishing the one electorate seat threshold – a party must cross the party vote threshold to gain list seats, retaining the status quo with closed party lists, but increasing scrutiny in selection of list candidates to ensure parties comply with their own party rules. Parliament should give consideration to fixing the ratio between electorate seats and list seats at 60,40, Parliament has the right to decide whether to implement any changes to the system, which had been largely unchanged since it was introduced in 1994 for the 1996 election. In May 2014 Judith Collins and John Key announced that no inter-party consensus existed on implementing the recommendations of the Commission, so the Government would not introduce any legislation. Following the 2011 general election, the National Party entered into confidence and supply agreements with ACT and these arrangements give the National-led government a majority of seven seats, with 64 on confidence-and-supply in the 121-seat Parliament. The Labour, Green, New Zealand First and Mana parties are all in opposition, One change was made to the allocation during the Parliament. In 2012, Brendan Horan was expelled from the NZ First caucus but continued to sit as an Independent, on 31 May 2013, the Electoral Commission de-registered United Future after it could not prove it had the 500 financial members required for registration
35.
51st New Zealand Parliament
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The 51st New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2014 general election. This Parliament consists of 121 members and will be in place from September 2014 until the New Zealand general election,2017, following the final vote count John Key was able to continue to lead the Fifth National Government. The Parliament was elected using a proportional representation voting system. Members of Parliament represent 71 geographical electorates,16 in the South Island,48 in the North Island and 7 Māori electorates, the remaining members were elected from party lists using the Sainte-Laguë method to realise proportionality. The number of electorates was increased from 70 at the previous election. The Representation Commission is tasked with reviewing electorate boundaries every five years following each New Zealand census, the last review was undertaken in 2007 following the 2006 census, and the electorate boundaries determined then were used in both the 2008 and 2011 general elections. The next census was scheduled for 8 March 2011, but it was postponed due to the disruption caused by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake on 22 February. The boundaries were based on population distribution and the Māori electoral option. At the 2011 election, there were 47 North Island general electorates and seven Māori electorates, following significant consultation final boundaries were released by the Representation Commission on 17 April 2014. The 2014 general election was conducted under these boundaries on 20 September 2014, the increase in population in the Auckland region as recorded in the 2013 census meant an extra electorate was required to keep all electorates within five percent of their quota. Boundaries within Christchurch changed substantially, with several electorates growing and decreasing due to population movement around the city since the 2010–11 Christchurch earthquakes. In particular a dramatic change was seen in the electorates of Christchurch East, Christchurch Central and Port Hills with lesser changes in Selwyn, Wigram, the tables below show the members of the 51st Parliament based on preliminary counts of the 2014 general election. The National Party won 47. 04% of the vote, entitling it to 60 seats, as it won 41 electorates, an additional 19 members were taken from the party list. After the resignation of Northland MP Mike Sabin a by-election was held, the partys share of seats was reduced to 59. 15 new National Party members were elected, nine from electorates,45 members from the 50th Parliament were returned. The Labour Party won 25. 13% of the vote, entitling it to 32 seats, as it won 27 electorates, an additional 5 members were taken from the party list. After the resignation of David Shearer in 2017, the share of seats was reduced to 31 until Raymond Huo was sworn in in March 2017. Three new Labour Party members were elected from the list,29 members from the 50th Parliament were returned
36.
New Zealand general election, 2017
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The 2017 New Zealand general election is scheduled to be held on Saturday 23 September 2017 to determine the membership of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament. The current Parliament was elected on Saturday,20 September 2014, unless an early election is called or the election date is set to circumvent holding a by-election, a general election is held every three years. The last election was held on Saturday,20 September 2014, the Governor-General must issue writs for an election within seven days of the expiration or dissolution of the current Parliament. The writs for the 2014 election were returned on 10 October 2014, as a result, the 51st Parliament will expire, if not dissolved earlier, on Tuesday,10 October 2017. Consequently, the last day for issuance of writs of election is 17 October 2017, the writs must be returned within 50 days of their issuance, which will be Wednesday,6 December 2017. Because polling day must be a Saturday and two weeks is generally required for the counting of votes, the last possible date for the next general election is Saturday,18 November 2017. On 1 February 2017, Prime Minister Bill English announced that the election would be held on Saturday 23 September 2017 and this will be the first election that both major parties, Labour and National are contesting under new leadership since 1975. Key dates relating to the election will typically be as follows. New boundaries are not due until early 2019, after the 2018 census, polling booths may now use electronic electoral rolls to mark off voters. Counting of advance votes may now start earlier at 9, 00am, contact information of sitting MPs, such as business cards and signage on out-of-Parliament offices, has been clarified as not constituting election advertising. Election advertising is now prohibited in or near advance polling booths. Election hoardings may now be erected nine weeks before the election, parties are no longer allocated free airtime on Radio New Zealand and Television New Zealand to broadcast opening and closing addresses. At the 2014 general election, the seats were won with a plurality of less than 1000 votes. Seventeen existing Members of Parliament have announced that they will not stand for re-election, trevor Mallard announced in July 2016 that he will not contest Hutt South, but will run as a list-only candidate, with the intention of becoming Speaker of the House. Political parties registered with the Electoral Commission on Writ Day can contest the election as a party. Each such party can submit a party list to contest the party vote, as of 6 March 2017, fourteen political parties are registered and can contend the general election. During the three month regulated period prior to election day, parties and candidates have limits on how much they may spend on election campaigning and it is illegal in New Zealand to campaign on election day itself. A party contesting all 71 electorates is therefore permitted to spend $2,975,200 on election campaigning, all electorate candidates are permitted to spend $26,200 each on campaigning over and above their partys allocation
37.
Keith Holyoake
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He is the only person to have held both positions. He was known for his style and plummy voice. He was also known as Kiwi Keith, a name given to him in childhood to distinguish him from an Australian child with the same name. Holyoake was born at Mangamutu, a distance from Pahiatua, a town in New Zealands Wairarapa region. Holyoakes great-grandparents, Richard and Eliza Holyoake, settled at Riwaka near Motueka in 1843, at age 12, having left school after his fathers death, Holyoake worked on the family hop and tobacco farm in Riwaka. His mother had trained as a teacher, and continued his education at home. After taking over the management of the farm, he involved in various local farming associations. The Reform Party, which had strong support, selected Holyoake as its candidate for the Motueka seat in the 1931 election. The incumbent MP, George Black, held the seat, Holyoake was the Reform Partys candidate in the resulting by-election in 1932, and was successful. He became the youngest Member of Parliament at the time, at the age of 28, in 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1935 election, Holyoake retained his seat under the motto Follow England, in the aftermath of this election, he played a key role in transforming the coalition into the modern National Party. He very quickly gained respect from his colleagues, and was regarded as a rising star in the new party. Holyoake had been discussed as a successor to the partys conscientious but lack-lustre leader, Adam Hamilton, but without being an MP. In 1943 he returned to Parliament as MP for Pahiatua, having been lined up by National for that nomination, in 1946, he became the partys Deputy Leader. National won the 1949 election and formed the First National Government, Holyoake was also for a year in charge of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and was Minister of Marketing until the department was abolished in 1953. As Minister of Agriculture for eight years Holyoake enhanced his reputation as a good administrator. Farm mechanisation was encouraged, the extermination policy achieved nearly eliminated the rabbit pest, dismantling of marketing producer controls was completed. Holyoake twice went to London to re-negotiate price levels on meat and wool products, on his return to New Zealand he visited India and the Soviet Union to seek alternative markets for New Zealand, although his trip bore little fruit
