1.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
2.
Classical music
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Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
3.
Double bass
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The double bass, or simply the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is an instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths, rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2. The instruments exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, the double bass is a standard member of the orchestras string section, as well as the concert band, and is featured in concertos, solo and chamber music in Western classical music. The bass is used in a range of genres, such as jazz, 1950s-style blues and rock and roll, rockabilly, psychobilly, traditional country music, bluegrass, tango. The double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings, in orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument, so does traditional bluegrass. In jazz, blues, and related genres, the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker, the double bass stands around 180 cm from scroll to endpin. However, other sizes are available, such as a 1⁄2 or 3⁄4 and these sizes do not reflect the size relative to a full size, or 4⁄4 bass, a 1⁄2 bass is not half the size of a bass but is only slightly smaller. It is typically constructed from several types of wood, including maple for the back, spruce for the top and it is uncertain whether the instrument is a descendant of the viola da gamba or of the violin, but it is traditionally aligned with the violin family. While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, like other violin and viol-family string instruments, the double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed, in jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and also occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. In classical pedagogy, almost all of the focus is on performing with the bow and producing a good bowed tone, some of these articulations can be combined, for example, the combination of sul ponticello and tremolo can produce eerie, ghostly sounds. Classical bass players do play pizzicato parts in orchestra, but these parts generally require simple notes, vibrato is used to add expression to string playing. In general, very loud, low-register passages are played with little or no vibrato, mid- and higher-register melodies are typically played with more vibrato. The speed and intensity of the vibrato is varied by the performer for an emotional and musical effect, in jazz, rockabilly and other related genres, much or all of the focus is on playing pizzicato. In jazz and jump blues, bassists are required to play extremely rapid pizzicato walking basslines for extended periods, as well, jazz and rockabilly bassists develop virtuoso pizzicato techniques that enable them to play rapid solos that incorporate fast-moving triplet and sixteenth note figures. In jazz and related styles, bassists often add semi-percussive ghost notes into basslines, to add to the rhythmic feel and to add fills to a bassline
4.
Tony Oxley
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Tony Oxley is an English free-jazz drummer and one of the founders of Incus Records. Tony Oxley was born in Sheffield, England, a self-taught pianist by the age of eight, he first began playing the drums at seventeen. In Sheffield he was taught by well respected local drummer Haydon Cook, while in the Black Watch military band from 1957 to 1960 he studied music theory and improved upon his drumming technique. From 1960 to 1964 he led his own quartet which performed locally in England and he was also a member of various groups led by musicians such as Gordon Beck, Alan Skidmore and Mike Pyne. Following this album the group was joined by Paul Rutherford on trombone and became a sextet and that same year Oxley helped found Incus Records along with Bailey and others and also the Musicians Cooperative. He also received a three-month artist-in-residence at the Sydney Conservatorium in Australia in 1970, around this time he joined the London Jazz Composers Orchestra and also got involved with collaborations with Howard Riley. In 1973 he became a tutor at the Jazz Summer School in Barry, South Wales, through the 1980s he worked with various musicians, including Tony Coe and Didier Levallet, also forming his own Celebration Orchestra during the latter half of that decade. Oxley also did extensive touring with Anthony Braxton in 1989, the Baptised Traveller 4 Compositions for Sextet Ichnos February Papers Oxley, Tony. Enchanted Messenger, Live from Berlin Jazz Festival, how Many Clouds Can You See. Barry Guy/The London Jazz Composers Orchestra, Ode Kenny Wheeler, Song for Someone Oxley, Tony, Davie, the Tony Oxley Alan Davie Duo. a/l/l. Oxley, Tony, Winstone, Norma, Wheeler, Kenny, Taylor, John, Fresu, Paolo, Damiani, guy, Barry, London Jazz Composers Orchestra. Anthony Braxton, Seven Compositions 1989 Battaglia, Stefano, Oxley, John Surman, Adventure Playground The Feel Trio. Tomasz Stańko, Matka Joanna Lindsay Cooper/Trio Trabant a Roma, Bill Dixon, Vade Mecum Bill Dixon, Vade Mecum II Tomasz Stańko, Leosia Paul Rutherford & Iskra 1912. Paul Bley, Chaos with Furio Di Castri Alex, Schlippenbach, Bill Dixon, Papyrus Volume I Bill Dixon, Papyrus Volume II Riley, Howard. Taylor, Cecil, Dixon, Bill, Oxley, Tony, gratkowski, Frank, Van Hove, Fred, Oxley, Tony. Complete February 1972 Paris ORTF Performance, Surman, John, Oxley, Tony, Skidmore, Alan, Wheeler, Kenny. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Carr, Ian, Fairweather, Digby, Priestley, the Rough Guide to Jazz, 3rd Edition. Audio Culture, Readings in Modern Music
5.
John Surman
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John Douglas Surman is an English jazz saxophone, bass clarinet, and synthesizer player, and composer of free jazz and modal jazz, often using themes from folk music. He has composed and performed music for performances and film soundtracks. Surman was born in Tavistock, Devon and he initially gained recognition playing baritone saxophone in the Mike Westbrook Band in the mid-1960s, and was soon heard regularly playing soprano saxophone and bass clarinet as well. His first playing issued on a record was with the Peter Lemer Quintet in 1966, after further recordings and performances with jazz bandleaders Mike Westbrook and Graham Collier and blues-rock musician Alexis Korner, he made the first record under his own name in 1968. In 1969 he founded the well-regarded and influential group The Trio along with two expatriate American musicians, bassist Barre Phillips and drummer Stu Martin. In the mid-1970s he founded one of the earliest all-saxophone jazz groups, S. O. S. along with alto saxophonist Mike Osborne, by 1972 he had begun experimenting with synthesizers. That year he recorded Westering Home, the first of solo projects on which he played all parts himself via overdubbing. He recorded his album with Mike Westbrook, Citadel/Room 315 in 1975. Many of the relationships he established during the 1970s have continued to the present. Way Back When, free jazz session with John Taylor on electric piano, drummer John Marshall, absalom Dawe, overdubbed solo clarinets, saxophones and keyboards. The Rainbow Band Sessions, big band recorded 2006–07 at the Rainbow Studio, songs About This And That, feat. Karin Krog, including with Ivar Kolve, Bjørn Klakegg, Terje Gewelt & Tom Olstad Rarum, Vol
6.
David Gilmour
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David Jon Gilmour, CBE is an English singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. He joined the rock band Pink Floyd as guitarist and co-lead vocalist in 1968, effectively as a replacement for founder Syd Barrett. Pink Floyd subsequently achieved success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals. Following the departure of founder member, Roger Waters, Gilmour assumed leadership of Pink Floyd in 1985. As a member of Pink Floyd, he was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, in 2005, Gilmour was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to music. He was awarded with the Outstanding Contribution title at the 2008 Q Awards, in 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 14 in their list of the greatest guitarists of all time. Additionally, Gilmour was voted number 36 in the greatest voices in rock by Planet Rock listeners in 2009 and he has married twice and is the father of eight children. David Jon Gilmour was born on 6 March 1946, in Cambridge, England. His father, Douglas Gilmour, eventually became a lecturer in zoology at the University of Cambridge. At the time of Gilmours birth they lived in Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, but in 1956, after several relocations, Gilmours parents encouraged him to pursue his interest in music, and in 1954 he bought his first single, Bill Haleys Rock Around the Clock. His enthusiasm for music was stirred the following year by Elvis Presleys Heartbreak Hotel and he then borrowed one from his neighbour, but never gave it back. Soon afterward, he started teaching himself to using a book. At age 11, Gilmour began attending the Perse School on Hills Road, Cambridge, while there he met future Pink Floyd guitarist Syd Barrett and bass guitarist Roger Waters, who attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys, which was also situated on Hills Road. In 1962, Gilmour began studying A-Level modern languages at Cambridge Technical College, despite not finishing the course, he eventually learnt to speak fluent French. Barrett was also a student at the college, and he spent his lunchtimes practising guitar with Gilmour, in late 1962, Gilmour joined the blues rock band Jokers Wild. They recorded an album and a single at Regent Sound Studio, in west London. In August 1965, Gilmour busked around Spain and France with Barrett and some other friends and they were not very successful, getting arrested on one occasion and living a virtually hand-to-mouth existence, which resulted in Gilmour requiring treatment in a hospital for malnutrition. He and Barrett later trekked to Paris, where they camped outside the city for a week, during that time Gilmour worked in various places, most notably as the driver and assistant for fashion designer Ossie Clark
7.
On an Island
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On an Island is the third solo album by Pink Floyd member David Gilmour. It was released in the UK on 6 March 2006, Gilmours 60th birthday and it was his first solo album in twenty two years since 1984s About Face and twelve years since 1994s Pink Floyd album The Division Bell. Chris Thomas and Roxy Musics Phil Manzanera assisted with production, the lyrics were principally written by Gilmours wife, Polly Samson. Much of the album was recorded in Gilmours private studio aboard his houseboat Astoria, the track Smile was heard briefly in an unmastered form on the BBC2 show Three Men in a Boat which retraced a trip on the River Thames that passed the houseboat. The orchestra was recorded at Abbey Road Studios by Simon Rhodes, the album also produced two singles, the title track On an Island and Smile, the latter peaking at #72 on the UK Singles Chart. On an Island also peaked at #27 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, promo Single edits of Take a Breath and This Heaven were issued to coincide with the US leg of the tour, while Smile was the second single in the UK. The album was re-released in November 2006 with a bonus DVD of live tracks, on an Island entered the UK charts at #1, giving Gilmour his first ever chart-topping album outside of Pink Floyd. It reached #1 on the European Chart, and #2 in Canada, Portugal and it has also provided Gilmour with his first US Top 10 album, reaching #6. The album has achieved status in Canada and has sold over 1,000,000 copies worldwide. All music written by David Gilmour, Island Jam Island Jam was recorded as the b-side to the Smile single. The track was produced by Gilmour, Gilmour toured the album with Richard Wright, Phil Manzanera and long-time members of the live Pink Floyd band, Guy Pratt and Jon Carin. Steve DiStanislao was brought in as drummer, the shows included the entire On an Island album plus Pink Floyd songs such as Shine On You Crazy Diamond, Echoes, Arnold Layne, High Hopes, Wish You Were Here and Comfortably Numb among others. No songs from Gilmours two previous albums were played. The tour is documented on the DVD/Blu-ray Remember That Night and the live album & DVD Live in Gdansk, the song Castellorizon received a Grammy Award nomination for best rock instrumental. The album has achieved status in Canada for shipping 100,000 units
8.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
9.
Rattle That Lock
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Rattle That Lock is the fourth solo studio album by the English singer and musician David Gilmour. It was originally released in September 2015, on the label Columbia, the artwork for the album was created by Dave Stansbie from The Creative Corporation under the direction of Aubrey Powell, who has worked with David Gilmour and Pink Floyd since the late 1960s. The album was recorded at Gilmours recording studios, most of the album was recorded at Medina Studio, in Hove – the additional recording was at the Astoria houseboat studio. The final Pink Floyd album, The Endless River, was recorded and produced using a combination of the two studios. Orchestra parts were recorded at AIR Studios in London and the Liberty Choir were recorded in a South London church, the album was mixed at Astoria and mastering for all formats was performed by James Guthrie and Joel Plante at das boot recording in Lake Tahoe, California. The title track Rattle That Lock was inspired by and makes use of the SNCF jingle, Gilmour heard and recorded the jingle on his iPhone at Aix-en-Provence station while travelling to visit friends. When Boumendil first got a message from Gilmour, he thought it might be a prank. The lyrics for the track were written by Gilmours wife and long time collaborator, the musicians Mica Paris and Louise Marshall, together with the Liberty Choir perform on the track. Davids son Gabriel performs piano on the song In Any Tongue, Rattle That Lock was the first single released from the album, it had its first radio airplay on BBC Radio 2s The Chris Evans Breakfast Show during the morning of 17 July 2015. The single was available for digital download immediately afterwards. Also, David granted US rock radio legend Redbeard an interview, for the week beginning on 3 August 2015, BBC Radio 2 made Rattle That Lock their Record of the Week, guaranteeing the song at least one play per day. On 31 July 2015, a video for Rattle That Lock was released on Gilmours website. The video was created by Trunk Animation under direction from Alasdair Brotherston and Jock Mooney, produced by Richard Barnett and involved 12 animators, artists, Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis served as Creative Director for the video. The albums cover features a photograph by Rupert Truman of StormStudios with painted corvidaes escaping a locked cage. The album books photographs were taken by Kevin Westenberg with Polly Samson contributing recording session photographs, Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis is credited as creative director. The Rattle That Lock tour was scheduled to begin on 12 September 2015 in Pula, Croatia with an album preview show on 5 September 2015 in Brighton. It ended on 12 April 2016 in New York City, U. S. with a break between the South American and American legs. Gilmour also performed a charity show at Wrocław, Poland on 25 June 2016
