1.
Crissy Rock
–
She appeared in Im a Celebrity. Get Me Out of Here. In December 2012, she appeared on Celebrity Come Dine With Me, for her performance in Ladybird, Ladybird, she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. Rock was born as Christine Murray in Liverpool in 1958 to Edward, as of September 2012 she lives in Peterlee, County Durham. Her parents had married at St Nathaniels Anglican chapel several months before her birth, the book made the top ten of the Sunday Times best-seller list for seven months and was released as a paperback in 2012 having hit 35,000 sales. The autobiography revived her career and Rock went on to regular appearances on ITVs This Morning programme to discuss the book. Rock started her career as a comedian in the late 1980s and she appeared nationwide on Bob Monkhouses BBC Television show Bob Says Opportunity Knocks, where she was given the highest marks for any comedy act on the series. Monkhouse said, She has the art of timing and had me in stitches, in 1991, following a period of ill health, Crissy returned to the stage, taking bookings on the club and cabaret circuit. Within months, she was voted runner up in the Club Comedian of the Year competition for the Merseyside region, by 1993, her career had started to take off. She performed her act in clubs in Blackpool, Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, South Wales, by 1994, Rock was bill-topping at the Central Pier and the famous Blackpool Tower. In 1998, Rock toured the United Kingdom in a drama called Shellfish, the Guardian newspaper wrote, Pat is an utterly believable portrayal of a woman making a last grab at happiness. In the mid-2000s, Rock left the UK and relocated to Benidorm, following the success of the TV show Benidorm she returned to the UK in 2008 and continued to perform her stand-up act in clubs around the country. Rocks comedy has been described as outrageous and emotional, in 2011, Rock released her debut DVD, Crissy Rock – Live. Recorded at Liverpools Royal Court Theatre, from December 2011 to January 2012, Rock played the role of the Fairy Godmother in Billingham Forums Christmas pantomime production of Cinderella. In December 2013, Rock appeared as the Wicked Queen in a production of Snow White at Liverpools Epstein Theatre, on 15 March 2014, Rock led the cast of new comedy Dirty Dusting at the Bedworth Civic Hall. In April 2014, Rock starred alongside Duggie Brown in Escorts the musical at the Theatre Royal St Helens, rocks debut acting performance was as Maggie Conlan in Ken Loachs award-winning 1994 film Ladybird Ladybird. Loach later recalled, I cannot think of anyone I have worked with who shines more brightly than Crissy Rock, Film critic Gene Siskel said on the CBS This Morning programme, No Oscar ceremony will be complete without a nomination for this brilliant performance. In 1995, Rock appeared on primetime ITV in Peak Practice, Celebrity Squares and she also performed on Sky Ones Stand and Deliver. In 1997, she played alongside Billie Whitelaw in the six-part BBC1 series Born to Run and she also made regular appearances on Channel 4s game show Pull The Other One
Crissy Rock
–
Crissy Rock being interviewed on ITV's 'Daybreak' (2012)
Crissy Rock
–
'Crissy Rock, Live!' DVD cover.
Crissy Rock
–
Crissy Rock as Maggie Conlan in 'Ladybird Ladybird'.
2.
Andrews, South Carolina
–
Andrews is a small town in Georgetown and Williamsburg counties in the U. S. state of South Carolina. The population was 2,861 at the 2010 census, down from 3,068 at the 2000 census, general aviation airfield Robert F. Swinnie Airport is located 2 miles east of the central business district. Chubby Checker and Chris Rock were born in Andrews, Andrews is located in western Georgetown County, with a small portion extending west into Williamsburg County. U. S. Route 521 bypasses the town to the south, then passes through the west side of the town, the highway leads northwest 62 miles to Sumter and east 17 miles to Georgetown, the county seat. South Carolina Highway 41 leads northeast 24 miles to Hemingway and southwest 15 miles to Jamestown, charleston is 59 miles to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, Andrews has an area of 2.2 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,068 people,1,182 households, the population density was 1,392.6 people per square mile. There were 1,347 housing units at a density of 611.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 60. 76% African American,37. 55% White,0. 23% Native American,0. 88% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 43% of the population. 26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.12. In the town, the population was out with 30. 5% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 77.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.3 males, the median income for a household in the town was $19,375, and the median income for a family was $22,750. Males had an income of $24,891 versus $17,344 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,105, about 30. 8% of families and 34. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45. 8% of those under age 18 and 21. 4% of those age 65 or over. The towns of Rosemary and Harpers Crossroads were settled along the Georgetown and Western Railroad, in 1905, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad built a route through the town, along with a sizable maintenance shop. In 1909, voters agreed to incorporate the two towns into a single community, which was named Andrews, after Colonel Walter H. Andrews. Andrews worked for the Atlantic Coast Lumber Co. and served as mayor through most of the 1920s, in 1915, a town hall was built, which is now a museum
Andrews, South Carolina
–
A grand old
bald cypress tree in the
Santee River valley, near Andrews, SC
Andrews, South Carolina
–
Location of Andrews in South Carolina
3.
Stand-up comedy
–
Stand-up comedy is a comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them. The performer is known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian. In stand-up comedy, the comedian usually recites a grouping of humorous stories, jokes and one-liners typically called a monologue, routine, some stand-up comedians use props, music, or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in clubs, bars and pubs, nightclubs. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, CD, in stand-up comedy, the feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedians act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a stream of laughs. Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy hard, lonely and vicious, a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, or feature a headline or a showcase format. This is followed by one or two middle or featured acts, who perform 15- to 20-minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, a showcase format may still feature an MC. Bringer shows are another opportunity for amateur performers, the performer must bring a specified number of paying guests in order to get stage time. The guests usually have to pay a charge and there is often a minimum number of drinks that must be ordered. These shows usually have a showcase format and this type of show gives comedians better exposure than open mics because there is usually better audience turnout and industry professionals sometimes go to watch. Different comedy clubs have different requirements for their bringer shows, gotham Comedy Club in New York City, for example, usually has ten-person bringers, while Broadway Comedy Club in New York City usually has six-person bringers. As the name implies, stand-up comedians usually perform their material while standing, stand-up comedy has its origin in classic Parrhesia in 400 BC used for cynics and epicureans in order to tell the reality without censorship. Stand-up comedy in the United Kingdom began in the halls of the 18th and 19th centuries. The heavy censorship regime of the Lord Chamberlains Office required all comedians to submit their acts for censorship, the act would be returned with unacceptable sections underlined in blue pencil. The comedian was then obliged not to deviate from the act in its edited form, the rise of the post-war comedians coincided with the rise of television and radio, and the traditional music hall circuit suffered greatly as a result. By the 1970s, music hall entertainment was virtually dead, alternative circuits had evolved, such as working mens clubs. The alternative comedy scene began to evolve
Stand-up comedy
–
Bronze statue of Britain's
Max Miller
Stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy
–
Bob Hope, America's most famous stand-up comedian, during
World War II
Stand-up comedy
–
Lenny Bruce
4.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
Television
–
Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
–
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
–
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
–
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939
5.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
Film
–
A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Film
–
The
Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first
cinema ever, with a short film presented by the
Skladanowsky brothers on 1 November 1895. The image depicts a July 1940
variety show.
Film
–
A shot from
Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
Film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
6.
Black comedy
–
Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
Black comedy
–
'
Hopscotch to oblivion', Barcelona,
Spain
Black comedy
–
An amusing play on words
Black comedy
–
Major "King" Kong riding a nuclear bomb to oblivion, from the film
Dr. Strangelove
7.
African-American culture
–
The distinct identity of African-American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African-American people, including the Middle Passage. The culture is distinct and enormously influential on American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in West and Central Africa, understanding its identity within the culture of the United States it is, in the anthropological sense, conscious of its origins as largely a blend of West and Central African cultures. Elaborate rituals and ceremonies were a significant part of African Americans ancestral culture, many West African societies traditionally believed that spirits dwelled in their surrounding nature. From this disposition, they treated their environment with mindful care and they also generally believed that a spiritual life source existed after death, and that ancestors in this spiritual realm could then mediate between the supreme creator and the living. Honor and prayer was displayed to these ancient ones, the spirit of those past, West Africans also believed in spiritual possession. In the beginning of the eighteenth century Christianity began to spread across North Africa, the enslaved Africans brought this complex religious dynamic within their culture to America. This fusion of traditional African beliefs with Christianity provided a place for those practicing religion in Africa and America. After emancipation, unique African-American traditions continued to flourish, as distinctive traditions or radical innovations in music, art, literature, religion, cuisine, 20th-century sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa. But, anthropological research by Melville Herskovits and others demonstrated that there has been a continuum of African traditions among Africans of the Diaspora. The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European culture is found below the Mason-Dixon line in the American South, Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. From the earliest days of American slavery in the 17th century, African cultures, slavery, slave rebellions, and the civil rights movement have shaped African-American religious, familial, political, and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in a myriad of ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion, cuisine, in turn, African-American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on many elements of mainstream American culture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization, over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Slaveholders limited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they feared it might empower their chattel, in the United States, the legislation that denied slaves formal education likely contributed to their maintaining a strong oral tradition, a common feature of indigenous African cultures. African-based oral traditions became the means of preserving history, mores. This was consistent with the practices of oral history in many African. Many of these elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling
African-American culture
–
An African-American man gives a piano lesson to a young Caucasian woman, in 1899 or 1900, in
Georgia, USA. Photograph from a collection of
W. E. B. Du Bois.
African-American culture
–
Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the
Harlem Renaissance
African-American culture
–
Thelonious Monk in 1947.
African-American culture
–
Composer
Duke Ellington, pictured receiving the
Presidential Medal of Freedom from
Richard Nixon, is often held to be one of the most influential musical figures of the 20th century.
8.
News
–
NeWS is a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. Originally known as SunDew, its authors were James Gosling. The NeWS interpreter was based on PostScript extending it to allow interaction, like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a GUI. It also added a complete view hierarchy, based on known as canvases. Like the view system in most GUIs, NeWS included the concept of a tree of embedded views along which events were passed, for instance, a mouse click would generate an event that would be passed to the object directly under the mouse pointer, say a button. If this object did not respond to the event, the object under the button would then receive the message, the input handling system was designed to provide strong event synchronization guarantees that were not possible with asynchronous protocols like X. To support user interface widgets, NeWS expanded the original PostScript stack-based language into an object oriented programming style with inheritance. This eliminated the need for an external OO language to build a complete application, since all of these additions were implemented as extensions to PostScript, it was possible to write simple PostScript code that would result in a running, onscreen, interactive program. Two popular demonstration programs were an onscreen clock, which required about two pages of code, and a program which drew a pair of eyes that followed the cursor as it moved around the screen. The eyeball program was shown at SIGGRAPH in 1988, and was the inspiration for the later well-known X application xeyes, NeWS included several libraries of user interface elements, themselves written in NeWS. These widgets ran all of their behaviour in the NeWS interpreter, for example, a toggle buttons display routine can query the buttons state and change its display accordingly. The buttons PostScript code can also react to mouse clicks by changing its state from pressed to not pressed and vice versa. All this can happen in the server without interaction with the client program. If client and server are not on the machine, these interactions must travel over the network. NeWS was architecturally similar to what is now called AJAX, except that NeWS coherently, used PostScript graphics instead of DHTML and CSS for rendering. Used PostScript data instead of XML and JSON for data representation, the best example of such a library is TNT which Sun released in 1989. Sun also shipped an earlier Lite toolkit intended for example purposes, although adoption was never widespread, several companies licensed NeWS and adapted it for various uses. SGI used a version of it named 4Sight to replace their proprietary MEX windowing system, grasshopper Group created a Macintosh port called MacNeWS
News
–
HyperTIES browser and
Emacs authoring tool with
pie menus on NeWS
News
9.
Marriage
–
The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
Marriage
–
A pair of
wedding rings
Marriage
–
Swedish royal wedding clothes from 1766,
Livrustkammaren in Stockholm
Marriage
–
Nepali wedding party in traditional dress
Marriage
–
An arranged marriage between
Louis XIV of France and
Maria Theresa of Spain.
10.
Politics
–
Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between communities. It is very often said that politics is about power, a political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics. Formal Politics refers to the operation of a system of government and publicly defined institutions. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics, many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but that can still affect their daily lives. Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations, informal Politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything affecting ones daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that politics is everywhere. The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotles book Politics also derives, the book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as Polettiques, it became politics in Modern English. The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, the origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare. Historically speaking, all communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China, of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy, the king often, even in absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a council without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, constitutional monarchies emerged, long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by, Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. Preserving the traditions of the social order, being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than an individual such as the king. The greatest of the subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland
Politics
–
Political views differ on average across nations. A recreation of the
Inglehart –
Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the
World Values Survey.
11.
Sociology of race and ethnic relations
–
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of racism, residential segregation, the sociological analysis of race and ethnicity frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as stratification and social psychology, as well as with postcolonial theory. At the level of policy, ethnic relations is discussed in terms of either assimilationism or multiculturalism. Anti-racism forms another style of policy, particularly popular in the 1960s and 1970s, at the level of academic inquiry, ethnic relations is discussed either by the experiences of individual racial-ethnic groups or else by overarching theoretical issues. Marx described society as having nine great classes, the capitalist class and he hoped for the working class to rise up against the capitalist class in an attempt to stop the exploitation of the working class. He blamed part of their failure to organize on the capitalist class, as they separated black and this separation, specifically between Blacks and Whites in America, contributed to racism. Marx attributes capitalisms contribution to racism through segmented labor markets and a racial inequality of earnings, weber laid the foundations for a micro-sociology of ethnic relations beginning in 1906. Weber argued that biological traits could not be the basis for group foundation unless they were conceived as shared characteristics and it was this shared perception and common customs that create and distinguish one ethnicity from another. This differs from the views of many of his contemporaries who believed that a group was formed from biological similarities alone apart from social perception of membership in a group. Du Bois is well known as one of the most influential black scholars, du Bois educated himself on his people, and sought academia as a way to enlighten others on the social injustices against his people. Du Bois believed that Black Americans should embrace higher education and use their new access to schooling to achieve a position within society. He referred to this idea as the Talented Tenth, with gaining popularity, he also preached the belief that for blacks to be free in some places, they must be free everywhere. After traveling to Africa and Russia, he recanted his original philosophy of integration, booker T. Washington was considered one of the most influential black educators of the 19th and 20th centuries. Born in 1856 as a slave in Virginia, Washington came of age as slavery was coming to an end, just as slavery ended, however, it was replaced by a system of sharecropping in the South that resulted in black indebtedness. By focusing on education for blacks, rather than political advancement, secretly, however, he pursued legal challenges against segregation and disfranchisement of blacks. The effect is so strong that even simply asking the test-taker to state her or his race before taking the test will significantly alter test performance, psychoanalysis has much to offer the study of racism. Its central proposition is that rationality is not the state of the individual. Humans resist change because change threatens established ways of dealing with anxiety, individual defence mechanisms contribute to social defence mechanisms
Sociology of race and ethnic relations
–
A racist political campaign poster from the 1866
Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
12.
Racism
–
Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racism
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A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racism
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1902 use of the word "racism".
Racism
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Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racism
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Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
13.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
Saturday Night Live
–
The original 1975 cast, from left to right:
Laraine Newman,
John Belushi,
Jane Curtin,
Gilda Radner,
Dan Aykroyd,
Garrett Morris, and
Chevy Chase
Saturday Night Live
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Creator
Lorne Michaels.
Saturday Night Live
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Comcast Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza, or "30 Rock") from where the show is broadcast.
Saturday Night Live
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SNL 's main stage, during rehearsal, 2008
14.
Down to Earth (2001 film)
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Down to Earth is a 2001 American comedy film directed by Chris and Paul Weitz and written by Chris Rock, Lance Crouther, Ali LeRoi and Louis C. K. It is the film based on Harry Segalls stageplay Heaven Can Wait, preceded by Here Comes Mr. Jordan. The film stars Chris Rock as Lance Barton, a comedian who is killed before his time on Earth is through and he is given another chance to continue his life, but in the body of a middle-aged rich white man. The film was released on February 16,2001, received negative reviews from critics. Lance Barton is a comedian who is quite funny and confident in his personality. After being booed off stage one night he hears about an opportunity from his manager, Whitney Daniels, at the Apollo Theater, which is having a goodbye show due to its imminent closing. He is hoping to get a chance to prove himself in front of a real audience, not paying attention, he is hit by a semi truck and is instantly killed. Because of this, Lance is brought up to Heaven where he meets the angels, King and Keyes who reveal that Lance has died before his time, Lance and King then start searching for a body. After sorting through many, they find Charles Wellington III, a rich businessman freshly drowned in his tub by his wife and assistant. Lance sees this as a chance to get to know her, accordingly, he makes a deal with King to loan Charles body until a more suitable body is found. Soon after, Charles returns from death, but with the witty soul of Lance Barton inside him, only he and the angels can see him as Lance. Everybody else sees him as the middle-aged, rich, white Charles, very unpopular in the past, the public and those closest to Charles start to notice a change in his personality. He transforms from a snobbish billionaire into a philanthropist, despite recent events he continues to follow his comedy dreams through Charles, contacting his old manager Whitney and convincing him that he is Lance reincarnated. Through many humorous moments and issues, he gets Sontee to fall in love with him, all too soon, Charles wife and Sklars plans to murder him succeed as he is shot and killed by a hired assassin. Joe returns from this accident unscathed, now with Lances soul, after pulling off a successful performance at the Apollo and reconnecting with Whitney, King and Keyes re-emerge. They inform him that after their current conversation, he not remember them, Lance. As said, after the angels leave he no longer remembers the events or his previous lives. Even though he has lost his memory of Lance, he still has the characteristics of him
Down to Earth (2001 film)
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Down to Earth
15.
Head of State (film)
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Head of State is a 2003 comedy film directed, written by, and starring Chris Rock and co-starring Bernie Mac. It marked the debut of Rock, who had previously worked as a writer, producer. The films title refers to one of the key functions of the President of the United States and this was the last film by cinematographer Donald E. Thorin, who died in 2016, having not worked on a film in thirteen years. Mays Gilliam is the alderman for the 9th Ward in Washington D. C, at first, Mays feels he will not be able to succeed as President because he would be representing the entire African-American populace, and does not want to do anything to mess it up. However, Mays begins to rise in the polls after his brother persuades him to out for what he believes. He begins to talk about such as welfare, money, society. After Lewis runs a series of attack ads including one saying Mays supports cancer, a part of this strategy includes dubbing a videotape of Osama bin Laden saying he hates America but loves Brian Lewis. This strategy gains Mays even more points in the polls, as voting day draws closer, Mays eventually learns the reason why he was chosen as the party candidate, fires some disloyal campaign operatives, and chooses his brother as his running mate. He later has a debate with his opponent in which he manages to win the crowd over by speaking truth about the American life, finally, Mays ends up winning the election and the presidency. The film ends with a shot of Mount Rushmore with Mays Gilliams head added, Chris Rock – Mays Gilliam, accidental candidate to Presidential elections. Bernie Mac – Mitch Gilliam, elder brother of Mays and vice President candidate. G. James – Himself Rock said in HBO First Look that he got the idea from the 1984 Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale, the Democrats knew they had little chance of defeating Ronald Reagan, but selected Ferraro in hopes of gaining female support. Part of the debate is a verbatim repeat of Monty Pythons Argument Clinic. The ceremonial first pitch scene was filmed prior to a Baltimore Orioles–Toronto Blue Jays game at Camden Yards on August 24,2002, in the scene where Mays makes an appearance for TNA Wrestling, B. G. James is holding the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, a title he has never won, keith David had a small role as Bernard Cooper who is shown to have purchased Mays car in a repo auction. Martin Geller sings part of the song Fire Water Burn, boston comedian and actor Jimmy Tingle has the role of a talk show host, in which he interviews Bernie Mac. Head of State received generally negative reviews from critics, on Metacritic, the film maintains a score of 44/100. Roger Ebert, writing for Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3/4 stars, writing that its an imperfect movie, official website Head of State at the Internet Movie Database Head of State at AllMovie Head of State at Box Office Mojo
Head of State (film)
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Head of State
16.
Madagascar (franchise)
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Madagascar is a computer-animated franchise produced by DreamWorks Animation. Voices of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, David Schwimmer and Jada Pinkett Smith are featured in the films and it began with the 2005 film Madagascar, the 2008 sequel Madagascar, Escape 2 Africa, and the third film Madagascar 3, Europes Most Wanted in 2012. A spin-off film featuring the penguins, titled Penguins of Madagascar, was released in 2014, a fourth film, Madagascar 4, was announced for 2018, but has since been removed from its schedule due to the studios restructuring. The overall plot through the series follows the adventures of four Central Park Zoo animals who have spent their lives in captivity and are unexpectedly shipped back to Africa. Now they must struggle to survive while attempting to return to New York City with the help of a crafty cadre of penguins, Madagascar is a 2005 computer-animated comedy film and the first film in the series. Directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath, the tells the story of four Central Park Zoo animals, Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Melman the Giraffe. These animals have spent their lives in captivity, and are unexpectedly shipwrecked on the island of Madagascar. The film was a success, grossing over $532 million worldwide. Madagascar, Escape 2 Africa is a 2008 computer-animated comedy/adventure film, directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath, the film continues the adventures of Alex, Marty, Melman, and Gloria, who try to fly back to New York, but they crash-land in Africa. The film grossed over $603 million worldwide, which is higher than its predecessor, Madagascar 3, Europes Most Wanted is a 2012 computer animated comedy film, and the third installment in the series, directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath, along with Conrad Vernon. Alex, Marty, Gloria, and Melman are still struggling to get home to New York, together, they spectacularly revitalize the business even as the fanatical Monaco Animal Control officer Captain Chantel DuBois relentlessly pursues them. In the end, the zoo animals finally get back to New York, only to find that they have too much in spirit to return to captivity. The film grossing over $746 million worldwide, marking the film in the series. Jeffrey Katzenberg has stated there is likely to be a fourth installment in the franchise. However, in June 2012, DreamWorks Animations head of marketing, Anne Globe, said. There hasnt been a lot of discussion about that, Eric Darnell, who co-directed all three films, spoke of the possibility of the fourth film, noting, Two things have to happen. One is that the world has to want Madagascar 4, because if they dont want it, it doesnt matter what we do. And the other thing is if the world wants Madagascar 4, we have to make sure that we have an idea that is incredible, that is great
Madagascar (franchise)
–
Madagascar Live! Prepare to Party at
Chessington World of Adventures Resort
Madagascar (franchise)
17.
Grown Ups (film)
–
Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, and written by Adam Sandler, who also stars in this film. Besides Sandler, the film co-stars Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, the film tells a story of five childhood friends who won their junior high school basketball championship in 1978. They reunite three decades later to mourn the death of their coach, meeting at a lakeside cottage they rented when they were young, the friends also re-connect with each other, their spouses, and their children. Grown Ups was produced by Sandlers production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures, in 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. During their celebration at a lake house, the friends coach, Robert The Buzzer Fernando. Eric Lamonsoff claims he is now a co-owner of a furniture company, is married to Sally and has two children, Donna and Bean. Much to Erics chagrin, Sally continues to breastfeed Bean, kurt McKenzie is a stay-at-home father who is married to Deanne, the primary breadwinner of the family, and has two children, Andre and Charlotte. Deanne is pregnant with child and her mother also lives with the family. Rob Hilliard has been divorced three times and has daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget from those marriages and his current wife, Gloria, is 30 years older than him. Marcus Higgins is a slacker and lothario. and for having a much older wife, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Lenny cannot stay for the weekend because Roxanne has a fashion show in Milan. Dickie challenges him and his friends to a rematch, but Lenny declines after noting that Dickie is decidedly out of shape, the next day, the five friends spread Buzzers ashes into the woods. Rob becomes depressed during this event, lamenting his failed marriages, after having to deal with Jasmine, Rob goes and hangs out with his friends, who were fishing. After making some jokes on Rob, the elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob remains in the circle the longest, making him the winner, when Gloria tries to use a maize-covered poultice, Rob snaps at Gloria. Lenny gets the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally tells Becky that she is the Tooth Fairy, Happy that they are enjoying the same kind of fun he had as a child, Lenny installs an extensive cup-phone network in the house. Roxanne ultimately figures out that it is important to stay at the lake house than going to Milan. The five friends decide to go to a park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus flirts constantly with Jasmine and Amber
Grown Ups (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
18.
Grown Ups 2
–
Grown Ups 2 is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, and also produced by Adam Sandler, who also starred in the film. It is the sequel to the 2010 film Grown Ups, the film co-stars Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Nick Swardson, and Salma Hayek. The film is produced by Adam Sandlers production company Happy Madison, the film was released on July 12,2013. The film was a success, grossing roughly $247 million on an $80 million budget. Like the first film, it was panned by critics. It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards, three years after the events of the first film, Lenny Feder has relocated his family back to his Connecticut hometown of Stanton where he and his friends grew up. In the films opening in the Feder household, Lenny wakes up to find a wild deer standing next to his bed, Lenny tries to get his wife Roxanne to open the window. She wakes up in anger and startles the deer, causing it to all over the bed. The deer runs down the hall and crashes into the bathroom where it runs into Lennys eldest son Greg showering scaring him and it turns out that Lennys younger daughter, Becky, left the door open overnight for any animals that wanted to come in. Lenny is able to get the out of the house by using Beckys monkey doll. Greg, Keith, and Becky then go to their last day of school, Roxanne brings up the idea of their family having another baby, but Lenny says their family is perfect as is, upsetting Roxanne. At the McKenzie household, Kurt surprises his wife Deanne with an anniversary present. Meanwhile, Marcus Higgins is waiting at a station after receiving a letter from an old girlfriend. Marcus is stunned to see a tattooed, six-foot-tall boy, who turns out to be Braden, Marcus tries to be nice and takes him to school, but Braden shows an immediate dislike toward him, believing that he abandoned him and his mother. Lenny argues that he could take Tommy as a kid and he can take him. Eventually, the go to see Beckys ballet recital, where Lenny runs into Tommy. Tommy threatens that if Lenny ever lies again about being able to him up. Once the kids are out of school, Lenny, Eric, Kurt, and Marcus decide to visit the old quarry, however, they run into a gang of partying frat boys who force them to jump into the quarry lake naked
Grown Ups 2
–
Theatrical release poster
19.
Top Five
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Top Five is a 2014 American comedy film written and directed by Chris Rock. The film, which stars Rock, Rosario Dawson, and Gabrielle Union, was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The movie follows New York City comedian and film star Andre Allen, the film was released on December 12,2014, by Paramount Pictures. New York Times reporter Chelsea Brown is spending a day interviewing comedian and recovering alcoholic Andre Allen, star of the hit film franchise Hammy The Bear, Chelsea has forgotten her audio recorder, so they first go to her apartment. While there they discuss an article about the Cinderella complex. Chelsea explains that Cinderella left something behind to let the prince know that she wanted to see him again. As the interview begins in his limousine, Andre recalls his lowest point, when he was in Houston in 2003 and met Jazzy Dee, yet after Jazzy refused to pay the women, they contended they were raped, leading to Andres arrest. After the limo gets hit by a cab, Andre and Chelsea wander the city, Andre stops at a jewelry store to pick up the rings for his wedding to reality-TV star Erica Long. They visit the apartment of Andres old friends and his ex-girlfriend, Chelsea interviews each, learning that Andre wasnt particularly funny when he started in stand-up comedy. They nominate their five favorite rappers, including a sixth in their lineups as well, Andre goes to radio shows such as Opie and Anthony to promote Uprize and attends a press conference with fellow stars including Taraji P. Henson and Gabourey Sidibe. To his chagrin, Andre is asked when there will be another Hammy movie, at a hotel, Andre and Chelsea unexpectedly encounter her boyfriend, Brad, along with his friend Ryan, who is wearing Brads shirt. Chelsea deduces Brad is cheating on her with Ryan and she and Andre, both recovering alcoholics, stop in a liquor store but resist making a purchase. Chelsea explains in detail how the signs were there that Brad was gay. She becomes angry and insults his movie, but the two end up kissing, Andre asks to borrow Chelseas phone, since his own died. While using it, he sees an email from her editor, the truth devastates Andre, who angrily tells Chelsea he felt he was never funny unless he was drunk or high, and now is fearful for his career. Despondent and acting out at a supermarket, he is arrested by police, in jail, Andre calls Erica, who fumes over the arrest, mainly because of how it will look for her image. She tells Andre this piece of fame is all she has since she thinks she has no other talent, ericas manager Benny takes the phone and tells Andre to go to his bachelor party for good press and fly out for the wedding. Andres bodyguard Silk bails out Andre, and they go to a club for a bachelor party with a theme based on Hammy The Bear
Top Five
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Theatrical release poster
20.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
HBO
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The RCA Satcom domestic communication satellite launched on December 13, 1975, spurred the
cable television industry to unprecedented heights – with the assistance of HBO.
HBO
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Filmmaker
Alexandra Pelosi and former
New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey at the New York City premiere of Pelosi's HBO documentary about McGreevey,
Fall to Grace, in March 2013.
HBO
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Example of Festival's monthly guide provided to subscribers (January 1988).
21.
Everybody Hates Chris
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Everybody Hates Chris is an American period sitcom that is based on the troubled teenage experiences of comedian Chris Rock during the 1980s. The show is set between 1982 and 1987, though Rock was a teenager between 1978 and 1984, being born in 1965, Rock himself grew up with his best friend, Kenny Montero, whom he has often referred to as the inspiration for a lot of the episodes. In many of his interviews, Rock has described Montero as the reason he got into comedy in the first place, the shows title parodies the hit CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond. In 2008, The CW moved Everybody Hates Chris and The Game to the Friday night death slot, the fourth season of the series premiered Friday, October 3,2008, at 8, 00PM Eastern/7, 00PM Central. On May 21,2009, The CW announced that it had cancelled Everybody Hates Chris. Prior to this, Rock announced that the end of season 4 matched up with his own past, dropping out of school to become a comedian. Everybody Hates Chris received critical acclaim, Everybody Hates Chris was named one of the Best School Shows of All Time by AOL TV. The series is innovative, funny, and stereotype-defying – enjoyable for teens, the show airs on MTV2 at random times during the day and week. Fuse As of 2015, Fuse airs the show at times during the day. The show airs regularly on broadcast TV during the week, the show was launched on September 7,2009 on Nick at Nite, becoming the youngest syndicated show on the channel, beating George Lopez. The series has expanded from Nick at Nite, and has joined sister network TeenNick. The show was replaced by Zoey 101. The show also airs Monday to Friday on YTV, at 12,00 AM, mTV2 also airs episodes of the show, usually in the early morning hours. It aired on TV One until 2016, now, the series reruns on Up and Fuse. Everybody Hates Chris won a NAACP Image Award for its writing in 2007 and it has also been nominated for many Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. In December 2008, Entertainment Weekly lists the Kwanzaa episode from this show as seventh on the magazines Must List,10 Holiday Things We Love, Everybody Hates Chris at the Internet Movie Database Everybody Hates Chris at TV. com
Everybody Hates Chris
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First promotional poster
22.
77th Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 24 categories honoring films released in 2004. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz, Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the first time. The Aviator won the most awards of the night with five, Million Dollar Baby won four awards, including Best Picture. The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States, the Aviator received the most nominations with eleven, Finding Neverland and Million Dollar Baby tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the ceremony on February 27,2005. At age 74, Clint Eastwood became the oldest winner for Best Director in Oscar history, Best Actor winner Jamie Foxx became the second actor and tenth individual overall to earn two acting nominations in the same year. By virtue of her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn, Best Supporting Actress winner Cate Blanchett was the first performer to portray a previous Oscar winner, al otro lado del río from The Motorcycle Diaries became the second song with non-English lyrics to win Best Original Song. The first to achieve this feat was the song from the 1960 Greek film Never on Sunday at the 33rd Academy Awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger, sidney Lumet — In recognition of his brilliant services to screenwriters, performers and the art of the motion picture. Roger Mayer The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, opting for a younger face in an attempt to increase viewership, while renewing interest with the nominated films, producer Gil Cates selected actor and comedian Chris Rock to host the 2005 ceremony. Cates explained his decision to hire Rock for the telecast in a release saying. He always makes me laugh and he always has something interesting to say, Chris represents the best of the new generation of comics. Having him host the Oscars is terrific, by virtue of his selection, Rock became the first African American man to solo host the gala. Nearly a month before the ceremony Rock told Josh Wolk of Entertainment Weekly, Come on, no one performs, its not like a music show. What straight black man there and watches the Oscars. Political blogger Matt Drudge later reported that several anonymous AMPAS members wanted Rock fired from his job as a result of the comments. Furthermore, Wolk dismissed any controversy regarding Rocks comments and that Drudge exaggerated the hosts comments, GLAAD Executive Director Joan Garry also issue a statement in light of the controversy stating, Chris Rock isnt making fun of gays – hes poking fun at the Oscars. Rock appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno the Monday before the ceremony to clarify his comments, when Leno asked about the statement, Rock replied I did not say that
77th Academy Awards
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Official poster
77th Academy Awards
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Clint Eastwood, Best Director winner
77th Academy Awards
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Jamie Foxx, Best Actor winner
77th Academy Awards
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Hilary Swank, Best Actress winner
23.
88th Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by David Hill and Reginald Hudlin, Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the second time, having previously hosted the 77th ceremony held in 2005. In related events, the Academy held its 7th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 14,2015. On February 13,2016, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, Spotlight won two awards including Best Picture, and Mad Max, Fury Road won six awards, the most for the evening. The Revenant earned three awards including Best Director for Alejandro G. Iñárritu and Best Actor for Leonardo DiCaprio, brie Larson won Best Actress for Room, while Mark Rylance and Alicia Vikander won supporting acting honors for Bridge of Spies and The Danish Girl, respectively. The telecast garnered 34.42 million viewers in the United States, the nominees for the 88th Academy Awards were announced on January 14,2016, at 5,30 a. m. PST, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors Guillermo del Toro and Ang Lee, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs, the Revenant led all nominees with twelve nominations, Mad Max, Fury Road came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the ceremony on February 28,2016. With two Oscars, Spotlight was the first film since 1952s The Greatest Show on Earth to win Best Picture with only one other award, Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history, having previously won for Gravity and Birdman, Emmanuel Lubezki became the first person to win three consecutive Best Cinematography awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger, gena Rowlands — Who has illuminated the human experience through her brilliant, passionate and fearless performances. Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Debbie Reynolds — For her charitable contributions, the following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Due to the reception and lower ratings resulting from the previous years ceremony, producers Neil Meron. Shortly afterwards, actor Neil Patrick Harris announced that he would not host the Oscars for a second time, in an interview released from The Huffington Post, he said I dont know that my family nor my soul could take it. It was fun to check off the list, but for the amount of time spent, in September 2015, AMPAS recruited David Hill and Reginald Hudlin as producers of the ceremony. Were delighted to have this talented team on board, AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs said in a release announcing the decision. His vast experience as an events producer, coupled with Reginalds energy, creativity. The following month, Hill and Hudlin selected actor and comedian Chris Rock to host the 2016 telecast and they explained their decision to hire Rock back as host saying, Chris Rock is truly the MVP of the entertainment industry
88th Academy Awards
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Chris Rock will host the 88th Academy Awards.
24.
Emmy Award
–
An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
Emmy Award
–
TV producer
Bruce Kennedy holding an Emmy
Emmy Award
–
Actress
Dana Delany holding an Emmy, 1992
Emmy Award
–
TV producer and writer
Bradley Bell accepting Daytime Emmy Awards for his work on the daytime soap opera
The Bold and the Beautiful, 2010
Emmy Award
–
Brazilian actress and TV host
Fernanda Lima holding
Rede Globo 's six medals of nominations to the International Emmys in 2012
25.
Grammy Award
–
A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
Grammy Award
–
Grammy Awards
Grammy Award
26.
Comedy Central
–
Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel carries comedy programming, in the form of original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials, as well as feature films. The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks, as of February 2015, approximately 93,992,000 American households receive Comedy Central. On November 15,1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, on April 1,1990, Viacom launched a rival channel called Ha. that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy. The Comedy Channels programs were broadcast from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan, the format prior to the merger with Ha. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without host segments were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater, in 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series, Viacom bought out Time Warners half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion. LLC, the subsidiary that owned Ha. and Viacoms original half of the network, with the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by ABC. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with original host Craig Kilborn, dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Steins Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids in the Hall and British shows such as the U. K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. some later seasons of AbFab, as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also had the rights to broadcast reruns of Seattles Almost Live. The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997, being the first major basic cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network. As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable providers increased, on November 13,2000, Comedy Central introduced a modernized version of its globe logo, by straightening the buildings and removing the transmitter. The management of the said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to communicate the 1950s broadcast era. In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network, since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in the style of the New York Friars Club roasts. During these roasts, friends of the roastee, along other comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters. The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language, every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 a. m
Comedy Central
–
Comedy Central
27.
Channel 4
–
Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
Channel 4
–
Channel 4
28.
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
–
Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending 2 miles east–west, originally, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Washington Avenue, the name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916. Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Ralph Avenue to the east and it is about 1 mile wide and 2 miles long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush and Prospect Lefferts Gardens to the south, Brownsville to the east, the neighborhood extends through much of Brooklyn Community Board 8 and 9. It is under the jurisdiction of two precincts of the New York City Police Department, the 77th Precinct is part of Brooklyn North, which covers Crown Heights, Prospect Heights and Weeksville. The 71st Precinct is part of Brooklyn South and covers the end of Crown Heights. Although no known physical remains in the Crown Heights vicinity. There he was visited by a party of Lenape. The next contact was in 1609 when the explorer Henry Hudson arrived in what is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen commissioned by the Dutch Republic. European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called Nieuw Amsterdam, on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into the end of Long Island. ”Crown Heights had begun as a posh residential neighborhood. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in a configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line, in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods. Conversion to a town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street. Beginning in the early 1900s, many residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from the parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences and this development peaked in the 1920s. From the early 1920s through the 1960s, Crown Heights was a white neighborhood. Population changes began in the 1920s with newcomers from Jamaica and the West Indies, as well as African Americans from the South
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
–
Typical Crown Heights
row houses
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
–
Crown Heights in
Community Board 8,
Brooklyn, New York City
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
–
Imperial Apartments on Bedford Avenue, built in 1892
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
–
The former Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, now an apartment house
29.
Preacher
–
A preacher usually identifies a person who delivers sermons or homilies on religious topics to an assembly of people. Less common are preachers who preach on the street, or those whose message is not necessarily religious, Preachers are common throughout most cultures. They can take the form of a Christian minister on a Sunday morning, a Muslim preacher in general is referred to as a dā‘ī, while those giving sermons on a Friday afternoon are described as a khatib. The sermon or homily has been an important part of Christian services since Early Christianity, lay preachers sometimes figure in these traditions of worship, for example the Methodist local preachers, but in general preaching has usually been a function of the clergy. The Franciscans are another important preaching order, Travelling preachers, usually friars, were an important feature of late medieval Catholicism, however, among some Chinese churches, preacher is different from pastor. A preacher refers to the clergy in the Protestant church who are not officially recognised as a pastor until they can prove their capability of leading the church. Preacher is also the author of the Book of Ecclesiastes according to the King James Version, Preacher is one translation of the Hebrew word קהלת. There is much debate about the identity of this Preacher, many believe it is Solomon, media related to Preachers at Wikimedia Commons Child preacher List of Christian preachers List of Dais Maggid Preachers kid Prison minister Francis, Keith A. Gibson, William, et al. The Oxford Handbook of the British Sermon 1689-1901,2012 OUP, ISBN0199583595,9780199583591, google books
Preacher
–
A
Quaker preacher and her congregation.
Preacher
–
Preacher in
Praça da Sé,
Sao Paulo,
Brasil.
30.
White American
–
White Americans are Americans who are considered or reported as White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the peoples of Europe. Like all official U. S. racial categories, White has a not Hispanic or Latino and a Hispanic or Latino component, the term Caucasian is often used interchangeably with White, although the terms are not synonymous. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of about 246,660,710, non-Hispanic Whites totaled about 197,870,516, or 62. 06% of the U. S. population. Definitions of who is White have changed throughout the history of the United States, the term White American can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the 2000 U. S. census states that racial categories generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria, the Census Bureau defines White people as follows, White refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race as White or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan or Caucasian. In U. S. Hispanic and Latino Americans as a make up a racially diverse group. In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U. S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their race in the Some other race section, the US Census considers the write-in response of Caucasian or Aryan to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing. In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White, the definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Swedes, Germans, Finns, Russians, early on in the United States, white generally referred to those of British ancestry or northern and northwestern European descent. David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. The process of officially being defined as white by law came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. Scholars such as David Roediger, Paul Gilroy, and others have based some of their work on this notion, moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions. Whites made up 79. 8% or 75% of the American population in 2008 and this latter number is sometimes recorded as 77. 1% when it includes about 2% of the population who are identified as white in combination with one or more other races. The largest ethnic groups among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English, White Americans are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 72% of the total population by 2050
White American
–
President
Abraham Lincoln was descended from
Samuel Lincoln, and was of English and Welsh ancestry.
White American
–
The countries from which White Americans claim their ancestry.
White American
–
Actress
Raquel Welch of Spanish (via Bolivia) and English ancestry back to the
Mayflower.
White American
–
Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty,
John,
Robert and
Edward. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from
Ireland.
31.
Bullying
–
Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others. The behavior is repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power, behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing, Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has no definition of bullying. Bullying is divided into four types of abuse – emotional, verbal, physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion, such as intimidation, Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism, a bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, home, in a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, the strongest predictor was the perception of whether the most influential male in a players life would approve of the bullying behavior. Bullying may thus be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, the Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons. He says negative actions occur when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person. Individual bullying can be classified into four types, collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and it is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school. Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a person against a target or targets. This is any bullying that hurts someone’s body or damages their possessions, stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience, often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of adults will target. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, physical bullying can lead to a tragic ending and therefore must be stopped quickly to prevent any further escalation
Bullying
–
An example of bullying.
Bullying
–
Banner in a campaign against bullying in
Cefet-MG.
32.
James Madison High School (Brooklyn)
–
James Madison High School is a public high school in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. It serves students in grades 9 through 12, and is in Region 6 of the New York City Department of Education, established in 1925, James Madison High School has graduated four Nobel Prize winners, famous musicians, authors, and athletes. Two sitting U. S. Senators, Bernie Sanders and Charles Schumer, are graduates, United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is also a graduate. James Madison High School is organized in accordance with the house system, there are eight houses, each having a Teacher Coordinator, a Guidance Counselor, and an Assistant Principal assigned to supervise and assist students. Most students who apply to James Madison High School have the opportunity to apply to a specific House and these include, Law Institute, The Law Institute is designed for successful Social Studies students. In addition to being taught reasoning and communication skills, the students develop an understanding of American Legal institutions, students in the Law House take classes/participate in activities such as Mock Trial, Moot Court, We The People, Legal Economics, Criminology Advanced Placement Economics. It is a program designed to promote an understanding of our legal system and help students develop an appreciation of the Constitution. Students will study about our government and laws in honors classes and will hone their skills by participation in moot courts, mock trials. We strive to have become active citizens and critical thinkers who are well-prepared for post-secondary education. Bio-Medical Institute, The Bio Medical Institution is a program for talented students interested in science, technology, engineering, the Bio Med House is composed of students and teachers who seek to understand the complex world around us. This program explores science through experimentation and hands-on experience, bio-med scholars enjoy small classes with like-minded students that work together throughout their high school experience. Students also participate in field trips, research experiments, sports teams and school events with friends, students are given a unique opportunity to explore and investigate a variety of mathematics topics and to participate in math related contests, events and trips. Project based coursework gives students opportunities to learn through experience, liberal Arts academy students take classes with like-minded students that work together throughout their high school experience. Students also participate in field trips, sports teams and school events with friends, information Technology House, One of the newer houses at Madison. House, it is one of the programs in NYC high schools that offers students the chance to take the Microsoft Word. House is a program at James Madison High School for talented students interested in technology, web design, programming. The International House, The International House for English Language Learners is a program at James Madison High School for students whose language is not English. The purpose of this program is to immerse students in the language, students will benefit from the support of an instructional program focused on developing literacy and language skills
James Madison High School (Brooklyn)
–
James Madison High School
James Madison High School (Brooklyn)
–
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
James Madison High School (Brooklyn)
–
Dmitry Salita
33.
Fast-food restaurant
–
A fast food restaurant, also known as a quick service restaurant within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast food cuisine and has minimal table service. The term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951, arguably, the first fast food restaurants originated in the United States with A&W in 1919 and White Castle in 1921. Today, American-founded fast food such as McDonalds and KFC are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. Variations on the fast food restaurant concept include fast casual restaurants, Fast casual restaurants have higher sit-in ratios, and customers can sit and have their orders brought to them. Catering trucks often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers, some trace the modern history of fast food in America to 7 July 1912, with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York. The Automat was a cafeteria with its pre-prepared foods behind small glass windows, joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened the first Horn & Hardart Automat in Philadelphia in 1902, but their Automat at Broadway and 13th Street, in New York City, created a sensation. Numerous Automat restaurants were built around the country to deal with the demand, automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of food, with their slogan Less work for Mother. Some historians concur that A&W, which opened in 1919 and began franchising in 1921, was the first fast food restaurant. What is certain, however, is that White Castle made the first significant effort to standardize the production in, look of. The hamburger restaurant most associated by the public with the term fast food was created by two brothers originally from Nashua, New Hampshire, richard and Maurice McDonald opened a barbecue drive-in in 1940 in the city of San Bernardino, California. Their streamlined production method, which named the Speedee Service System was influenced by the production line innovations of Henry Ford. By 1954, The McDonald brothers stand was restaurant equipment manufacturer Prince Castles biggest purchaser of milkshake blending machines. Prince Castle salesman Ray Kroc traveled to California to discover why the company had purchased almost a dozen of the units as opposed to the one or two found in most restaurants of the time. Enticed by the success of the McDonalds concept, Kroc signed a agreement with the brothers. By 1961, Kroc had bought out the brothers and created what is now the modern McDonalds Corporation, One of the major parts of his business plan was to promote cleanliness of his restaurants to growing groups of Americans that had become aware of food safety issues. As part of his commitment to cleanliness, Kroc often took part in cleaning his own Des Plaines, Illinois outlet by hosing down the garbage cans and scraping gum off the cement. Another concept Kroc added was great swaths of glass which enabled the customer to view the food preparation, a clean atmosphere was only part of Krocs grander plan which separated McDonalds from the rest of the competition and attributes to their great success
Fast-food restaurant
–
A fast food restaurant in the port of
Malinska,
Croatia
Fast-food restaurant
–
A fast food restaurant in Hong Kong
Fast-food restaurant
–
The
Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1967
Fast-food restaurant
–
A Burger King
Whopper sandwich
34.
Miami Vice
–
Miami Vice was an American television crime drama series created by Anthony Yerkovich and executive produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series starred Don Johnson as James Sonny Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Rico Tubbs, the series ran for five seasons on NBC from 1984 to 1989. The USA Network began airing reruns in 1988, and broadcast an originally unaired episode during its run of the series on January 25,1990. Unlike standard police procedurals, the show drew heavily upon 1980s New Wave culture, the show became noted for its integration of music and visual effects. It has been called one of the Top 50 TV Shows, people magazine stated that Miami Vice was the first show to look really new and different since color TV was invented. In 2016, television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked Miami Vice as the 51st greatest American television show of all time, Michael Mann directed a film adaptation of the series, which was released on July 28,2006. The initial idea was for a movie about a pair of cops in Miami. Yerkovich then turned out a script for a pilot, titled Gold Coast. Yerkovich was immediately drawn to South Florida as a setting for his new-style police show, Miami Vice was one of the first American network television programs to be broadcast in stereophonic sound. It was mixed in stereo for its run, but not actually broadcast in stereo until 1985. In keeping with the namesake, most episodes focused on combating drug trafficking. Episodes often ended in a gun battle, claiming the lives of several criminals before they could be apprehended. An undercurrent of cynicism and futility underlies the entire series, the detectives repeatedly reference the Whac-A-Mole nature of drug interdiction, with its parade of drug cartels quickly replacing those that are apprehended. Co-executive producer Yerkovich explained, The choice of music and cinematography borrowed heavily from the emerging New Wave culture of the 1980s, as such, segments of Miami Vice would sometimes use music-based stanzas, a technique later featured in Baywatch. As Lee H. Katzin, one of the directors, remarked, The show is written for an MTV audience. These elements made the series into an instant hit, and in its first season saw an unprecedented fifteen Emmy Award nominations, while the first few episodes contained elements of a standard police procedural, the producers soon abandoned them in favor of a more distinctive style. Influenced by an Art Deco revival, no earth tones were allowed to be used in the production, mickey Rourke was also considered for the role, but he turned down the offer. Larry Wilcox, of CHiPs, was also a candidate for the role of Crockett, after dozens of candidates and a twice-delayed pilot shooting, Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas were chosen as the vice cops
Miami Vice
–
Miami Vice
Miami Vice
–
Don Johnson with
Glenn Frey (right) in the episode "Smuggler's Blues", one of many guest appearances made by musicians and celebrities throughout the series.
Miami Vice
–
Don Johnson epitomizing the dress style that became a hallmark of the series.
Miami Vice
–
The
Ferrari Testarossa as seen in the series finale, "Freefall"
35.
Eddie Murphy
–
Edward Regan Eddie Murphy is an American comedian, actor, writer, singer, and producer. Murphy was a regular cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1980 to 1984 and he has worked as a stand-up comedian and was ranked #10 on Comedy Centrals list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time. In films, Murphy has received Golden Globe Award nominations for his performances in 48 Hrs. the Beverly Hills Cop series, Trading Places, and The Nutty Professor. Murphys work as an actor in films includes Thurgood Stubbs in The PJs, Donkey in DreamWorks Shrek series. In some films, he plays multiple roles in addition to his character, intended as a tribute to one of his idols Peter Sellers. He has played roles in Coming to America, Wes Cravens Vampire in Brooklyn, the Nutty Professor films, Bowfinger, The Adventures of Pluto Nash, Norbit. As of 2014, Murphys films have grossed over $3.8 billion in the United States and Canada box office, in 2015, his films made him the 6th-highest grossing actor in the United States. Murphy was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Murphy was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in the boroughs Bushwick neighborhood. His mother, Lillian, was an operator, and his father, Charles Edward Murphy, was a transit police officer. His father died when he was young and my mother and father broke up when I was three, and he died when I was eight, so I have very dim memories… He was a victim of the Murphy charm. I never got all the logistics and it was supposed to be one of those crimes of passion, If I cant have you, no one else will-kind of deal. Someone said to me one day, Thats why you dont trust women, what are you, a fucking psychiatrist. – Eddie Murphy When Murphys single mother became ill, the eight-year-old, in interviews, Murphy has said that his time in foster care was influential in developing his sense of humor. Later, he and his older brother Charlie were raised in Roosevelt, New York by his mother and stepfather Vernon Lynch, around the age of 15, Murphy was writing and performing his own routines, which were heavily influenced by Bill Cosby and Richard Pryor. His early comedy was characterized by frequent swearing and sketches lampooning a diverse group of people, Eddie Murphy was his first album, released in 1982. In Rolling Stones February 2015 appraisal of all 141 SNL cast members to date and it is customary to say that Eddie Murphy is the only reason SNL survived the five-year wilderness without Lorne Michaels, they noted. In 1982, Murphy made his big debut in the film 48 Hrs. with Nick Nolte. 48 Hrs. proved to be a hit when it was released in the Christmas season of 1982, Nolte was scheduled to host the December 11,1982, Christmas episode of Saturday Night Live, but became too ill to host, so Murphy took over
Eddie Murphy
–
Murphy at the
Tribeca Film Festival for
Shrek Forever After in 2010.
Eddie Murphy
–
Murphy in 1988
36.
Beverly Hills Cop II
–
Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott, written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop, although it made less money than the first film and received mixed reviews from critics, the film was still a box office success, making $153.7 million domestically. Aside from box office success, the film was nominated for an Academy Award and for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, Lutz also punishes Taggart and Rosewood by placing them on traffic duty. On the way home, Bogomil is shot and injured by Karla Fry, the chief hench-woman of Maxwell Dent, who secretly is the mastermind behind the Alphabet Crimes. Finding out about the shooting by a report, Axel Foley abandons his current undercover duties. Taggart and Rosewood agree to assist Axel because of Lutzs attempts to find an excuse to get them fired, posing as an undercover FBI agent to get past Lutz with the aid of Detective Jeffrey Friedman, Axel soon starts making the connection between the robberies and Dent. He first finds out that the ammunition fired at one of the robberies was designed by Charles Cain, Axel has Bogomils daughter Jan use her connections as an insurance agent to find out about Dents financial dealings. Dent is robbing his own businesses on purpose in order to finance firearms transactions with a dealer named Nikos Thomopolis and is discreetly using Cain as the front man for his operations. Bogomil was shot because his investigation was on the track into the case. Having foiled an attempt at a bank depot, Axel is able to trick Dents accountant Sidney Bernstein into using his computer and discovers that Dent. Axel also learns from Jan that all of Dents businesses have had their insurance coverage canceled and are about to go bankrupt except his race track, which he is convinced is the next target. On the way to the track, Axel solves the latest riddle sent to the police. However, Axel knows Cain is a designed to throw the authorities off Dents trail. The three arrive too late to stop the robbery and find Cain, shot by Karla, among those killed, the three get into a shootout with everyone involved in the deal. Dent confronts Axel in the warehouse, but Axel gets distracted by one of Dents henchmen on the roof above him and Dent gets away. Dent then crashes through the wall in his car and Axel shoots Dent through the windshield, sending his car down a hill and erupting in flames, Karla appears and is about to kill Axel, but is shot dead by Taggart. Just as the last thugs are about to flee, the police arrive upon the scene and arrest the rest of Dents thugs, Lutz and Mayor Egan arrive at the scene. Lutz tries to fire Rosewood and Taggart for their insubordination, however, both Taggart and Rosewood stand up to an infuriated Lutz and prove that Dent was the real Alphabet Bandit and the rest of the alphabet crimes were about an arms deal
Beverly Hills Cop II
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Theatrical release poster
37.
Chris Farley
–
Christopher Crosby Chris Farley was an American actor and comedian. Farley died of an overdose in 1997 at the age of 33. Farley was born on February 15,1964 in Madison, Wisconsin and his father, Thomas John Farley, Sr. owned an oil company, and his mother, Mary Anne, was a housewife. He had four siblings, Tom Jr. Kevin, John and his cousin, Jim, is the CEO and Chairman at Ford Motor Company Europe. Farleys family is Roman Catholic and of Irish and Scottish descent, according to Joel Murray, a fellow Second City cast member, Farley would always make it to Mass. Many of his summers were spent as a camper and counselor at Red Arrow Camp, near Minocqua and he graduated from Marquette University in 1986, with a concentration in communications and theater. At Marquette, he played rugby and discovered a love for comedy, after college, he worked with his father at the Scotch Oil Company in Madison. He got his start in comedy at the Ark Improv Theatre in Madison. He then performed at Chicagos Second City Theatre, initially as part of Second Citys touring group and he was eventually promoted to their main stage. Along with Chris Rock, Farley was one of two new Saturday Night Live cast members announced in the spring of 1990, on SNL, Farley frequently collaborated with his fellow cast members Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade, among others. This group came to be known as the Bad Boys of SNL, popular characters performed by Farley included Matt Foley, an over-the-top motivational speaker who constantly reminded other characters that he lived in a van, down by the river. The name of the character was drawn from a real friend of Farleys named Matt Foley. He later became a Catholic priest and appeared in the 2015 documentary I am Chris Farley, some of these characters were brought to SNL from his days at Second City. Off-screen, Farley was well known for his pranks in the offices of Saturday Night Live and he was also known to frequently get naked and do various stunts for laughs. Chris Rock once claimed that he probably saw Farleys private parts more than Farleys girlfriend did, Sandler told Conan OBrien on Late Night that NBC fired him and Farley from the show in 1995. During his time on SNL, Farley appeared in the comedy films Waynes World, Coneheads, Airheads and he also appeared in the Red Hot Chili Peppers music video for Soul to Squeeze, which was a song featured on the Coneheads soundtrack. After Farley and most of his fellow cast members were released from their contracts at Saturday Night Live following the 1994–1995 season and his first two major films co-starred his fellow SNL colleague and close friend David Spade. Together, the duo made the films Tommy Boy and Black Sheep and these were a success at the domestic box office, earning around $32 million each and gaining a large cult following on home video
Chris Farley
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Farley featured in a
NBC promotional photo for
Saturday Night Live.
Chris Farley
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Farley's grave in 2010
38.
Adam Sandler
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Adam Richard Sandler is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, film producer, and musician. After becoming a Saturday Night Live cast member, Sandler went on to star in many Hollywood feature films that combined have grossed over $2 billion at the box office. He has ventured into more dramatic territory with his roles in Punch-Drunk Love, Spanglish, Reign Over Me, Sandler has released five comedy albums in his career. Theyre All Gonna Laugh at You. and What the Hell Happened to Me. are both certified double-platinum, in 1999, Sandler founded Happy Madison Productions. Sandler was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1966, to Judith Judy, a school teacher, and Stanley Sandler. His family is Jewish and descends from Russian and Israeli immigrants on both sides and he grew up in Manchester, New Hampshire after moving there at the age of six. He attended Manchester Central High School, as a teen, Sandler was in BBYO, a popular Jewish youth group. Sandler graduated from New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts in 1988, early in his career, Sandler played Theo Huxtables friend, Smitty in The Cosby Show and the Stud Boy or Trivia Delinquent in the MTV game show Remote Control. After his film debut Going Overboard in 1989, Sandler performed in comedy clubs and he was discovered by comedian Dennis Miller, who caught Sandlers act in Los Angeles and recommended him to Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels. Sandler told Conan OBrien on The Tonight Show that NBC fired him, in 1993, Adam Sandler appeared in the film Coneheads with Chris Farley, David Spade, Dan Aykroyd, Phil Hartman, and Jane Curtin. In 1994, he co-starred in Airheads with Brendan Fraser and Steve Buscemi and he followed this film with Bulletproof, and the financially successful comedies Happy Gilmore and The Wedding Singer. He was initially cast in the bachelor-party-themed comedy/thriller Very Bad Things but had to back out due to his involvement in The Waterboy, although his earliest films did not receive critical praise, he started to receive more positive reviews, beginning with Punch-Drunk Love in 2002. Roger Eberts review of Punch-Drunk Love concluded that Sandler had been wasted in earlier films with poorly written scripts, Sandler has moved outside the genre of slapstick comedy to take on more serious parts such as the aforementioned Punch-Drunk Love, Spanglish and Reign Over Me. He played a father figure in Big Daddy. He returned to more dramatic fare with Mike Binders Reign Over Me and he starred with Kevin James in the film I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry. Sandler headlined You Dont Mess with the Zohan, the film was written by Sandler, Judd Apatow, and Robert Smigel, it was directed by Dennis Dugan. It marked as Sandlers first family film and first film under the Walt Disney banner, in 2009, Sandler starred in Judd Apatows third directorial feature Funny People. The film was released on July 31,2009, Sandler appeared in Grown Ups, alongside Kevin James, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade
Adam Sandler
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Sandler at a ceremony to receive a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 1, 2011
Adam Sandler
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Sandler at 2002
Cannes Film Festival
Adam Sandler
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Sandler's handprints and shoeprints in front of
Grauman's Chinese Theatre, 2008.
39.
Rob Schneider
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Robert Michael Rob Schneider is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and director. Schneider was born in San Francisco, California, and grew up in the suburb of Pacifica. His parents are Pilar, a kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president, and Marvin Schneider. His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic, Schneiders maternal grandmother was a Filipina who met and married his grandfather, a white American army private, while he was stationed in the Philippines. His mixed background is a theme in his comedy acts. His older brother, John, is a producer, Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982. Schneider started his comedy career while still in high school, opening for San Francisco favorites Head On. After high school, he played Bay Area nightclubs such as the Holy City Zoo and The Other Cafe, after opening a show by comedian Dennis Miller in 1987, Schneider won a slot on HBOs 13th Annual Young Comedians special, which was hosted by Miller. Schneiders appearance on the HBO special led to a position as a writer for the late night NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, Schneider was hired at Saturday Night Live in 1988. Schneider swiftly graduated from writer and featured player to full cast member, from 1990 to 1994 at SNL, he played such roles as Tiny Elvis and Orgasm Guy. Schneider is featured in the video release The Bad Boys of Saturday Night Live, along with colleagues Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, David Spade, the Richmeister, an office worker who annoys people by giving them nicknames as they make copies. He also appeared in a part on the TV series Coach. In 1996, he co-starred in the NBC sit-com Men Behaving Badly, the U. S. version ran for two seasons. Schneider starred in the 1999 feature film Deuce Bigalow, Male Gigolo, the latter movie was not well received by critics or moviegoers, and as a result, Schneider won a 2005 Worst Actor Razzie Award for his role in the film. In 2006, Schneider co-starred in the family comedy The Benchwarmers. Other film roles include Schneiders appearance with Jim Hensons Muppets in the 1999 film Muppets from Space, Schneiders directorial debut, the comedy Big Stan, was released in some overseas markets during the fall of 2008, with a U. S. release in early 2009. In the film, he starred as a con artist who is arrested for perpetrating real-estate scams and he is sentenced to prison, so he takes a crash-course in martial arts to survive incarceration. Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler, the comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims the catch-phrase, You can do it
Rob Schneider
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Schneider performing in November 2001.
40.
David Spade
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David Wayne Spade is an American actor, stand-up comedian, writer and television personality. He rose to fame in the 1990s as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and he also starred and co-starred in the films Tommy Boy, Black Sheep, Joe Dirt, Joe Dirt 2, Beautiful Loser, Grown Ups, and Grown Ups 2, among others. He has also been part of an ensemble cast of two long-running sitcoms, Just Shoot Me. and Rules of Engagement and he also starred as C. J. Barnes in the sitcom 8 Simple Rules. In animation, he voiced Kuzco in the 2000 film The Emperors New Groove and its direct-to-video sequel, Spade is known for a comedic style, in both his stand-up material and acting roles, that relies heavily on sarcasm and self-deprecation. Spade was born in Birmingham, Michigan and he is the son of Judith J. a writer and magazine editor, and Wayne M. Spade, a sales representative. His brothers are Bryan and Andy Spade, Andy Spade is an entrepreneur who, together with his wife Kate Spade, Spade and his family moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, when David was four years old. His parents divorced soon thereafter, and he and his brothers were raised for the most part by their mother, Spade attended Saguaro High School and later Scottsdale Community College, before transferring to Arizona State University, where he earned his bachelors degree in business in 1986. He also was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, Spade performed standup at the universitys long-running sketch comedy show, Farce Side Comedy Hour, on numerous occasions. In the mid-80s he also did stand up in the Monday night comedy show at Greasy Tonys Pizza in Tempe, with the help of friend and fellow comedian Dennis Miller, he joined Saturday Night Live in 1988. By 1990, Spade was a regular cast member as well as writer, other characters include Christy Henderson from the Gap Girls, and Karl from the Karls Video sketches. He also did impressions of celebrities, including Brad Pitt. According to interviews with Spade, most of the material that he early in his time at SNL was given to Dana Carvey to perform on the show. Due to his relatively low rate, he was in danger of being fired as a performer. Referring to Murphys lack of box office success at the time, the crack led to audience boos, and made Murphy upset at both Spade and SNL for years afterwards. Though most of the cast left in 1995, Spade stayed the following year to help in the transition with the new cast and he then quit in 1996 citing burnout as the reason. Said Spade, When I leave, it will be to ease the pressure and you cant stay there forever – it kills you inside. It ages you in dog years and he returned to host an episode in 1998 and another in 2005. He appeared with fellow Saturday Night Live cast member and friend Chris Farley in two comedy films, Tommy Boy and Black Sheep
David Spade
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Spade in 2008
41.
Crack cocaine
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Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack, is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. It offers a short but intense high to smokers, the Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack cocaine is used as a recreational drug. In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges, purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form. A crack rock acts as an anesthetic, numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame, crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be adulterated or cut with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack cocaine to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as levamisole has been documented, sodium bicarbonate is a base used in preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. This process is frequently done with baking soda, water, once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide, loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as a layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C, much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C. Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked, crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. Crack cocaine is used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria, supreme confidence, loss of appetite, insomnia, alertness, increased energy, a craving for more cocaine and its initial effect is to release a large amount of dopamine, a brain chemical inducing feelings of euphoria. The high usually lasts from 5–10 minutes, after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet, leaving the user feeling depressed, because crack is an illicit drug, users may consume impure or fake drug, which may pose additional health risks. The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter, cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest
Crack cocaine
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Two grams of crack cocaine
Crack cocaine
Crack cocaine
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Smoking crack cocaine.
Crack cocaine
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In order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are
baking soda, a commonly used base in making crack, a metal spoon, a
tealight, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source in order to "cook" the cocaine into crack.
42.
New Jack City
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New Jack City is a 1991 American crime film based upon an original story and screenplay by Thomas Lee Wright, and directed by Mario Van Peebles in his directorial debut, who also co-stars in the film. The film stars Wesley Snipes, Ice-T, Allen Payne, Chris Rock, Mario Van Peebles, the film was released in the United States on March 8,1991. Wesley Snipes plays Nino Brown, a drug dealer and crime lord in New York City during the crack epidemic. Ice-T plays Scotty Appleton, a detective who vows to stop Ninos criminal activity by going undercover to work for Ninos gang. The story begins in Harlem,1986, and Nino Brown and his gang and his gang consists of his best friend, Gee Money, enforcer Duh Duh Duh Man, gun moll Keisha, Ninos girlfriend, Selina, and her tech-savvy cousin, Kareem. Nino converts the Carter, an apartment complex, into a crack house, Gee Money and Keisha kill rival Fat Smitty, the CMB throws out the tenants, and Nino forces the landlord out onto the streets naked. Meanwhile, Undercover detective Scotty Appleton attempts to make a deal with stick-up kid Pookie, Scotty chases Pookie and shoots him in the leg, but the police let him go. Ninos gang successfully run the streets of Harlem over the three years. Stone comes under pressure, Scotty volunteers to infiltrate Ninos gang and is partnered with loose-cannon Nick Peretti, elsewhere, mobster Frankie Needles attempts to collect taxes from Nino, who refuses to pay. While Scotty and Nick spy on Nino and his gang as they hand out Thanksgiving turkeys to the poor, Scotty spots Pookie, now a crack addict, instead of arresting him, Scotty puts Pookie in rehab, and, later, Pookie offers to help bring down Nino. Against his better judgment and the disapproval of Stone and Peretti, when Pookie relapses, Gee Money realizes that he is wired, and he orders the Carter destroyed. The cops find Pookies bloody corpse, but it is booby-trapped, angry, Nino warns Gee Money not to make such a costly mistake again. After Pookies funeral and no longer needed by Stone, Scotty, after bribing Frankie Needles, Scotty infiltrates the CMB due in part to Gee Moneys increasing ambition and drug use. Though Nino distrusts them, he agrees to do business, after relating an anecdote about his own violent initiation into a gang, Nino warns that he will kill both Scotty and Gee Money if there are any problems. Scotty gains Ninos trust when he reveals information about Gee Moneys side deal, when Nino uses a child as a shield, Scotty attempts to shoot Nino behind his back. Keisha is gunned down as she sprays bullets into the van as they escape. Later, Selina condemns Nino for his murderous activities, and Nino throws her out, Nino later kills Don Ameteo and his crew from a speeding motorcycle in retaliation for the wedding shootout. Stone, Scotty, and Nick arrange a sting operation to nab Nino, Kareem, who knows that Scotty and Pookie are connected, blows Scottys cover, and a shootout ensues
New Jack City
–
Theatrical release poster
New Jack City
–
Harlem's real life
Graham Court, known in the film as the "Carter".
43.
African-American
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African-American
African-American
African-American
African-American
44.
In Living Color
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In Living Color is an American sketch comedy television series that originally ran on Fox from April 15,1990, to May 19,1994. Brothers Keenen and Damon Wayans created, wrote and starred in the program, the show was produced by Ivory Way Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television and was taped at stage 7 at the Fox Television Center on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. The title of the series was inspired by the NBC announcement of broadcasts being presented in living color during the 1960s, prior to mainstream color television. It also refers to the fact that most of the shows cast were black, other members of the Wayans family—Kim, Shawn, and Marlon—had regular roles, while brother Dwayne frequently appeared as an extra. The show also starred the rising stand-up comic/actor Jim Carrey alongside previously unknown actor/comedians Jamie Foxx, Tommy Davidson, David Alan Grier, and TKeyah Crystal Keymáh. The show launched the careers of Carrey, Foxx, Davidson, Grier, Keymáh, Inaba, the series won the Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series in 1990. Following Keenen Ivory Wayans success with Hollywood Shuffle and Im Gonna Git You Sucka, Wayans wanted to produce a variety show similar to Saturday Night Live, but with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content. Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the content prior to its television debut. In announcing its debut, Fox described In Living Color as a comedy variety show. In its preview, the Christian Science Monitor warned that its raw tone may offend some, Keenen Ivory Wayans said, I wanted to do a show that reflects different points of view. Weve added an Asian and a Hispanic minority to the show, were trying in some way to represent all the voices. Minority talent is not in the system and you have to go outside and we found Crystal doing her act in the lobby of a theater in Chicago. We went beyond the Comedy Stores and Improvs, which are not showcase places for minorities, the first episode aired on Sunday, April 15,1990, following an episode of Married. The first episode was watched by 22.7 million people, the Miami Herald said the show was as smart and saucy as it is self-aware and audacious and frequently tasteless, but terrific fun. The Philadelphia Inquirer called it the fastest, funniest half-hour in a long time, the Seattle Times said it had the free-wheeling, pointed sense of humor that connects with a large slice of todays audience. The Columbus Dispatch described it as a marvelously inventive show that has catapulted television back to the cutting edge, the series strove to produce comedy with a strong emphasis on modern black subject matter. It became renowned for parody, especially of race relations in the United States, for instance, Carrey was frequently used to ridicule white musicians such as Snow and Vanilla Ice, who performed in genres more commonly associated with black people. The Wayans themselves often played exaggerated black ghetto stereotypes for humor, a sketch parodying Soul Train mocked the show as Old Train, suggesting the show was out of touch and only appealed to the elderly and the dead
In Living Color
–
In Living Color
45.
CB4
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CB4 is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Tamra Davis, and starring Chris Rock. The film follows a fictional rap group named CB4, named after the block in which the group was allegedly formed. Three young friends and aspiring rappers, Albert, Euripides, the trio have talent, but no marketable image. Gusto believes that the trio set him up, swearing revenge when he is released from prison, while Gusto is locked up, Albert steals his criminal background and identity to become MC Gusto, rechristening Euripides and Otis as Dead Mike and Stab Master Arson respectively. Together they form the hardcore rap group CB4 and successfully sign with Trustus Jones. CB4 becomes the hottest band on the charts with hits like Sweat from My Balls and Straight Outta Locash. The group breaks up and reunites after Trustus Joness death at the hands of Gusto, eventually, the group set up their own sting operation with Sissy to capture Gusto and he is sent to prison for life. Albert gives up the pretense of being a gangsta, emceeing under his name. A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on March 2,1993 by MCA Records and it peaked at #41 on the Billboard 200 and #13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The quote from the movie Boy, Im three generations deep in gangsterdom, was used in the Chris Rock tracks Champagne and I Loved The Show from his 1997 album Roll With The New. The New York Times Janet Maslin wrote that the film promises sharper satire than it actually delivers, pandering a shade too avidly to the real rap audience, the film sometimes tries to use the same sexist, mean-spirited ethos it makes fun of. The movie currently holds a rating of 52% Rotten rating on Rotten Tomatoes, the film ranked #1 at the box office in its opening weekend with sales totaling $6,116,000 across 1,205 theaters. At the end of its run it had grossed a total of $17,953,778. Chris Rock stated that the budget was $6 million. Fear of a Black Hat CB4 at the Internet Movie Database CB4 at Rotten Tomatoes
CB4
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CB4
46.
Emmy Awards
–
An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
Emmy Awards
–
TV producer
Bruce Kennedy holding an Emmy
Emmy Awards
–
Actress
Dana Delany holding an Emmy, 1992
Emmy Awards
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TV producer and writer
Bradley Bell accepting Daytime Emmy Awards for his work on the daytime soap opera
The Bold and the Beautiful, 2010
Emmy Awards
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Brazilian actress and TV host
Fernanda Lima holding
Rede Globo 's six medals of nominations to the International Emmys in 2012
47.
Politically Incorrect
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Politically Incorrect is an American late-night, half-hour political talk show hosted by Bill Maher that aired from 1993 to 2002. It premiered on Comedy Central in 1993, moved to ABC in January 1997, the show first originated from New York City, but soon moved to Los Angeles to make it easier to get stars as guests. The New York episodes were shot at the CBS Broadcast Center and the Los Angeles episodes at CBS Television City, the first episode featured comedian Jerry Seinfeld, Howard Stern co-host Robin Quivers, Republican Party strategist Ed Rollins, and comedian Larry Miller. Frequent guests included Dave Matthews, Arianna Huffington, Michael McKean, Ann Coulter, Carrot Top, the show began with a brief topical monologue from Maher. Then Maher introduces the guests individually, promoting their current projects, Maher described the program as The McLaughlin Group on acid. On rare occasions, Maher would interview a single guest, the show was pioneering in mixing political figures and entertainers. Maher tried to air all points of view, especially controversial ones, guests could be both aggravating and insightful, with the conversation similar to a cocktail party with quick-witted guests. The shows writers included Al Franken, Arianna Huffington, Kevin Bleyer, Scott Carter, the show won a 2000 Emmy Award for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video for a Series. In addition, it was nominated for seventeen other awards, including, Outstanding Variety, Outstanding Music or Comedy Series, the show also won two CableACE Awards in 1995 and 1996 for Talk Show Series and was nominated for a third in 1997. It was also nominated for two Writers Guild of America awards for best Comedy/Variety series in 2001 and 2002. Barbara Olson, a frequent guest, was traveling to a taping of Politically Incorrect aboard American Airlines Flight 77 when it crashed into the Pentagon during the September 11 attacks of 2001, to honor Olson, Maher left a panel chair empty for a week afterwards. In the aftermath of the attacks, U. S. President George W. Bush said that the terrorists responsible were cowards, in a Politically Incorrect episode on September 17,2001, Mahers guest Dinesh DSouza disputed Bushs label, saying the terrorists were warriors. Maher agreed, and replied, We have been the cowards, staying in the airplane when it hits the building, say what you want about it, not cowardly. Despite similar comments having been made in other media, advertisers withdrew their support, white House press secretary Ari Fleischer denounced Maher, warning that people have to watch what they say and watch what they do. Maher apologized, and explained that he had been criticizing U. S. military policy, Maher said that the show struggled for advertisers in its final months. There were subsequently comments in various media on the irony that a show called Politically Incorrect was canceled because its host had made a politically incorrect comment. The show was replaced on ABC by Jimmy Kimmel Live. in 2003, Maher now hosts an hour-long program on HBO called Real Time with Bill Maher, which follows a similar format, and continues to tape at CBS Television City. Maher released a book in 1997, Does Anybody Have a Problem with That, the Best of Politically Incorrect, which featured questions asked on the show, comments Maher made and guest answers
Politically Incorrect
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Politically Incorrect
Politically Incorrect
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Bill Maher in 2007
48.
United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner
United States presidential election, 1996
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All 538 electoral votes of the
Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
United States presidential election, 1996
United States presidential election, 1996
United States presidential election, 1996
49.
Penny Hardaway
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Anfernee Deon Penny Hardaway is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association, specializing as an unconventionally tall point guard. Hardaways most productive came in his days as a member of the Orlando Magic as well as the early portion of his stint with the Phoenix Suns. Hardaway often was compared to Magic Johnson during his tenure because both had incredible size and quickness at the point guard position, Hardaway was an All-NBA player early in his career, but was plagued by constant injuries which gradually reduced his effectiveness. He played for the New York Knicks from 2004 to 2006 and last played for the Miami Heat, Hardaways nickname came as a result of his grandmothers calling him Pretty with a southern drawl, thus sounding like Penny. Hardaway was raised by his grandmother while his mother was away working and his first love was football but his grandmother did not want him to get hurt. He grew up in the Binghampton neighborhood of houses in Memphis. As a teenager Hardaway refereed youth sports at the Memphis YMCA and he finished his high school career with 3,039 points. Hardaway then committed to Memphis State University, Hardaway had to sit out the 1990–91 season due to being academically ineligible. He wound up making the Deans List with a 3.4 grade point average as an education major, during his freshman season, Hardaway was robbed at gunpoint and then struck by a stray bullet in the foot, putting his career in jeopardy. In the summer of 1992 Hardaway was selected to the 1992 USA Basketball Developmental Team that scrimmaged daily against the 1992 Olympic Team, Hardaway was teammates with Chris Webber, Bobby Hurley, Jamal Mashburn, Rodney Rogers, Eric Montross, Grant Hill, and Allan Houston. Hardaway returned for his season and bettered his numbers from the previous season. He averaged 22.8 ppg,8.5 rpg,6.4 apg,2.4 spg and he was again named an All-American. He also was a finalist for the Naismith College Player of the Year, Hardaway majored in education at Memphis State, achieved a 3.4 cumulative GPA, but passed up his senior season to enter the 1993 NBA Draft. In 1994, Memphis State retired #25, Hardaways number while playing for the Tigers and he returned to the University of Memphis in May 2003 and graduated with a bachelors degree in professional studies,10 years after leaving school early to turn pro. Hardaway was named #5 on the list of top 100 modern college point guards by collegehoopsnet. com, additionally, he was a leading vote getter on ESPN Conference USA Silver Anniversary Team. The Magics intent was to draft Webber and pair him with Shaquille ONeal until Hardaway – whose desire was to play alongside ONeal – requested a second workout to show why he should be their pick. Two days before the draft, Hardaway participated in a basketball game with several Magic players and local talent. He started out the season at the guard position while he learned the point guard position from veteran Scott Skiles
Penny Hardaway
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Hardaway in 2013
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
