1.
Minister (Christianity)
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The term is taken from Latin minister, which itself was derived from minus. In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised, many ministers are styled as The Reverend, however some use Pastor as a title, and others do not use any specific form of address. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows, Priests are called to be servants, with their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of Gods new creation. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christs name the absolution, with all Gods people, they are to tell the story of Gods love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit and they are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lords table and lead his people in worship, offering them a spiritual sacrifice of praise. They are to bless the people in Gods name and they are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death, guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all Gods people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. All denominations require that the minister has a sense of calling. One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3, 1-16, moreover he must have a good report of them which are without, lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. And let these also first be proved, then let them use the office of a deacon, even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children, the churches have three orders of ordained clergy, Bishops are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church. Priests administer the sacraments and lead local congregations, they cannot ordain other clergy, however, in some denominations, deacons play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy. Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the estate in Protestant Northern Europe. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of an hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class, High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian Sacrament. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals, among these central traditions have been baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, marriage, the Mass or the Divine Service, and coronations
2.
Bern
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The city of Bern or Berne is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their Bundesstadt, or federal city. With a population of 141,762, Bern is the fourth-most populous city in Switzerland, the Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000, Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern, the second-most populous of Switzerlands cantons. The official language in Bern is German, but the language is an Alemannic Swiss German dialect. In 1983, the old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bern is ranked among the top ten cities for the best quality of life. The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain and it has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin. The bear was the animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s. No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel north of Bern, fortified since the second century BC, during the Roman era, a Gallo-Roman vicus was on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor, in the Early Middle Ages, a settlement in Bümpliz, now a city district of Bern, was some 4 km from the medieval city. The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family, according to 14th-century historiography, Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. In 1218, after Berthold died without an heir, Bern was made an imperial city by the Goldene Handfeste of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In 1353, Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the period of 1353 to 1481. The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aare, the Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345. It was, in turn, succeeded by the Christoffelturm until 1622, during the time of the Thirty Years War, two new fortifications – the so-called big and small Schanze – were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula
3.
Bernese Alps
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The Bernese Alps are a mountain range of the Alps, located in western Switzerland. The highest mountain in the range, the Finsteraarhorn, is also the highest point in the canton of Bern, the Bernese Alps are drained by the river Aare and its tributary the Saane in the north, the Rhône in the south, and the Reuss in the east. The principal ridge, a chain that runs 100 kilometres from west to east, whose highest peak is the Finsteraarhorn, except for the westernmost part, it is also the watershed between the Rhine and the Rhone. This chain is not centered inside the range but lies close to the Rhone on the south, there the mountains progressively become lower and disappear into the hilly Swiss Plateau. The main chain west of Gemmi Pass consists mainly of a few large prominent summits slightly above 3,000 metres, on the eastern part, the main chain became suddenly wider and the peaks reach over 4,000 metres, in the most glaciated part of the Alps. To the south the same portion of the range is divided from the still higher parallel range whose summits are the Aletschhorn and the Bietschhorn by the Lötschental. To this again succeeds the deep trench through which the part of the Aletsch Glacier flows down to the Rhone. Since strangers first began to visit the Alps, the names of Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, but unlike many other Alpine regions, which have been left to be explored by strangers, this region has been long visited by Swiss travellers and men of science. Among them were the brother Meyer of Aarau and Franz Joseph Hugi and they have explored most of the mountain ranges not very difficult of access, and, further than this, have attained most of the higher summits. The works of Desor and Gottlieb Studer have been followed by other publications that bear testimony to Swiss mountaineering activity. The Jungfrau-Aletsch area is located in the eastern Bernese Alps in the most glaciated region of the Alps and it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 and further expanded in 2007. Its name comes from the Aletsch Glacier and the two summits of the Jungfrau and Bietschhorn, which some of the most impressive features of the site. The actual site includes other large glacier valleys such as the Fiescher Glacier and the Aar Glaciers
4.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
5.
Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)
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The 1889 Declaration of Utrecht is one of three founding documents together called the Convention of Utrecht. The Old Catholic churches reject the Roman Catholic dogma of infallibility and reject Roman Catholic ex cathedra dogmas. While Old Catholics affirm the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist and they maintain basic Roman Catholic practices such as baptism by affusion and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Additionally, they have many aspects in common with the Orthodox and Anglican churches and Eastern-rite Catholicism, UU member churches tend to maintain a more liberal theological anthropology than the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, many UU member churches ordain women to the priesthood, angela Berlis was the first woman priest in the union, ordained in 1996 for the Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany. In addition, the churches of the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the individuals primacy of conscience in ethical matters is stressed. Private confession is not mandatory, though it is practiced, and decisions regarding the use of artificial contraception are individual, individual UU member churches maintain a degree of autonomy, similar to the practice of the Anglican Communion. Each diocese of UU member churches has a bishop. The primate of the UU is the Archbishop of Utrecht, the current primate, Since 2000, is Joris Vercammen, a former Roman Catholic and served on the central committee of the World Council of Churches. The mother church, the OKKN, was established in the 18th century as a result of tensions between the local Catholic hierarchy and the Roman Curia. The IBC stated in 1997 that the Polish National Catholic Church was not full communion with other UU member churches because the PNCC did not accept the ordination of women, since 1998, the PNCC did not permit IBC bishops to participate in PNCC episcopal consecrations. The IBC stated in 2003 that full communion could not be restored, the PNCC established the Union of Scranton in 2008. No other North American body has been recognized by the IBC, in July 2011, the Old Catholic Church of Switzerland ended its mission to Old Catholic parishes in Italy. In cooperation with ecumenical partner churches the parishes were offered a model that guarantees their continued pastoral care
6.
Jansenism
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Jansenism was a Catholic heretical theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen. It was first popularized by Jansens friend Abbot Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne Abbey, through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, Jansenism was a distinct movement within the Catholic Church. The theological centre of the movement was the convent of Port-Royal Abbey, Paris, which was a haven for writers including Duvergier, Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jansenism was opposed by many in the Catholic hierarchy, especially the Jesuits. Although the Jansenists identified themselves only as rigorous followers of Augustine of Hippos teachings, Jansenist leaders endeavored to accommodate the popes pronouncements while retaining their uniqueness, and enjoyed a measure of peace in the late 17th century under Pope Clement IX. However, further controversy led to the apostolic constitution Unigenitus Dei Filius, promulgated by Pope Clement XI in 1713, the origins of Jansenism lie in the friendship of Jansen and Duvergier, who met in the early 17th century when both were studying theology at the University of Leuven. Duvergier was Jansens patron for a number of years, getting Jansen a job as a tutor in Paris in 1606, two years later, he got Jansen a position teaching at the bishops college in Duvergiers hometown of Bayonne. The duo studied the Church Fathers together, with a focus on the thought of Augustine of Hippo. Duvergier became abbot of Saint Cyran Abbey in Brenne and was known as the Abbé de Saint-Cyran for the rest of his life, Jansen returned to the University of Leuven, where he completed his doctorate in 1619 and was named professor of exegesis. Jansen and Duvergier continued to correspond about Augustine, especially Augustines teachings on grace, upon the recommendation of King Philip IV of Spain, Jansen was consecrated as bishop of Ypres in 1636. Jansen died in a 1638 epidemic and this manuscript, published in 1640 as Augustinus, expounded Augustines system and formed the basis for the subsequent Jansenist Controversy. Jansen emphasized a particular reading of Augustines idea of efficacious grace which stressed that only a portion of humanity were predestined to be saved. Jansen insisted that the love of God was fundamental, and that only perfect contrition, Duvergier was not released until after Richelieus death in 1642, and he died shortly thereafter, in 1643. Jansen also insisted on justification by faith, although he did not contest the necessity of revering saints, of confession, Jansens opponents condemned his teachings for their alleged similarities to Calvinism. Pascal himself claimed that Molinists were correct concerning the state of humanity before the Fall, the heresy of Jansenism, as stated by subsequent Roman Catholic doctrine, lay in denying the role of free will in the acceptance and use of grace. Jansenism asserts that Gods role in the infusion of grace cannot be resisted, Catholic doctrine, in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, is that Gods free initiative demands mans free response—that is, humans freely assent or refuse Gods gift of grace. However, on August 1,1642, the Holy Office issued a decree condemning Augustinus, in 1602, Marie Angélique Arnauld become abbess of Port-Royal-des-Champs, a Cistercian convent in Magny-les-Hameaux. There, she reformed discipline after an experience in 1608
7.
First Vatican Council
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The Vatican Council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, after a period of planning and preparation that began on 6 December 1864. This, the ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the Council of Trent, opened on 8 December 1869 and adjourned on 20 October 1870. Unlike the five earlier General Councils held in Rome, which met in the Lateran Basilica and are known as Lateran Councils, it met in the Vatican Basilica and its best-known decision is its definition of papal infallibility, strongly promoted by the Archbishop Luigi Natoli. The council was convoked to deal with the problems of the rising influence of rationalism, liberalism. Its purpose was, besides this, to define the Catholic doctrine concerning the Church of Christ, the first matter brought up for debate was the dogmatic draft of Catholic doctrine against the manifold errors due to rationalism. This council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Aeterni Patris of 29 June 1868, the first session was held in St. Peters Basilica on 8 December 1869. Preliminary sessions dealt with administrative matters and committee assignments. Bishop Bernard John McQuaid complained of rainy weather, inadequate heating facilities, Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley of Newark, New Jersey noted the high prices in Rome. The doctrine of infallibility was not new and had been used by Pope Pius in defining as dogma, in 1854, the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Richard McBrien divides the bishops attending Vatican I into three groups, the first group, which McBrien calls the active infallibilists, was led by Henry Edward Manning and Ignatius von Senestréy. Those who held this view included most of the German and Austro-Hungarian bishops, nearly half of the Americans, one third of the French, most of the Chaldaeans and Melkites, only a few bishops appear to have had doubts about the dogma itself. On 24 April 1870, the constitution on the Catholic faith Dei Filius was adopted unanimously. The constitution thus set forth the teaching of the Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church on God, revelation and it was decided to postpone discussion of everything in the draft except infallibility. The Pope rejected Guidis view of the bishops as witnesses to the tradition, on 13 July 1870, the section on infallibility was voted on,451 voted simply in favour,88 against, and 62 in favour but on condition of some amendment. This made evident what the outcome would be, and some 60 members of the opposition left Rome so as not to be associated with approval of the document. The two votes against were cast by Bishop Aloisio Riccio, and Bishop Edward Fitzgerald, none of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it. Discussion of the rest of the document on the nature of the Church was to continue when the bishops returned after a summer break, however, in the meanwhile the Franco-Prussian War broke out. With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor Napoleon III, consequently, on 20 September 1870, the Kingdom of Italy captured Rome and annexed it
8.
University of Bern
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The University of Bern is a university in the Swiss capital of Bern and was founded in 1834. It is regulated and financed by the Canton of Bern and it is a comprehensive university offering a broad choice of courses and programs in eight faculties and some 150 institutes. With around 17,428 students, the University of Bern is the third biggest University in Switzerland, the University of Bern operates at three levels, university, faculties and institutes. Other organizational units include interfaculty and general university units, the universitys highest governing body is the Senate, which is responsible for issuing statutes, rules and regulations. Directly answerable to the Senate is the University Board of Directors, the Board comprises the Rector, the Vice-Rectors and the Administrative Director. The structures and functions of the University Board of Directors and the organizational units are regulated by the Universities Act. The University of Bern offers about 39 bachelor and 72 master programs, with enrolments of 7,869 and 4,425, the university also has 2,648 doctoral students. Around 1,575 bachelor,1,566 masters degree students and 534 PhD students graduate each year, for some time now, the university has had more female than male students, at the end of 2014, women accounted for 56% of students. Unlike other universities, the University of Bern does not have a large campus on the edge of the city. Most institutes and clinics are still in the Länggasse, the university district adjoining the city centre. The University has won awards for its intelligent, ecological. The vonRoll site, another factory building, is in the process of being refurbished to house the Faculty of Human Sciences. The roots of the University of Bern go back to the century, when, as a consequence of the Reformation. As part of its reorganization of education, the government of Bern transformed the existing theological college into an academy with four faculties in 1805. Henceforth, it was possible to not only theology in Bern. As in other countries of Europe, nineteenth century politics in Switzerland were dominated by the struggle between conservative and liberal currents. The liberals gained control of the Canton of Bern in 1831 and in 1834 turned the academy into a university, with an academic staff of 45 to teach 167 students. Owing to the situation, it was not until the promulgation of the federal constitution in 1848 that the university was able to embark on a period of peaceful development
9.
Canton of Solothurn
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The Canton of Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the northwest of Switzerland, the territory of the canton comprises land acquired by the city. Between 1798 and 1803 the canton was part of the Helvetic Republic, in 1803 Solothurn was one of the 19 Swiss cantons that were reconstituted by Napoleon. Even though the population was strictly Roman Catholic, Solothurn did not join the Catholic separatist movement in 1845, similarly, the federal constitutions of 1848 and 1874 were approved. The current constitution of the dates from 1987. The canton is located in the north-west of Switzerland, to the west and south lies the cantons of Jura and Bern, to the east is Aargau. To the north the canton is bounded by the canton of Basel-Landschaft, parts of two of the districts are exclaves and are located along the French border. The lands are drained by the Aare river and its tributaries, the landscape is mostly flat, but it includes the foothills of the Jura massif. Part of this, the massif of the Weissenstein, overlooks Solothurn, the flat lands are a plain created by the Aare river. The total area of the canton is 791 km², from 2005, Solothurns ten districts are merged pairwise into five electoral districts, termed Amtei. From 2005, the districts have only a statistical significance, the population is mostly German speaking. About 44% of the population are Roman Catholic, with most of the remainder being Protestants, the population of the canton is 266,418. As of 2007, the population included 46,898 foreigners, up to the 19th century agriculture was the main economic activity in the canton. Agriculture is still of importance, but manufacturing and the industry are now more significant. The industries of the canton are specialized in watches, jewellery, textiles, paper, cement, until recently the manufacturing of shoes was an important economic activity, but global competition thought that the Swiss canton was not competitive enough. The canton is home to the Gösgen Nuclear Power Plant near Däniken which started operation in 1979, ^a FDP before 2009, FDP. The Liberals after 2009 ^b * indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton. The canton has good connections with other parts of Switzerland, both by rail and by road, there is a railway junction at Olten with direct trains to Geneva, Zurich, Basel and the Ticino via Lucerne
10.
Aargau
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The canton of Aargau is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is situated by the course of the Aare, which is why the canton is called Aar-gau. It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland, the Romans built a major settlement called Vindonissa, near the present location of Brugg. In early medieval times, the Aargau was a border region between the duchies of Alamannia and Burgundy. A line of the von Wetterau intermittently held the countship of Aargau from 750 until about 1030, from the extinction in 1254 of the Hohenstaufen dynasty until 1415, the area was ruled by the Habsburgs, and many castles from that time still stand. The Habsburgs founded a number of monasteries, the closing of which by the government in 1841 was a factor to the outbreak of the Swiss civil war – the Sonderbund War – in 1847. When Frederick IV of Habsburg sided with Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, in July 1414, the Pope visited Bern and received assurances from them, that they would move against the Habsburgs. A few months later the Swiss Confederation denounced the Treaty of 1412, shortly thereafter in 1415, Bern and the rest of the Swiss Confederation used the ban as a pretext to invade the Aargau. The Confederation was able to conquer the towns of Aarau, Lenzburg, Brugg. Bern kept the southwest portion, northward to the confluence of the Aare, the important city of Baden was taken by a united Swiss army and governed by all 8 members of the Confederation. Some districts, named the Freie Ämter – Mellingen, Muri, Villmergen, shortly after the conquest of the Aargau by the Swiss, Frederick humbled himself to the Pope. The Pope reconciled with him and ordered all of the lands to be returned. The Swiss refused and years later after no serious attempts at re-acquisition, berns portion of the Aargau came to be known as the Unteraargau, though can also be called the Berner or Bernese Aargau. In 1514 Bern expanded north into the Jura and so came into possession of several strategically important mountain passes into the Austrian Fricktal and this land was added to the Unteraargau and was directly ruled from Bern. It was divided into seven rural bailiwicks and four cities, Aarau, Zofingen, Lenzburg. While the Habsburgs were driven out, many of their nobles were allowed to keep their lands and offices. The bailiwick administration was based on a small staff of officials, mostly made up of Bernese citizens. When Bern converted during the Protestant Reformation in 1528, the Unteraargau also converted, at the beginning of the 16th century a number of anabaptists migrated into the upper Wynen and Rueder valleys from Zürich
11.
Canton of Geneva
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The Republic and Canton of Geneva is the French-speaking westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France. As is the case in several other Swiss cantons, this canton is referred to as a republic within the Swiss Confederation, the canton of Geneva is located in the southwestern corner of Switzerland, and is considered one of the most cosmopolitan areas of the country. As a center of the Calvinist Reformation, the city of Geneva has had a influence on the canton. The Republic of Geneva was proclaimed in 1541, under John Calvin, the Republic of Geneva reinforced its alliance to the Protestant cantons of the Swiss Confederacy, becoming an everlasting ally in 1584. The French Revolution reached Geneva in 1792, and in February 1794, after the death of Robespierre in July of the same year, there was a counter-revolution, which gained the upper hand by 1796. This prompted the French invasion of 1798, and the annexation of Geneva as part of the French département du Léman, Geneva finally joined the Swiss Confederation in 1815 as the 22nd canton, having been enlarged by French and Savoyard territories at the Vienna Congress. The area of the canton of Geneva is 282 square kilometers, the canton is surrounded on almost all sides by France and bordered by the Swiss canton of Vaud on northeast. The adjoining French départements are Ain and Haute-Savoie, the current boundaries of the canton were established in 1815. There are 45 municipalities in the canton, Geneva does not have any administrative districts. There are 10 cities with a population of over 10,000 as of 2007, Genève, Vernier, Lancy, Meyrin, Carouge, Onex, Thônex, Versoix, Grand-Saconnex, Chêne-Bougeries. The constitution of the canton was established in 1847, and has, the cantonal government has seven members who are elected for four years. The legislature, the Grand Council, has 100 seats, with deputies elected for four years at a time, the last elecation was held on 7 October 2013. In a similar way to what happens at the Federal level, in addition, any law can be subject to a referendum if it is demanded by 7,000 persons entitled to vote, and 10,000 persons may also propose a new law. The republique and canton of Geneva has 11 seats in the National Council, on 18 October 2015, in the federal election the most popular party was the The Liberals which received three seats with 20. 5% of the votes. In the federal election, a total of 106,852 votes were cast, and she is part of the Council of States since 2007. Councilor Robert Cramer, member of the Green Party, was re-elected in the round with a majority of 42,075 votes. He is part of the Council of States since 2007, ^a FDP before 2009, FDP. The Liberals after 2009 ^b * indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton. ^c Part of the FDP for this election ^d Part of the SD for this election The population of the canton is 484,736, as of 2013, the population included 194,623 foreigners from 187 different nations, or about 40. 1% of the total population
12.
Augustinergasse
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Augustinergasse is a medieval lane that today is part of the innercity pedestrian zone of Zürich, Switzerland. It is named after the former Augustinian Abbey that is now Augustinerkirche, bordered in the north by Münzplatz and by St. Peterhofstatt towards Münsterhof, it is named after the former Augustinian monastery, now the Augustinerkirche church. The Rennweg, formerly the Rennweg–Augustinergasse stop on lines 6,7,11 and 13 of the Zürich tram system is located some 150 metres further south along the Bahnhofstrasse road, augustinergasse was the home of the medieval artisans of Zürich. Beginning in the 17th century, rich factory owners settled there, much more modestly decorated is the exterior of the former monasterys church, the Augustinerkirche that as of today is the parish church of the Christ Catholic community of Zürich. The Augustinian church was transformed during the Reformation in Zürich into a secular workshop, from 1596 to 1841 its choir served as mint and residential district of the mint master, and in the Jakobskapelle, the mint masters pitched their embossing dies. Therefore, the Münzplatz was named after the mint in the choir, the so-called Folderbrunnen was built in 1537 as the local water well, and is still a popular meeting point of locals and tourists. Augustinerkirche was once one of the five churches in the medieval town of Zürich. First built around 1270 as a Romanesque church belonging to the Augustinian abbey, on occasion of the Reformation, in 1841 the Roman Catholic community of Zürich planned to rebuild the building to commemorate the old Augustinian church. But, as the majority of the Catholic community rejected the decisions of the First Vatican Council of 1870, for the same reason, Augustinerkirche is still their parish church. Today the building is one of the three churches in the Lindenhof district of the city of Zürich. The inner moat was enforced by the later built Schanzengraben, augustinerturm was the tower named after the Augustinian priory, and was part of the third, left-bank fortifications. It was situated close to the Augustinerkirche, there are findings of strong tower remains, which were brought to light on occasion of the foundation work at present Bahnhofstrasse 40. It is believed that the three upper, and later built timbered floors were open on the side towards to the city. The attached fort was demolished in 1811, augustinertor and Augustinerbollwerk were named after the Augustinian priory, and were also part of the 16th-century fortifications. They were situated close to the present Augustinerkirche, in 1575 the prior gate Kecinstürlin, a small gate, was replaced, and the construction lasted to 1578. There are no further documented, but the bulwark was probably a circular, heavy. Usually, enthroned above the gate were the coat of arms of Zürich and it is assumed that the bulwark may have not been entered with carts, as the previous Ketzinstürli, thus, the gate of the bulwark was established only for passenger services. The gate also was known as Augustinertörlein, meaning the small Augustinian gate, on the later map series of Bullinger and on the drawings by the illustrator Franz Hegi, the bastion had a red tile roof
13.
Ferdinand Stadler
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Ferdinand Stadler was a Swiss architect of the generation before Gottfried Semper. He was born and died in Zurich, all his buildings are in Switzerland, mainly Zurich, except for the Christ Church, Nazareth and an apartment in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse. His most notable include the City Church in Glarus and the Elisabethenkirche in Basel. Ferndinand Stadler also rebuilt the Augustinerkirche at the Münzplatz in Zürich
14.
Bishop
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A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1
15.
Vicar general
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A vicar general is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority and possesses the title of local ordinary. The title normally occurs only in Western Christian churches, such as the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, the title for the equivalent officer in the Eastern churches is protosyncellus. The term is used by religious orders of men in a similar manner. In the Catholic Church, a bishop must appoint at least one vicar general for his diocese. The vicar general by virtue of office is the agent in administration. Vicars general must be priests, auxiliary bishops, or coadjutor bishops—if a coadjutor bishop exists for a diocese, other auxiliary bishops are usually appointed vicars general or at least episcopal vicars. A vicar general is an ordinary and, as such, acquires his powers by virtue of office. He is to possess a doctorate or at least a licentiate in law or theology or be truly expert in these fields. These might include issues concerning religious institutes or the faithful of a different rite and these too must be priests or auxiliary bishops. The equivalent officer in the Eastern Churches is called the syncellus, priests appointed as vicars general or episcopal vicars are freely appointed or removed by the diocesan bishop, and are appointed for a fixed duration. They lose their office when the term expires, or when the see falls vacant. Auxiliary bishops may also be removed from the office of vicar general, an auxiliary bishop who is an episcopal vicar, or a coadjutor bishop who is vicar general, may only be removed from office for a grave reason. A coadjutor bishop has the right of succession, so if the see falls vacant he becomes the bishop immediately. These offices should not be confused with the vicar forane or dean/archpriest, the appointment of a vicar general is also a useful tool for a diocesan bishop who has additional functions attached to his episcopate. The most notable example is in the diocese of Rome, the Vicar General of Rome also serves the same role for the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia, the traditional see of the Dean of the College of Cardinals, since it was merged with the diocese of Rome. The Vicar General of Rome, who is normally a cardinal, the current Vicar General of Rome is Cardinal Agostino Vallini. A similar example is found in the United States and this had the status of an apostolic vicariate, and functioned as the equivalent of a diocese defined by quality rather than by geography. The archbishop had two separate administrations, therefore, and two sets of vicars general to manage each and this arrangement ended with the establishment of the wholly separate Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA
16.
Archbishop
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In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, like the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is the denomination leader title, an archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which the bishop who is the ordinary of one of them has certain powers and he is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. As well as the more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Roman Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco. In others, the title of archdiocese is for reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese, an example is the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, Another such example is the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese and these are usually aggregated to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, the ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop, however, especially in the Anglican Communion, not all archbishops dioceses are called archdioceses. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient, the rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head, the bishop transferred is then known as the Archbishop-Bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009, the title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones, the Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the title of archbishop. They are usually referred to as Archbishop of the see, not as its Archbishop-Bishop, until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several Archbishops Emeriti of the see, the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living Archbishops Emeriti of Taipei. There is no Archbishop Emeritus of a see, an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see
17.
Joris Vercammen
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Joris August Odilius Ludovicus Vercammen is the current Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands. Vercammen was born in Lier, Belgium, in 1952, in 1979, he was ordained a priest for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp. In 1988, he left the Roman Catholic Church and joined the Old Catholic Diocese of Utrecht, Vercammen was serving as director of the Old Catholic seminary when clergy and laity of the archdiocese elected him as the 83rd Archbishop of Utrecht. He was consecrated on 1 July 2000 at the St. Martins Cathedral, Utrecht, once the see of Willibrord and his successors, in 2006, the ninth Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Porto Alegre made Vercammen a member of its central committee. Vercammen is married and has three children
18.
Eduard Herzog
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Eduard Herzog was a Swiss Catholic theologian and cleric who was a native of Schongau, Canton Lucerne. He was the first Christian Catholic bishop of Switzerland and he studied theology under Karl Joseph von Hefele at the University of Tübingen, and in 1866 continued his studies at the University of Freiburg. During the following year he received his ordination, and in 1868 began teaching classes at the school of theology in Lucerne, during the Franco-Prussian War he served as a field minister in the Bernese Jura during the summer of 1870. In reaction to the First Vatican Councils decision regarding papal infallibility, shortly afterwards he served as an Old Catholic parish priest in Krefeld, and in March-1873 started serving as priest in Olten. In 1876 he became pastor at the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Bern, in June 1876 he was appointed the first Christian Catholic Church bishop of Switzerland, and on September 18,1876 was consecrated at Rheinfelden by Joseph Hubert Reinkens. Later that year, he was excommunicated by Pope Pius IX. Über Religionsfreiheit in der helvetischen Republik, Leo XIII, Herzog, Eduard, article from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
19.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
20.
Anglican Communion
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The Anglican Communion is an international association of autonomous churches consisting of the Church of England and national and regional Anglican churches in full communion with it. Full participation in the life of each church is available to all communicant Anglicans. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England, has a place of honour among the bishops of the Anglican churches and he is recognised as primus inter pares. The archbishop does not exercise authority in the provinces outside England, the churches of the Anglican Communion considers themselves to be part of the nicos one, holy, catholic and apostolic church and to be both Catholic and Reformed. For some adherents, Anglicanism represents a non-papal Catholicism, for others a form of Protestantism though without a dominant guiding figure such as Luther, Knox, Calvin, for others, their self-identity represents some combination of the two. The communion encompasses a spectrum of belief and practice including evangelical, liberal. With a membership estimated at around 85 million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Some of these churches are known as Anglican, such as the Anglican Church of Canada, some, for example the Church of Ireland, the Scottish and American Episcopal churches, and some other associated churches have a separate name. The Anglican Communion has no legal existence nor any governing structure which might exercise authority over the member churches. There is an Anglican Communion Office in London, under the aegis of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Communion is held together by a shared history, expressed in its ecclesiology, polity and ethos and also by participation in international consultative bodies. Early in its development, Anglicanism developed a vernacular prayer book, unlike other traditions, Anglicanism has never been governed by a magisterium nor by appeal to one founding theologian, nor by an extra-credal summary of doctrine. Instead, Anglicans have typically appealed to the Book of Common Prayer and its offshoots as a guide to Anglican theology and this had the effect of inculcating the principle of Lex orandi, lex credendi as the foundation of Anglican identity and confession. These parameters were most clearly articulated in the rubrics of the successive prayer books. With the expansion of the British Empire, and hence the growth of Anglicanism outside Great Britain and Ireland, the first major expression of this were the Lambeth Conferences of the communions bishops, first convened by Archbishop of Canterbury Charles Longley in 1869. One of the influential early resolutions of the conference was the so-called Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral of 1888. Its intent was to provide the basis for discussions of reunion with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches, the Apostles Creed, as the Baptismal Symbol, and the Nicene Creed, as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith. The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself - Baptism and the Supper of the Lord - ministered with unfailing use of Christs Words of Institution, and of the elements ordained by Him. The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the needs of the nations
21.
Philippine Independent Church
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The Philippine Independent Church is an independent Christian denomination in the form of a national church in the Philippines. Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation and it is also known as the Aglipayan Church, after its first Supreme Bishop, Gregorio Aglipay, who like José Rizal, later became a Freemason, in May 1918. Pope Leo XIII instructed the Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa to excommunicate those who initiated the schism, since 1960 the church has been in full communion with the Episcopal Church in the United States, and through it, the entire Anglican Communion. Many saints canonized by Rome after the 1902 Schism are not recognized by the Aglipayan church, as of 2015 the Supreme Bishop was Ephraim Fajutagana, whose central office is located at the National Cathedral of the Holy Child in Ermita, Manila. The churchs official name is Iglesia Filipina Independiente, or, in English, during the Philippine Revolution, Isabelo de los Reyes and Aglipay acted to reform the Filipino Catholic clergy. Aglipay was the convener of the Filipino Ecclesiastical Council, in response to Mabinis manifesto urging the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino national Church and he was a member of the Malolos Congress, the lone member coming from the religious sector, although he also represented Ilocos Norte. He was a leader of Ilocos Norte during the Philippine–American War with the rank of Lieutenant General. Following the Philippine–American War, Aglipay and De los Reyes founded the Philippine Independent Church in 1902, the new church rejected the spiritual authority of the Pope and abolished the celibacy requirement for priests, allowing them to marry. At that time, all of its clergy were former Catholic priests, Aglipay drew upon the Masons for some concepts of theology and worship. He was supported by Miguel Morayta, the Grand Master of the Spanish Orient Lodge of Freemasonry in Madrid, Aglipay became a Mason in 1918. The new Philippine Independent Church reformed the Latin Tridentine liturgy, adopting the vernacular in worship, Mass in the PIC has been said in Spanish since the earliest days of its independence, but it is also said in Tagalog. Visiting other churches while traveling abroad, Aglipay developed his theology, coming to reject the divinity of Jesus, other PIC officials refused to accept this revised theology. Aglipays unitarian and progressive ideas were evident in his novena, Pagsisiyam sa Birhen sa Balintawak,1925 and its English translation. Eventually there would be a schism, after Aglipays death in 1940 the courts awarded the name, some factions formally joined other denominations including the Episcopal Church and the American Unitarians. In 1961, the Philippine Independent Church joined the Anglican Communion, congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. The church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Roman Catholic Church, the Church believes in ordination both of priests and bishops. Like many Anglican and Lutheran denominations and unlike the Catholic Church, since its establishment, the Church allows its priests to marry, rejecting mandatory clerical celibacy. The main liturgy on Sunday is the eucharist, which is said in the vernacular, the church is noncommittal regarding transubstantiation and Real Presence in the Eucharist
22.
Religion in Switzerland
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Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland, its presence going back to the Roman era. Since the 16th century, Switzerland has been divided into Roman Catholic. However, adherence to churches has declined since the late 20th century, furthermore notable is the significant difference in church adherence between Swiss citizens and foreign nationals in 2015. Switzerland as a state has no state religion, though most of the cantons recognize official churches, in all cases including the Catholic Church. These churches, and in some also the Old Catholic Church. The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a patchwork of majorities over most of the country. One canton, Appenzell, was divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons used to be predominantly Protestant, central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. A1980 initiative calling for the separation of church and state was rejected by 78. 9% of the voters. 31% of all Catholics are foreign nationals vice versa 5% with Protestants, the unaffiliated form 21. 6% of Switzerlands population as of 2012, and are especially strong in canton of Basel-City, canton of Neuchâtel, canton of Geneva, canton of Vaud, and Zürich. Rather recent immigration during the last 25 years has brought Islam, other Christian minority communities include Neo-Pietism, Pentecostalism, Methodism, the New Apostolic Church, Jehovahs Witnesses, and the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland as of 2000. Minor non-Christian minority groups are Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and other religions,3. 6% did not make a statement on the 2000 census. However, the Catholic Jesuits were banned from all activities in either clerical or pedagogical functions by Article 51 of the Swiss constitution in 1848, the reason was the perceived threat resulting from Jesuit advocacy of traditionalist Catholicism to the stability of the state. The settlement restrictions placed on Swiss Jews in various instances between the 14th and 18th centuries were lifted with the revised Swiss Constitution of 1874, in November 2009,57. 5% of Swiss voters approved of a popular initiative to ban the construction of minarets in Switzerland. The four existing Swiss minarets, at mosques in Zurich, Geneva, Winterthur, full freedom of religion has been guaranteed since the revised Swiss Constitution of 1874. During the Old Swiss Confederacy, there had been no de facto freedom of religion, Swiss Jews had been given full political rights in 1866, although their right to settle freely was implemented as late as 1879 in the canton of Aargau. The basic right protected by the constitution is that of public confession of adherence to a religious community, Article 36 of the constitution introduces a limitation of these rights if they conflict with public interest or if they encroach upon the basic rights of others. Thus, ritual slaughter is prohibited as conflicting with Swiss animal laws, performance of cultic or missionary activities or religious processions on public ground may be limited
23.
Swiss Reformed Church
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Since 1920, the Swiss Reformed Churches have been organized in 26 member churches of the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches. According to a 2012 Swiss census,26. 9% of Swiss population were reported as registered members of a Reformed cantonal church, the Swiss Reformed Churches, together, have approximately 2.4 million members. The Reformation spread primarily in the cities of Switzerland, which was composed of loosely connected cantons. Breakthrough began in the 1520s in Zurich under Zwingli, in Bern in 1528 under Berchtold Haller, after the early death of Zwingli in 1531, the Reformation continued. The French-speaking cities Neuchâtel, Geneva and Lausanne changed to the Reformation ten years later under William Farel, the German Reformed ideological center was Zurich, the French speaking Reformed movement bastion was Geneva. A distinctive feature of the Swiss Reformed churches in the Zwinglian tradition is their historically almost symbiotic link to the state, which is only loosening gradually in the present. One of these secessionist churches still exists today, the Evangelical Free Church of Geneva, founded in 1849, an important issue to liberal theologians was the Apostles Creed. Until the late 1870s, most cantonal reformed churches stopped prescribing any particular creed, like many European Protestant denominations, several of the Swiss Reformed churches have openly welcomed gay and lesbian members to celebrate their civil unions within a church context. As early as 1999, the Reformed Churches in St. Gallen, Fribourg, since then, the Reformed Church in Aaargau has also allowed for prayer services to celebrate same-sex couples. Organizationally, the Reformed Churches in Switzerland remain separate, cantonal units, the German churches are more in the Zwinglian tradition, the French more in the Calvinist tradition. They are governed synodically and their relation to the canton ranges from independent to close collaboration
24.
Roman Catholicism in Switzerland
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The Catholic Church in Switzerland is organised into six dioceses and two territorial abbeys, comprising approximately 3 million Catholics, about 38. 6% of the Swiss population. e. Immediately subject to the jurisdiction of the Holy See, without any Metropolitan see, the bishops and the two territorial abbots are organised within the Swiss Bishops Conference whose chairman is the current Bishop of Sion, Norbert Brunner. Most cantonally delineated Roman Catholic church bodies are members in their umbrella Roman Catholic Central Conference of Switzerland, currently, there are three Cardinals from Switzerland, Henri Schwery, Kurt Koch and Gilberto Agustoni, of whom one participated in the 2013 conclave. Jungwacht Blauring List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Switzerland
25.
Buddhism in Switzerland
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According to the 2000 census of Switzerland,21,305 Swiss residents self-identified as Buddhists. About a third of them were born in Thailand, in 1978 the Swiss Buddhist Union was founded by the Czech Buddhist Mirko Fryba. The German Buddhist Nyanatiloka was an important early Buddhist in Switzerland, the writings of Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung have many allusions to Buddhism. Max Ladner founded a Buddhist group in Zurich in 1942, in 1948, Ladner published the Buddhist journal Die Einsicht. Geshe Rabten Rinpoche founded in 1977 in Mont Pèlerin a Buddhist monastery and study centre for European monks, nuns, Switzerland also has Tibetan-Buddhist and Zen monasteries, among them the Tibet Institute Rikon located in Zell-Rikon im Tösstal in the Töss Valley in the canton of Zürich. In 2003 the Theravada temple Wat Srinagarindravararam in Gretzenbach was dedicated by Princess Galyani Vadhana, in earlier censuses, Buddhism figured together with other non-Abrahamic traditions as other churches and communities. These accounted for 0. 12% in 1970,0. 19% in 1980,0. 42% in 1990 and 0. 78% in 2000,2000 census results Religion in Switzerland Hinduism in Switzerland Schweizerische Buddhistische Union Alois Payer Martin Baumann Buddhactivity Dharma Centres database
26.
Hinduism in Switzerland
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The 2000 census reported 27,839 residents of Switzerland self-identifying as Hindus. Most of them are Sri Lankan Tamils, approximately 90% of Hindu adherents are foreign-born, and about a third of them have the status of refugee or asylum seeker. In earlier censuses, Hinduism figured together with other traditions as other churches and communities. These accounted for 0. 12% in 1970,0. 19% in 1980,0. 42% in 1990 and 0. 78% in 2000. Hinduism overtook Judaism as the third largest religion in Switzerland during the 1990s and was tied at 0. 38% with the New Apostolic Church in 2000. Religion in Switzerland Buddhism in Switzerland List of Hindu temples in Switzerland 2000 census results Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture, Swissinfo, media related to Hinduism in Switzerland at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Islam in Switzerland
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Islam in Switzerland has mostly arrived via immigration since the late 20th century. Numbering below 1% of total population in 1980, the fraction of Muslims in the population of permanent residents in Switzerland has quintupled in thirty years, a majority is from Former Yugoslavia, an additional 20% is from Turkey. The vast majority of Muslims in Switzerland adheres to the Sunni branch, some famous Muslims of Switzerland include Tariq Ramadan, Frithjof Schuon, Titus Burckhardt and Isabelle Eberhardt. The largest concentration of Muslim population is in the German speaking Swiss plateau, another remarkable demographic feature in comparison to other European countries is the relatively equal distribution throughout the country. No administrative unit has more than 8. 55% of Muslim population, the lowest percentage of Muslims in a canton is 1. 82%. 88. 3% of Muslims in Switzerland are foreigners (56. 4% from former Yugoslavia,20. 2% from Turkey,10,000 of the 400,000 Muslims could be converts. In the 10th century, Arabs and Berbers from their Mediterranean Fraxinet base settled in the Valais for a few decades and they occupied the Great St. Bernard Pass and even managed to reach as far as St. Gallen to the north and Raetia in the east. Islam was virtually absent from Switzerland until the 20th century and it appeared with the beginning of significant immigration to Europe, after World War II. A first mosque was built in Zürich in 1963 by the Ahmadiyya community, Muslim presence during the 1950s and 1960s was mostly due to the presence of international diplomats and rich Saudi tourists in Geneva. Substantial Muslim immigration began in the 1970s, and accelerated dramatically over the 1980s to 1990s, in 1980, there were 56,600 Muslims in Switzerland. This ratio quintupled over the thirty years, notably due to the immigration from Former Yugoslavia during the 1990s Yugoslav War. While the Muslim demographics is still growing rapidly, the rate of growth has decreased after the early 1990s. The growth rate corresponded to a factor of 2.7 over the 1980s, a factor of 2.0 over the 1990s, Swiss Muslim organizations begin to form in the 1980s. An umbrella organization was formed in Zürich in 1989, there are two Swiss mosques which predate 1980 and the rapid increase of immigration of Muslims from the Balkans and Turkey over the following decades. These are the Ahmadiyya mosque in Zurich, built in 1963 and also boasting the first minaret built in Switzerland, today, there are numerous further mosques and prayer rooms across the country, predominantly in the urban parts of the Swiss plateau. In 2007 the Bern city council rejected plans to one of the largest Islamic cultural centers in Europe. Four Swiss mosques have minarets, besides the Zurich and Geneva mosques mentioned above, these are a mosque in Winterthur, the latter was erected in 2009 following several years of political and legal disputes. In the wake of the Wangen minaret controversy, a initiative was passed with 57. 5% of the popular vote in November 2009
28.
Ahmadiyya in Switzerland
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Ahmadiyya is an Islamic branch in Switzerland, under the spiritual leadership of the caliph in London. The Community was founded on October 13,1946, during the period of the Second Caliphate. Today there are two Ahmadi mosques and 14 local branches, representing an estimated 800 Ahmadi Muslims, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Switzerland was founded in the year 1946, following the Second World War. In the 1940s three missionaries were appointed to open an Ahmadi mission in German-speaking Europe, at the request of the second Caliph Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. On October 13,1946 the three Ahmadi Muslim missionaries, Sheikh Nasir Ahmad, Abdul Latif and Ghulam Ahmad Bashir met in Zurich, Switzerland, however, due to the recent conclusion of the war, they were unable to enter the country. As a result, a mission was established in Zurich instead, soon after, Abdul Latif and Ghulam Ahmad Bashir left the country for the Netherlands, whilst Sheikh Nasir Ahmad continued to serve Switzerland for the following 16 years, until 1962. During this period a German translation of the Quran was published, the location was in a residential zone in Zurich, opposite a church. The mosque project received overwhelming support from local and national groups, the Swiss evangelical party responded to the governments offer as an unfortunate way of showing preference to a religious minority in attacking the religious sentiments of the majority of. Nevertheless, the issue was resolved and the project was given the green light. On August 25,1962, Amatul Hafiz Begum, the daughter of the founder of the Community, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, laid the foundation stone for the first mosque in the country. The opening ceremony was held on 22 June 1963 led by Sir Muhammad Zafrullah Khan, emil Landolt, the Mayor of Zurich was also present. The mosque was named the Mahmud Mosque, by opening the mosque, the Community set a visible presence of Muslims in Switzerland. Over the years, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community grew primarily due to immigration from Pakistan, by the 1990s, the Mahmood Mosque was becoming too small to house its members. As a consequence, the Community began to search for a place,15 years later, in 2005 the Community found a suitable place, a joinery in Haüsern, a hamlet in the municipality of Wigoltingen, in Thurgau. The national president of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Switzerland, W. Tarnutzer, wrote to the caliph, in London, after approving the project, the Community proposed the project to the municipal government. On one hand the council disapproved the project and on the other, the Community organized an informational event in response to the negative reaction. In order to avoid self-portrayal, the event featured positive remarks from a non-Muslim journalist, following the event, there were no objections. The mosque is named the Nuur Mosque, there are 14 local chapters and an estimated 800 Ahmadis in Switzerland, many of which are descendants of immigrants from Pakistan
29.
History of the Jews in Switzerland
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History of the Jews in Switzerland reaches back at least a thousand years. Jews and Judaism have been present in the territory of what is now Switzerland since before the emergence of the medieval Old Swiss Confederacy in the 15th century, Switzerland has Europes tenth-largest Jewish community, with about 17,500 Jews, roughly 0. 2% of the population. About one-third of the Jewish community lives in the Zürich metropolitan area, as of 2009, there were 38 synagogues in the country. The first World Zionist Congress of 1897 was held in Basel, whereas the communities of Basel and Zürich are traditionally shaped by large Ashkenazi communities, Geneva also hosts an important Sephardic community. Its main synagogue, the Synagogue Hekhal Haness, is considered to be the most important Sephardic synagogue in the whole of Europe, a ring with a Menorah depiction found in Augusta Raurica in 2001 attests to Hebrew presence in Germania Superior. The Encyclopaedia Judaica mentioned a first documentation in 1214, another pogrom occurred among other cities in Zürich in 1249, at the location of the former synagogue at Froschaugasse 4 in the former Neumarkt quarter, a plaque was mounted. Jews were banished from Swiss towns in the 1620s, and from 1776, at the close of the 18th century, the 553 Jews in these villages represented almost the entire Jewish population in Switzerland. An important source for the situation of Swiss Jews in the 18th century is the 1768 Sammlung Jüdischer Geschichten by Johann Caspar Ulrich. Beginning in 1603, the deceased Jews of the Surbtal communities were buried on a small Rhein river island, as the island was repeatedly flooded and devastated, in 1750 the Surbtal Jews asked the Tagsatzung to establish a cemetery in the vicinity of their communities in the Surb valley. Once a year, the chevra kadisha visited the graves on the island. In 1750 the Tagsatzung allowed the Jewish communities of Endingen and Lengnau to acquire woodland on a hill between Endingen and Lengnau to establish the Endingen cemetery. In accordance with the resolution of the Tagsatzung in 1678, Jews were allowed to settle in the communities of the Surb valley, after 1776, they were further restricted to living in only Endingen and Lengnau. This immigration slowly but steadily changed the appearance of the communities, the village of Endingen never built a Christian church, only a Jewish synagogue. The local Christians traveled to neighboring villages for church, Jewish and Christian families were often under one roof. However, the Jewish resident were only allowed to enter a few professions, houses were built with two separate entrances, one for Jews and one for Christians. They were under the high and low courts of the Baden bailiff and had to buy protection, in 1798, the French under Napoleon I invaded Switzerland and set up the Helvetic Republic. The Republic attempted to modernize and centralize the Swiss Confederation, as part of this new, liberal state, Swiss reformers attempted to enforce the emancipation of the Jews in the new central Swiss Parliament in Aarau. When that failed, they attempted to get the French to force change on the new Swiss government
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Landeskirche
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In Germany and Switzerland, a Landeskirche is the church of a region. They originated as the churches of the independent states, States of Germany or Cantons of Switzerland. Unlike in Scandinavia and England, the bishops in the churches did not survive the Reformation. Therefore, Martin Luther demanded that, as a stop-gap, each secular Landesherr should exercise episcopal functions in the respective territories. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio also arose out of the Reformation and this led to closed, insular landeskirchen. The principle was a byproduct of religious politics in the Holy Roman Empire, so the king of Bavaria was at the same time supreme governor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the River Rhine. In practice, the Landesherren exercised episcopal functions only indirectly through consistories and those of the following Landeskirchen, which existed in 1922, founded the new umbrella German Evangelical Church Confederation. There were mergers in the 1920s and under Nazi reign in 1933 and 1934, the first date given before every entry in the table below refers to the year, when the respective church body was constituted. The Protestant Reformation and some church organisation of course existed long before, for the 20th century the given years refer to the formal establishment of the respective church body. The second date refers to the year, when the church body ceased to exist. The third entry gives the name of church body alphabetically assorted by the first territorial entity mentioned in the name. This makes sense because Landeskirchen have clear regional demarcations, therefore usually somehow mentioned in their names, the post-World War I church bodies, listed below, have never existed all in the same time. One can sort the table below alphabetically or chronologically by clicking on the button with the gyronny of four and those of the following Landeskirchen, which existed in 1948, founded the new Protestant umbrella Evangelical Church in Germany. The communist dictatorship in East Germany imposed further name changes and administrative reorganisations along the inner German borders, there were mergers of church bodies in 1947,1977,1989,2004,2009, and 2012, and likely more are to come. The German demographic crisis and rising irreligionism influence them, especially in former East Germany, the first date given before every entry in the table below refers to the year, when the respective church body was constituted. The Protestant Reformation and some church organisation of course existed long before, for the last and this century the given years refer to the formal establishment of the respective church body. The second date refers to the year, when the church body ceased to exist. The third entry gives the name of church body alphabetically assorted by the first territorial entity mentioned in the name
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