1.
Apostles
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In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles, were the primary historical disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle, for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i. e. missio, for example, Saint Patrick was the Apostle of Ireland, and Saint Boniface was the Apostle to the Germans. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels, after his resurrection, Jesus sent 11 of them by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. This event is called the Dispersion of the Apostles. There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus ministry. Prominent figures in early Christianity, notably Paul, were called apostles. The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age, during the 1st century AD, the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and, according to tradition, through the Middle East, Africa, and India. In his writings, the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant, Paul did not restrict the term apostle to the Twelve, the restricted usage appears in the Revelation to John. By the 2nd century AD, association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority, Churches which are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees. Pauls epistles were accepted as scripture, and two of the four gospels were associated with apostles, as were other New Testament works. Various Christian texts, such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions, were attributed to the apostles, bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across great territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, by apostolic succession, early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles, such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter, are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers. The Apostles Creed, popular in the West, was said to have composed by the apostles themselves. The word apostle comes from the Greek word ἀπόστολος, formed from the prefix ἀπό- and root στέλλω and originally meaning messenger and it has, however, a stronger sense than the word messenger, and is closer to a delegate. The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament argues that its Christian use translated a Jewish position known in Hebrew as the sheliach and this ecclesiastical meaning of the word was later translated into Latin as missio, the source of the English missionary. In the New Testament, the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names, Mark 6, 7-13 states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs to towns in Galilee. The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and their carrying of just a staff is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian bishops of a staff of office in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession
2.
Andrew the Apostle
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Andrew the Apostle, also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tradition Prōtoklētos or the First-called, was a Christian Apostle and the brother of Saint Peter. The name Andrew, like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews, Christians, no Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. According to Orthodox tradition, the successor to Saint Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople. The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter and he was born in the village of Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee. Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he make them fishers of men. At the beginning of Jesus public life, they were said to have occupied the house at Capernaum. In the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Mark Simon Peter and these narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke Andrew is not named, the narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat but it is not until the next chapter that Andrew is named as Simons brother. However, it is understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that Luke denies not that Andrew was there. In contrast, the Gospel of John states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother. Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ, on a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus. Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes, Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus return at the end of the age, Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium in AD38, according to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrews missions in Thrace, Scythia and this diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople
3.
Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
4.
Calvinism
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Calvinism is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. The term Calvinism can be misleading, because the tradition which it denotes has always been diverse. The movement was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it, early influential Reformed theologians include Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Martin Bucer, William Farel, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Theodore Beza, and John Knox. In the twentieth century, Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, B. B, Warfield, J. Gresham Machen, Karl Barth, Martyn Lloyd-Jones, Cornelius Van Til, and Gordon Clark were influential. Contemporary Reformed theologians include J. I, sproul, Timothy J. Keller, John Piper, David Wells, and Michael Horton. Reformed churches may exercise several forms of polity, most are presbyterian or congregationalist. Calvinism is largely represented by Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist traditions, the biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world. There are more conservative Reformed federations such as the World Reformed Fellowship, Calvinism is named after John Calvin. It was first used by a Lutheran theologian in 1552 and it was a common practice of the Catholic Church to name what they perceived to be heresy after its founder. Nevertheless, the term first came out of Lutheran circles, Calvin denounced the designation himself, They could attach us no greater insult than this word, Calvinism. It is not hard to guess where such a deadly hatred comes from that they hold against me, despite its negative connotation, this designation became increasingly popular in order to distinguish Calvinists from Lutherans and from newer Protestant branches that emerged later. Moreover, these churches claim to be—in accordance with John Calvins own words—renewed accordingly with the order of gospel. Since the Arminian controversy, the Reformed tradition—as a branch of Protestantism distinguished from Lutheranism—divided into two groups, Arminians and Calvinists. However, it is now rare to call Arminians a part of the Reformed tradition, some have also argued that Calvinism as a whole stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things including salvation. First-generation Reformed theologians include Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, John Oecolampadius, scripture was also viewed as a unified whole, which led to a covenantal theology of the sacraments of baptism and the Lords Supper as visible signs of the covenant of grace. Another Reformed distinctive present in these theologians was their denial of the presence of Christ in the Lords supper. Each of these also understood salvation to be by grace alone. Martin Luther and his successor Philipp Melanchthon were undoubtedly significant influences on these theologians, the doctrine of justification by faith alone was a direct inheritance from Luther
5.
Churches Uniting in Christ
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It is the successor organization to the Consultation on Church Union. CUIC is the organization to the Consultation on Church Union. The original task of COCU was to negotiate a consensus between its nine member communions, however, it never succeeded in this goal, despite making progress on several ecumenical fronts. At COCUs 18th plenary meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, each member communion voted to join CUIC over the next few years. Heads of communion from each member of COCU inaugurated the group on the day before Martin Luther King and this particular location highlighted the groups focus on racism as a major dividing factor between and among churches. The Coordinating Council of CUIC created three task forces, Ministry, Racial Justice, and Local and Regional Ecumenism, each task force represented an important part of early CUIC work. Local ecumenical liturgies were encouraged, and excitement initially built around pilot programs in Denver, Los Angeles, the Racial Justice task force created gatherings and discussions on racial justice. The Ministry task force received much of the attention from church structures, the group had been given a mandate to complete work on reconciliation by 2007, and in 2003 began working on a document entitled Mutual Recognition and Mutual Reconciliation of Ministries. One of the most difficult issues concerning recognition and reconciliation of ministries was that of the historic episcopate and this was one of the issues that defeated proposals for union by COCU as well. CUIC released the seventh and final draft of the MRMRM document in June 2005, much work was done in 2006 on this document, which focused on Episkope, the oversight of ministry. The work culminated in a consultation on episkope in St. Louis in October 2006 involving the heads of communion of the members of CUIC, the nine churches which inaugurated CUIC in 2002 were joined by the Moravian Church, Northern Province. The Moravians had been partners in mission and dialogue since 2002, in 2007, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from CUIC. Neither body sent representatives to the CUIC plenary on January 11–14,2008 and they felt the other churches were not doing enough to counter the history of racial injustice between black and white churches. In response to this, the churches in CUIC decided in 2008 to suspend their work while they seek reconciliation with these churches. This work began with a group of representatives who revisited the 1999 document Call to Christian Commitment and Action to Combat Racism and this also meant eliminating the position of Director as well as the suspension of the work of the CUIC task forces. As of 2012, CUIC no longer has physical offices, opting instead for a virtual office, although the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church has not rejoined the group, efforts have continued to bring this communion back into membership. Staccato Powell, an AMEZ pastor, preached at the 2011 CUIC plenary in Ft. Lauderdale, combating racism has again become a priority of CUIC. Concerns over the historic episcopate have been sidelined since 2008, though they may re-emerge, the groups focus on mutual reconciliation of ministries has been revisited in the light of racism and the impact that racism may have on exchanging ministers between denominations
6.
National Council of Churches
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The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, usually identified as the National Council of Churches, is the largest ecumenical body in the United States. NCC is a partnership of 38 Christian faith groups in the United States. Its member communions include Mainline Protestant, Orthodox, African American, Evangelical, Josephite, together, they encompass more than 100,000 local congregations and 40 million adherents. It began as the Federal Council of Churches in 1908, the first efforts at ecumenical organization emerged in 1908 with the creation of the Federal Council of Churches. The FCC was created as a response to problems that arose during the rapid industrialization of the U. S. The primary concern was the protection of workers in a host of areas including wages, working conditions, child labor, and a six day work week. During the next 40 plus years, FCC remained engaged in the social problems of the day as well as international problems that threatened to draw the U. S. into war. Its progressive social program along with support of conscientious objectors to World War II garnered stiff criticism from Christian fundamentalist circles, by 1950, numerous programs and efforts of social uplift had formed in addition to the FCC. Seeking greater unity, a dozen ecumenical bodies gathered in Cleveland, out of this meeting, via the merger of the Federal Council of Churches with several other ecumenical bodies, emerged the NCC. The Councils 38 member communions include Mainline Protestant, Orthodox, African American, Evangelical, Josephite, individual adherents of more than 50 Christian faith groups actively participate in NCC study groups, commissions and ministries. These communions covenant with one another to manifest ever more fully the unity of the Church, relying upon the transforming power of the Holy Spirit, the communions come together as the Council in common mission, serving in all creation to the glory of God. The Social Creeds Since its founding in 1950, one of the activities of NCC has been to effect positive change for the betterment of society. Adopted in December 1908, The Social Creed of the Churches was a statement by members of the Federal Council of Churches against what it described as industrial problems, the NCC in Washington For a number of years the NCC maintained a separate policy advocacy office in Washington, DC. Its work centered on areas mentioned in the creeds but also focused around two programs, Eco-Justice and the Ecumenical Poverty Initiative. Both of these programs have been spun off into separate independent organizations since NCC restructuring in 2013, the Council helped launch the Let Justice Roll grassroots anti-poverty campaign that has been successful in raising the minimum wage in more than 20 states since 2005. NCC and the Civil Rights Movement NCC was closely aligned with leaders in the civil movement, including Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The NCC was an important link to mainline churches for the civil movement and it consistently condemned segregation during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The NCC continued to be intertwined with the civil rights movement throughout the 1950s and 1960s
7.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
8.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
9.
Restoration Movement
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The Restoration Movement is a Christian movement that began on the United States frontier during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. The pioneers of this movement were seeking to reform the church from within, especially since the mid-20th century, members of these churches do not identify as Protestant but simply as Christian. The Restoration Movement developed from several independent strands of religious revival that idealized apostolic Christianity, two groups, which independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith, were particularly important. The first, led by Barton W. Stone, began at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, the second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia and was led by Thomas Campbell and his son, Alexander Campbell, both educated in Scotland, they eventually used the name Disciples of Christ. Both groups sought to restore the whole Christian church on the pattern set forth in the New Testament, in 1832 they joined in fellowship with a handshake. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the names for the followers of Jesus. Both groups promoted a return to the purposes of the 1st-century churches as described in the New Testament, one historian of the movement has argued that it was primarily a unity movement, with the restoration motif playing a subordinate role. The Restoration Movement has since divided into separate groups. There are three branches in the U. S. the Churches of Christ, the unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations. A number of groups outside the U. S. also have associations with this movement, such as the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. Because the Restoration Movement lacks any centralized structure, having originated in a variety of places with different leaders, the Restoration Movement has been characterized by several key principles, Christianity should not be divided, Christ intended the creation of one church. Names of human origin divide, but Christians should be able to find common ground by using biblical names for the church, Thus, the church should stress only what all Christians hold in common and should suppress all divisive doctrines and practices. A number of slogans have been used in the Restoration Movement and these include, Where the Scriptures speak, we speak, where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent. The church of Jesus Christ on earth is essentially, intentionally and we are Christians only, but not the only Christians. In essentials, unity, in opinions, liberty, in all things love, no creed but Christ, no book but the Bible, no law but love, no name but the divine. Do Bible things in Bible ways, call Bible things by Bible names. During the late Middle Ages, dissenters such as John Wycliff and John Huss called for a restoration of a form of Christianity. As a result, it is difficult to find any direct links between such early dissenters and the restoration movement, beginning with the Renaissance, intellectual roots become easier to discern
10.
Churches of Christ
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Churches of Christ are autonomous Christian congregations associated with one another through common beliefs and practices. They seek to base doctrine and practice on the Bible alone in order to be the church described in the New Testament, Churches of Christ in the United States have heritage in the American Restoration Movement. This evangelistic and Bible-based effort began in places as several people sought a return to the original teachings. The Restoration ideal was also similar and somewhat connected to restoration efforts in Europe. They did not see themselves as establishing a new church, the names Church of Christ, Christian Church, and Disciples of Christ were adopted by the movement because they believed these terms to be biblical, rather than denominational. Religious Census of 1906, all associated with the Restoration Movement had been reported together by the Census Bureau. The congregations in the a cappella tradition are the subject of this article, both issues highlighted differences in the groups underlying approaches to Biblical interpretation. For the Christian Churches, any practice not expressly forbidden could be considered, though not officially recognized as distinct movements until 1906, the separation of the Churches of Christ and the Christian Churches had been taking place gradually for decades. The Restoration Movement was not a purely North American phenomenon, there are now Churches of Christ in Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, Central America, and Europe. Members of the church of Christ do not conceive of themselves as a new church started near the beginning of the 19th century, rather, the whole movement is designed to reproduce in contemporary times the church originally established on Pentecost, A. D.33. The strength of the lies in the restoration of Christs original church. D. They simply identify themselves as Christians, without using any other forms of religious or denominational identification and they believe that they are recreating the New Testament church as established by Christ. In American congregations the terms Communion or body and blood are used, the term Eucharist is rarely, if ever, used. All but a small segment of churches use unfermented grape juice instead of wine), and Practice of a cappella singing. In keeping with their history, the churches of Christ claim the New Testament as their rule of faith and practice in deciding matters of doctrine. They view the Old Testament as divinely inspired and historically accurate and they believe that the New Testament demonstrates how a person may become a Christian and how a church should be collectively organized and carry out its scriptural purposes. These churches comprise about 2,000,000 members in over 40,000 individual congregations worldwide, there are approximately 13,000 congregations in the United States. Overall U. S. membership was approximately 1.8 million in 1990 and 1.9 million in 2008, estimates of the proportion of the US adult population associated with the Churches of Christ vary from 0. 8% to 1. 5%
11.
Mainline Protestant
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Some make a distinction between mainline and oldline, with the former referring only to denominational ties and the latter referring to church lineage, prestige and influence. However, this distinction has largely been lost to history and the terms are now nearly synonymous, Mainline Protestants were a majority of all Christians in the United States until the mid-20th century, but now constitute a minority among Protestants. The term mainline has also applied to Canadian Protestant churches that share common origins with their US counterparts. In Mexico, the Anglican Church is historically tied to and formed from the US Episcopal Church, the term is also occasionally used to refer to historic Protestant churches in Europe, Latin America, and South Africa. Mainline churches share a liberal approach to issues that often leads to collaboration in organizations such as the National Council of Churches. Because of their involvement with the movement, mainline churches are sometimes given the alternative label of ecumenical Protestantism. These churches played a role in the Social Gospel movement and were active in social causes such as the civil rights movement. As a group, the churches have maintained religious doctrine that stresses social justice. Politically and theologically, mainline Protestants are more liberal than non-mainline Protestants, members of mainline denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the leading institutes of higher education. Nominee Merrick Garland adheres to Judaism and nominee Neil Gorsuch was raised and educated as a Catholic, from 1854 until at least 1964, Mainline Protestants and their descendants were heavily Republican. In recent decades, Republicans slightly outnumber Democrats, Mainline denominations peaked in membership in the 1950s and have declined steadily in the last half century. From 1965 to 1988, mainline church membership declined from 31 million to 25 million, a Pew Forum statistic revealed the same share in 2014. The term mainline Protestant was coined during debates between modernists and fundamentalists in the 1920s, several sources claim that the term is derived from the Philadelphia Main Line, a group of affluent suburbs of Philadelphia, most residents belonged to mainline denominations. Today, most mainline Protestants remain rooted in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, in the US, Protestantism is generally divided between mainline denominations and evangelical or conservative denominations. In other parts of the world, the term mainline Protestant is not used, instead, the term ecumenical is used to distinguish similar churches from evangelical denominations. Hence in christological and doctrinal reference mainstream Christianity is often equivalent to Trinitarianism, in the United Kingdom and Australia, the term mainline Protestant is not used, and mainstream does not mean progressive Protestant. The largest US mainline churches are referred to as the Seven Sisters of American Protestantism
12.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
13.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
14.
Second Great Awakening
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The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820 and it was past its peak by the late 1850s. The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and it rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment. The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations, many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ. These revivals were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across Europe at the time, mainly throughout England, Scotland, and Germany. Like the First Great Awakening a half earlier, the Second reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion. It supported the skepticism, a deism, and rationalism now, people support religon, at about the same time, similar movements flourished in Europe. Evangelicalism was waxing strong in England, the Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations, however, the revivals were very similar. As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across boundaries. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier, the Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as circuit riders, who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. Postmillennialism theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century, postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the millennium, which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative long period of peace and happiness. Christians thus had a duty to society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism, george Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out. During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some expected the millennium to arrive in a few years. By the 1840s, however, the day had receded to the distant future. In the early century, western New York State was called the burned-over district because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region
15.
Barton W. Stone
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Barton Warren Stone was an important American preacher during the early 19th-century Second Great Awakening in the United States. First ordained a Presbyterian minister, he and four ministers of the Washington Presbytery resigned after arguments about doctrine. This was in 1803, after Stone had helped lead the mammoth Cane Ridge Revival, Stone and the others briefly founded the Springfield Presbytery, which they dissolved the following year, resigning from the Presbyterian Church altogether. They formed what they called the Christian Church, based on rather than a creed representing the opinion of man. He later became allied with Alexander Campbell, a former Presbyterian minister who was creating an independent path, sometimes allied with Baptists. Stones followers were first called New Lights and Stoneites, later he and Campbell tried to bring groups together that relied solely on the Scriptures. The Stone Christian Churches and Churches of Christ and Campbell Disciples of Christ developed from this movement, Stone was born to John and Mary Warren Stone near Port Tobacco, Maryland on December 24,1772. His immediate family was upper-middle class, with connections to Marylands upper class of planters, the first Protestant governor of Maryland, William Stone, was an ancestor and one of the signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Thomas Stone was his second cousin. Mary Stone was a member of the Church of England and Barton had been christened by a priest named Thomas Thornton, after Bartons father died in 1775, his mother moved the family to Pittsylvania County, Virginia in 1779, then on the frontier. After the move to the Virginia frontier during the war, Mary joined the Methodists, Barton was not himself notably religious as a young man, he found the competing claims of the Episcopalians, Baptists, and Methodists confusing, and was much more interested in politics. Barton entered the Caldwell Log College, in Greensboro, North Carolina, while there, Stone heard James McGready speak. A few years later, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, as Stone looked more deeply into the beliefs of the Presbyterians, especially the Westminster Confession of Faith, he doubted that some of the church beliefs were truly Bible-based. He was unable to accept the Calvinistic doctrines of total depravity and he also believed that Calvinisms alleged theological sophistication had. Been bought at the price of fomenting division and blamed it, for producing ten different sects within the Presbyterian tradition alone. Like its predecessor, Cane Ridge continued for two to three days amid much fervor, attracting an estimated 20,000 people, Stone was one of eighteen Presbyterian ministers, along with a number of Baptist and Methodist preachers who attended the participants. By 1804 the Springfield Presbytery had attracted 15 congregations in Ohio, the leaders of this newer presbytery became concerned by its growth, because they did not want to create a new denomination or party. Ultimately convinced that their newer Springfield Presbytery was sectarian, the ministers dissolved it on June 28,1804, to publicize the dissolution, they signed a document entitled The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery. This tract willed that this die, be dissolved
16.
Cane Ridge, Kentucky
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The event was led by eighteen Presbyterian ministers, but numerous Methodist and Baptist preachers also spoke and assisted. Many of the exercises, such as glossolalia and ecstatic attendees, were exhibited that in the 20th century became more associated with the Pentecostal movement. Cane Ridge is located in Bourbon County, Kentucky near Paris, the ridge was named by the explorer Daniel Boone, who had noticed a form of bamboo growing there. The Cane Ridge building and grounds had many unusual aspects, the 1791 Cane Ridge Meeting House is believed to be the largest single-room log structure in North America. The burial ground contains a section that is among the largest in the country. A Christian church congregation met on the site for years after the 1801 revival meeting. Barton W. Stone was its minister and one of the ministers of the Christian Church. This place was so dear to him that at his request, several years after his death, led by Barton Stone, the Cane Ridge Revival is associated with the development of what became known as the Restoration Movement. Stone and several other left the Presbyterian Church in 1804. Another element of the Restoration Movement was Alexander Campbells Disciples of Christ, in 1832 Stone and Campbell agreed to combine their efforts in the Restoration Movement. Later groups developed as the Churches of Christ and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Christian Church used a log building as their meeting house, it was modernized many times. When the congregation ceased to meet regularly in the 1920s. Later, historically minded persons, predominantly from the Disciples, restored the building and preserved it by building a shrine to surround. The restoration of the slave gallery in the meetinghouse was the oldest documented such restoration in the United States. In the 1820s, the congregation had removed the slave gallery, when preservationists began restoration work in the 1930s, they re-installed the original cherry-railed gallery. It was found and returned from a barn, where it had served as a hay loft for more than a century. The meeting house continues to be used as a living church, a curator is available for guided tours by appointment. The Barton Warren Stone Museum contains artifacts of the congregation, Barton W. Stone and his family, the Stone-Campbell movement, the museum is open only in the summer
17.
Bourbon County, Kentucky
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Bourbon County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,985, the area later became known as Old Bourbon in reference to its historical expanse. It was originally part of the French province of Louisiana, then after 1763 became part of Virginia, the county is best known for its historical association with bourbon whiskey. Bourbon became part of the new state of Kentucky when it was created in 1792, the courthouse was destroyed by fire in 1872 and 1901, resulting in the loss of county records. In 1780, Kentucky County, Virginia, was divided into three counties of Virginia, Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln, called the District of Kentucky. Formed in 1786 from Fayette County, Bourbon County, Virginia, originally comprised 34 northeastern counties of Kentuckys 120 current ones, the area later became known as Old Bourbon in reference to its historical expanse. Whiskey was a product of the area, and whiskey barrels from the area were marked Old Bourbon when they were shipped downriver from the local port on the Ohio River. The use of the term Old in the phrase Old Bourbon, was misconstrued as a reference to the aging of the whiskey rather than part of the name of the geographic area. Thirty-four modern Kentucky counties were part of the original Bourbon County. Except for a few distilleries that were authorized to produce it for medicinal purposes, Kentucky adopted prohibition a year earlier than the national prohibition. Within the boundaries of Bourbon County as it stands today there were, all of these were shut down in 1919, and no distilleries resumed operation there until late 2014 – a period of 95 years. At present, alcohol production and sales in Kentucky are regulated by a patchwork of laws which the Kentucky Supreme Court called a maze of obscure statutory language. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 292 square miles. There are no lakes in the county, although there are several streams. Primary among these is Stoner Creek, on which the county seat is situated and this large stream is a principal tributary of the South Fork of the Licking River. The countys topography is predominantly rolling hills. Due to agricultural development, very little of the land area can be characterized as forested. The population density was 66 per square mile, there were 8,349 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile
18.
Thomas Campbell (minister)
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Thomas Campbell was a Presbyterian minister who became a prominent reformer during the Second Great Awakening of the United States. Born in County Down, he began a reform movement on the American frontier. He was joined in the work by his son, Alexander and their movement, known as the Disciples of Christ, merged in 1832 with the similar movement led by Barton W. Stone to form what is now described as the American Restoration Movement. Thomas was born in County Down and raised as an Anglican and he was ordained a minister in the Scottish Seceder Presbyterian Church sometime after graduating from the University of Glasgow in 1786. Campbell left Ireland for the United States in April 1807 and this move was prompted by the advice of his physician. Once in America, disagreement arose between Thomas and other Presbyterians over certain points related to Calvinist doctrine and the administration of the Eucharist, the Campbell wing of the movement was launched when Thomas Campbell published the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington in 1809. The Presbyterian Synod had suspended his ministerial credentials, on 4 May 1811, the Christian Association reconstituted itself as a congregationally governed church. With the building it constructed at Brush Run, Pennsylvania, it known as Brush Run Church. The reformers agreed, provided that they would be allowed to preach, Thomas and his son Alexander worked within the Redstone Baptist Association during the period 1815 through 1824. While both the Campbells and the Baptists shared practices of baptism by immersion and congregational polity, it was clear that the Campbells. Within the Redstone Association, some of the Baptist leaders considered the differences intolerable when Alexander Campbell began publishing a journal, The Christian Baptist, the Campbells anticipated the conflict and moved their membership to a congregation of the Mahoning Baptist Association in 1824. Campbell was a student of the Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, the essentials he identified were those practices for which the Bible provided a Thus saith the Lord, either in express terms or by approved precedent. Unlike Locke, who saw the efforts by Puritans as inherently divisive. Thomas believed that creeds served to divide Christians and he also believed that the Bible was clear enough that anyone could understand it and, thus, creeds were unnecessary. Thomas Campbell combined the Enlightenment approach to unity with the Reformed, the Enlightenment affected the Campbell movement in two ways. First, it provided the idea that Christian unity could be achieved by finding a set of essentials that all people could agree on. The second was the concept of a faith that was formulated and defended on the basis of a set of facts derived from the Bible. Born 1 February 1763 in County Down, Ireland, immigrated to the United States in 1807, settling in western Pennsylvania
19.
Alexander Campbell (clergyman)
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It resulted in the development of non-denominational Christian churches, which stressed reliance on scripture and few essentials. Campbell was influenced by efforts in Scotland, in particular, by James and Robert Haldane. In 1832, the group of reformers led by the Campbells merged with a movement that began under the leadership of Barton W. Stone in Kentucky. Their congregations identified as Disciples of Christ or Christian churches, Alexander Campbell founded Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia. Alexander Campbell was born 12 September 1788 near Ballymena, in the parish of Broughshane, County Antrim and his parents were Thomas Campbell and Jane Corneigle Campbell, who were of Scots descent. Like his father, he was educated at the University of Glasgow and he was also influenced by the English philosopher John Locke. At age 21, Alexander emigrated to the United States with his mother and siblings from Scotland, to join his father Thomas and they sailed from Scotland on the Latonia on 3 August 1809 and landed in New York City on 29 September, then traveled overland to Philadelphia. They continued to western Pennsylvania, where the senior Campbell was serving as a minister in Washington County on the frontier, Alexander was ordained by his fathers Brush Run Church on 1 January 1812. The year before, Campbell had married Margaret Brown on 12 March 1811, margarets father John Brown owned a significant amount of land in the Bethany, Virginia area. The couple resided in what is now known as the Alexander Campbell Mansion near Bethany and their first child, a daughter, was born on 13 March 1812. His daughters birth spurred Campbell to study the subject of baptism and he ultimately concluded that scripture did not support the baptism of infants. He came to believe that individuals had to choose conversion for themselves, after the death of Margaret in 1827, Campbell married again the next year, to Selina Huntington Bakewell on 31 July 1828, they had six children. Alexander Campbell died on 4 March 1866 at Bethany, West Virginia, Selina outlived Alexander, dying on June 28,1897. From 1815 to 1834, Campbell and his father kept the Brush Run Church affiliated with a local Baptist association, after disagreements over some issues, they allied with the Mahoning Baptist Association. Campbells only formal political service was as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830 and he met some of the leading politicians of the day and was invited to preach in several churches in the capital city. In 1840, Campbell founded Bethany College in Bethany, Virginia and he believed that the clergy should be college educated. Campbell visited the United Kingdom in 1847, during the trip he gave public lectures in England and Scotland. He went to Ireland to deliver funds that U. S, Restoration Movement churches had raised for relief in the Great Famine
20.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
21.
Christians (Stone Movement)
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The Christians were a group arising during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. The most prominent leader was Barton W. Stone, the group was committed to restoring primitive Christianity. It merged with the Disciples of Christ in 1832 to form what is now described as the American Restoration Movement Barton W. Stone was born to John and Mary Stone in 1772 in Port Tobacco, Maryland. During his childhood, the boy grew up within the Church of England, then had Baptist, Methodist, preachers representing Baptists and Methodists came to the area during the Second Great Awakening, and Baptist and Methodist chapels were founded in the county. Barton entered the Guilford Academy in North Carolina in 1790, while there, Stone heard James McGready speak. A few years later, he became a Presbyterian minister, but, as Stone looked more deeply into the beliefs of the Presbyterians, especially the Westminster Confession of Faith, he doubted that some of the church beliefs were truly Bible-based. He was unable to accept the Calvinistic doctrines of total depravity and he also believed that Calvinisms alleged theological sophistication had. Been bought at the price of fomenting division and blamed it, for producing ten different sects within the Presbyterian tradition alone. In 1801, the Cane Ridge Revival in Kentucky planted the seed for a movement in Kentucky, in 1803 Stone and others withdrew from the Kentucky Presbytery and formed the Springfield Presbytery. The defining event of the Stone wing of the movement was the publication of Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery, at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1804. The Last Will is a document in which Stone and five others announced their withdrawal from Presbyterianism. The writers appealed for the unity of all who follow Jesus, suggested the value of congregational self-governance and they denounced the divisive use of the Westminster Confession of Faith, and adopted the name Christian to identify their group. Elias Smith had heard of the Stone movement by 1804, the three groups merged by 1810. At that time the movement had a membership of approximately 20,000. This loose fellowship of churches was called by the names Christian Connection/Connexion or Christian Church, while restoring primitive Christianity was central to the Stone movement, they saw restoring the lifestyle of the early church as essential, and during the early years focused more. On holy and righteous living than on the forms and structures of the early church, the group did also seek to restore the primitive church. The emphasis on freedom was enough that the movement avoided developing any ecclesiastical traditions, resulting in a movement that was largely without dogma, form. What held the movement together was a commitment to primitive Christianity, another theme was that of hastening the millennium
22.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
23.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
24.
Religious denomination
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A religious denomination is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name, tradition, and identity. The term refers to the various Christian denominations and it is also used to describe the four branches of Judaism. Within Islam, it can refer to the branches or sects, as well as their various subdivisions such as sub-sects, schools of jurisprudence, schools of theology, the worlds largest religious denomination is Sunni Islam, followed by Roman Catholicism. A Christian denomination is a term for a distinct religious body identified by traits such as a common name, structure, leadership. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, groups of denominations often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties are known as branches of Christianity. Jewish religious movements, sometimes called denominations or branches, include different groups which have developed among Jews from ancient times, today, the main division is between the Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative lines, with several smaller movements alongside them. This threefold denominational structure is present in the United States. The movements differ in their views on various issues and these issues include the level of observance, the methodology for interpreting and understanding Jewish law, biblical authorship, textual criticism, and the nature or role of the messiah. Across these movements there are marked differences in liturgy, especially in the language in services are conducted. In Hinduism, the deity or philosophical belief identifies a denomination. The major denominations include Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism and Smartism, historically, Islam was divided into three major sects well known as Sunni, Khawarij and Shī‘ah. Nowadays, Sunnis constitute more than 85% of the overall Muslim population while the Shias are slightly more than 12%, today, many of the Shia sects are extinct. The major surviving Imamah-Muslim Sects are Usulism, Nizari Ismailism, Alevism, on the other hand, new Muslim sects like African American Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, non-denominational Muslims, Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis were later independently developed. The term multi-denominational may describe an event that includes several religious denominations from sometimes unrelated religious groups. Many civic events include religious portions led by representatives from several denominations to be as inclusive or representational as possible of the expected population or audience. Schools of Buddhism Christian denomination Hindu denominations Islamic denominations Jewish denominations Non-denominational Schism Sociological classifications of religious movements
25.
Westminster Confession of Faith
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The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith. Their meetings, over a period of five years, produced the confession of faith, as well as a Larger Catechism and a Shorter Catechism. For more than three hundred years, various churches around the world have adopted the confession and the catechisms as their standards of doctrine, the Westminster Confession of Faith was modified and adopted by Congregationalists in England in the form of the Savoy Declaration. Likewise, the Baptists of England modified the Savoy Declaration to produce the Second London Baptist Confession, the purpose of the Westminster Assembly, in which 121 Puritan clergymen participated, was to provide official documents for the reformation of the Church of England. The Church of Scotland had recently overthrown the bishops imposed by the King, the Confession and Catechisms were produced in order to secure the help of the Scots against the king. The Church of Scotland adopted the document, without amendment, in 1647, in England, the House of Commons returned the document to the Assembly with the requirement to compile a list of proof texts from Scripture. The next year, the Scottish parliament ratified the Confession without amendment, in 1660, restoration of the British monarchy and Anglican episcopacy resulted in the nullification of these acts of the two parliaments. The confession is an exposition of Calvinist orthodoxy, influenced by Puritan. It states that the Pope is the Antichrist, which was a common belief in seventeenth-century England. It also stated that the Roman Catholic mass is a form of idolatry, that the magistrates have divine authority to punish heresy. These formulations were repudiated by several bodies which adopted the confession, for example, the Presbyterian Church of Australia holds to the Westminster Confession of Faith as its standard, subordinate to the Word of God, and read in the light of a declaratory statement. The confession begins with a definition of the Bibles content as well as an explication of its role within the church, chapter 1 declares that the Bible, both Old and New Testaments, is the inspired, written Word of God. As the Word of God, the Bible is considered the rule of faith, the Confession of Faith states that, in the original languages, the Bible was kept pure and authentic. Because of this, the Scriptures alone are the final authority in all religious disputes. The confession states that the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture is the judge of councils, ancient writers, doctrines. Chapter 3 affirms the Reformed doctrine of predestination, that God foreordained who would be among the elect, the confession states that from eternity God did freely, and unchangeably ordain whatsoever comes to pass. By Gods decree, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, chapter 4 recounts the Genesis creation narrative and affirms that human beings were created in the image of God with immortal souls, having fellowship with God and dominion over other creatures. Chapter 6 recounts the Fall of Man whereby humans committed original sin, according to the confession, the consequence of the fall and sin is that sinners are guilty before God, under divine wrath and the curse of the law, and, ultimately, subject to spiritual death
26.
Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)
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The Disciples of Christ were a group arising during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. The most prominent leaders were Thomas and Alexander Campbell, the group was committed to restoring primitive Christianity. It merged with the Christians in 1832 to form what is now described as the American Restoration Movement, the Campbell wing of the American Restoration Movement was launched when Thomas Campbell published the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington in 1809. The Presbyterian Synod had suspended his ministerial credentials, on May 4,1811, the Christian Association constituted itself as a congregationally governed church. With the building it constructed at Brush Run, Pennsylvania, it known as Brush Run Church. The reformers agreed, provided that they would be allowed to preach, Thomas son Alexander immigrated to the US to join him in 1809, and before long assumed the leading role in the movement. The Campbells worked within the Redstone Baptist Association during the period 1815 through 1824, while both the Campbells and the Baptists shared practices of baptism by immersion and congregational polity, it was soon clear that he and his associates were not traditional Baptists. Within the Redstone Association, some of the Baptist leaders considered the differences intolerable when Alexander Campbell began publishing a journal, The Christian Baptist, Campbell anticipated the conflict and moved his membership to a congregation of the Mahoning Baptist Association in 1824. Alexander used The Christian Baptist to address what he saw as the key issue of reconstructing the apostolic Christian community in a systematic and he wanted to clearly distinguish between essential and non-essential aspects of primitive Christianity. Among what he identified as essential were congregational autonomy, a plurality of elders in each congregation, among practices he rejected as non-essential were the holy kiss, deaconesses, communal living, footwashing and charismatic exercises. In 1827, the Mahoning Association appointed Walter Scott as an evangelist, through Scotts efforts, the Mahoning Association grew rapidly. In 1828, Thomas Campbell visited several of the congregations formed by Scott, Campbell believed that Scott was bringing an important new dimension to the movement with his approach to evangelism. Several Baptist associations began disassociating congregations that refused to subscribe to the Philadelphia Confession, the Mahoning Association came under attack. In 1830, The Mahoning Baptist Association disbanded, the younger Campbell ceased publication of the Christian Baptist. In January 1831, he began publication of the Millennial Harbinger, the Age of Enlightenment had a significant influence on the Campbell movement. Thomas Campbell was a student of the Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, the essentials he identified were those practices for which the Bible provided a Thus saith the Lord, either in express terms or by approved precedent. Unlike Locke, who saw the efforts by Puritans as inherently divisive. Thomas believed that creeds served to divide Christians and he also believed that the Bible was clear enough that anyone could understand it and, thus, creeds were unnecessary
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Declaration and Address
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The Declaration and Address was written by Thomas Campbell in 1809. It was first published in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1809 and it was the founding document for the Christian Association of Washington, a short lived religious movement of the 19th century. The Christian Association ultimately led to what is now known as the Restoration Movement, in many ways, Thomas Campbell was before his time. He had an ecumenical spirit long before the movement began. The Declaration and Address is a testimony to his appeal for Christian unity, Thomas Campbell began his career as a Presbyterian minister. After serving in Ireland for a while, he migrated to the American frontier in 1807, a number of his associates from Ireland lived in Pennsylvania, and the Presbyterian church accepted his request to be stationed in Pennsylvania. He had high expectations for the American frontier, he felt it represented a new life, as such, he was often seen as an unorthodox minister. His position as a minister under the Presbyterian Synod of Pennsylvania only lasted 2 years and he was reprimanded for certain irregularities, including offering communion to Presbyterians outside of his Synods jurisdiction. Campbell continued his ministerial practices despite the Synods disciplinary actions, both his conflict with the Presbyterians and his desire for a united church led him to organize the Christian Association of Washington. This organizations main purpose was promoting simple evangelical christianity, free from all mixture of opinions and inventions of men. It was Campbells understanding that the Christian Association of Washington would instigate a religious reformation, in this, Campbell was only partially correct. The Christian Association of Washington consisted of Thomas Campbell and 21 of his associates, during their second meeting, the committee decided that a document should be drafted outlining the purpose and function of the Association. The Declaration and Address was drafted by Campbell and read at a meeting in September 1809. Ideally, this association, which promoted simple evangelical Christianity, would also create similar associations elsewhere. The founders vision was that a movement would spring up and spread from the Eastern states to the vast expanses of the Western frontier. These grand expectations were never fulfilled, the Christian Association of Washington quickly abandoned the title association on May 4,1811, becoming the Brush Run Church. The Declaration and Address had passed with little notice from the greater world, similarly, the Christian Association of Washington was simply not accepted in the religious realm. Since their experiment failed to produce the results, Thomas Campbell felt that they needed to become an independent church for their dreams to be realized
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Jesus
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In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
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Christian Association of Washington
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The Christian Association of Washington was an organization established by Thomas Campbell in 1809 to promote Christian unity. It was a group that Campbell formed with like minded friends and acquaintances in the local neighborhood of Washington. The group sought to foster unity by focusing on a form of Christianity that they could all agree upon. This charter that Campbell wrote for this group, the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington, after arriving in the United States in 1807, Thomas Campbell began working with the Associate Synod of North America, which assigned him to the Chartierd Presbytery in Western Pennsylvania. He was censured by the Presbytery for extending communion to individuals who were not seceder Presbyterians, after withdrawing, he continued to preach, working with Christians without regard to their denominational affiliation. In 1809 Campbell decided to establish a Christian society which individuals could join, the group adopted the rule he proposed, Where the Scriptures speak, we speak, and where they are silent, we are silent, as its only creed. The Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington was adopted unanimously on September 7,1809, the Declaration received little attention at the time. Campbell soon became concerned that, despite his intentions, the Association was taking on the characteristics of a church, on May 4,1811, the Association reconstituted itself as a congregationally governed church. With the building it constructed at Brush Run, Pennsylvania, it known as the Brush Run Church. Declaration and Address at the Restoration Movement Pages at the Memorial University of Newfoundland
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Brush Run Church
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The Brush Run Church was one of the earliest congregations associated with the Restoration Movement that arose during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Because it was built on the farm of William Gilchrist, near a stream called Brush Run and it was the center of activity for Thomas and Alexander Campbell, father and son respectively, in their movement for Christian reform on the American frontier. The meeting house was used as a blacksmith shop, then as a post office and finally it was moved to Bethany. On May 4,1811, the Association reconstituted itself as a congregationally governed church and it constructed a meeting house which became known as the Brush Run Church. It, along with the Cane Ridge Meeting House in Paris, at the first meeting in the Brush Run Church, June 16,1811, three people requested immersion. Inasmuch as they had not previously been sprinkled Thomas Campbell baptized them, the birth of Alexander Campbells first child, March 13,1812, made the question of infant baptism of vital importance to him. He restudied the whole question and became convinced that infant baptism is without New Testament sanction and he decided that the child should not be sprinkled. This raised a question in his mind. If infant baptism is without New Testament sanction, then one who was sprinkled in infancy has not been baptized. On June 12,1812, Thomas and Alexander Campbell, their wives, Alexander Campbell seems to have taken the lead from this time. It was not long until most of the members of the Brush Run Church had been immersed, Alexander Campbell visited the Redstone Baptist Association shortly after he had been immersed, but was not favorably impressed. During the year, however, he visited among the Baptist churches, after much discussion the Brush Run Church made application to the Redstone Association in the autumn of 1813 for admission. They presented a statement of the conditions under which they would be willing to unite with the Association. They formally accepted the Philadelphia Confession, provided they be allowed to preach and teach whatever they learned from the Holy Scriptures regardless of any creed or formula in Christendom, a majority of the Redstone Association voted to receive the Brush Run Church on the basis of its statement. Some of the ministers protested, insisting that such a course was to invite trouble, there were many fundamental points of difference between the Brush Run Church and the regular Baptist churches, and these were gradually to become more pronounced. After Alexander Campbells marriage to Miss Margaret Brown, her father deeded him a fine farm and this provided him a living so that he was free to travel among the churches where he was received with great favor. Alexander Campbell was urged to accept this challenge, and the debate was held June 19 and 20,1820 and his success in this debate made him many friends among the Baptists especially in the Mahoning Association where the debate was held. This church was received into the Mahoning Association in Ohio, in 1823 Mr. Campbell debated the subject of infant baptism with W. L. Maccalla in Mason County, Kentucky
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Mahoning Baptist Association
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The Mahoning Baptist Association was an association of Baptist churches that was established in 1820 in Ohios Mahoning Valley. Two prominent early Restoration Movement leaders, Alexander Campbell and Walter Scott, were affiliated with the Mahoning Association. The Association was dissolved in 1830, the Mahoning Baptist Association was established in 1820. A congregation in Wellsburg, West Virginia, which was formed by Alexander Campbell after he left the Brush Run Church, campbells journal the Christian Baptist was well received in the Association, as were his debates. As a result, the association adopted the very same ecumenical. Another early Restoration Movement leader, Walter Scott, was hired by the Mahoning Association as an evangelist in 1827, within three years he brought more than 3,000 converts into the movement. The Association disbanded in 1830, which Campbell believed to be premature, some historians consider the dissolution of the Mahoning Association to mark the beginning of the Disciples of Christ, because that is the point when they became truly independent. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010
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Walter Scott (clergyman)
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Walter Scott was one of the four key early leaders in the Restoration Movement, along with Barton W. Stone, Thomas Campbell and Thomas son Alexander Campbell. He was a successful evangelist and helped to stabilize the Campbell movement as it was separating from the Baptists, walter was born to John and Mary Innes Scott in 1796 in the town of Moffatt, Scotland. His parents, who were members of the Church of Scotland and he spent six years at the University of Edinburgh, leaving in 1818. The same year he went to New York City at the invitation of his maternal uncle and he soon moved to Pittsburgh, where he was baptized by immersion and became an active member of a small congregation led by a fellow Scotsman named George Forrester. Forrester helped shape Walters understanding of Christianity, and in particular his belief that immersion was the appropriate form of baptism. The congregation in Pittsburgh influenced by the movement led by James, Forrester also introduced Scott to the writings of John Glas and Robert Sandeman. When Forrester died in 1820, Scott replaced him as minister, Scott married Sarah Whitsette in 1823, and the family moved to Ohio in 1826 He began working with the Campbells in August of that year. He was hired to work as an evangelist in 1827, within three years he brought over 3,000 converts into the movement. At that time the Campbells were associated with the Mahoning Baptist Association, as the number of converts grew, in 1839 Scott and the Campbells disassociated themselves from the Baptists. Scott continued to preach after 1829, but increasingly his focus shifted to writing, in 1852 the family moved to Covington, Kentucky where he established a school for women. He died on April 23,1861, scotts written work, most of which dates from after 1830, influenced the Restoration Movement throughout the 19th century. Scott founded two periodicals, The Evangelist in 1832, and The Protestant Unionist in 1844, as a journalist, he wrote about a wide range of topics, including church music, issues important to the Restoration Movement and also more general domestic and foreign news. His work has described as profoundly theological. Influenced by Francis Bacon and John Locke, Scott believed theology should be reasonable, able to be explained in reasonable terms and his first book, A Discourse on the Holy Spirit, was published in 1831. His most important written work was The Gospel Restored, which was published in 1836, in it he outlined a six-phased covenantal understanding of salvation, with three phases taken by the individual and three by God. The three phases taken by the individual were faith, repentance and baptism, the three provided by God were remission of sins, the gift of the Holy Spirit. Based on Acts 2,38, Scott believed that salvation requires faith, repentance, as an evangelist, he would first come into a community and find a group of children. He would ask them to hold up a hand, and then point to each finger and say faith, repentance, baptism, remission of sins, gift of the Holy Spirit
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Millennial Harbinger
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The Millennial Harbinger was a religious magazine established by the early Restoration Movement leader Alexander Campbell in 1830. Campbell viewed the magazine as an important vehicle for promoting the reforms that he believed would help usher in the millennium. Campbell began publishing the Harbinger on January 1,1830, the Harbinger was intended as a successor to Campbells prior magazine, the Christian Baptist, even though he published both magazines during the first seven months of 1830. Campbell had become concerned about the denominational associations suggested by the name of the Christian Baptist, differences of opinion were arising between Campbell and the Baptists, and in many cases Baptist associations were expelling those who were associated with the Campbell movement. He was concerned that Christian Baptist - which he considered to be less appropriate than the biblical term Disciples - was becoming the de facto name of the group. He also wanted the new journal to have a positive tone, promoting reform. During the 1830s the Harbinger provided reporting on the merger of the Disciples of Christ with the Christians, during the 1840s Campbell used the Harbinger to urge greater cooperation between congregations and to avoid polarization and fragmentation of the movement over the issue of slavery. Campbell became less active in publishing the Harbinger during the late 1850s, Pendleton continued publishing the Harbinger after Campbells death in 1866. Increased competition led to the Harbingers decline, and Pendleton discontinued publishing it in 1870, the Millennial Harbinger at the Internet Archive
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American Christian Missionary Society
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The American Christian Missionary Society was the first missionary organization associated with the Restoration Movement. This opposition was reflected in his writings in the Christian Baptist, over time Campbell came to encourage greater cooperation between congregations, and used his later journal the Millennial Harbinger to advance this view. The ACMS was formed in October of 1849, a representative was sent to Liberia in 1854 and to Jamaica in 1858, but for various reasons both efforts were short-lived. Work in Jamaica and Liberia was later taken up by the Christian Womans Board of Missions, the ACMS made a decision in 1863 to support the Union during the American Civil War. Controversy over this and other issues, coupled with the economic and social disruption. The Foreign Christian Missionary Society expanded the number of overseas mission efforts during the 1880s, the ACMS was incorporated into the United Christian Missionary Society when it was formed in 1919. While there was no disagreement over the need for evangelism, many believed that missionary societies were not authorized by scripture and this became an important factor leading to the separation of the Churches of Christ from the Christian Church
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Evangelism
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Evangelism is the preaching of the gospel or the practice of proselytizing a particular doctrine or set of beliefs to others with the intention of converting others to the Christian faith. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in a leadership position, Christian groups who actively encourage evangelism are sometimes known as evangelistic or evangelist. The scriptures do not use the word evangelism, but evangelist is used in Acts 21,8, Ephesians 4,11, and 2 Timothy 4,5. The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word εὐαγγέλιον via Latinised evangelium as used in the titles of the Four Gospels, authored by Matthew, Mark, Luke. The Greek word εὐαγγέλιον originally meant a reward given to the messenger for good news, the verb form of euangelion, occurs rarely in older Greek literature outside the New Testament, making its meaning more difficult to ascertain. Parallel texts of the Gospels of Luke and Mark reveal a relationship between the verb euangelizo and a Greek verb kerusso, which means to proclaim. While evangelism is usually regarded as converting non-Christians to Christianity, this is not always the proper usage of the word, if converting to Christianity includes services or material benefits, evangelism is called proselytism. Different denominations follow different theological interpretations which reflect upon the point of who is doing the actual conversion, calvinists, for example, believe the soul is converted only if the Holy Spirit is effective in the act. Catholic missionary work in Russia is commonly seen as evangelism, not proselytism and it is entrance into the gift of communion with Christ. In recent history, certain Bible passages have been used to promote evangelism, breaking from tradition and going beyond television and radio a wide range of methods have been developed to reach people not inclined to attend traditional events in churches or revival meetings. Dramas such as Heavens Gates, Hells Flames have gained popularity since the 1980s. These dramas typically depict characters who die and learn whether they will go to heaven or hell. The child evangelism movement is a Christian evangelism movement that originated in the 20th century and it focuses on the 4/14 Window which centers on evangelizing children between the ages of 4 and 14 years old. Other entertainment-based Christian evangelism events include comedy, live theater and music, the Christian music industry has also played a significant role in modern evangelism. Evangelists such as Reinhard Bonnke conduct mass evangelistic crusades around the world, sometimes, the regular minister of a church is called a preacher in a way that other groups would typically use the term pastor. The evangelist in some churches is one that travels from town to town and from church to church, many Christians of various theological perspectives would call themselves evangelists because they are spreaders of the gospel. Many churches believe one of their functions is to function as evangelists to spread the evangelist belief that Jesus is savior of humanity. The title of evangelist is often associated with those who lead large meetings like those of Billy Graham, Luis Palau, pérez possibly in tents or existing church buildings, or those who address the public in street corner preaching, which targets listeners who happen to pass nearby
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Christian Baptist
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The Christian Baptist, established in 1823 by Alexander Campbell, was the first magazine associated with the early Restoration Movement. The prospectus for the Christian Baptist described its purpose as espouse the cause of no religious sect and its sole object shall be the eviction of truth, and the exposure of error in doctrine and practice. The style has been described as lively and sarcastic, Campbell discontinued the Christian Baptist in 1830 and began publishing a new journal named the Millennial Harbinger which had a milder tone. The original idea for publishing a monthly journal originated with Alexanders father, Thomas Campbell, Alexander was convinced that an audience existed for his ideas by the success of a published version of one of his debates. The Baptist was printed in a shop that Alexander built on his own property, contributing writers included Thomas Campbell and Walter Scott, and the Baptist was instrumental in attracting a number of individuals, including Raccoon John Smith, to the movement. By 1830 Campbell had become concerned about the denominational associations suggested by the name of the Christian Baptist, Campbell discontinued the Christian Baptist in 1830 and began publishing a new journal named the Millennial Harbinger. Differences of opinion were arising between Campbell and the Baptists, and in many cases Baptist associations were expelling those who were associated with the Campbell movement. He was concerned that Christian Baptist - which he considered to be less appropriate than the biblical term Disciples - was becoming the de facto name of the group. He also wanted the new journal to have a positive tone, promoting reform. The transition was not immediate, as he published both magazines during the first seven months of 1830, the Christian Baptist at the Internet Archive
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Christian Messenger
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The Christian Messenger was a religious magazine established by the early Restoration Movement leader Barton W. Stone in 1826. The paper was a key means of communication for the Christians led by Stone and a source of unity in the movement. It also played a key role in promoting the merger of the Christians with the Disciples led by Thomas, from the beginning of the movement, the free exchange of ideas among the people was fostered by the journals published by its leaders. Alexander Campbell published the Christian Baptist and the Millennial Harbinger while Stone published the Christian Messenger, Stone also stressed the need for Christian unity based on the New Testament alone. During the period from 1831 through 1834 the Messenger actively promoted the union with the Disciples of Christ, Stone also used the Messenger to encourage Christians to free their slaves and support the American Colonization Society. The Messenger had several co-editors over the time it was published, including John T. Johnson, Jacob Creath Jr. T. M. Allen, after Stone died Henderson continued the paper for a few months, after which it was merged with The Bible Advocate in 1847
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