1.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
2.
Turntablism
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The mixer is plugged into a PA system for live events and/or broadcasting equipment (if the DJ is performing on radio, TV or Internet radio, so that a wider audience can hear the turntablists music. Turntablists typically use two or more turntables and headphones to cue up desired start points on different records, the word turntablist was originated by Luis DJ Disk Quintanilla. The new term coincided with the resurgence of hip-hop DJing in the 1990s, some turntablists use turntable techniques like beat mixing/matching, scratching, and beat juggling. Some turntablists seek to have recognized as traditional musicians capable of interacting and improvising with other performers. The use of the turntable as an instrument has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s. Experimental composers used them to sample and create music that was produced by the turntable. Cages Imaginary Landscape No.1 is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and cymbal, edgard Varèse experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s, creedence Clearwater Revivals 1968 self-titled debut album features a backspin effect in the song Walk on the Water. However, turntablism as it is known today did not surface until the development of hip hop in the late 1970s, Turntablism as a modern art form and musical practice has its roots within African-American inner city hip hop and hip hop culture of the late 1970s. Kool DJ Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are widely credited for having cemented the now established role of DJ as hip hops foremost instrumentalist. Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing is generally regarded as the development in hip hop history. His influence on the concept of DJ as turntablist is equally profound, to understand the significance of this achievement, it is important to first define the break. Briefly, the break of a song is a musical fragment only seconds in length, Kool Herc introduced the break-beat technique as a way of extending the break indefinitely. This is done by buying two of the record, finding the break on each record, and switching from one to the other using the DJ mixer. Using that idea, Grandmaster Flash elaborated on Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing and came up with the quick-mix theory and he described it as being. like cutting, the backspin, and the double-back. Kool Hercs revolutionary techniques set the course for the development of turntablism as an art form in significant ways, most important, however, he developed a new form of DJing that did not consist of just playing and mixing records one after the other. The type of DJ that specializes in mixing a set is well respected for his/her own set of unique skills, the DJ would be examined critically by the crowd on both a technical and entertainment level. Grand Wizzard Theodore, an apprentice of Flash, who isolated the most recognizable technique of turntablism, [ Eshun
3.
Sampler (musical instrument)
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The samples are loaded or recorded by the user or by a manufacturer. These sounds are played back by means of the sampler program itself. Because these samples are stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to different pitches to produce musical scales, often samplers offer filters, effects units, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have polyphonic capabilities – they are able to more than one note at the same time. Many are also multitimbral – they can play back different sounds simultaneously, prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape, to change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the sampler made sampling far more practical. Bruce Haack built a digital sampler which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers Neighborhood in 1967, the home made synthesizer device included a built-in sampler which recorded, stored, played back and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact. EMS Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono, David Cockerell, the system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment PDP-8s. These had 12,000 bytes of memory, backed up by a hard drive of 32k. EMS equipment was used to control the worlds first digital studio, the E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler progressed Hip-Hop away from the drum machine sound upon its release in August 1987, ushering in the sample-based sound of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Akai pioneered many processing techniques, such as crossfade looping and time stretch to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch, during the 1980s, hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are the Korg M1, Roland U-110, Yamahas SY series, samplers, together with traditional Foley artists, are the mainstay of modern sound effects production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape, usually a sampler is controlled by an attached music keyboard or other external MIDI controller or source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample, often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in pitch by an appropriate amount, each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a keyzone, and the resultant set of zones is called a keymap. For example, in Fig 1, a keymap has been created four different samples
4.
Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
5.
Evangelism
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Evangelism is the preaching of the gospel or the practice of proselytizing a particular doctrine or set of beliefs to others with the intention of converting others to the Christian faith. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in a leadership position, Christian groups who actively encourage evangelism are sometimes known as evangelistic or evangelist. The scriptures do not use the word evangelism, but evangelist is used in Acts 21,8, Ephesians 4,11, and 2 Timothy 4,5. The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word εὐαγγέλιον via Latinised evangelium as used in the titles of the Four Gospels, authored by Matthew, Mark, Luke. The Greek word εὐαγγέλιον originally meant a reward given to the messenger for good news, the verb form of euangelion, occurs rarely in older Greek literature outside the New Testament, making its meaning more difficult to ascertain. Parallel texts of the Gospels of Luke and Mark reveal a relationship between the verb euangelizo and a Greek verb kerusso, which means to proclaim. While evangelism is usually regarded as converting non-Christians to Christianity, this is not always the proper usage of the word, if converting to Christianity includes services or material benefits, evangelism is called proselytism. Different denominations follow different theological interpretations which reflect upon the point of who is doing the actual conversion, calvinists, for example, believe the soul is converted only if the Holy Spirit is effective in the act. Catholic missionary work in Russia is commonly seen as evangelism, not proselytism and it is entrance into the gift of communion with Christ. In recent history, certain Bible passages have been used to promote evangelism, breaking from tradition and going beyond television and radio a wide range of methods have been developed to reach people not inclined to attend traditional events in churches or revival meetings. Dramas such as Heavens Gates, Hells Flames have gained popularity since the 1980s. These dramas typically depict characters who die and learn whether they will go to heaven or hell. The child evangelism movement is a Christian evangelism movement that originated in the 20th century and it focuses on the 4/14 Window which centers on evangelizing children between the ages of 4 and 14 years old. Other entertainment-based Christian evangelism events include comedy, live theater and music, the Christian music industry has also played a significant role in modern evangelism. Evangelists such as Reinhard Bonnke conduct mass evangelistic crusades around the world, sometimes, the regular minister of a church is called a preacher in a way that other groups would typically use the term pastor. The evangelist in some churches is one that travels from town to town and from church to church, many Christians of various theological perspectives would call themselves evangelists because they are spreaders of the gospel. Many churches believe one of their functions is to function as evangelists to spread the evangelist belief that Jesus is savior of humanity. The title of evangelist is often associated with those who lead large meetings like those of Billy Graham, Luis Palau, pérez possibly in tents or existing church buildings, or those who address the public in street corner preaching, which targets listeners who happen to pass nearby
6.
Christian mission
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A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity. Missions often involve sending individuals and groups, called missionaries, across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries and this involves evangelism, and humanitarian work, especially among the poor and disadvantaged. There are a few different kinds of trips, short-term, long-term, relational. Some might choose to dedicate their lives to missions as well. Missionaries have the authority to preach the Christian faith, and provide work to improve economic development, literacy, education, health care. Christian doctrines permit the provision of aid without requiring religious conversion, the earliest examples of Christian missionary activity are those recorded in writings that would eventually come to form the New Testament. Early writings include the letters of Apostle Paul, written in the course of his activity in Asia Minor. His activities were preceded by an expansion of Christianity from the first followers of Jesus in Jerusalem throughout Syro-Palestine and this is also described in the Acts of the Apostles. The earliest Christian mission, then, the Great Commission and Dispersion of the Apostles, was active within Second Temple Judaism, as Christianity had not yet split from Judaism. Whether a Jewish proselytism existed or not that would have served as a model for the early Christians is unclear, soon, the expansion of the Christian mission beyond Judaism to those who were not Jewish became a contested issue, notably at the Council of Jerusalem. The Apostle Paul was a proponent of this expansion, and contextualized the Christian message for the Greek and Roman cultures, permitting it to reach beyond its Hebrew. From Late Antiquity onward, much activity was carried out by members of religious orders. Monasteries followed disciplines and supported missions, libraries, and practical research, all of which were perceived as works to reduce human misery and suffering, for example, Nestorian communities evangelized parts of Central Asia, as well as Tibet, China, and India. Cistercians evangelized much of Northern Europe, as well as developing most of European agricultures classic techniques, st Patrick evangelized many in Ireland. St David was active in Wales, during the Middle Ages, Ramon Llull advanced the concept of preaching to Muslims and converting them to Christianity by means of non-violent argument. A vision for mission to Muslims would die with him. Additional events can be found at the timeline of Christian missions, during the Middle Ages Christian monasteries and missionaries such as Saint Patrick, and Adalbert of Prague propagated learning and religion beyond the boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In the seventh century Gregory the Great sent missionaries, including Augustine of Canterbury, the Hiberno-Scottish mission began in 563
7.
TobyMac
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Toby McKeehan, better known by his stage name TobyMac, is a Christian hip hop recording artist, music producer, hip-hop and pop artist, songwriter and author. TobyMac has charted 20 solo singles on Billboards Christian Songs list and he was first known for being a member of the Christian vocal trio DC Talk, staying with them from 1987 until their announced hiatus in 2000. He now has a remix album titled Eyem All Mixed Up. He also has a full-length Christmas album Christmas in Diverse City, TobyMac became only the third Christian artist to have a No.1 debut on Billboard 200 chart with Eye on It. Between DC Talk and his own career, he has sold more than 10 million albums. TobyMac has had six No.1 hit CHR singles including Gone, Made to Love and Lose My Soul. Five singles have gone to No.1 on Billboards Christian Songs chart and his live concert CD+DVD combo album, Alive and Transported, was released in 2008 and received the Grammy Award for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album at the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009. His fifth studio album, Eye on It, was released on August 28,2012, toby formed DC Talk with Michael Tait in 1987, at Liberty University. He and Tait released Christian Rhymes to a Rhythm in 1988, while they recruited classmate, the three set out on tour after they released their first album in 1989, DC Talk. In 1990, they released their first gold album, Nu Thang, after the Nu Thang tour, they recorded their first platinum album, Free at Last. The Free at Last Tour was a success and they were invited to play on The Jay Leno Show and The Arsenio Hall Show, getting mainstream attention. They released their first single for their album, which immediately became a hit single. The album went multi-platinum and the best Christian album in the face of CCM music, Jesus Freak, the album led to the extremely popular Jesus Freak World Tour. They eventually released the tour CD, Welcome to the Freakshow, in 1996, Between You and Me reached No.29 on the Hot 100. The tour ended in success in time for Supernatural, which would be their last album and they then went solo in 2001. The band has not toured together since 2001, the last album with the group was Solo. In 2001, TobyMac released his first solo album titled Momentum, McKeehan composed and recorded the song Extreme Days for the 2001 Truth Builder Productions film Extreme Days, which was featured on the Momentum album. Momentum, debuted at No.1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart in the Nov.24 issue, the song Extreme Days was also used in the movie Hangmans Curse, based on the popular book by Frank Peretti
8.
Lecrae
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Lecrae Devaughn Moore, mononymously known as Lecrae, is an American Christian hip hop artist, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is the president, co-owner and co-founder of the independent record label Reach Records, and the co-founder and president of the non-profit organization ReachLife Ministries. To date, he has released seven albums and three mixtapes as a solo artist, and has released three studio albums, a remix album, and one EP as the leader of the hip hop group 116 Clique. He produced much of his material along with other early Reach Records releases. Lecrae, in reference to his label as a Christian rapper, has stated that his music is just hip hop, in May 2016, Lecrae signed to Columbia Records in a joint deal between his label and Columbia. Lecrae debuted with Real Talk in 2004 through Reach Records and his third solo album, Rebel, released in 2008, became the first Christian hip hop album to reach No.1 on the Billboard Gospel chart. On May 10,2012, Lecrae released his first mixtape, Church Clothes, considered his breakthrough into mainstream hip hop, the mixtape was downloaded over 100,000 times in less than 48 hours. His sixth studio album, Gravity, came out on September 4,2012, Lecrae released his seventh album, Anomaly, on September 9,2014. It debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 with 88,587 copies sold through the first week, Lecraes filmography includes a role in the television film A Cross to Bear and a brief role as Dr. Malmquist in the comedy film Believe Me. He has also presented on and written about racial tension and injustice in the United States, born and raised by his single mother in Southern Houston, Texas, Lecrae moved often early in life, living in San Diego, Denver, and Dallas. He has stated that he would go to church with his Christian grandmother, Lecrae never met his father, who ended up becoming a drug addict. Experiencing abuse and neglect during his childhood, Lecrae used his ability to rap as a source of significance, according to Lecrae, his grandmother would not allow him to watch rap music videos on television, but he would sneak in late at night. It was in these videos that Lecrae found individuals to look up to, Lecrae states that there were no Martin Luther Kings or Malcolm Xs, they had all passed away so I had Tupac. After being shown a gun by his uncle, Lecrae began looking up to gangsters, Lecrae remembers taking a BB gun and standing in the street pointing it to a car, frightening the female driver, simply for fun. At 11 years old, he started writing music for a rhythm and his first track, written for a neighborhood crush, emulated the style of Tupac, Outkast, and A Tribe Called Quest. At the age of 16, he started taking drugs, fighting, was arrested in high school for stealing, Lecrae tried pretty much every drug there was to try except for heroin and crack cocaine. According to CNN, he became a dealer and used the Bible that his grandmother gave him as a good luck charm. After being arrested for possession, the officer saw the Bible
9.
PolyGram
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PolyGram was a Dutch entertainment company, a division of Seagram. It started as a record label recording company founded by Philips. The name was chosen to reflect the Siemens interest Polydor Records, the company traced its origins through Deutsche Grammophon back to the inventor of the flat disk gramophone, Emil Berliner. Later on, PolyGram expanded into the largest global entertainment company, creating film, in May 1998, it was sold to Seagram which owned MCA Inc. PolyGram Music Group was merged into Universal Music Group, and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment was merged into Universal Pictures. When the new company faced difficulties, its parent Seagram was sold in large part to Vivendi. Vivendi is the current owner of UMG, in February 2017, Polygram Entertainment was re-launched as the film & television division of Universal Music Group. In 1929, Decca Records licensed record shop owner H. W. Van Zoelen as a distributor in the Netherlands, by 1931, his company Hollandsche Decca Distributie had become exclusive Decca distributor for all of the Netherlands and its colonies. Over the course of the 1930s, HDD put together its own facilities for A&R, recording, HDD was commercially successful during World War II because of the absence of American and British competition. Van Zoelen wanted to sell to Philips so that HDD would have sufficient financial backing when their major competitors returned after the war and this led Philips to purchase HDD in 1942. Philips labs were developing magnetic tape and LPs, and they could support eventual new formats, after the war, Philips built a large factory in Doetinchem to produce 78 rpm records. During the late 1940s, Philips combined its various businesses into Philips Phonografische Industrie. PPIs early growth was based on alliances, a merger was first proposed with Decca of London in late 1945, but was rejected by Edward Lewis, Deccas owner. In the early 1950s, Philips set itself the goal of making PPI the largest record company in Europe, PPIs second attempt at a merger was with Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft. DGG, owned by Siemens AG, and well known for its repertoire, had been the German licensee for Decca from 1935. PPI and DGG finally merged in 1962, the alliance with DGG still left PPI without repertoire in Britain or the United States. But in 1951, after Columbia had failed to renew its international distribution agreement with EMI, Columbia became PPIs distributor within the US. This agreement ran until 1961 when Columbia set up its own European network, PPI signed a worldwide distribution deal with Mercury Records in 1961
10.
DC Talk
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DC Talk is a Christian rap and rock trio. The group was formed at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1987 by Toby McKeehan, Michael Tait and they released five major studio albums together, DC Talk, Nu Thang, Free at Last, Jesus Freak, and Supernatural. In 2002, the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music called DC Talk the most popular overtly Christian act of all time, in 2000, the group released an EP titled Solo, which contained two solo songs from each member. Since that time, DC Talk has been on an hiatus. They performed and recorded individual songs together several times during the 2000s, the groups musical style evolved significantly throughout its career. Its first two releases, DC Talk and Nu Thang, were of the hip hop genre, DC Talks third album, Free at Last, also mainly took influence from the hip hop style, although the groups music began taking on a rock sound. The trios last two albums, Jesus Freak and Supernatural, were predominantly pop rock, DC Talk was a nickname that Toby Michael McKeehan, later TobyMac, who was born in Falls Church, Virginia, was given for being from the Washington D. C. area. While attending Liberty University, McKeehan met Michael DeWayne Tait, Tait had been featured singing on Jerry Falwell’s The Old Time Gospel Hour and recorded with the Falwell Singers. He also performed solo, what TobyMac later described his kind of an R&B / church-oriented music, the two joined forces to record a song that McKeehan had written, Heavenbound. They performed the song before an audience of 8,000 Liberty students with McKeehan rapping, the song was well received, selling out the approximately 3,000 copies of their demo tape, Christian Rhymes to a Rhythm. The tape included Heavenbound and was distributed by the group in the Washington D. C. area, the group’s demo tape eventually led to a recording contract with Forefront Records in 1988. Kevin Max Smith, later Kevin Max, came from a rock band to join the group, and the trio called themselves DC Talk. The name was simplified to DC Talk, which came to stand for decent Christian talk. After signing the contract with ForeFront the label released their self-titled debut album, DC Talk, in 1989 with Mike Valliere. The music video for their first single, Heavenbound, received airplay on the BET network, the album became the best selling debut by a Christian artist, but has since been surpassed. Their follow-up release, Nu Thang, and a Christmas EP titled Yo, Yo Ho Ho had three songs — the title track, Reason for the Season and The King, which was also on DC Talks first album. Nu Thang had two singles, I Luv Rap Music and Can I Get a Witness. Apart from dealing strictly with Christian themes, the band incorporated songs addressing social issues, such as racism in the song Walls and abortion in Children Can Live Without It
11.
Master of ceremonies
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A master of ceremonies, abbreviated M. C. also called compère and announcer, is the official host of a ceremony, a staged event or similar performance. The master of ceremonies sometimes also refers to the officer during an official state function. Today, the term often connotes a master of ceremonies who presents performers, speaks to the audience, entertains people, in addition, the term also exists in various chivalric orders and fraternal orders. The term originated in the Catholic Church, the Master of Ceremonies is an official of the Papal Court responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elegant and elaborate rituals involving the Pope and the sacred liturgy. He may also be an involved in the proper conduct of protocols and ceremonials involving the Roman Pontiff, the Papal Court. Examples of official liturgical books prescribing the rules and regulations of liturgical celebrations are Cæremoniale Romanum, the office of the Master of Ceremonies itself is very old. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the most ancient ceremonials and rituals of the Catholic Church are the Ordines Romani, names of Masters of Ceremonies are known since the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. However, copies of books prescribing the forms of rituals, rites and it is reasonable to assume that the ceremonials themselves pre-date Gelasius. However, documentary evidence from the late Roman period is scarce or lost, the ceremonies and practices of the Byzantine emperors are also known to have influenced the papal court. At a large Catholic church or cathedral, the Master of Ceremonies organizes and rehearses the proceedings and he may also have responsibility for the physical security of the place of worship during the liturgy. At major festivities such as Christmas and Easter, when the liturgies are long and complex, the current papal Master of Ceremonies is Monsignor Guido Marini, who succeeded Archbishop Piero Marini. Masters of Ceremonies at weddings and private events also ensure the coordination of their event, became an alternative title for a rapper and for their role within hip hop music and culture. The term is used as a term of distinction, referring to an artist with good performance skills. An MC focuses on skills, lyrical ability, and subject matter, in any comedy show, the compère is the host of the evenings events, but the precise role and responsibilities will vary depending on the country, venue and style of event. The compère will normally do longer bits at the start of the show and after any interval and they may also be required to make announcements, such as birthdays, anniversaries and bar promotions. In some circles the title Master of Ceremonies is also known as Minister of Ceremonies, in the 1940 Disney film, Fantasia, Deems Taylor is the films Master of Ceremonies. Media related to Master of ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
13.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
14.
Compton, California
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Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and on May 11,1888, was the city to incorporate. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 96,455. It is known as the Hub City due to its centrality in Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, Downtown Compton, the city is generally a working class city with some middle-class neighborhoods, and is home to a relatively young community, at an average 25 years of age, compared to the American median age of 35. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded a tract of over 75,000 acres to Juan Jose Dominguez in this area, the tract was named Rancho San Pedro. Dominguezs name was applied to the Dominguez Hills community south of Compton. The tree that marked the northern boundary of the rancho still stands at the corner of Poppy. The rancho was subdivided and parcels were sold within the Californios of Alta California until the lands were ceded after the Mexican-American war in 1848, American immigrants acquired most of the rancho lands after 1848. In 1867, Griffith Dickenson Compton led a group of 30 pioneers to the area and these families had traveled by wagon train south from Stockton, California in search of ways to earn a living other than in the rapid exhaustion of gold fields. Originally named Gibsonville, after one of the owners, it was later called Comptonville. However, to avoid confusion with the Comptonville located in Yuba County, Comptons earliest settlers were faced with terrible hardships as they farmed the land in bleak weather to get by with just the barest subsistence. The weather continued to be harsh, rainy and cold, to gather firewood it was necessary to travel to mountains close to Pasadena. The round trip took almost a week, by 1887, the settlers realized it was time to make improvements to the local government. A series of meetings were held to discuss incorporation of their little town. Griffith D. Compton donated his land to incorporate and create the city of Compton in 1889, in January 1888, a petition supporting the incorporation of Compton was forwarded to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, who in turn forwarded the petition to the State Legislature. On May 11,1888 the city of Compton was incorporated with a population of 500 people, the first City Council meeting was held on May 14,1888. The ample residential lots of Richland Farms gave residents enough space to raise a family, and food to feed them, along with building a barn, and caring for livestock
15.
South Los Angeles
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South Los Angeles is a 51-square-mile region of Los Angeles County, California, comprising 25 neighborhoods within the City of Los Angeles and three unincorporated neighborhoods. In the 2000 census, the area of South Los Angeles had a population of 520,461, the 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games took place near the USC campus at neighboring Exposition Park, which hosts the Los Angeles Coliseum. Until the 1920s, West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the city, then development of the Wilshire Boulevard corridor drew Los Angeles development west of downtown. As the wealthy were building mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park. Affluent blacks gradually moved into West Adams and Jefferson Park as the decades passed, at the same time, the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California. It had one of the first jazz scenes in the western U. S. with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident. Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were allowed to own property only within the Main-Slauson-Alameda-Washington box and in Watts, in an escalation of behavior that began in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park routinely accosted blacks who traveled through white areas. The black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults became the basis of the regions fearsome street gangs, as in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles. Freeway routes tended to reinforce traditional segregation lines, the Harbor Freeway ran just to the west of Main Street, and the Santa Monica Freeway just to the north of Washington Boulevard. The Marina Freeway was originally to run near Slauson Avenue all the way to the Orange County line, although the freeways worked in moving cars around, they were decidedly unsuccessful as instruments of integration. The explosive growth of suburbs, most of which barred blacks by a variety of methods and this process accelerated after the Watts Riots of 1965. The riots resulted in an abandonment of southern Los Angeles and its neighboring cities by white residents and merchants, middle-class blacks also left the area, moving to the north and west. By the late 1960s most of Los Angeles south of Pico Boulevard, the Santa Monica Freeway formed the northern boundary of the new South Central, primarily dividing the middle-class blacks of Mid-Wilshire from the poor and working-class blacks to the south. Beginning in the 1970s, the decline of the areas manufacturing base resulted in a loss of the jobs that had allowed skilled union workers to have a middle class life. Widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime contributed to the rise of street gangs in South Central, such as the Crips and they became even more powerful with money from drugs, especially the crack cocaine trade, dominated by gangs in the 1980s. By the 2000s, the rate of South L. A. has lowered significantly. Nevertheless, South Los Angeles was still known for its gangs at the time, since then, a number of protests focused on events in Ferguson have taken place in South Los Angeles. By the end of the 1980s, South Los Angeles had an number of Hispanics and Latinos
16.
Beatboxing
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Beatboxing is a form of vocal percussion primarily involving the art of mimicking drum machines using ones mouth, lips, tongue, and voice. It may also involve vocal imitation of turntablism, and other musical instruments, beatboxing today is connected with hip-hop culture, often referred to as the fifth element of hip-hop, although it is not limited to hip-hop music. The term beatboxing is sometimes used to refer to vocal percussion in general, examples include the Appalachian technique of eefing and the blues song Bye bye bird by Sonny Boy Williamson II. Many well-known performers used vocal percussion occasionally, even though this was not directly connected to the tradition that came to be known as beatboxing. Paul McCartneys That Would Be Something includes vocal percussion, pink Floyds Pow R. Toc H. also includes vocal percussion performed by the groups lead vocalist Syd Barrett. Jazz singers Bobby Mcferrin and Al Jarreau were very known for their vocal styles and techniques which have had great impact on techniques beatboxers use today. The term beatboxing is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of drum machines, Human beatboxing in hip-hop originated in the 1980s. Its early pioneers include Doug E. Wise inspired a new fan base of human beatboxers with his human turntable technique. The Internet has played a part in the popularity of modern beatboxing. Alex Tew started the first online community of beatboxers in 2000 under the banner of HUMANBEATBOX. COM, in 2001, Gavin Tyte, a member of this community created the worlds first tutorials and video tutorials on beatboxing. In 2003, the community held the worlds first Human Beatbox Convention in London featuring beatbox artists from all over the world, beatboxings current popularity is due in part to releases from artists such as Rahzel, RoxorLoops, Reeps One, and Alem. Sometimes, modern beatboxers will use their hand or another part of their body to extend the spectrum of sound effects and rhythm. Some have developed a technique that involves blowing and sucking air around their fingers to produce a realistic record scratching noise. Another hand technique includes the throat tap which involves the beatboxer tapping their fingers against their throat as they sing or hum. Today there is an increase in the variety in which we see beatboxing throughout musical culture, people have gone as far as adding beatboxing in with different instruments to create a completely different sound unlike any other. Artist Greg Patillo goes as far as adding in beatboxing while playing the flute to very iconic songs, Beatbox has become modernized and has even been seen in popular movies such as Pitch Perfect and Pitch Perfect 2. Beatbox Battle Network was founded in summer 2002 in Berlin, Germany as a non profit organization with the focus to support the global beatboxing community. It is specialized on culture marketing, live broadcasting and artist management, bBB3TV also known as Beatbox Battle Television produces the Beatbox Beatbox World Championship
17.
Gotee Records
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Gotee Records is a record label founded by dc Talk member Toby McKeehan, Todd Collins, and Joey Elwood. The label began as a production company, the label was a part of EMI Christian Music Group. However, they bought back EMIs minority share to become independent again as of March 31,2008. Toby McKeehan is currently the president of the company and as of 2009, McKeehan got the name Gotee from the song Socially Acceptable on dc Talks album Free at Last. A member of the band GRITS was doing the background vocals, McKeehan happened to be growing a goatee on his face at the time, and when Mark Heimermann pointed out the coincidence, he decided to name his new record company, Gotee Records. However, McKeehan does not publish his own albums under this title, instead he publishes his own records under the same label dc Talk was signed to and he owns the name the Gotee Bros. In May 2015 Gotee was acquired by Zealot Networks, zealots Nashville office is headed by former Gotee artist John Reuben. As part of the acquisition Gotee is still operated independently, capital Kings Finding Favour Hollyn Ryan Stevenson 4th Avenue Jones Abandon Kansas Andy Zipf Ayiesha Woods B. Reith Christafari Curious Fools Deepspace5 DJ Maj Family Force 5 Fighting Instinct Flynn Adam The Gotee Bros, GRITS House of Heroes I Am Terrified Jeff Anderson Jeff Deyo Jennifer Knapp John Reuben Johnny Q. Public The Katinas Knowdaverbs L. A. Stereo Official website Gotee Records Photo Group on Flickr Pictures of Gotee artists in concert, with fans, backstage, etc
18.
Contemporary Christian music
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Contemporary Christian music is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith. Today, the term is used to refer to pop, rock. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200, in the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre. The growing popularity in the styles of Rock n Roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style. The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, about that time, many young people from the sixties counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the bareness of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex, however, there were people who felt that Jesus was another trip. It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself, Jesus Music started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined. Larry Norman is often remembered as the father of Christian rock and he is remembered as the artist who first combined rock n roll with Christian lyrics in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock, pioneers of this movement also included Keith Green, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Barry McGuire, Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, Evie, Benny Hester, and The Imperials, among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into an industry by the 1980s. Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester, Amy Grant, DC Talk, Michael W. Smith, Stryper, the genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering Contemporary Christian Music artists and it has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics including Praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer. These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs are aimed to evangelize, one of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians. In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of believers, Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music
19.
Christian radio
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Christian radio is a category of radio formats that focus on transmitting programming with a Christian message. Brokered programming is a significant portion of most US Christian radio stations revenue, another revenue stream is solicitation of donations, either to the evangelists who buy the air time or to the stations or their owners themselves. A minority of stations use the model for music radio. Numerous religious broadcasters own a number of their own stations. Most Christian radio stations transmit a mixture of Christian music and Christian talk, Christian music radio outlets mirror commercial radio in many ways, and music in a variety of different genres is available. Many stations play primarily gospel music or worship music, while others play all formats of contemporary Christian music including rock and roll, pop, rock music, rap, country, note that this short list runs the gamut of Christian music formats from pop to rock to inspirational. Other Christian stations will present a no-music format that features talk radio-style programming and/or long-form preaching and teaching programs, most Christian radio stations as well as programmers based in the United States are members of the National Religious Broadcasters, a Christian organization. There are reportedly 1,600 Christian broadcasting organizations in the U. S and they range from single stations to expansive networks. It is common for religious broadcasters to purchase many small broadcast translators to create networks that stretch across large regions, moody Radio was the first example, and still one of the largest, though most of its stations broadcast stand-alone programming as well as network feeds. Z88.3 in Orlando, Florida, the WAY-FM Network, K-LOVE, Air 1, The Joy FM, Reach Radio, Christian radio expanded in the early twenty-first century. It became available in the United Kingdom with changes to broadcasting regulations, premier Christian Radio is based in the London area where it is available on medium wave and DAB, elsewhere, it is available digitally or by Internet. United Christian Broadcasters is a broadcasting and media company, radio stations are based in Albania, Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, the Philippines. CT-20, was Canadas Top 20 Contemporary Christian Countdown, the World Family of Radio Maria Category, Christian radio stations List of Christian radio stations in Canada Lochte, Bob. Christian Radio, The Growth of a Mainstream Broadcasting Force, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland and Company
20.
Tooth & Nail Records
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Tooth & Nail Records is a Christian rock record label founded by Brandon Ebel in California in November 1993. The label later moved to Seattle, Washington where it is situated today and it has been home to many well-known musical acts, including Underoath, Hawk Nelson, Emery, The Almost, FM Static, Family Force 5, and MxPx. Tooth & Nails first album released was Wish for Edens Pet the Fish, subsequent releases from The Juliana Theory, MxPx, and Starflyer 59 made Tooth & Nail a strong force in Christian music circles, as well as a niche underground subculture in itself. Prior to forming Tooth & Nail, Ebel worked for the Christian label Frontline, eight Tooth & Nail-affiliated albums have been RIAA-certified as Gold for sales of 500,000 or more copies. The label saw one of its greatest successes when Underoaths Define the Great Line debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200 in 2006, the label also released a limited edition hard cover book, with the proceeds going to benefit Music Cares. Solid State Records distributes metal and hardcore albums by such as Living Sacrifice, Demon Hunter, Haste the Day, Underoath. Uprok Records was a hip hop label that included many of the early successes, such as ILL Harmonics. It is dissolved, though hip hop albums distributed by BEC Recordings still bear its logo, Plastiq Musiq primarily signed electronic music artists. Tooth & Nail entered a partnership to distribute Plastiq Musiq albums in 1998 and 1999, Plastiq Musiq continues to release albums independently. Fugitive Recordings primarily is made up of artists marketed outside of the Christian market, including Denison Witmer, The Presidents of the United States of America, the label acquired Takehold Records, an independent record label, in 2002. This acquisition brought several bands to Tooth & Nail including Underoath, Further Seems Forever, Few Left Standing and it will retain the rights to all future releases with a new distributor, RED Distribution. Tooth & Nail Records Discography List of record labels Official site Interview with A&R Chad Johnson, HitQuarters Oct 2006 A list of past Tooth & Nail artists
21.
Uprok Records
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Uprok Records was a record label created in 1999 under the parent company Tooth & Nail Records, with a focus on distributing Christian hip-hop artists. The name Uprok Records refers to the breakdancing term, the first three artists on the label were Ill Harmonics, Sup the Chemist and MG. Shortly after its inception Josh Niemyjski, who created and maintains SphereOfHipHop. com, took over as President, according to Niemyjski, It was started because I feel like BEC and Tooth and Nail saw a niche that wasnt being filled. Through its parent companies BEC/Tooth & Nail and EMI Christian, it was able to sell in Christian, the following artists either have performed or released an album under the Uprok Records label, BK & AssociatesIll HarmonicsKJ-52ManafestMG. com
22.
Reach Records
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Reach Records is an American record label specializing in Christian hip hop, founded in 2004 by Ben Washer and hip-hop artist Lecrae. Reach Records is an imprint of the Columbia Records Group, a division of Sony Music Entertainment, Reach Records began in Dallas in 2004, when 25-year-old amateur rapper named Lecrae teamed up with Ben Washer, a friend he met while doing youth ministry. According to Lecrae, knowing that people emulate the musicians they hear,29 on the Billboard Gospel chart. Over the next five years, Reach Records released albums by 116 Clique, Lecrae, Sho Baraka, Tedashii and Trip Lee, meeting with increasing commercial success. In 2009, Lecrae moved from Houston to Atlanta re-locating the Reach Records in the process, and Tedashii released his studio album, Identity Crisis. In 2010, Lecrae topped the Billboard Gospel, Christian, and Independent charts, Trip Lee topped both the Gospel and Christian charts with Between Two Worlds, and Sho Baraka reached No.3 on the Gospel chart with Lions and Liars. Sketch the Journalist, a blogger for Houston Chronicle, considered that years Reach Records Unashamed Tour raising the bar for a traveling Christian hip hop concert, also in 2010, KB, a member of the hip hop group HGA, signed with Reach as a solo act. In January 2011, Derek Minor, then known as Pro, joined the Reach roster in a deal with his own label. In April, Sho Baraka announced that he was leaving Reach Records, though he continued to tour under the label for the remainder of that year, and remained signed with Reach Booking. In the same month, Reach and its affiliate ReachLife announced that they had renewed their contracts with the distribution company Infinity Music and its parent, the label announced in July that another artist, Andy Mineo, previously known as C-Lite, had signed with the label. In 2012 Reach continued to bring Christian Hip Hop into the market when it became the first record label to hold its own showcase at the South by Southwest festival. Sketch the Journalist mentioned on DaSouth, XXL noted that the label had a string of well-received and commercially successful album releases and tours that allowed it to become more prominent. In 2013, label affiliates were part of DJ Don Cannons showcase at South by Southwest. 2013 saw the releases of Andy Mineos first studio album, Heroes for Sale, on April 16 which charted No.11 on the Billboard 200 chart, Derek Minors fourth album, Minorville, was released on September 10. It was his second and last with Reach, Minorville charted No.1 on Billboard Gospel chart and sold over 8,000 units the first week. Lecraes mixtape, Church Clothes 2, was released on November 7 and made available for free on DatPiff. com and also sold through iTunes and Reachs website. The mixtape was downloaded over 100,000 times in the first two weeks, and reached to No.21 on the Billboard 200 chart. January 28,2014 saw the release of Andy Mineos EP Never Land, selling 26,000 units the first week, on March 4, KB released his EP, entitled 100
23.
Kirk Franklin
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Kirk Dewayne Franklin is an American gospel musician, choir director, and author. He is known for leading urban contemporary gospel choirs such as The Family, Gods Property and One Nation Crew, a native of Fort Worth, Texas, Franklin was raised by his aunt, Gertrude, having been abandoned as a baby by his mother. Gertrude collected and resold aluminum cans to raise money for Kirk to take lessons from the age of four. Kirk excelled in music, being able to read and write music and he received his first contract offer at the age of seven, which his aunt turned down. He joined the choir and became music director of the Mt. Rose Baptist Church adult choir at the age of twelve. He was accepted and later there was an announcement of a girlfriends pregnancy, Kirk Franklin studied music with Jewell Kelly and the Singing Chaparrals at Oscar Dean Wyatt High School. He was under her tutelage for music direction as she allowed him to be the pianist for the choir, after the shooting death of a friend, Franklin returned to the church, where he began to direct the choir once again. He also co-founded a gospel group, The Humble Hearts, which recorded one of Franklins compositions, impressed, Biggham enlisted him to lead the DFW Mass Choir in a recording of Franklins song Every Day with Jesus. This led to Biggham hiring Franklin, just 20 years old at the time, to lead the choir at the 1990 Gospel Music Workshop of America Convention, in 1992, Franklin organized The Family, which was a seventeen-voice choir, formed from neighborhood friends and associates. In 1993, the group, now known as Kirk Franklin & The Family, released their debut album and it spent almost two years on the Gospel music charts and charted on the R&B charts, eventually earning platinum sales status. It remained at No.1 on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart for 42 weeks and it was the first gospel music album to sell over a million units. Two years later, after releasing a 1995 Christmas album entitled Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas, the album was certified 2x platinum and earned Franklin his first Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album. 1997 brought another album, a collaboration with the vocal ensemble Gods Property, Gods Property from Kirk Franklins Nu Nation was No.1 on the R&B Albums chart for five weeks, No.3 on the Pop charts, and would go on to be certified 3x platinum. It also brought Franklin another Grammy for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album, in 1996, Franklins song Joy was recorded by Whitney Houston and the Georgia Mass Choir. With production by Houston and Mervyn Warren, the composition was included on the soundtrack to the movie The Preachers Wife. On November 2,1998, Gods Property sued Franklin, the lawsuit, filed in Los Angeles Superior Court, alleges that Franklin induced Gods Property founder Linda Searight into signing an onerous and one-sided contract with B-Rite Music. The Nu Nation Project was released in 1998, together with Crystal Lewis, and the Family, Lean on Me and the second single Revolution were considerable hits, and the album contained a version of another Withers song Gonna Be a Lovely Day. The Nu Nation Project went on to top the Billboard Contemporary Christian Albums chart for 23 weeks and the Billboard Gospel Albums chart for 49 weeks, also in 1998, Franklin had made a guest appearance on the hit television sitcom Sister, Sister
24.
Kirk Franklin Presents 1NC
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Kirk Franklin Presents 1NC is a studio album by Kirk Franklin with the One Nation Crew. It was released on February 8,2000, Kirk Franklin Presents 1NC is the 6th album released by Kirk Franklin. This is also the first album by Franklin on B-Rite Records, the U. S. release occurred on August 15,2000
25.
Andy Mineo
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Andrew Aaron Andy Mineo, formerly known as C-Lite, is an American Christian hip hop artist, producer, and TV and music video director from New York City. He is currently signed to Reach Records and, in addition to his work, is a member of that labels hip hop collective 116 Clique. After moving to New York City, he realized his weak condition, re-dedicated his life to Christ. He released his first mixtape Sin is Wack in 2009, after providing hook vocals for the song Background by Lecrae from the album Rehab, he collaborated with other rappers. In 2011, he released the single In My City, featuring Efrain from Doubledge and he appeared on the song Reverse by Tedashii from Blacklight. He signed to Reach Records in 2011 and abandoned his stage name C-Lite in favor of his legal name, under this name he released another mixtape, Formerly Known. His full-length studio album, Heroes for Sale, was released on April 16,2013, on January 28,2014, he released an EP titled Never Land. His sophomore album, Uncomfortable, was released on September 18,2015, as a producer, his work includes tracks from his self-releases In My City, Formerly Known, Saturday Morning Car-Tunez, and Heroes for Sale. Gravity won the Best Gospel Album category in the 2013 Grammy Awards, Mineo was raised in a single-parent home in Syracuse, New York. In the summer before entering the 8th grade, Mineo went to a Christian camp at which his sister worked as a counselor and was exposed to the Gospel and converted. However, after his conversion, Mineo went into school with no Christian support. While in high school, Mineo acquired recording equipment and started selling studio time out of his home and he had formed a friendship with Chris Oxburg Leonard, and the pair recorded a song together in 2001. In 2006, the recorded and released a studio album entitled The Food. In his freshman year of college, Mineo met the producer Alex Medina, after hearing the song Price Tag by Da T. R. U. T. H. Mineo decided to close his studio and rededicate his life to Christ and he also left Fat Camp, which promptly dissolved. Following the closure of his studio, Mineo went on tour with T. R. U. C. E and he released his first mixtape, Sin is Wack. Mineo explained in an interview that he came up with the concept of the Sin is Wack title through his work with T. R. U. C. E. Following this release, Mineo sang on the Lecrae song Background from Rehab in 2010, Mineo explained to Rapzilla Background was his first attempt at singing, and following the success of that song he received subsequent requests
26.
KB (rapper)
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Kevin Elijah Burgess, better known by his stage name KB, is an American Christian hip hop artist and music executive from St. Petersburg, Florida. He is the leader of the hip-hop group HGA, and was signed as a solo artist to Reach Records in 2010 and he is also a member of the Reach Records-based hip-hop collective 116 Clique. After releasing a mixtape in 2011 entitled Who Is KB. his debut album, Weight & Glory, was released on July 17,2012, on March 4,2014 he released his first EP,100. On April 21,2015, he released his second album, kevin Elijah Burgess was born in St. Petersburg, Florida on July 21,1988, into a military family. Shortly after his birth his parents moved to Southern Illinois where he was raised for eight years. When he was 8 years old, his parents divorced and he moved back with his mother to the south-side of St. Petersburg and he did well in school and at age 15 was offered an opportunity to pursue college through a program called St. Petersburg Collegiate High School. But despite this opportunity, he struggled with depression and experimented with various drugs to try to relieve it. He began struggling at school due to his problems with his personal life, jeremy offered him a CD, and Burgess says he was saved after hearing the Gospel presentation on the recording. Burgess is currently married with two children, after high school, Burgess enrolled in Bible college and befriended a group of Christian rappers and together they formed a hip hop group called HGA, short for His Glory Alone. HGA eventually caught the interest of Lecrae, Ben Washer, and DJ Official, Burgess was invited onto the “Acquire the Fire” tour by Lecrae, and was asked to join the Reach Records team just a few months later. Burgess signed with Reach Records in 2010, and appeared that year on the album Rehab by Lecrae and his mixtape Who is KB. followed a year later, as did appearances with PRo and Tedashii. Who is KB. garnered 30,000 downloads by the following year and his first single, Hello, featured Suzy Rock and was released in October 2011. In January 2012, a single, Zone Out featuring Chris Lee Cobbins, was released. Burgess then made an appearance with Andy Mineo on the Trip Lee album The Good Life, a third single by Burgess, Go Off, featured Tedashii and Andy Mineo, and was released in June. The following month, his debut album Weight & Glory was released, on May 30,2013, Reach announced a four-part project entitled 1st & 16th. This project would consist of Burgess releasing a new song every first and sixteenth of June, on June 1, Part 1, HCB Freestyle was released. The songs Ride and Be All Right were also part of the 1st, on February 10,2014, KB announced his new project, an EP entitled 100, which was released on March 4,2014. Burgess appeared in Family Force 5 music video for the song BZRK, released on May 23,2014, on February 3,2015, KB took to social media to reveal his second studio album, Tomorrow We Live, along with the cover and release date
27.
Trip Lee
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William Lee Barefield III, better known by his stage name Trip Lee, is an American Southern Christian rapper, singer, poet, and author. Signed to Reach Records, he has recorded both as a solo artist and as a member of the 116 Clique. Originally from Dallas, Texas, he now resides in Atlanta, Georgia and he first gained recognition after appearing on the Reach Records website at the age of 16. His third album, Between Two Worlds, was nominated for two Dove Awards and won the Stellar Award for Best Hip Hop Album in 2011, william Lee Barefield III was born and raised in Dallas, TX. As a young boy, Lee had dreams of being an athlete or a famous rapper. I rapped about random stuff… how hot I was, how many girls I could pull, but upon giving his life to Christ, at age 14, his focus changed from fortune, fame, and women to serving and ministering the Gospel. Lee slowly recognized that all of his life should be centered around Christ, one day, I just decided, Im only doing Christian hip hop. Rappers like Ambassador and Da T. R. U. T. H, helped provide a model for how I would begin to do that, he says. He also had a desire to learn and teach the Word of God. In 2004, Lee met Lecrae at a concert, months later, after talking and building each other. While still in school, Lee was given the opportunity to pen a few devotionals for the Reach Records website that dealt with theological matters. Lee signed with Reach Records, and his album, If They Only Knew, was released a few days after his high school graduation. His first full-length album introduced hip-hop fans to his distinct sound, unique delivery. That same year, he was featured on the Dove Award-nominated. His second album, 20/20, was released in 2008 and garnered success, breaking into the Billboard Top 200 and reaching No.11 on the Billboard Christian albums chart. Back with his studio album, Between Two Worlds, Lee offers a collection of reflections on life in a fallen world. His hope is that his reflections not only resonate with listeners, Lee released two new singles Brag On My Lord and King Like Mine, the latter featuring Alex Medina, on March 29,2011. Trip Lee released his fourth studio album, entitled The Good Life on April 9,2012
28.
Tedashii
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Tedashii Lavoy Anderson, known simply as Tedashii, is an American Christian hip hop artist and member of the hip-hop troupe,116 Clique. He also hosts the NGEN Radio show Serium, Tedashii has released four solo albums, Kingdom People, Identity Crisis, Blacklight and Below Paradise, on Reach Records. Tedashiis delivery style is characterized by a voice that he can manipulate for rapping a wide range of flow schemes. In 2008, Tedashii toured with the 116 Clique during the Unashamed Tour, the Dont Waste Your Life Tour followed in 2009, after which he took a brief hiatus. In late 2010 he returned for the Unashamed, The Movement Tour, as soon as his album Blacklight was released in 2011 he went on a brief tour to promote it. He joined the Man Up Tour in 2011, taking a break in early 2012. In late 2012116 Clique toured 30 cities with the Unashamed Tour, then in December, Suzy Rock and KB joined him for the No Boundaries Concert Series. Tedashii appeared in Family Force 5s song Chainsaw on the remix album Reanimated released in 2013, in 2015, Tedashii is set to appear on the song I Have a Dream for Manafests album Reborn. Tedashii Lavoy Anderson was born in Lufkin, Texas on March 8,1977 to mother Vera Louise Anderson, Tedashii currently lives with his wife in Denton, Texas, serving at The Village Church. In March 2013 Tedashiis one-year-old son died and he recorded much of his spiritual struggle during that time and based his fourth studio album, Below Paradise, off of his experiences
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Christian rock
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Christian rock is a form of rock music that promotes Jesus and is typically performed by self-proclaimed Christian individuals and bands whose members focus the lyrics on matters of Christian faith. The extent to which their lyrics are explicitly Christian varies between bands, many bands who perform Christian rock have ties to the contemporary Christian music labels, media outlets, and festivals, while other bands are independent. In 1952 Archibald Davison, a Harvard professor, summed up the sound of traditional Christian music, based upon Archibald Davisons statement it is easy to see how different these two genres of music are. Religious people in regions of the United States did not want their children exposed to music with unruly, impassioned vocals, loud guitar riffs and jarring. Rock and roll differed from the norm, and thus it was seen as a threat, often the music was overtly sexual in nature, as in the case of Elvis Presley, who became controversial and massively popular partly for his suggestive stage antics and dancing. However, Elvis was a person who even released a gospel album. Individual Christians may have listened to or even performed rock music in many cases and he Touched Me was a 1972 gospel music album by Elvis Presley which sold over 1 million copies in the US alone and earned Presley his second of three Grammy Awards. Not counting compilations, it was his third and final album devoted exclusively to gospel music, the song He Touched Me was written in 1963 by Bill Gaither, an American singer and songwriter of southern gospel and Contemporary Christian music. In the 1960s, rock music developed artistically, attained popularity and became associated with the radical counterculture. This further increased the Christian opposition to rock music, moreover, many saw the music as promoting a lifestyle of promiscuous sex, drugs and rock and roll, also reflected in the behavior of many rock stars. However, there was growing recognition of the musical and ideological potential of rock. One of his songs, Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music, summarized his attitude and his quest to pioneer Christian rock music. Another Christian rock pioneer, Randy Stonehill, released his first album in 1971, in the most common pressing of the album, side one is entirely a live performance. Another early Christian rock album was Mylon by Mylon LeFevre, son of members of the gospel group The LeFevres. He recorded the album with members of Classics IV and released it through Cotillion Records in 1970, petra and Resurrection Band, two of the bands who brought harder rock into the early CCM community, had their origins in the early to mid-1970s. They reached their height in popularity in the late eighties alongside other Christian-identifying hard rock such as Stryper. The latter had played on MTV, one being To Hell with the Devil. Christian rock has proved successful in the UK and Europe, although such artists as Bryn Haworth have found commercial success by combining blues
