1.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
2.
Carol Browner
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Browner previously served as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. Browner grew up in Florida and graduated from the University of Florida, after working for the Florida House of Representatives, she was employed by Citizen Action in Washington, D. C. She became an assistant for Senators Lawton Chiles and Al Gore. Browner then headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993 and she was the longest-serving administrator in the history of the EPA, staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency. During her tenure, she reorganized the agencys enforcement structure and oversaw two new programs designed to create partnerships with industry as an alternative to traditional regulation. She started a program to deal with contaminated lands in urban areas. Afterward, Browner became a member of the Albright Group. She also served on a number of boards of directors and committees dealing with environmental issues and her director role in the Obama administration was sometimes informally referred to as the Energy Czar or Climate Czar. She left her position in 2011 and the job itself was abolished shortly thereafter, born in Miami, Florida, Browner is the daughter of Isabella Harty-Hugues and Michael Browner, both of whom were professors at Miami Dade Community College, in social science and English respectively. Browner received her B. A. degree from the University of Florida in 1977 and she then graduated from the University of Florida College of Law with a J. D. degree in 1979. During 1980 and 1981, Browner worked as General Counsel for the Florida House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations, there she helped revise Floridas Conservation and Recreational Lands Program. In 1983, she moved to Washington, D. C. and worked as director for the national Citizen Action group. Browner met Michael Podhorzer, a specialist in health-care issues at Citizen Action and they married in 1987 and lived in Takoma Park, Maryland. They have a son, Zachary, born in 1987, between 1986 and 1988, Browner served as chief legislative assistant to Democratic U. S. In that role, she worked on a negotiation to expand Floridas Big Cypress National Preserve as well as on a ban on offshore drilling nearby the Florida Keys. During 1989, she served as a counsel for the Senate Committee on Energy. She was not averse to in-field investigation, and once dived in coastal waters to do research while pregnant, from 1988 to 1991, Browner worked as legislative director for Senator Al Gore, and became known as a Gore protégé. She helped prepare amendments to the Clean Air Act and managed Gores legislative staff, as Secretary of Environmental Regulation, Browner headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993, while living in Tallahassee
3.
Mike Leavitt
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Michael Okerlund Mike Leavitt is an American Republican politician. He served as the 14th Governor of Utah from 1993 to 2003, as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 2003 to 2005 and as Secretary of Health, Leavitt serves as a co-leader of the Prevention Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center. Leavitt was born in Cedar City, Utah, the son of Phyllis Anne, Leavitt graduated with a degree in business from Southern Utah University and married Jacalyn Smith. Leavitt is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Leavitt is a descendant of an old Massachusetts Puritan family, and a direct descendant of Dudley Leavitt, a Mormon pioneer. Leavitts business career started with his joining The Leavitt Group, an insurance company founded by his father. He rose to become the president and CEO and presided over a period of expansion. He was subsequently appointed to the boards of directors of local and regional companies, including Utah Power and Light. As a regent, he helped oversee Utahs nine public colleges and universities, for four years, he was chair of Southern Utah Universitys board of trustees. In 1976, Leavitt assisted his father, then a Utah state senator and he worked on a number of U. S. Senate campaigns through the 1980s for Jake Garn and Orrin Hatch. Leavitt first ran for governor in 1992 and he had tough competition in the Republican Party primary from Richard Eyre who had more delegates vote for him at the state Republican convention. He defeated Independent Party candidate Merrill Cook and Democratic nominee Stewart Hanson in the general election, a holiday fire shortly before noon on December 15,1993, destroyed much of the Utah Governors Mansion, but spared the lives of the first family and staff. Leavitt was re-elected in 1996 with the largest vote total in state history, while Governor, Leavitt and Roy Romer of Colorado were the two key founders of Western Governors University in 1997, one of the first exclusively online schools in the nation. In addition to Leavitt and Romer,17 other governors signed legislation creating the school as a private university. Leavitt came under criticism in 1998, while Governor, when asked why polygamy is not often prosecuted, he stated he was not sure. He was later forced to backpedal and claimed that polygamy should be against the law, in 2000, Leavitt became only the second Governor in Utah history to be re-elected to a third term. As Governor, he held positions in national and regional organizations, such as the Council of State Governments. On August 11,2003, President George W. Bush nominated Leavitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency at a conference in Aurora. He was confirmed on October 28,2003 by a vote of 88–8 in the United States Senate, on November 5, having resigned the governorship, Leavitt was sworn in as the 10th Administrator of the EPA
4.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
5.
James Florio
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James Joseph Jim Florio is a Democratic politician who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994, the first Italian American to hold the position. He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for 15 years between 1975 and 1990, Florio was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was a Protestant of Scottish, Irish, in Brooklyn, he attended Erasmus Hall High School. He attended Trenton State College and received a law degree from Rutgers School of Law–Camden and he served as an enlisted man in the United States Navy from 1955 to 1958, and afterwards was a reservist until 1975 eventually achieving the rank of lieutenant commander. After being admitted to the bar, Florio became the assistant city attorney for the City of Camden and he was the borough solicitor for the New Jersey towns of Runnemede, Woodlynne, and Somerdale from 1969 until 1974. In November 1974, Florio was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Jerseys 1st congressional district, in Congress, he was best known as the author of the Superfund legislation to clean up the most polluted sites in the country. He was the author of the Railroad Deregulation Law which saved the nations freight railroads and this legislation was a factor in the Dubai Ports World controversy in 2006. While in Congress, he would make three attempts to be elected Governor of New Jersey, in 1977,1981 and 1989, while Florios first attempt was unsuccessful, he did manage to win the Democratic nomination in 1981. Florios loss in the 1981 general election was the closest in New Jersey history and he declined to run against Kean in 1985, and in 1989 he finally won both the nomination. During his campaign, Florio said You can write this statement down, Florio won the election over Republican Jim Courter with 61% of the vote. The Florio administration started during the late 1980s recession and thus faced a budget deficit, faced with a projected 1991 deficit of $3 billion, Florio asked for a $2.8 billion tax increase. It was the largest increase of any state in U. S. history, the money generated would balance the budget, increase property tax relief programs, and increase education spending in the Abbott districts. Governor Florio also eliminated 1,500 government jobs and cut perks for state officials, Florio also redistributed hundreds of millions of dollars of school aid to urban and rural districts away from suburban districts. The aid cuts fell the most heavily in northern NJ, especially Bergen County, West Essex, East Morris, Union counties and on the Jersey Shore. A grassroots taxpayer revolt sprouted in 1990, spearheaded by a group named Hands Across New Jersey founded by John Budzash. Budzash was a frequent guest on radio and television shows throughout New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania speaking out against the new taxes. Florio was a topic on active anti-tax broadcasting from talk radio stations New Jersey 101.5 to Curtis Sliwas AM radio talk show and Bob Grants AM radio talk show. Bumper stickers with Impeach Florio and Florio Free in 93 were seen around the state, after the Republican takeover of the state legislature Florio faced increased pressure to reduce taxes and preserve aid for suburban school districts
6.
Donald DiFrancesco
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Donald Thomas DiFrancesco was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. He served as Scotch Plains Municipal Attorney, DiFrancesco was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1975. He won a contested Republican primary, defeating former Assemblyman Arthur Manner by 1,067 votes and he defeated incumbent Democratic Assemblywoman Betty Wilson by 2,387 votes. He was re-elected in 1977 by a margin of 4,709 votes, diFrancsco won a 1979 special election for State Senator when the Republican incumbent, Peter J. McDonough resigned. He defeated his running mate, Assemblyman William J. Maguire at the Union County Republican Convention, in general election and he was re-elected in 1981,1983,1987,1991,1993 and 1997. DiFrancesco ran for Senate Minority Leader after the 1981 elections, eschewing the traditional rotation of leadership posts and he defeated James P. Vreeland, who had served as Assistant Minority Leader during the previous session. DiFrancescos attempt to win GOP control of the house in 1983 was unsuccessful. After Republicans won a majority of seats in the 1991 election, DiFrancesco used a strategy and beat the sitting Minority Leader, John H. Dorsey. DiFrancesco, a senator representing the Scotch Plains area, became governor when Christine Todd Whitman resigned from office to join the administration of newly elected President George W. Bush. At the time of Whitmans resignation, the New Jersey Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while serving as acting governor. This made DiFrancesco, in his own words, the most powerful New Jersey governor ever because he was the leader of both the State Senate and executive branch simultaneously and this distinction was shared by later acting governors John O. Bennett and Richard Codey. DiFrancescos title was officially Acting Governor until it was changed retroactively by legislation passed on January 10,2006, DiFrancesco initially planned to run for a full term as governor in the 2001 election. Democratic Woodbridge Mayor Jim McGreevey and Republican Jersey City Mayor Bret Schundler also sought the governorship, polls showed DiFrancesco with a commanding lead over the more conservative Schundler in the primary, but trailing McGreevey with a large number of undecided voters. DiFrancesco abruptly withdrew from the race in April 2001 after a number of news stories emerged concerning his past legal. Under New Jersey law, a candidate can designate a replacement to appear on the ballot in the event of his/her withdrawal, DiFrancesco presently serves on the Commerce Bancorp board of directors and is a partner in a law firm. He resides with his wife and children in Warren Township, New Jersey, New Jersey Governor Donald T. DiFrancesco, National Governors Association
7.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
9.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
10.
Wheaton College (Massachusetts)
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Wheaton College is a four-year, private liberal arts college with a student body of approximately 1,600. Wheatons residential campus is located in Norton, Massachusetts, between Boston, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island, founded in 1834 as a female seminary, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States. In 1912, the officially changed the name of the institution to Wheaton College after receiving a college charter from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The school began admitting men in 1988, after more than 150 years as a female-only institution, most classes are relatively small, the student-faculty ratio is 11,1 and the average class size is between 15 and 20. In 1834, Eliza Wheaton Strong, the daughter of Judge Laban Wheaton, Eliza Baylies Chapin Wheaton, the judges daughter-in-law, persuaded him to memorialize his daughter by founding a female seminary. The family called upon noted womens educator Mary Lyon for assistance in establishing the seminary, miss Lyon created the first curriculum with the goal that it be equal in quality to those of mens colleges. She also provided the first principal, Eunice Caldwell, Wheaton Female Seminary opened in Norton, Massachusetts on 22 April 1835, with 50 students and three teachers. Mary Lyon and Eunice Caldwell left Wheaton to open Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837, following their departure, Wheaton endured a period of fluctuating enrollment and frequent changes in leadership until 1850, when Caroline Cutler Metcalf was recruited as the new principal. Mrs. Metcalf made the hiring of outstanding faculty her top priority, ellen Stanton, a teacher of French since 1871, served as principal from 1880 to 1897. She led the Seminary during a time, when it faced competition from increasing numbers of public high schools. In 1897, at the suggestion of Eliza Baylies Wheaton, the Trustees hired the Reverend Samuel Valentine Cole as the Seminarys first male president, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts granted Wheaton a college charter in 1912, and the trustees changed the name of the school to Wheaton College. The Student Government Association was organized to represent the consensus of opinion of the student body, and to encourage individual responsibility, integrity. Wheaton received authorization to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1932, President Samuel Valentine Cole died suddenly, following a brief illness, in 1925. During his career as Wheaton President, Cole oversaw the expansion of the campus from three to twenty-seven buildings, the growth of enrollment from 50 to 414, and the establishment of an endowment, on the campus, Cole Memorial Chapel is named after him. Its approximate geographical coordinates are, 41°582.01 N and he retired in 1944, and was succeeded by Dartmouth College Professor of History Alexander Howard Meneely. During his tenure, the Trustees voted to expand the size of the college from 525 to 800-1000 students, President Meneely died in 1961, following a long illness, and was succeeded in 1962 by William C. H. Prentice, a professor and administrator at Swarthmore College. In the early 1960s, Wheaton successfully completed its first endowment campaign, the development of new campus continued, and student enrollment grew to 1,200
11.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
13.
Far Hills, New Jersey
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Far Hills is a borough in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. Far Hills is a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold, Far Hills encompasses nearly 5 square miles in Somerset County, encircled by the equally upscale communities of Bedminster Township, Peapack-Gladstone, Bernards Township, and Bernardsville. It shares a community pool, athletic programs, civic organizations, and it shares a public library, a fire department and a first aid squad with neighboring Bedminster Township. The beginning of service to nearby Bernardsville in 1870, opened the area to city people seeking a respite from the heat. Evander H. Schley, a developer and real estate broker from New York, purchased thousands of acres in Bedminster. One day in 1887, Schleys brother, Grant, and his wife, Elizabeth, Elizabeth is said to have remarked on the beautiful vista of the far hills, thus giving the name to the place before a village was built. According to the United States Census Bureau, Far Hills borough had an area of 4.881 square miles. The borough borders the Somerset County municipalities of Bedminster Township to the west, Bernards Township to the east, Bernardsville to the northeast, the climate in the area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Far Hills has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 919 people,376 households, the population density was 191.6 per square mile. There were 418 housing units at a density of 87.1 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 58% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.02. In the borough, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,4. 9% from 18 to 24,19. 7% from 25 to 44,35. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45.5 years, for every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.6 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $125,833 and the median family income was $202,083. Males had an income of $177,083 versus $76,250 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $93,495, about 3. 6% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 3% of those under age 18 and 4. 8% of those age 65 or over
14.
Wolf's Head (secret society)
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Wolfs Head Society is a senior society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Membership recomposes annually with fifteen or sixteen Yale University students, typically rising seniors, the delegation spends its year together answerable to an alumni association. The society remains relevant among current undergraduates, the society changed its name to Wolfs Head five years later. The effort was aided by over 300 Yale College alumni and a few Yale Law School faculty, in part to counter the dominance of Skull and Bones Society in undergraduate, the founding defeated the last attempt to abolish secret or senior societies at Yale University. The Third Societys founding was motivated in part by sentiment among some outsiders that they deserved insider status, certain limited number were firmly convinced that there had been an appalling miscarriage of justice in their individual omission from the category of the elect, some founders agreed. Before the founding in 1780 at Yale of the Alpha chapter, by the 1830s, the campus literary societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and Calliope had lost stature. Calliope folded in 1853, and the shut down after the American Civil War. Calliope, Linonia, and Brothers in Unity existed respectively, 1819-1853, 1768-1878, from the mid-1840s until 1883, several societies were started, but each failed to sustain the interest of Academical Department, or liberal arts, students at Yale College. Star and Dart, Sword and Crown, Tea-Kettle, Spade and Grave, Phi Beta Kappa was inactive at Yale from 1871 to 1884. In the 1820s, Anti-Masonic agitation across the United States prompted PBK to examine the role of secrecy in its proceedings, secrecy was soon shelved at the Yale chapter. Associated with PBKs national reorganization in 1881, secrecy disappeared as a signature among all chapters, quelling rivalry with collegiate fraternities, clubs, PBK exists today, without any secrecy, as an academic honor society. Beginning in the 1850s the Yale undergraduate student body grew more diverse, the college was becoming an institution of national rather than regional importance. Students who hailed from environs beyond New England or who were not Congregationalist or Presbyterian entered the college in large numbers, the faculty was dominated by alumni of Bones, numbering four out of five faculty members between 1865 and 1916. Bones alumni were university secretaries from 1869 to 1921, Bones alumni were university treasurers for forty-three of the forty-eight years between 1862 -1910. In 1873, The Iconoclast, a student paper published once,13 October and it opined, Out of every class Skull and Bones takes its men. They have obtained control of Yale. Its business is performed by them, money paid to the college must pass into their hands, and be subject to their will. It is Yale College against Skull and Bones. We ask all men, as a question of right, which should be allowed to live, the Class of 1884 agreed to support another revolt against the society system with a vote of no confidence to coincide with its graduation. It had been understood that the society system was beyond reform, a spirited defense of the society system appeared in the May 1884 issue of The New Englander, authored and published by members of Scroll and Key
15.
Chase Bank
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The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively
16.
Rockefeller Center
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Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
17.
Radio City Music Hall
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Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue located in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its nickname is the Showplace of the Nation, and it was for a time the leading tourist destination in the city and its interior was declared a city landmark in 1978. It is notable as being the headquarters for the dance company. The 12-acre complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center was developed between 1929 and 1940 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. on land leased from Columbia University. The Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone and its originally planned name was International Music Hall. The names Radio City and Radio City Music Hall derive from one of the complexs first tenants, Radio City Music Hall was a project of Rockefeller, Samuel Roxy Rothafel, who previously opened the Roxy Theatre in 1927, and RCA chairman David Sarnoff. The Music Hall opened to the public on December 27,1932 with a stage show featuring Ray Bolger, Doc Rockwell. The opening was meant to be a return to high-class variety entertainment, the new format was not a success. The program was long, and individual acts were lost in the cavernous hall. On January 11,1933, the Music Hall converted to the format of a feature film. The film-plus-stage-spectacle format continued at the Music Hall until 1979, with four complete performances presented every day, plans for alternate uses for the structure included converting the theater into tennis courts, a shopping mall or the American Stock Exchange. Joining forces with the media and political allies, including New York Lt. Gov. Mary Anne Krupsak, they challenged the Rockefeller establishment, against all odds, to save The Showplace of the Nation. On March 28,1978 New York Citys Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the interior of Radio City Music Hall a landmark guaranteeing that the building would remain a theatre, on May 12,1978, Radio City Music Hall was placed on The National Register of Historic Places. Regular film showings at Radio City ended in 1979 and in 1980, after a renovation, Radio City Music Hall is currently leased to and managed by The Madison Square Garden Company. Movie premieres and feature runs have occasionally taken place such as the Harry Potter film series. The Radio City Christmas Spectacular continues to be an important annual event, starting in 2013, however, the Tony Awards will be the only major televised awards ceremony at Radio City, as the Video Music Awards relocated permanently to the Barclays Center that year. Radio City has 5,933 seats for spectators, and additional seating can be placed on the pit elevator during events that do not require that space bringing the capacity to over 6,000. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, the interior of the theater with its austere Art Deco lines represented a break with the ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time
18.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
19.
Oldwick, New Jersey
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Tewksbury Township is a township located in Hunterdon County, New Jersey and is located within the New York Metropolitan Area. Tewksbury was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, portions of the township were taken to form Califon borough. Portions of the township were acquired from Readington Township in 1832 and 1861, the townships name is thought to be from Tewkesbury, England, and the two established a sister city relationship in 2003. The original settlers were of English extraction, however, a large German contingent settled in the area around 1749 and theirs became the strongest influence when Tewksbury became a township. The enclave of Oldwick, with a mixture of Victorian, Federal, New England, zion Lutheran Church in Oldwick is the oldest German Lutheran parish in New Jersey. Oldwick is home to Mane Stream, a Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship Premier Accredited Center for therapeutic horseback riding. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 31.699 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,993 people,2,189 households, the population density was 190.1 per square mile. There were 2,323 housing units at a density of 73.7 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 49% of the population,15. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.05. In the township, the population was out with 25. 3% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,15. 2% from 25 to 44,38. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47.3 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.7 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $160,224 and the median family income was $189,833. Males had an income of $128,177 versus $90,833 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $91,644, about 0. 9% of families and 1. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 3% of those under age 18 and 1. 9% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,541 people,1,986 households, the population density was 175.2 people per square mile. There were 2,052 housing units at a density of 64.9 per square mile
20.
1956 Republican National Convention
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The 1956 Republican National Convention was held by the Republican Party of the United States at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California, from August 20 to August 23,1956. Senator William F. Knowland was temporary chairman and former speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin Jr. served as permanent chairman and it renominated President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard M. Nixon as the partys candidates for the 1956 presidential election. Eisenhower was expected to be renominated by acclamation at the Convention until a lone delegate decided to vote for a candidate named Joe Smith. He voted the same when Nixon was nominated, on August 23,1956, singer Nat King Cole spoke at the Republican Convention
21.
Chapin School
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The Chapin School is an all-girls independent day school located in Manhattan in New York City. Maria Bowen Chapin opened Miss Chapins School for Girls and Kindergarten for Boys, the school originally enrolled 78 students, who were taught by seven teachers. Chapin ran the educational side of “Primary Classes for Girls, ” while Wetmore ran the business end, the two ended their partnership in 1901, and “Miss Chapin’s School” was born. Chapins first high school diplomas were granted in 1908, and the last boys attended in 1917, at her request, the name of the school changed to the Chapin School after she died, in 1934. Chapin is located at 100 East End Avenue, at East 84th Street, Chapins school was originally located at 12 West 47th Street. In 1905, the moved to East 58th Street. In 1910, it moved to East 57th Street, the school has maintained its current location on the Upper East Side since 1928. Sixty girls start in kindergarten, where they are divided into three classes, each K class has two teachers, with regular use of teaching specialists There are about 265 girls in the Upper School, where they are taught by 53 faculty members. Traditionally, Chapin did not make an effort to replace girls who left the school, in recent years, girls are more readily accepted into Chapins middle and upper schools, leading to graduating classes of around 55. While the lower school program combines progressive and traditional characteristics, the school curriculum is considered to be a traditionally rigorous liberal arts program. There are multiple requirements, including at least one modern language, while a small school, Chapin offers 15 Advanced Placement courses and a total of 36 elective courses in grades 10-12. Elective courses may cover topics such as neuroscience, pharmacology, directing lab or Greek, Upper school students may take up to 2 electives per trimester. Many girls do independent studies or study abroad programs, particularly through Chapins exchange programs with the St. Hilda’s Anglican School for Girls, since 2011, Chapin has worked with the Kibera School for Girls in Nairobi, Kenya, developing curriculum ideas and visiting each others campuses. Chapin is also an affiliate member of the Online School for Girls. New York Interschool courses are offered in advanced math, leadership, mentorship derives from multiple sources, including faculty advisors and peer leaders. While some Chapin girls live on the Upper East Side near the school, others hail from other parts of Manhattan, as well as Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, New Jersey, Westchester, the student-to-teacher ratio is 6.8 to 1. Twenty-one percent of the girls receive tuition assistance, amounting to over $5 million per year, the Chapin robotics team is a collaborative effort with neighboring girls school, Brearley. Girls are also welcome to start up new clubs during the school year, There are 18 athletic teams at Chapin, including 15 varsity sports
22.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
23.
Nelson Rockefeller
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Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was an American businessman and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford from 1974 to 1977 and he also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also an art collector. Rockefeller, a Republican, was considered politically liberal and progressive. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just before the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, in his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960,1964, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with Ford, marking his retirement from politics. Ford later selected then-Senator Bob Dole from Kansas for his new running mate but ultimately lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter and his running mate, Rockefeller remains, as of 2017, the last Vice President who declined to seek re-election. As a businessman he was president and later chairman of Rockefeller Center, Inc. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, Rockefeller was born in 1908 in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist. He had a sister, Abby, and four brothers, John III, Laurance, Winthrop and their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930 he graduated cum laude with an A. B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet, Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon. Following his graduation, he worked in a number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank, Rockefeller Center, Inc. From 1932 to 1979 he served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, where he served as treasurer, 1935–39. He and his four brothers established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a philanthropy, in 1940, where he served as trustee, 1940–75 and 1977–79, Rockefeller was a patient of famous psychic Edgar Cayce. Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health and his service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America. He became fluent in the Spanish language, Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U. S
24.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
25.
Charles S. Whitman
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Charles Seymour Whitman served as the 41st Governor of New York from January 1,1915 to December 31,1918. He was also a delegate to Republican National Convention from New York in 1916, Whitman was born on September 29,1868 in Hanover, Connecticut. He graduated from Amherst College in 1890 and he then studied law at New York University, and was admitted to the bar in 1894. In 1901 he was appointed assistant corporation counsel of New York City where his work won for him the post of city magistrate. In this capacity, he founded the Night Court for the trial of all offenders arrested at night. In 1907 Governor Charles Evans Hughes appointed him a judge of the Court of Sessions, in 1909 he was elected New York County District Attorney on a Fusion ticket. In this capacity, he secured representation of the District Attorneys staff in the city magistrates office, later, as governor, Whitman signed Beckers death warrant and presided over his electrocution. Whitman was a member of the Union League Club of New York and, fearing he was under surveillance, the handling of the Schmidt murder case, the prosecution of the poultry trust and of election frauds won for Whitman high commendation. He was renominated for District Attorney in 1913 and elected almost unanimously and he served as the 41st Governor of New York from January 1915 to December 1918. In 1915 he became a member of the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, in 1916, Whitman won re-election as governor against reform Democratic Judge Samuel Seabury. After his election, he sent to every enrolled voter a report of his first term as governor, containing also reports of the heads of other state departments. He also inaugurated a state constabulary, and after entrance of the United States into World War I he inaugurated a new guard to replace the National Guard on service in France. In 1916, he was elected chairman of the Republican National Convention. In 1918, he was defeated for re-election by Tammany Hall Democrat Alfred E. Smith He died on March 29,1947. His grandson, former First Gentleman of New Jersey John R. Whitman, married Christine Todd and his son Charles S. Whitman Jr was a New York Judge. New York state election,1914 Robert Slaytons biography, Empire Statesman, Whitman is a character in E. L. Media related to Charles S. Whitman at Wikimedia Commons People v. Seidenshner 210 NY341 People v. Becker 210 NY274 People v. Becker 215 NY126
26.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
27.
Donald Rumsfeld
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Donald Henry Don Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford and he is both the youngest and the second oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U. S, Congressman from Illinois, Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Counsellor to the President, the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, and White House Chief of Staff. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science, after serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act, called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, when Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. During his tenure he was one of the key responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century. Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States response to the September 11 attacks, Known in media circles for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued, and he resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography Known and Unknown, A Memoir as well as Rumsfelds Rules, Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. He is involved with the Rumsfeld Foundations Fellowship program, which has advisors at dozens of universities across the United States, Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9,1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German-American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational Church. From 1943–1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California while his father was stationed on a carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949, Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships and he graduated in 1954 with an A. B. in Political Science. During his time at Princeton, he was an amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled The Steel Seizure Case of 1952, while at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27,1954 and they have three children, six grandchildren, and one great grandchild
28.
Republican National Committee
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The Republican National Committee is a U. S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and it is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Ronna Romney McDaniel is the current committee chair, the RNCs main counterpart is the Democratic National Committee. The 1856 Republican National Convention appointed the first RNC and it consisted of one member from each state and territory to serve for four years. Each national convention since then has followed the precedent of equal representation for each state or territory, from 1924 to 1952, there was a national committeeman and national committeewoman from each state and U. S. possession, and from Washington, D. C. As of 2011, the RNC has 168 members, the only person to have chaired the RNC and later become U. S. president is George H. W. Bush. A number of the chairs of the RNC have been state governors, on November 24,2008, Steele launched his campaign for the RNC chairmanship with the launching of his website. On January 30,2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, I think I may have some keys to open the door, some juice to turn on the lights, he said. Six people ran for the 2009 RNC Chairmanship, Steele, Ken Blackwell, Mike Duncan, Saul Anuzis, Katon Dawson, after Saltsmans withdrawal, there were only five candidates during the hotly contested balloting January 30,2009. After the third round of balloting that day, Steele held a lead over incumbent Mike Duncan of Kentucky. Shortly after the announcement of the standings, Duncan dropped out of contention without endorsing a candidate, after the fifth round, Steele held a ten-vote lead over Katon Dawson, with 79 votes, and Saul Anuzis dropped out. After the sixth vote, he won the chairmanship of the RNC over Dawson by a vote of 91 to 77, when I was chairman of the Republican National Committee the last time we lost the White House in 1992 we focused exclusively on 1993 and 1994. And at the end of time, we had both houses of Congress with Republican majorities, and wed gone from 17 Republican governors to 31. So anyone talking about 2012 today doesnt have their eye on the ball, what we ought to worry about is rebuilding our party over the next year and particularly in 2010, Barbour said at the November 2008 Republican Governors conference. Michael Steele ran for re-election at the 2011 RNC winter meeting, steeles critics increasingly called on him to step down as RNC Chair when his term ended in 2011. A debate for Chairman hosted by Americans for Tax Reform took place on January 3 at the National Press Club, the election for Chairman took place January 14 at the RNCs winter meeting with Reince Priebus winning on the seventh ballot after Steele and Wagner withdrew. He was re-elected to a term in 2015, setting him up to become the longest serving head of the party ever. Trump then recommended Ronna Romney McDaniel as RNC Chairwoman, and she was elected to that role by the RNC in January 2017
29.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities
30.
Raritan Valley Community College
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Raritan Valley Community College is an accredited, coeducational, two-year, public, community college located in North Branch, New Jersey. The college was founded in late 1965 as Somerset County College and it was given its present name in 1987, when it became the county college for Hunterdon County as well as its home of Somerset County. It was the first community college in New Jersey to be sponsored by two different counties, Raritan Valleys University Center offers degree completion programs from a number of schools and university partners including Rutgers, The State University of NJ. Raritan Valley Community College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, programs offered by the college are accredited by the New Jersey Board of Nursing, the National League of Nursing, the Commission on Opticianry Accreditation and by the American Bar Association. The library at Raritan Valley Community College officially opened in March,1985, in 1993, the 25th anniversary of the college, the library was named in honor of founding trustee Evelyn S. Field. The Evelyn S. Field Library is the center for research, the library faculty develops the collection in collaboration with classroom faculty to support the educational program. In selecting the materials, the library seeks to stimulate curiosity, provide diversity of thought. The library also maintains a collection pertaining to the history of the college, the entire library staff strives to advance the college’s mission of student success. The library is committed to continued personal and professional growth, the staff participates in campus life and governance of the college. The library facilities provide an environment that is conducive to study. The library’s instructional program is an part of the general curriculum. The library is in the forefront of promoting literacy to the college community. The two libraries, the physical and the virtual, offer opportunities for a variety of learning styles, the Evelyn S. Field Library provides borrowing privileges and discretionary access to information and resource sharing for Somerset and Hunterdon county residents. New Jersey County Colleges Raritan Valley Community College website Rutgers University at Raritan Valley Community College Evelyn S. Field Library at Raritan Valley Community College
31.
New Jersey Board of Public Utilities
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The law requires the Board to ensure safe, adequate, and proper utility services at reasonable rates for customers. The NJBPU regulates natural gas, electricity, water, telecommunications, the Board monitors utility service and responds to consumer complaints. In 1977, the NJBPU was placed within the Department of Environmental Protection, in 1994, the NJBPU was moved to its current position within the New Jersey Department of the Treasury. The other four Commissioners on the NJ BPU, as of October 2014, include Joseph L. Fiordaliso, Mary-Anna Holden, Dianne Solomon, and Upendra J. Chivukula
32.
Thomas Kean
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Thomas Howard Tom Kean Sr. is an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey from 1982 to 1990. He was appointed to this post by U. S. President George W. Bush, upon the completion of his second term as governor, he served as the president of Drew University for 15 years, until his retirement in 2005. Kean was born in New York City to a line of New Jersey politicians. His mother was Elizabeth and his father, Robert Kean, was a U. S. Representative and his grandfather Hamilton Fish Kean and great-uncle John Kean both served as U. S. Senators. His second great-uncle was Hamilton Fish, a U. S. Senator, governor of New York, Keans relative, William Livingston, was a delegate to the Continental Congress and the first governor of New Jersey. Kean was initially educated at The Potomac School in McLean, Virginia When he reached the fourth grade, in 1946, at the age of eleven, his parents then enrolled him at St. Marks School in Southborough, Massachusetts, the mater of his father. After graduating from St. Marks, he attended Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, after working on his fathers unsuccessful senatorial campaign, and as a history teacher for three years at St. Marks School, Kean attended Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City, Kean was a longtime resident of Livingston, New Jersey. Originally a teacher of history and government, Kean was elected, in 1967 and he ran with Philip Kaltenbacher, a Short Hills Republican who had served as an aide to Assemblyman Irwin Kimmelman in 1964 through 1966. In the Republican primary, Kean and Kaltenbacher defeated Donald Fitz Maurice, Vivian Tompkins Lange, the sister of former U. S. Attorney William F. Tompkins, and Joseph Shanahan. In the next Assembly, in 1974, the Democrats united behind Woodson for Speaker, in 1973, he briefly served as acting New Jersey governor. During the 1976 presidential campaign, Kean served as Gerald Fords campaign manager for the state of New Jersey, in 1977, Kean ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the governor of New Jersey. Although he spent most of his career as a political moderate, Kean was unable to obtain the endorsement of many county Republican chairmen, or Gerald Ford, despite having served as his campaign director for the state of New Jersey the previous year. Bateman defeated Kean and won the nomination, though Bateman went on to lose the election to Brendan Byrne. After the election, Governor Byrne appointed Kean as a commissioner on the board of the New Jersey Highway Authority, Kean also worked as a political commentator on New Jersey public television. Kean fared better four years later, in 1981, when he ran for governor. Kean made campaign promises to foster job creation, clean up toxic waste sites, reduce crime and he also received the endorsement of Gerald Ford his second time running for governor
33.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
34.
Bill Bradley
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William Warren Bill Bradley is an American former professional basketball player and politician. He served three terms as a Democratic U. S and he ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic Partys nomination for President in the 2000 election. Bradley was born and raised in Crystal City, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis and he was a member of the Boy Scouts, did well academically and was an all-county and all-state basketball player in high school. He was offered 75 college scholarships, but declined them all to attend Princeton University and he earned a gold medal as a member of the 1964 Olympic basketball team and was the NCAA Player of the Year in 1965, when Princeton finished third in the NCAA Tournament. After graduating in 1965, he attended Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship and he spent his entire ten-year professional basketball career playing for the Knicks, winning two championship titles. Retiring in 1977, he ran for a seat in the United States Senate the following year and he was re-elected in 1984 and 1990, left the Senate in 1997, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2000 Democratic presidential nomination. Bradley is the author of seven books, most recently We Can All Do Better. He is a director of Starbucks and a partner at investment bank Allen & Company in New York City. Bradley is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One and he also serves on that groups Advisory Board. In 2008 Bradley was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame, an active Boy Scout, he became an Eagle Scout and member of the Order of the Arrow. Bradley began playing basketball at the age of nine and he was a star at Crystal City High School, where he scored 3,068 points in his scholastic career, was twice named All-American, and was elected to the Missouri Association of Student Councils. During his high school years, Bradley maintained a rigorous practice schedule, a habit he carried through college. He would work on the court for three and a half hours every day after school, nine to five on Saturday, one-thirty to five on Sunday, considered the top high school player in the country, Bradley initially chose to attend Duke University in the fall of 1961. Bradleys childhood hero Dick Kazmaier had won the Heisman Trophy at Princeton, the following year, as a sophomore, he was a varsity starter in Butch van Breda Kolffs first year as coach of the Tigers. In his sophomore year Bradley scored 40 points in an 82–81 loss to St. Josephs and was named to The Sporting News All-American first team in early 1963, the coach of the St. Louis Hawks believed he was ready to play professional basketball. The following year The Sporting News again named him to its All-American team as its only junior, at the Olympic basketball trials in April 1964, Bradley played guard instead of his usual forward position but was still a top performer. He was one of three chosen unanimously for the Olympic team, the youngest chosen, and the only undergraduate, the Olympic team won its sixth consecutive gold medal. As a senior and team captain in the 1964–1965 season, Bradley became a household name, only the third tallest on his team, but called easily the No
35.
Income tax
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An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities that varies with the income or profits of the taxpayer. Many jurisdictions refer to income tax on business entities as companies tax or corporate tax, partnerships generally are not taxed, rather, the partners are taxed on their share of partnership items. Tax may be imposed by both a country and subdivisions, most jurisdictions exempt locally organized charitable organizations from tax. Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times taxable income, the tax rate may increase as taxable income increases. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer, capital gains may be taxed at different rates than other income. Credits of various sorts may be allowed that reduce tax, some jurisdictions impose the higher of an income tax or a tax on an alternative base or measure of income. Taxable income of resident in the jurisdiction is generally total income less income producing expenses. Generally, only net gain from sale of property, including goods held for sale, is included in income, Income of a corporations shareholders usually includes distributions of profits from the corporation. Deductions typically include all income producing or business expenses including an allowance for recovery of costs of business assets, many jurisdictions allow notional deductions for individuals, and may allow deduction of some personal expenses. Most jurisdictions either do not tax income earned outside the jurisdiction or allow a credit for taxes paid to other jurisdictions on such income, nonresidents are taxed only on certain types of income from sources within the jurisdictions, with few exceptions. Most jurisdictions require self-assessment of the tax and require payers of some types of income to withhold tax from those payments, advance payments of tax by taxpayers may be required. Taxpayers not timely paying tax owed are generally subject to significant penalties, for most of the history of civilization, these preconditions did not exist, and taxes were based on other factors. Taxes on wealth, social position, and ownership of the means of production were all common, the first income tax is generally attributed to Egypt. In the early days of the Roman Republic, public taxes consisted of modest assessments on owned wealth, the tax rate under normal circumstances was 1% and sometimes would climb as high as 3% in situations such as war. These modest taxes were levied against land, homes and other estate, slaves, animals, personal items. The more a person had in property, the tax they paid. In the year 10 AD, Emperor Wang Mang of the Xin Dynasty instituted an unprecedented income tax, at the rate of 10 percent of profits, for professionals and skilled labor. He was overthrown 13 years later in 23 AD and earlier policies were restored during the reestablished Han Dynasty which followed, one of the first recorded taxes on income was the Saladin tithe introduced by Henry II in 1188 to raise money for the Third Crusade
36.
Pro-choice
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Abortion-rights movements advocate for legal access to induced abortion services. The issue of induced abortion remains divisive in life, with recurring arguments to liberalize or to restrict access to legal abortion services. Many of the used in the debate are seen as political framing. For example, the labels pro-choice and pro-life imply endorsement of widely held values such as liberty and freedom, the Associated Press favors the terms abortion rights and anti-abortion instead. Feminists of the late 19th century were opposed to the legalization of abortion. In the The Revolution, operated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B, anthony, an anonymous contributor signing A wrote in 1869 about the subject, arguing that instead of merely attempting to pass a law against abortion, the root cause must also be addressed. Simply passing a law would, the writer stated, be only mowing off the top of the noxious weed. No matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death, the movement towards the liberalization of abortion law emerged in the 1920s and 30s in the context of the victories that had been recently won in the area of birth control. Stella Browne was a birth control campaigner, who increasingly began to venture into the more contentious issue of abortion in the 1930s. Brownes beliefs were influenced by the work of Havelock Ellis. In this case she argued that doctors should give free information about birth control to women that wanted to know about it and this would give women agency over their own circumstances and allow them to decide whether they wanted to be mothers or not. These talks urged women to take matters of their sexuality and their health into their own hands, in 1931 Browne began to develop her argument for women’s right to decide to have an abortion. On 17 February 1936, Janet Chance, Alice Jenkins and Joan Malleson established the Abortion Law Reform Association as the first advocacy organisation for abortion liberalization, the association promoted access to abortion in the United Kingdom and campaigned for the elimination of legal obstacles. In its first year ALRA recruited 35 members, and by 1939 had almost 400 members and this case gained a lot of publicity, however once the war began, the case was tucked away and the cause again lost its importance to the public. In 1938, Joan Malleson precipitated one of the most influential cases in British abortion law when she referred a pregnant fourteen-year old rape victim to gynaecologist Aleck Bourne and he performed an abortion, then illegal, and was put on trial on charges of procuring abortion. Bourne was eventually acquitted in Rex v. Bourne as his actions were. an example of disinterested conduct in consonance with the highest traditions of the profession. This court case set a precedent that doctors could not be prosecuted for performing an abortion in cases where pregnancy would probably cause mental and physical wreck
37.
New Jersey State Police
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The New Jersey State Police, is the state police force for the U. S. state of New Jersey. It is a police agency with statewide jurisdiction, designated by Troop Sectors. Legislation for its creation was first introduced in 1914, but it would not be until March 29,1921, with the passing of the State Police Bill, that a statewide police force was created. The first State Police class reported for training on September 1,1921, Training took place in Sea Girt, New Jersey on the same grounds as the current State Police Academy. Out of the 116 men who started training only 81 officers and troopers completed the training program. The State Police are also charged with the responsibility of protecting the Governor of New Jersey, Honor, Duty, Fidelity, the motto of the New Jersey State Police was adapted from the West Point motto Duty, Honor, Country. The triangular State Police logo and hat badge represents this motto, the badge has stars in each of its three corners and was created by New York jeweler Julius George Schwarzkopf, the father of founder Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf. The NJSP logo includes the year 1921, date of founding, the General Orders are the guiding principles of the State Police and provide historical bases for its rules and regulations. Training for recruits takes place at the State Police Academy located in Sea Girt, the academy is both physically and mentally demanding on the recruit. The recruits live at the academy during the week and are responsible for the upkeep of the barracks and academy grounds, as well as their equipment, the curriculum consists of ten units of study that increase in difficulty and complexity over the 26 weeks of training. Drop out rate for new recruits in the Academy is above or close to 35% per class, each recruit is provided a laptop computer with wireless Internet access which is used for researching the numerous assignments and topics covered in the curriculum. The Academy has a full-time librarian on staff to assist recruits with research, the curriculum consists of ten units of instruction. Each unit focuses on an aspect of law enforcement work that builds upon one another, beginning with simple tasks. Each recruit is required to both a written and practical examination at the end of each unit. The written examinations require a minimum passing score of 70%, the practical examinations are hands-on scenarios that require recruits to demonstrate proficiency in the subject matter and skills covered in the unit. The curriculum relies heavily on scenario based training and research assignments, Recruits are provided with approximately a two-hour study hall period every evening that is used to prepare for class, complete assignments, and study for examinations. Physical Training, Three two-hour sessions per week, running is a large component of the physical conditioning and reaches a maximum of five miles at an 8-minute pace. Muscular conditioning is also stressed and recruits must pass all physical tests, self-Defense, Consists of approximately 20 hours of active counter measures,28 hours of defensive tactics, and 18 hours of expandable straight baton instruction
38.
Camden, New Jersey
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Camden is a city in Camden County, New Jersey. Camden is located directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 77,344. Camden is the 12th most populous municipality in New Jersey, the city was incorporated on February 13,1828. On March 13,1844, Camden became a county seat in New Jersey, the city derives its name from Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. Camden is made up of twenty different neighborhoods. By the end of the nineteenth century Camden began to industrialize with the foundation of the Campbell Soup Company by Joseph Campbell, other companies such as the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and the Victor Talking Machine Company opened their operations and helped Camden move into an industrial economy. At the beginning of the twentieth century Camdens population consisted mostly of European immigrants, german, British, and Irish immigrants, as well as African Americans from the south made up the majority of the city in the mid nineteenth century. Around the turn of the twentieth century Italian and Eastern European immigrants had become the majority of the population, the city was consistently prosperous throughout the Great Depression and World War II. After World War II Camden manufacturers began closing their factories and moving out of the city, Camdens cultural history has been greatly affected by both its economic and social position over the years. With the loss of manufacturing jobs came a decline in population numbers. Suburbanization also had an effect on the drop in population, Civil unrest and crime became common in Camden with the decline in population. In 1971, civil unrest reached its peak with riots breaking out in response to the death of Horacio Jimenez, Camdens industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have affected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to two different nuisance industries, a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents, the Riverfront State Prison was opened in 1985, with the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water and these pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the citys residents. Pollution is an issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve
39.
Civil and political rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes
40.
Jim McGreevey
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James Edward Jim McGreevey is an American seminarian, politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 1992, as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township from 1991 to 2002 and he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1997 but was narrowly defeated by Republican incumbent Christine Todd Whitman. He ran again in 2001 and was elected by a large margin and this made McGreevey the first openly gay governor in United States history. McGreevey attended the General Theological Seminary in New York City to obtain his Master of Divinity degree and he volunteered service through Exodus Transitional Community to former prisoners seeking rehabilitation at the Church of Living Hope in New York City. In July 2013, McGreevey was appointed head of Jersey Citys Employment & Training Program, there he attended St. Joseph Elementary School, and St. Joseph High School in Metuchen. He attended The Catholic University of America before graduating from Columbia University in 1978 and he earned a law degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1981 and a masters degree in education from Harvard University in 1982. He also attended a program in law at the London School of Economics. McGreevey has a daughter, Morag, from his first marriage to Canadian Karen Joan Schutz and he has another daughter, Jacqueline, from his second marriage to Portuguese-born Dina Matos McGreevey. Dina Matos and McGreevey separated after he revealed that he was homosexual, the two lived in Plainfield, New Jersey. On March 14,2007, the Associated Press reported that McGreevey was seeking custody of Jacqueline, the divorce trial started on May 6,2008. On August 8, the divorce was granted, McGreevey received joint custody and pays child support. They will also be using a parenting coordinator, in her memoirs, Matos wrote that she would never have married McGreevey if she had known he was homosexual, nor would she have chosen to have a homosexual man father her child. In October 2015 McGreevy moved from Plainfield to Jersey City, creating rumors that he may run for mayor, prior to entering politics, McGreevey was an assistant prosecutor and executive director of the state Parole Board. McGreevey has taught ethics, law and leadership at Kean University in Union, McGreevey was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly, representing the 19th Legislative District from 1990 to 1992, when he became Mayor of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. He was re-elected mayor in 1995 and 1999 and he was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1993, simultaneously serving as mayor during the four-year Senate term. McGreevey first ran for governor in 1997, but was defeated in a race by the incumbent Republican Christine Todd Whitman. Libertarian candidate Murray Sabrin received slightly over 5% of the vote, McGreevey ran for the governorship again in 2001 and won with 56% of the vote, making him the first majority-elected governor since James Florio. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler, other candidates in the race included William E. Schluter, Jerry Coleman, Mark Edgerton, Michael Koontz, Costantino Rozzo and Kari Sachs
Christine Todd Whitman: Battle for the GOP Core, Fresh Air, January 27, 2005[36]
