1.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
2.
Carol Browner
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Browner previously served as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. Browner grew up in Florida and graduated from the University of Florida, after working for the Florida House of Representatives, she was employed by Citizen Action in Washington, D. C. She became an assistant for Senators Lawton Chiles and Al Gore. Browner then headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993 and she was the longest-serving administrator in the history of the EPA, staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency. During her tenure, she reorganized the agencys enforcement structure and oversaw two new programs designed to create partnerships with industry as an alternative to traditional regulation. She started a program to deal with contaminated lands in urban areas. Afterward, Browner became a member of the Albright Group. She also served on a number of boards of directors and committees dealing with environmental issues and her director role in the Obama administration was sometimes informally referred to as the Energy Czar or Climate Czar. She left her position in 2011 and the job itself was abolished shortly thereafter, born in Miami, Florida, Browner is the daughter of Isabella Harty-Hugues and Michael Browner, both of whom were professors at Miami Dade Community College, in social science and English respectively. Browner received her B. A. degree from the University of Florida in 1977 and she then graduated from the University of Florida College of Law with a J. D. degree in 1979. During 1980 and 1981, Browner worked as General Counsel for the Florida House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations, there she helped revise Floridas Conservation and Recreational Lands Program. In 1983, she moved to Washington, D. C. and worked as director for the national Citizen Action group. Browner met Michael Podhorzer, a specialist in health-care issues at Citizen Action and they married in 1987 and lived in Takoma Park, Maryland. They have a son, Zachary, born in 1987, between 1986 and 1988, Browner served as chief legislative assistant to Democratic U. S. In that role, she worked on a negotiation to expand Floridas Big Cypress National Preserve as well as on a ban on offshore drilling nearby the Florida Keys. During 1989, she served as a counsel for the Senate Committee on Energy. She was not averse to in-field investigation, and once dived in coastal waters to do research while pregnant, from 1988 to 1991, Browner worked as legislative director for Senator Al Gore, and became known as a Gore protégé. She helped prepare amendments to the Clean Air Act and managed Gores legislative staff, as Secretary of Environmental Regulation, Browner headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993, while living in Tallahassee
3.
Mike Leavitt
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Michael Okerlund Mike Leavitt is an American Republican politician. He served as the 14th Governor of Utah from 1993 to 2003, as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 2003 to 2005 and as Secretary of Health, Leavitt serves as a co-leader of the Prevention Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center. Leavitt was born in Cedar City, Utah, the son of Phyllis Anne, Leavitt graduated with a degree in business from Southern Utah University and married Jacalyn Smith. Leavitt is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Leavitt is a descendant of an old Massachusetts Puritan family, and a direct descendant of Dudley Leavitt, a Mormon pioneer. Leavitts business career started with his joining The Leavitt Group, an insurance company founded by his father. He rose to become the president and CEO and presided over a period of expansion. He was subsequently appointed to the boards of directors of local and regional companies, including Utah Power and Light. As a regent, he helped oversee Utahs nine public colleges and universities, for four years, he was chair of Southern Utah Universitys board of trustees. In 1976, Leavitt assisted his father, then a Utah state senator and he worked on a number of U. S. Senate campaigns through the 1980s for Jake Garn and Orrin Hatch. Leavitt first ran for governor in 1992 and he had tough competition in the Republican Party primary from Richard Eyre who had more delegates vote for him at the state Republican convention. He defeated Independent Party candidate Merrill Cook and Democratic nominee Stewart Hanson in the general election, a holiday fire shortly before noon on December 15,1993, destroyed much of the Utah Governors Mansion, but spared the lives of the first family and staff. Leavitt was re-elected in 1996 with the largest vote total in state history, while Governor, Leavitt and Roy Romer of Colorado were the two key founders of Western Governors University in 1997, one of the first exclusively online schools in the nation. In addition to Leavitt and Romer,17 other governors signed legislation creating the school as a private university. Leavitt came under criticism in 1998, while Governor, when asked why polygamy is not often prosecuted, he stated he was not sure. He was later forced to backpedal and claimed that polygamy should be against the law, in 2000, Leavitt became only the second Governor in Utah history to be re-elected to a third term. As Governor, he held positions in national and regional organizations, such as the Council of State Governments. On August 11,2003, President George W. Bush nominated Leavitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency at a conference in Aurora. He was confirmed on October 28,2003 by a vote of 88–8 in the United States Senate, on November 5, having resigned the governorship, Leavitt was sworn in as the 10th Administrator of the EPA
4.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
5.
James Florio
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James Joseph Jim Florio is a Democratic politician who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994, the first Italian American to hold the position. He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for 15 years between 1975 and 1990, Florio was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was a Protestant of Scottish, Irish, in Brooklyn, he attended Erasmus Hall High School. He attended Trenton State College and received a law degree from Rutgers School of Law–Camden and he served as an enlisted man in the United States Navy from 1955 to 1958, and afterwards was a reservist until 1975 eventually achieving the rank of lieutenant commander. After being admitted to the bar, Florio became the assistant city attorney for the City of Camden and he was the borough solicitor for the New Jersey towns of Runnemede, Woodlynne, and Somerdale from 1969 until 1974. In November 1974, Florio was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Jerseys 1st congressional district, in Congress, he was best known as the author of the Superfund legislation to clean up the most polluted sites in the country. He was the author of the Railroad Deregulation Law which saved the nations freight railroads and this legislation was a factor in the Dubai Ports World controversy in 2006. While in Congress, he would make three attempts to be elected Governor of New Jersey, in 1977,1981 and 1989, while Florios first attempt was unsuccessful, he did manage to win the Democratic nomination in 1981. Florios loss in the 1981 general election was the closest in New Jersey history and he declined to run against Kean in 1985, and in 1989 he finally won both the nomination. During his campaign, Florio said You can write this statement down, Florio won the election over Republican Jim Courter with 61% of the vote. The Florio administration started during the late 1980s recession and thus faced a budget deficit, faced with a projected 1991 deficit of $3 billion, Florio asked for a $2.8 billion tax increase. It was the largest increase of any state in U. S. history, the money generated would balance the budget, increase property tax relief programs, and increase education spending in the Abbott districts. Governor Florio also eliminated 1,500 government jobs and cut perks for state officials, Florio also redistributed hundreds of millions of dollars of school aid to urban and rural districts away from suburban districts. The aid cuts fell the most heavily in northern NJ, especially Bergen County, West Essex, East Morris, Union counties and on the Jersey Shore. A grassroots taxpayer revolt sprouted in 1990, spearheaded by a group named Hands Across New Jersey founded by John Budzash. Budzash was a frequent guest on radio and television shows throughout New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania speaking out against the new taxes. Florio was a topic on active anti-tax broadcasting from talk radio stations New Jersey 101.5 to Curtis Sliwas AM radio talk show and Bob Grants AM radio talk show. Bumper stickers with Impeach Florio and Florio Free in 93 were seen around the state, after the Republican takeover of the state legislature Florio faced increased pressure to reduce taxes and preserve aid for suburban school districts
6.
Donald DiFrancesco
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Donald Thomas DiFrancesco was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. He served as Scotch Plains Municipal Attorney, DiFrancesco was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1975. He won a contested Republican primary, defeating former Assemblyman Arthur Manner by 1,067 votes and he defeated incumbent Democratic Assemblywoman Betty Wilson by 2,387 votes. He was re-elected in 1977 by a margin of 4,709 votes, diFrancsco won a 1979 special election for State Senator when the Republican incumbent, Peter J. McDonough resigned. He defeated his running mate, Assemblyman William J. Maguire at the Union County Republican Convention, in general election and he was re-elected in 1981,1983,1987,1991,1993 and 1997. DiFrancesco ran for Senate Minority Leader after the 1981 elections, eschewing the traditional rotation of leadership posts and he defeated James P. Vreeland, who had served as Assistant Minority Leader during the previous session. DiFrancescos attempt to win GOP control of the house in 1983 was unsuccessful. After Republicans won a majority of seats in the 1991 election, DiFrancesco used a strategy and beat the sitting Minority Leader, John H. Dorsey. DiFrancesco, a senator representing the Scotch Plains area, became governor when Christine Todd Whitman resigned from office to join the administration of newly elected President George W. Bush. At the time of Whitmans resignation, the New Jersey Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while serving as acting governor. This made DiFrancesco, in his own words, the most powerful New Jersey governor ever because he was the leader of both the State Senate and executive branch simultaneously and this distinction was shared by later acting governors John O. Bennett and Richard Codey. DiFrancescos title was officially Acting Governor until it was changed retroactively by legislation passed on January 10,2006, DiFrancesco initially planned to run for a full term as governor in the 2001 election. Democratic Woodbridge Mayor Jim McGreevey and Republican Jersey City Mayor Bret Schundler also sought the governorship, polls showed DiFrancesco with a commanding lead over the more conservative Schundler in the primary, but trailing McGreevey with a large number of undecided voters. DiFrancesco abruptly withdrew from the race in April 2001 after a number of news stories emerged concerning his past legal. Under New Jersey law, a candidate can designate a replacement to appear on the ballot in the event of his/her withdrawal, DiFrancesco presently serves on the Commerce Bancorp board of directors and is a partner in a law firm. He resides with his wife and children in Warren Township, New Jersey, New Jersey Governor Donald T. DiFrancesco, National Governors Association
7.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
9.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
10.
Wheaton College (Massachusetts)
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Wheaton College is a four-year, private liberal arts college with a student body of approximately 1,600. Wheatons residential campus is located in Norton, Massachusetts, between Boston, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island, founded in 1834 as a female seminary, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States. In 1912, the officially changed the name of the institution to Wheaton College after receiving a college charter from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The school began admitting men in 1988, after more than 150 years as a female-only institution, most classes are relatively small, the student-faculty ratio is 11,1 and the average class size is between 15 and 20. In 1834, Eliza Wheaton Strong, the daughter of Judge Laban Wheaton, Eliza Baylies Chapin Wheaton, the judges daughter-in-law, persuaded him to memorialize his daughter by founding a female seminary. The family called upon noted womens educator Mary Lyon for assistance in establishing the seminary, miss Lyon created the first curriculum with the goal that it be equal in quality to those of mens colleges. She also provided the first principal, Eunice Caldwell, Wheaton Female Seminary opened in Norton, Massachusetts on 22 April 1835, with 50 students and three teachers. Mary Lyon and Eunice Caldwell left Wheaton to open Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837, following their departure, Wheaton endured a period of fluctuating enrollment and frequent changes in leadership until 1850, when Caroline Cutler Metcalf was recruited as the new principal. Mrs. Metcalf made the hiring of outstanding faculty her top priority, ellen Stanton, a teacher of French since 1871, served as principal from 1880 to 1897. She led the Seminary during a time, when it faced competition from increasing numbers of public high schools. In 1897, at the suggestion of Eliza Baylies Wheaton, the Trustees hired the Reverend Samuel Valentine Cole as the Seminarys first male president, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts granted Wheaton a college charter in 1912, and the trustees changed the name of the school to Wheaton College. The Student Government Association was organized to represent the consensus of opinion of the student body, and to encourage individual responsibility, integrity. Wheaton received authorization to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1932, President Samuel Valentine Cole died suddenly, following a brief illness, in 1925. During his career as Wheaton President, Cole oversaw the expansion of the campus from three to twenty-seven buildings, the growth of enrollment from 50 to 414, and the establishment of an endowment, on the campus, Cole Memorial Chapel is named after him. Its approximate geographical coordinates are, 41°582.01 N and he retired in 1944, and was succeeded by Dartmouth College Professor of History Alexander Howard Meneely. During his tenure, the Trustees voted to expand the size of the college from 525 to 800-1000 students, President Meneely died in 1961, following a long illness, and was succeeded in 1962 by William C. H. Prentice, a professor and administrator at Swarthmore College. In the early 1960s, Wheaton successfully completed its first endowment campaign, the development of new campus continued, and student enrollment grew to 1,200
11.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
13.
Far Hills, New Jersey
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Far Hills is a borough in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. Far Hills is a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold, Far Hills encompasses nearly 5 square miles in Somerset County, encircled by the equally upscale communities of Bedminster Township, Peapack-Gladstone, Bernards Township, and Bernardsville. It shares a community pool, athletic programs, civic organizations, and it shares a public library, a fire department and a first aid squad with neighboring Bedminster Township. The beginning of service to nearby Bernardsville in 1870, opened the area to city people seeking a respite from the heat. Evander H. Schley, a developer and real estate broker from New York, purchased thousands of acres in Bedminster. One day in 1887, Schleys brother, Grant, and his wife, Elizabeth, Elizabeth is said to have remarked on the beautiful vista of the far hills, thus giving the name to the place before a village was built. According to the United States Census Bureau, Far Hills borough had an area of 4.881 square miles. The borough borders the Somerset County municipalities of Bedminster Township to the west, Bernards Township to the east, Bernardsville to the northeast, the climate in the area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Far Hills has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 919 people,376 households, the population density was 191.6 per square mile. There were 418 housing units at a density of 87.1 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 58% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.02. In the borough, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,4. 9% from 18 to 24,19. 7% from 25 to 44,35. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45.5 years, for every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.6 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $125,833 and the median family income was $202,083. Males had an income of $177,083 versus $76,250 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $93,495, about 3. 6% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 3% of those under age 18 and 4. 8% of those age 65 or over
14.
Wolf's Head (secret society)
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Wolfs Head Society is a senior society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Membership recomposes annually with fifteen or sixteen Yale University students, typically rising seniors, the delegation spends its year together answerable to an alumni association. The society remains relevant among current undergraduates, the society changed its name to Wolfs Head five years later. The effort was aided by over 300 Yale College alumni and a few Yale Law School faculty, in part to counter the dominance of Skull and Bones Society in undergraduate, the founding defeated the last attempt to abolish secret or senior societies at Yale University. The Third Societys founding was motivated in part by sentiment among some outsiders that they deserved insider status, certain limited number were firmly convinced that there had been an appalling miscarriage of justice in their individual omission from the category of the elect, some founders agreed. Before the founding in 1780 at Yale of the Alpha chapter, by the 1830s, the campus literary societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and Calliope had lost stature. Calliope folded in 1853, and the shut down after the American Civil War. Calliope, Linonia, and Brothers in Unity existed respectively, 1819-1853, 1768-1878, from the mid-1840s until 1883, several societies were started, but each failed to sustain the interest of Academical Department, or liberal arts, students at Yale College. Star and Dart, Sword and Crown, Tea-Kettle, Spade and Grave, Phi Beta Kappa was inactive at Yale from 1871 to 1884. In the 1820s, Anti-Masonic agitation across the United States prompted PBK to examine the role of secrecy in its proceedings, secrecy was soon shelved at the Yale chapter. Associated with PBKs national reorganization in 1881, secrecy disappeared as a signature among all chapters, quelling rivalry with collegiate fraternities, clubs, PBK exists today, without any secrecy, as an academic honor society. Beginning in the 1850s the Yale undergraduate student body grew more diverse, the college was becoming an institution of national rather than regional importance. Students who hailed from environs beyond New England or who were not Congregationalist or Presbyterian entered the college in large numbers, the faculty was dominated by alumni of Bones, numbering four out of five faculty members between 1865 and 1916. Bones alumni were university secretaries from 1869 to 1921, Bones alumni were university treasurers for forty-three of the forty-eight years between 1862 -1910. In 1873, The Iconoclast, a student paper published once,13 October and it opined, Out of every class Skull and Bones takes its men. They have obtained control of Yale. Its business is performed by them, money paid to the college must pass into their hands, and be subject to their will. It is Yale College against Skull and Bones. We ask all men, as a question of right, which should be allowed to live, the Class of 1884 agreed to support another revolt against the society system with a vote of no confidence to coincide with its graduation. It had been understood that the society system was beyond reform, a spirited defense of the society system appeared in the May 1884 issue of The New Englander, authored and published by members of Scroll and Key
15.
Chase Bank
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The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively
16.
Rockefeller Center
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Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
17.
Radio City Music Hall
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Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue located in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its nickname is the Showplace of the Nation, and it was for a time the leading tourist destination in the city and its interior was declared a city landmark in 1978. It is notable as being the headquarters for the dance company. The 12-acre complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center was developed between 1929 and 1940 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. on land leased from Columbia University. The Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone and its originally planned name was International Music Hall. The names Radio City and Radio City Music Hall derive from one of the complexs first tenants, Radio City Music Hall was a project of Rockefeller, Samuel Roxy Rothafel, who previously opened the Roxy Theatre in 1927, and RCA chairman David Sarnoff. The Music Hall opened to the public on December 27,1932 with a stage show featuring Ray Bolger, Doc Rockwell. The opening was meant to be a return to high-class variety entertainment, the new format was not a success. The program was long, and individual acts were lost in the cavernous hall. On January 11,1933, the Music Hall converted to the format of a feature film. The film-plus-stage-spectacle format continued at the Music Hall until 1979, with four complete performances presented every day, plans for alternate uses for the structure included converting the theater into tennis courts, a shopping mall or the American Stock Exchange. Joining forces with the media and political allies, including New York Lt. Gov. Mary Anne Krupsak, they challenged the Rockefeller establishment, against all odds, to save The Showplace of the Nation. On March 28,1978 New York Citys Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the interior of Radio City Music Hall a landmark guaranteeing that the building would remain a theatre, on May 12,1978, Radio City Music Hall was placed on The National Register of Historic Places. Regular film showings at Radio City ended in 1979 and in 1980, after a renovation, Radio City Music Hall is currently leased to and managed by The Madison Square Garden Company. Movie premieres and feature runs have occasionally taken place such as the Harry Potter film series. The Radio City Christmas Spectacular continues to be an important annual event, starting in 2013, however, the Tony Awards will be the only major televised awards ceremony at Radio City, as the Video Music Awards relocated permanently to the Barclays Center that year. Radio City has 5,933 seats for spectators, and additional seating can be placed on the pit elevator during events that do not require that space bringing the capacity to over 6,000. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, the interior of the theater with its austere Art Deco lines represented a break with the ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time
18.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
19.
Oldwick, New Jersey
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Tewksbury Township is a township located in Hunterdon County, New Jersey and is located within the New York Metropolitan Area. Tewksbury was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, portions of the township were taken to form Califon borough. Portions of the township were acquired from Readington Township in 1832 and 1861, the townships name is thought to be from Tewkesbury, England, and the two established a sister city relationship in 2003. The original settlers were of English extraction, however, a large German contingent settled in the area around 1749 and theirs became the strongest influence when Tewksbury became a township. The enclave of Oldwick, with a mixture of Victorian, Federal, New England, zion Lutheran Church in Oldwick is the oldest German Lutheran parish in New Jersey. Oldwick is home to Mane Stream, a Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship Premier Accredited Center for therapeutic horseback riding. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 31.699 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,993 people,2,189 households, the population density was 190.1 per square mile. There were 2,323 housing units at a density of 73.7 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 49% of the population,15. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.05. In the township, the population was out with 25. 3% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,15. 2% from 25 to 44,38. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47.3 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.7 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $160,224 and the median family income was $189,833. Males had an income of $128,177 versus $90,833 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $91,644, about 0. 9% of families and 1. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 3% of those under age 18 and 1. 9% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,541 people,1,986 households, the population density was 175.2 people per square mile. There were 2,052 housing units at a density of 64.9 per square mile
20.
1956 Republican National Convention
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The 1956 Republican National Convention was held by the Republican Party of the United States at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California, from August 20 to August 23,1956. Senator William F. Knowland was temporary chairman and former speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin Jr. served as permanent chairman and it renominated President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard M. Nixon as the partys candidates for the 1956 presidential election. Eisenhower was expected to be renominated by acclamation at the Convention until a lone delegate decided to vote for a candidate named Joe Smith. He voted the same when Nixon was nominated, on August 23,1956, singer Nat King Cole spoke at the Republican Convention
21.
Chapin School
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The Chapin School is an all-girls independent day school located in Manhattan in New York City. Maria Bowen Chapin opened Miss Chapins School for Girls and Kindergarten for Boys, the school originally enrolled 78 students, who were taught by seven teachers. Chapin ran the educational side of “Primary Classes for Girls, ” while Wetmore ran the business end, the two ended their partnership in 1901, and “Miss Chapin’s School” was born. Chapins first high school diplomas were granted in 1908, and the last boys attended in 1917, at her request, the name of the school changed to the Chapin School after she died, in 1934. Chapin is located at 100 East End Avenue, at East 84th Street, Chapins school was originally located at 12 West 47th Street. In 1905, the moved to East 58th Street. In 1910, it moved to East 57th Street, the school has maintained its current location on the Upper East Side since 1928. Sixty girls start in kindergarten, where they are divided into three classes, each K class has two teachers, with regular use of teaching specialists There are about 265 girls in the Upper School, where they are taught by 53 faculty members. Traditionally, Chapin did not make an effort to replace girls who left the school, in recent years, girls are more readily accepted into Chapins middle and upper schools, leading to graduating classes of around 55. While the lower school program combines progressive and traditional characteristics, the school curriculum is considered to be a traditionally rigorous liberal arts program. There are multiple requirements, including at least one modern language, while a small school, Chapin offers 15 Advanced Placement courses and a total of 36 elective courses in grades 10-12. Elective courses may cover topics such as neuroscience, pharmacology, directing lab or Greek, Upper school students may take up to 2 electives per trimester. Many girls do independent studies or study abroad programs, particularly through Chapins exchange programs with the St. Hilda’s Anglican School for Girls, since 2011, Chapin has worked with the Kibera School for Girls in Nairobi, Kenya, developing curriculum ideas and visiting each others campuses. Chapin is also an affiliate member of the Online School for Girls. New York Interschool courses are offered in advanced math, leadership, mentorship derives from multiple sources, including faculty advisors and peer leaders. While some Chapin girls live on the Upper East Side near the school, others hail from other parts of Manhattan, as well as Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, New Jersey, Westchester, the student-to-teacher ratio is 6.8 to 1. Twenty-one percent of the girls receive tuition assistance, amounting to over $5 million per year, the Chapin robotics team is a collaborative effort with neighboring girls school, Brearley. Girls are also welcome to start up new clubs during the school year, There are 18 athletic teams at Chapin, including 15 varsity sports
Christine Todd Whitman: Battle for the GOP Core, Fresh Air, January 27, 2005[36]
