1.
Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
2.
Austria
–
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
Austria
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First appearance of the word "ostarrichi", circled in red. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation.
Austria
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Flag
Austria
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Venus of Willendorf, 28,000 to 25,000 BC.
Museum of Natural History Vienna
Austria
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"Heidentor" – Remains of the
Roman military city of
Carnuntum
3.
German nationality law
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German nationality law is the law governing the acquisition, transmission and loss of German citizenship. The law is based on a mixture of the principles of jus sanguinis, Naturalisation is also possible for foreign nationals after six to eight years of legal residence in Germany. However, non-EU and non-Swiss citizens must usually renounce their old citizenship before being naturalised in Germany, citizens of other EU countries and of Switzerland usually can keep their old citizenship. Some EU countries do not allow dual citizenship even with other EU countries, for details, see section Dual citizenship. A significant reform to the nationality law was passed by the Bundestag in 1999, the reformed law makes it somewhat easier for foreigners resident in Germany on a long-term basis, and especially their children born in Germany, to acquire German citizenship. The previous German nationality law dated from 1913, Nationality law was amended by the Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany, these amendments were revoked after the defeat of Nazism by an Allied occupational ordinance in 1945. Germany ratified the European Convention on Nationality, which came into force in Germany on 1 September 2005, all German nationals are automatically also citizens of the European Union. Before the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the states became part of the empire were sovereign with their own nationality laws. On 13 March 1938 the German nationality law was extended to Austria following the Anschluss which annexed Austria to Germany, any Austrians who had held German nationality lost it. The Nazi amendments of 1934 and the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were revoked by Allied occupational ordinance in 1945, restoring the 1913 nationality law, until 1990 ethnic Germans living abroad in a country in the former Eastern Bloc could obtain citizenship through a virtually automatic procedure. From 1990 the law was steadily tightened each year to limit the number of immigrants, requiring immigrants to prove language skills, Article 116 entitles persons, who were denaturalised by the Nazi government, to be renaturalised if they wish. Those among them, who after May 8,1945 take up residence in Germany are automatically considered German citizens, both regulations, and, allowed a considerable numbers of Poles and Israelis, residing in Poland and Israel, to be concurrently German citizens. In order to retain German citizenship, such children are required to take affirmative measures by age 23, parents who are citizens of European Economic Area states or Switzerland are eligible to receive permanent resident permits after five years. A person born of a parent with German citizenship at the time of the birth is a German citizen. Place of birth is not a factor in citizenship determination based on parentage and those born after 1 January 1975 are Germans if the mother or father is a German citizen. Those born before 1 January 1975 could normally only claim German citizenship from the father, exceptions included cases where the parents were unmarried or where the German mother applied for the child to be registered as German on or before 31 December 1977. Special rules exist for those born before 1 July 1993 if only the father is German and is not married to the mother, the father must acknowledge paternity and must have married the mother before 1 July 1998. Exceptions are, The child would be stateless, the German parent registers the childs birth within one year of birth to the responsible German agency abroad
German nationality law
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Contents
4.
Austrian nationality law
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Austrian citizenship is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis. In other words, one usually acquires Austrian citizenship if a parent is Austrian, birth in Austria does not in itself confer Austrian citizenship. However it may lead to a reduction in the requirement for naturalisation as an Austrian citizen. Foundlings under the age of 6 months are legally presumed to have Austrian citizenship, a child born to two Austrian parents is an Austrian citizen, regardless of the parents marital status. If the parents are married at the time of birth, Austrian citizenship of either the mother or the father is sufficient, so long as the child was born after 1 September 1983. For children born prior to date, the father must have been an Austrian citizen, children born to an Austrian mother married to a non-Austrian father do not qualify. If the parents are not married, a mother automatically passes on Austrian citizenship, a father passes on citizenship if he acknowledges paternity or a court does so within eight weeks of the birth. Should the parents marry at some time after the birth, citizenship is granted to the child retroactively. If the child is over 14 at that time, however and it is possible to apply for Austrian citizenship by naturalization after 10 years of continuous residence in Austria. Naturalization as an Austrian citizen based on 10 years of residence is discretionary. Some persons are entitled to Austrian citizenship by a process than naturalization. Minor children of a person granted Austrian citizenship are most often granted Austrian citizenship as well, the marriage must have lasted for a minimum of 5 years. The spouse applicant must also have lived in Austria with a settlement permit for a minimum of 6 years and this is so far the most restrictive law among all the European Union member countries about the foreign spouses obtaining the member states citizenship. A person who has lived in Austria for 30 years, or 15 years in cases of sustained personal and occupational integration, is entitled to grant of Austrian citizenship. Former citizens of Austria who lost citizenship other than by renunciation or deprivation may be granted Austrian citizenship after 1 years residence in Austria, Austrian citizenship must have been possessed for 10 years before it was lost. A person who lost Austrian nationality as a child may re-acquire it by declaration within 2 years of turning 18, austrias entry into the European Union meant that citizens of other member countries now enjoyed the same rights to access to employment as Austrians. This meant that the automatic conferment of citizenship on professors was valid only for citizens of non-EU states 5, however, since September 1,2001, postings for university professorships are to be advertised exclusively as private-sector employment 6. Therefore, the requirement of automatic conferment of citizenship on foreign-nationals named to professorships was rendered obsolete and this article was therefore determined to be no longer valid by the First Federal Constitutional Cleanup Law of January 4,2008
Austrian nationality law
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Contents
5.
Max Reinhardt Seminar
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The Max Reinhardt Seminar is the School of Drama at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna, Austria. Initially, this Seminar was taught at the Schönbrunner Schlosstheater, the theatre in the Schönbrunn Palace. After Reinhardts emigration in 1937, the moved to the nearby Palais Cumberland in 1940. From 1948 until 1954, Helene Thimig directed the Seminar, after the second semester, the students specialize into various branches of acting and directing. Student performances are staged at the Schlosstheater
Max Reinhardt Seminar
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Reinhardt Seminar in Palais Cumberland
6.
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American director, writer, and actor. His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friends Birthday and its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction, a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics, for his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown, an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch. Tarantino directed Death Proof as part of a feature with friend Robert Rodriguez. His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds, which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germanys political leadership, was released in 2009 to positive reviews, after that came 2012s critically acclaimed Django Unchained, a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South. It became the film of his career so far, making over $425 million at the box office. Tarantinos films have garnered critical and commercial success. He has received industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme dOr, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005, Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him the single most influential director of his generation. In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry, Tarantino was born on March 27,1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry, Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentins mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles and she married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived, in 1966, Tarantinos mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the part of the city. Tarantinos mother married musician Curtis Zastoupil soon after coming to Los Angeles, and the moved to Torrance. Zastoupil encouraged his love of movies, and accompanied him to film screenings. Tarantinos mother allowed him to see movies with adult content, such as Carnal Knowledge, after his mother divorced Zastoupil in 1973, and received a misdiagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma, Tarantino was sent to live with his grandparents in Tennessee. He remained there for six months to a year, before returning to California
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Tarantino at the 2015
San Diego Comic-Con International.
Quentin Tarantino
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Tarantino has had a number of collaborations with director
Robert Rodriguez.
Quentin Tarantino
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Tarantino in 2009
Quentin Tarantino
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Tarantino in Paris in January 2013, at the French premiere of
Django Unchained.
7.
Hans Landa
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Colonel Hans Landa is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. He is portrayed by German-Austrian actor Christoph Waltz, for his performance, Waltz won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the Best Actor Award at Cannes Film Festival. Standartenführer Hans Landa is an Austrian SS officer assigned to the Sicherheitsdienst and he is nicknamed The Jew Hunter in reference to his keen ability to locate Jews hiding throughout Occupied France. Egotistical and ambitious, Landa takes a deal of pride in his reputation, lauding his nickname the Jew hunter. When the tide of the war turns against the Nazis, he scoffs at it, alluding that his job is to find and capture people, Landa is cruel, highly intelligent, sadistic, opportunistic, relentless and ruthless but when needed, charming and polite. He uses a methodical and Holmesian approach in his search for hidden Jews. Besides speaking German, he is fluent in at least English, French. He is also sarcastic and seems to have a knowledge, albeit flawed, of English language idioms, such as Thats a Bingo. or If the shoe fits, Landa is an opportunistic sociopath, acting only out of pure self-interest. In the beginning of the film, he subscribes to Nazi ideology as a means to power and wealth, having been a member of the Austrian Nazi party at least since 1934. By the end of the film, he breaks his oath to Hitler, and switches sides to assist the Basterds in assassinating Adolf Hitler. Quentin Tarantino has said that Landa might be the greatest character he has ever written and he originally wanted Leonardo DiCaprio for the part. The director then decided to have the character played by a German actor, Waltz stated that he was most impressed with the dialogue and the depth of the character. Waltz describes Landas character as one who has an understanding of how the world works, Waltz won the Best Actor Award at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival for his performance. Due to his role as Hans Landa, Waltz has received offers from directors to play roles in their films. In January 2010, Waltz won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and that same month he won a Screen Actors Guild Award in the same category. On February 2, Waltz was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, on February 21, Waltz won the BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor. On March 7, Waltz won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Hunter Stephenson of Slashfilm describes Landas calabash as an unsubtle metaphor of masculinity, and describes his love of milk as being leftover from an age of innocence and a primal link. Hans Landa has been compared to other characters in fiction
Hans Landa
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Col. Hans Landa
8.
Inglourious Basterds
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Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 American-German war film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino starring Brad Pitt, Christoph Waltz and Mélanie Laurent. Christoph Waltz co-stars as Hans Landa, an SS colonel tracking down Raines group, the films title was inspired by Italian director Enzo G. Castellaris macaroni combat film, The Inglorious Bastards. Tarantino wrote the script in 1998 but struggled with the ending and chose to hold off filming, after directing Death Proof in 2007, Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds. A co-production of the United States and Germany, the film began principal photography in October 2008 and was filmed in Germany, Inglourious Basterds premiered on May 20,2009, at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival. It was widely released in theaters in the United States and Europe in August 2009 by The Weinstein Company, the film was commercially successful, grossing over $321 million in theaters worldwide, making it Tarantinos highest-grossing film at that point, and second-highest to date, after Django Unchained. It received multiple awards and nominations, among them eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. For his role as Landa, Waltz won the Cannes Film Festivals Best Actor Award, as well as the BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild, Golden Globe, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1941, SS colonel Hans Landa interrogates French dairy farmer Perrier La Padite as to the whereabouts of the last unaccounted-for Jewish family in the area. In exchange for the Germans agreeing to leave his family alone for the rest of the war, Landa orders SS soldiers to shoot through the floorboards. The family is killed except for Shosanna, a woman who escapes. Three years later, Lieutenant Aldo Raine of the First Special Service Force recruits Jewish-American soldiers to the Basterds, the Basterds also recruit Sergeant Hugo Stiglitz, a German soldier who murdered thirteen Gestapo officers. Adolf Hitler interviews a German soldier, Private Butz, the survivor of a Basterd attack on his squad. Raine carved the Nazi swastika into Butzs forehead with a knife so he could never hide that he served in the German Heer, Shosanna is operating a cinema in Paris under an assumed name. She meets Fredrick Zoller, a German sniper who killed 250 soldiers in a battle, Zoller is to star in a Nazi propaganda film. Infatuated with Shosanna, Zoller convinces Joseph Goebbels to hold the premiere of the film at her cinema, Shosanna plots with her projectionist and lover, Marcel, to kill the Nazi leaders attending the premiere by setting the cinema ablaze. Unknown to Shosanna, British Army Lieutenant Archie Hicox is working with the Basterds to plan an attack on the same premiere, Hicox goes to a tavern with Hugo Stiglitz and Basterd Wilhelm Wicki to meet an undercover agent, the German film star Bridget von Hammersmark. Hicox draws the attention of Wehrmacht Sergeant Wilhelm then Gestapo Major Dieter Hellstrom with his uncommon accent, Hicox eventually gives himself away by ordering three drinks and gesturing three with his hand, Hellstrom knows that Germans gesture three with the thumb and first two fingers extended. Discovered, Stiglitz and the Basterds open fire, killing everyone in the tavern except Sergeant Wilhelm, Raine arrives and negotiates with Sergeant Wilhelm for Hammersmarks release, but she shoots Wilhelm when he lowers his guard
Inglourious Basterds
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Theatrical release poster
Inglourious Basterds
–
Christoph Waltz at the
2009 Cannes Film Festival
Inglourious Basterds
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Eli Roth,
Mélanie Laurent, and producer
Lawrence Bender at a premiere for the film in August 2009
Inglourious Basterds
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Cast and crew at the
2009 Cannes Film Festival
9.
Bounty hunter
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A bounty hunter is a person who captures fugitives and criminals for a monetary reward. The term bounty hunting is now not often used or liked by many in the due to its historical context. While bounty hunters may be skiptracers as well, bounty hunting is a civil matter, when undertaking arrest warrants, agents may wear bullet-resistant vests, badges and other clothing branded with BAIL ENFORCEMENT AGENT, or similar titles. Many agents also use two-way radios to communicate each other. Many agents arm themselves with firearms, or, sometimes, with lethal weapons, such as tasers, batons. In the United States, the National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents is the association representing this industry. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for 100% of the bail amount. This is a way of ensuring clients arrive at trial, as of 2003, bounty hunters claimed to catch 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail. Bounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets depending on which states they operate in, barring restrictions applicable state by state, a bounty hunter may enter the fugitives private property without a warrant in order to execute a re-arrest. A bounty hunter cannot, however, enter the property of other than the fugitive without a warrant or the owners permission. In some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, in other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and license. This may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, as of 2012 Nebraska and Maine in addition to the aforementioned Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon and Wisconsin prohibited surety bail bonds. Another three states, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, as well as the District of Columbia heavily restrict bounty hunting, some of the more advanced schools offer specialized training in the area of tactical firearms to prepare BEAs for conducting dangerous recovery operations. Illinois abolished commercial bail, so it has no bail bondsmen, Kentucky prohibits bounty hunting in any form. Only a peace officer may make an arrest on a warrant that is issued in NCIC and this is because the state does not have a system of bail bondsmen. Earlier in state history, it was allowed, louisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as one. As of 2012 Maine prohibited surety bail bonds, as of 2012 Nebraska prohibited commercial bail bonds. A Nevada bounty hunter is referred to as an enforcement agent or bail enforcement solicitor
Bounty hunter
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The Afro-Brazilian bounty hunter looking for escaped slaves, 1823, by
Johann Moritz Rugendas.
10.
Django Unchained
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Set in the Old West and Antebellum South, it is a highly stylized tribute to Spaghetti Westerns, in particular the 1966 film Django by Sergio Corbucci, whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance. Development of Django Unchained began in 2007 when Tarantino was writing a book on Sergio Corbucci, by April 2011, Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company. Casting began in the summer of 2011, with Michael K. Williams, principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California, Wyoming and Louisiana. Django Unchained premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11,2012, the film was nominated for several film industry awards, including five Academy Awards. Waltz won several awards for his performance, among them Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globes, BAFTAs, Tarantino won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA award for writing the films original screenplay. The film grossed over $425 million worldwide in theaters against its $100 million budget, in 1858 Texas, the Speck brothers, Ace and Dicky, drive a group of black slaves on foot. Among the shackled slaves is Django, sold off and separated from his wife, the Speck brothers are stopped by Dr. King Schultz, a German dentist-turned-bounty hunter from Düsseldorf, who asks to buy one of the slaves. He questions Django about his knowledge of the Brittle brothers, a group of outlaws for whom Dr. Schultz is carrying a warrant, when Ace becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz, a superior gunslinger, kills Ace with a fast draw. Dr. Schultz insists on honorably paying Dicky a fair price for Django before leaving him at the mercy of the newly-freed slaves, as Django can identify the Brittle brothers, Dr. Schultz offers him his freedom in exchange for help tracking them down. After tracking and killing the Brittles to a plantation owned by Spencer Big Daddy Bennett and they are also briefly hunted by Big Daddy but Dr. Schultz deceives and kills most of his gang with an explosive in their carriage, as Django kills Big Daddy himself. Dr. Schultz explains that he responsible for Django since Django is the first person he has ever freed. Now fully trained, Django collects his first bounty, keeping the handbill for good luck, Dr. Schultz and Django meet Calvin at his gentlemans club in Greenville and submit their offer to buy one of his best fighters. Intrigued, Calvin invites them to his ranch at Candyland, after finding Broomhilda and telling her of their plan, Dr. Schultz claims to be charmed by her and offers to buy her as well. During dinner, Calvins staunchly loyal house slave Stephen becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz agrees, and the papers for her freedom are drawn up and signed. Calvin smugly insists that the deal be sealed through a handshake, when Calvin threatens to kill Broomhilda, Dr. Schultz kills Calvin by shooting him in the heart with a concealed derringer. As Stephen mourns over Calvins death, Butch, Calvins bodyguard, kills Dr. Schultz by shooting him with a shotgun, an extensive gunfight begins, and Django guns down a great number of his opponents before surrendering when Broomhilda is taken hostage. The next morning, Stephen tells Django that Calvins sister, Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly, is in charge now, en route to the mine, Django proves to his escorts that he is a bounty hunter by showing them his handbill. The escorts release him and give him a pistol, which he uses to kill them before stealing a horse and returning to Candyland with a bag of dynamite
Django Unchained
–
Theatrical release poster
Django Unchained
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Jamie Foxx,
Christoph Waltz,
Kerry Washington and
Samuel L. Jackson in Paris at the film's France premiere, January 2013.
Django Unchained
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Tarantino in Paris at the film's French premiere, January 2013
Django Unchained
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Django's valet costume was inspired by
Thomas Gainsborough 's 1770 oil painting,
The Blue Boy.
11.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Walter Brennan was the first winner in this category for 1936's
Come and Get It; He would also win for his roles in
Kentucky (1938) and
The Westerner (1940).
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Van Heflin won in 1942 for his performance in
Johnny Eager.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
George Sanders won for his role in 1950's
All About Eve.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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Karl Malden won in 1951 for
A Streetcar Named Desire.
12.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
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Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
13.
The Zero Theorem
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The story centres on Qohen Leth, a reclusive computer genius working on a formula to determine whether life holds any meaning. Some have called it the part of The Brazil Trilogy. Nevertheless, one can regard the film as the third of a satirical dystopian trilogy or Orwellian triptych begun with 1985s Brazil. The film began production in October 2012, Qohen Leth, an eccentric programmer who refers to himself in the plural, is assigned to crunch entities for a company named Mancom. Finding himself suffering existential angst, Qohen constantly waits for a phone call, wanting to meet with Management, Qohen attends a party held by his supervisor, Joby. Attempting to leave the party, Qohen is pressed into staying by Joby and, spending months as a hermit whilst working on the program, he is diagnosed with numerous conditions by Shrink-ROM, and begins suffering nightmares involving a black hole. Frustrated with his work, Qohen smashes his computer with a hammer, Qohen confides in Bainsley that he believes he accidentally hung up a call that would have given him the meaning of life, and has desperately been waiting for a call-back ever since. Qohen is then visited by Bob, the son of Management. Bob repairs his computer, reveals Management is spying on him, after Qohen insists he will cease working on the Zero Theorem, Bob promises to get him his call if he continues. Having received a VR suit from Bainsley, Qohen interacts with her virtual reality. When Qohen asks if the sun in the horizon ever sets, visited again by Bob, Qohen, to his distaste, learns the Zero Theorem aims to prove life is meaningless through the Big Crunch theory. Digitally connecting to Bainsley again, Qohen is comforted by her, when Bob then takes his suit to repair it, Qohen connects to Bainsley unannounced, only to discover she is a webcam stripper. Bob returns with Qohens suit, now repaired, and reveals his phone call is only a delusion, and admits his Dr. Shrink-ROM was only designed to identify his pathology rather than treat it. Qohen is visited by Bainsley, who apologizes for deceiving him, but claims she fell in love with him, despite Bainsleys offer to elope. Qohen, discussing his problems with Bob, discovers Bobs health is radically declining, caring for Bob, Qohen finds a hidden camera in his bathroom mirror, and begins to uncover and smash Managements cameras. Despite barricading his home, Management employees break in and take Bob away, visited by Joby, Qohen is berated by him, as his actions got Joby fired. Qohen dons his now repaired virtual reality suit and connects to his computer, appearing at the Neural Net Mancive, Qohen is greeted by an image of Management, who notes that Bob is hospitalized because of his declining health, which is due to a chronic illness. Management explains he chose Qohen to solve the Zero Theorem as he was its effective antithesis, Management then disappears, apologizing as he no longer needs Qohen, angered, Qohen smashes the Neural Net, collapsing it and revealing a black hole inside
The Zero Theorem
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Theatrical release poster
14.
Walter Keane
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Walter Stanley Keane was an American plagiarist, who became famous in the 1960s, as the claimed painter of a series of widely reproduced paintings depicting vulnerable waifs with enormous eyes. The paintings were in fact painted by his wife Margaret Keane, when she made this fact public, Walter Keane retaliated with a USA Today article that again claimed he had done the work. In 1986 Margaret Keane sued Walter and USA Today, in the subsequent slander suit, the judge demanded that the litigants paint a painting in the courtroom, but Walter declined, citing a sore shoulder. Margaret then produced a painting for the jurors in 53 minutes, the jury awarded her damages of $4 million. Keane was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, in October 7,1915 and his mother, Alma Christina Keane, was from Denmark, and his father, William Robert Keane, was of Irish descent. Keane grew up near the center of Lincoln and made money by selling shoes, in the early 1930s, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he attended Los Angeles City College. He moved to Berkeley, California, in the 1940s with his wife, Barbara and their first child, a son, died shortly after birth in the hospital. In 1947, they had a baby girl, Susan Hale Keane. In July 1948, Walter and Barbara bought the stately John J. Cairns House at 2729 Elmwood Avenue, designed by Berkeley architect Walter H. Ratcliff, in 1948, the Keanes traveled to Europe, living in Heidelberg and later Paris. The ballroom of their home became an assembly line of hand-painted wide-eyed wooden puppets. The puppets were sold in stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue. Barbara Keane later became head of her own department in dress design at the University of California, Walter Keane subsequently closed both his real estate firm and the toy company, in order to work full-time on his painting. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1952, at a fairground in 1953, Walter met an artist making charcoal sketches, Margaret Ulbrich. Margaret married Walter Keane in 1955 and they separated on November 1,1964. During their marriage and for a time afterward, Walter sold his wifes highly stylized big eyes paintings as his own, Walter Keane married his third wife, Joan Mervin, after his divorce from Margaret in 1965. They had two children in the early 1970s, while living in London and this marriage also ended in divorce. Keane was 85 when he died on December 27,2000 in Encinitas, Keane first displayed Margarets paintings as his own work in 1957, at an outdoor art show being held in Washington Square in Manhattan. The paintings swiftly developed a following, in 1961, The Prescolite Manufacturing Corporation bought Our Children and presented it to the United Nations Childrens Fund
Walter Keane
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Walter Keane
15.
Big Eyes
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Big Eyes is a 2014 American biographical film directed by Tim Burton, written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski and starring Amy Adams and Christoph Waltz. Big Eyes had its premiere in New York City on December 15,2014 and was released on December 25,2014 in the U. S. by The Weinstein Company. Waltz was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance, in 1958, Margaret leaves her husband and takes her young daughter Jane to North Beach, San Francisco. Supporting her daughter alone, Margaret gets a job painting illustrations at a furniture factory, while creating portraits at an outdoor art show, Margaret meets Walter Keane, who is selling his Parisian street scene paintings. Soon, Walter proposes to her and they marry, Walter goes to a popular jazz club and tries to convince the clubs owner, Enrico Banducci, to purchase the couples paintings. He only agrees to rent out the walls to Walter, a drunk woman is touched by one of Margarets paintings and buys it. Walter fights with Banducci and ends up on the front page of the local newspaper, when Walter goes to the club again it is packed with curious people. Dick Nolan, a celebrity gossip columnist, wants to more about Walters art. Afterward, Walter shows Margaret all the money they have made from the sales and he tells her they are a great team, she can stay at home painting and he will sell her works. Walter opens up his own Keane gallery, promoting the art as his own work, Margaret becomes more upset about Walter taking credit for her art and lying to Jane about who is the real artist. Margaret decides to paint in a different style with elongated features and small eyes, Margaret and Walter move into a mansion. While going through a crate Margaret finds a stack of paintings of Parisian street scenes and she realizes Walter paints over the name of the original artist and claims the paintings as his own. Margaret confronts Walter, he confesses saying he wanted to be an artist. Walter learns of the New York Worlds Fair and demands Margaret paint something to put on display, she refuses, Jane discovers her mother working on the Worlds Fair painting Tomorrow Forever. Jane tells her mother she knew that she was the real artist. At a party, Walter is angered after reading John Canadays scathing review of the Tomorrow Forever exhibit, back at home Walter is still enraged and starts throwing lit matches at Margaret and Jane. They run into the studio and lock the door, one year later, Margaret and Jane have settled in Honolulu, Hawaii. Walter will not agree to a divorce unless Margaret signs over the rights to every painting, Margaret agrees and continues sending paintings to California
Big Eyes
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Theatrical release poster
16.
James Bond (literary character)
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Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics, Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections, although the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. The Bond character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond has a number of traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food and drink. There have also other authors who wrote one book each, Kingsley Amis, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd. Additionally, a series of novels based on Bonds youth—Young Bond—was written by Charlie Higson, as spin-offs from the literary works, there was a television adaptation of the first novel, Casino Royale, in which Bond was played as an American agent. A comic strip also ran in the Daily Express newspaper. There have been 26 Bond films, seven actors have played Bond in these films, the central figure in Ian Flemings work was the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Service. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris and he finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels, the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped, sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov. Distinct similarities between the protagonist in The Life Line, Mark Chalmers and James Bond have been highlighted by spy writer, Nigel West. On another occasion Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, after Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke. In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bonds cover name while on missions, Bonds number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligences key achievements of World War I, the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael
James Bond (literary character)
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Ian Fleming 's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the
Daily Express comic strip artists.
James Bond (literary character)
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James Bond,
ornithologist; provider of Bond's name
James Bond (literary character)
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Fleming compares Bond's appearance to
Hoagy Carmichael.
James Bond (literary character)
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Eton College: Bond's alma mater for two halves.
17.
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and a supervillain from the James Bond series of novels and films, created by Ian Fleming. A criminal with aspirations of world domination, he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond, Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE and is commonly referred to as Number 1, an official numerical position given to members of SPECTRE. The character was written by Fleming as a physically massive man, standing around 6 ft 3 in and weighing 21.6 stone. He also appears in Never Say Never Again, the remake of Thunderball. Blofeld has been played on screen by Donald Pleasence, Telly Savalas, Charles Gray, Max von Sydow and it was initially a convention of the films not to show Blofelds face, only a close-up of him stroking his white blue-eyed Persian cat. Evil and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth, Ian Fleming includes information about Blofelds background in his novel Thunderball. After the First World War, Blofeld became a Polish national, as a young man, he was well-versed in the social science disciplines, but also in the natural science and technology disciplines. He first graduated from the University of Warsaw with a degree in Political History and Economics and he was then hired by the Polish Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and appointed to a sensitive communication position, which he used for buying and selling stocks at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Correctly foreseeing the coming of World War II, Blofeld made copies of top-secret wires, during the war, he sold information to both sides. After the defeat of Erwin Rommel, he decided to back the Allied war effort, Blofeld then moved temporarily to South America before founding SPECTRE. In the John Gardner novel For Special Services, Blofeld is depicted as having had a daughter with a French mistress named Nena and it is commonly believed that the name Blofeld was inspired by the English cricket commentator Henry Blofelds father, with whom Fleming went to school. Henry Blofeld offered on the BBC Radio 4 series Just a Minute that Ian took my fathers name as the name of the baddie, Blofeld makes three appearances in Ian Flemings novels. He first appears in a role as the leader of SPECTRE in the 1961 novel Thunderball. The plot that he formulates is carried out by his second-in-command Emilio Largo, Blofeld is described physically as a massive man, weighing roughly 20 stone, has black crew-cut hair, black eyes, heavy eyelashes, a thin mouth, and long pointed hands and feet. He has violet-scented breath from chewing flavoured cachous, a habit he adopts whenever he must deliver bad news, a meticulous planner of formidable intellect, he seems to be without conscience but not necessarily insane, and is motivated solely by financial gain. Blofelds lifestyle is described in one chapter in Thunderball, For the rest, he didnt smoke or drink and he didnt even eat very much. Blofeld is absent from the novel, The Spy Who Loved Me. Perhaps less calculating than previously, he is saddled with the exploitable weakness of snobbery about his assumed nobility
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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Donald Pleasence as Blofeld in
You Only Live Twice (1967).
18.
Spectre (2015 film)
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Spectre is the 24th instalment in the James Bond film series and the twenty-sixth overall. It was produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures and it is Daniel Craigs fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltzs first as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the characters re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, with a written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film, the film marks Spectres first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971s Diamonds Are Forever, with Christoph Waltz playing the organisations leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Spectre was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015, with locations in Austria and it was released in the United States one week later, on 6 November. Upon its release, the film received positive reviews from critics. The theme song, Writings on the Wall, performed by the British singer Sam Smith won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, Spectre grossed over a total of $880 million worldwide, the second largest unadjusted income for the series after its predecessor Skyfall. Following Gareth Mallorys promotion to M, James Bond takes leave from MI6 and he attacks Marco in a helicopter and before pushing him out, shoves him out of the helicopter grabs his ring which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. C campaigns for Britain to form Nine Eyes, a surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative. Bond disobeys Ms order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarras funeral and that evening he seduces Sciarras widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections to which her husband belonged. Bond uses Sciarras ring to infiltrate a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, when Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he is pursued across the city by Spectres assassin, Mr. Hinx. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier, Bond locates White in Austria, where he learns that White is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who take him to LAméricain. Bond approaches Swann, and after rescuing her from Hinx, the two meet Q, through Sciarras ring, Q forensically links Oberhauser to Bonds previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that LAméricain is a hotel in Tangier, the two travel to the hotel and discover White left evidence directing them to Oberhausers operations base in the desert. After an encounter with Hinx that sees the assassin killed, Bond, there, Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has been funding the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate, Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history, after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhausers father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Bond and Swann overpower him and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to die
Spectre (2015 film)
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Theatrical release poster
Spectre (2015 film)
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Christoph Waltz plays Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the film's villain.
Spectre (2015 film)
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At the age of 50,
Monica Bellucci became the oldest actor to be cast as a
Bond girl.
Spectre (2015 film)
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Sam Mendes returned as director.
19.
Bond film
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The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond,007, who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, in that time Eon Productions has produced 24 films, most of them at Pinewood Studios. With a combined gross of over $7 billion to date, the produced by Eon constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series. Six actors have portrayed 007 in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig, Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman co-produced most of the Eon films until 1975, when Broccoli became the sole producer. The single exception during this period was Thunderball, on which Broccoli, from 1984 Broccoli was joined by his stepson Michael G. Wilson as producer and in 1995 Broccoli stepped aside from Eon and was replaced by his daughter Barbara, who has co-produced with Wilson since. Broccolis family company, Danjaq, has ownership of the series through Eon. The Eon series has seen continuity both in the actors and in the production crews, with directors, writers, composers, production designers. No to For Your Eyes Only, the films were distributed solely by United Artists, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer absorbed United Artists in 1981, MGM/UA Entertainment Co. was formed and distributed the films until 1995. MGM solely distributed three films from 1997 to 2002 after United Artists was retired as a mainstream studio, Feldman, and a 1983 remake of Thunderball entitled Never Say Never Again, produced by Jack Schwartzman, who had obtained the rights to the film from McClory. It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett, Bennett was well known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock, including The 39 Steps and Sabotage. Due to the restriction of a play, the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book, although it retained its violence. The hour-long Casino Royale episode, which starred American actor Barry Nelson as Bond and Peter Lorre as the villain Le Chiffre, in 1959 producer Albert R. Cubby Broccoli at Warwick Films expressed interest in adapting the Bond novels, but his colleague Irving Allen was unenthusiastic. Towards the end of Saltzmans option period, screenwriter Wolf Mankowitz introduced him to Broccoli, a number of Hollywood studios did not want to fund the films, finding them too British or too blatantly sexual. Eventually the two signed a deal with United Artists for 100 per cent financial backing and distribution of seven films, Saltzman and Broccoli also created the company Danjaq, which was to hold the rights to the films which Eon Productions was to produce. Eon had originally intended to film Flemings novel Thunderball first, but Kevin McClory took Fleming to the High Court in London for breach of copyright over the book, and so Eon decided to film Dr. Eon asked several directors—Bryan Forbes, Guy Green, Val Guest and Guy Hamilton—to helm the film, Eon had originally hired Wolf Mankowitz and Richard Maibaum to write Dr. Nos screenplay, partly because of Mankowitzs help in brokering the deal between Broccoli and Saltzman. An initial draft of the screenplay was rejected because the scriptwriters had made the villain, Dr. No, a monkey, and Mankowitz left the film. To play the role of Bond, Sean Connery was not Broccoli or Flemings first choice, but he was selected after Patrick McGoohan had turned down the role
Bond film
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John Barry composed the scores of 11 Bond films between 1963 and 1987.
Bond film
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Roald Dahl, who wrote the script for
You Only Live Twice
Bond film
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Sean Connery in
Amsterdam in July 1971, filming for the seventh Bond film
Diamonds are Forever.
Bond film
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George Martin scored the music for
Live and Let Die.
20.
Rudolf von Urban
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Rudolf R. von Urbantschitsch, later Rudolf von Urban, was an Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist who researched human sexuality. Born in Vienna, his father Viktor Urbantschitsch was a physician and his uncle, Carl Fröschl, was a portrait painter. Rudolf von Urban studied at the Vienna Theresianum, graduating in 1898 and, early in his career, with Noordens support he opened the prestigious Wiener Cottage Sanatorium as a clinic for the aristocracy in 1908. Fleeing political conditions he moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1936 and he wrote the book Sex Perfection and Marital Happiness. His work describes a type of flow of energy that is possible between couples when orgasm is avoided and sexual intercourse is prolonged. The findings of his research indicate that improved over-all health and well-being are a result of engaging in Sex Perfection, the methods advocated are similar to those of J. William Lloyd, Alice Bunker Stockham, as well as many of the tenets of Tantra. With his first wife, Fritzi Rosali Persicaner, he had two children, Hans and Gretel, by his second wife, actress Maria Mayen, he had a daughter, Elizabeth. He was later married to Virginia Jacqueline MacDonald and his grandson is Academy Award-winning actor Christoph Waltz. Rudolf von Urban died in Carmel, California, aged 85
Rudolf von Urban
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Wiener Cottage Sanatorium building, Vienna, 1908
21.
Burgtheater
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The Burgtheater, originally known as K. K. Theater an der Burg, then until 1918 as the K. K, hofburgtheater, is the Austrian National Theatre in Vienna and one of the most important German language theatres in the world. The theatre opened on 14 March 1741, the creation of the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa of Austria who wanted a theatre next to her palace and her son, Emperor Joseph II, called it the German National Theatre in 1776. Three Mozart operas premiered there, Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Le nozze di Figaro, beginning in 1794, the theatre was called the K. K. Beethovens 1st Symphony premiered there on 2 April 1800, the last performance, in October 1888, was of Goethe’s Iphigenie auf Tauris The theatres first building adjoined the Hofburg at Michaelerplatz, opposite St. Michaels Church. The theatre was moved to a new building at the Ringstraße on 14 October 1888 designed by Gottfried Semper and Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer. On 12 March 1945 the Burgtheater was largely destroyed in a bombing raid, after the war, the theatre was restored between 1953 and 1955. The classic Burgtheater style and the Burgtheater-German language were trend-setting for German language theatres, before 1776 the theatre had been leased from the state by Johann Koháry. The curator Joseph Keglevich declared the bankruptcy of the theatre in 1776, the benchmark for the directors became the finances of the house. Finally, Ferdinánd Pálffy became the tenant 1794-1817, his finances had come from the institute in Banská Štiavnica the first technical university in the world. The Burgtheater remained a traditional stage with a distinct culture until the late 1960s. From the early 1970s on, it became a venue for some of Europes most important stage director, W. Fischer, Paul Hörbiger, Otto Tausig, Peter Weck, Fritz Muliar, and Christoph Waltz. Particularly deserving artists may be designated honorable members and their names are engraved in marble at the bottom end of the ceremonial stairs at the side of the theatre facing the Volksgarten. Members of honor include, Annemarie Düringer, Wolfgang Gasser, Heinrich Schweiger, Gusti Wolf, Klaus Maria Brandauer and Michael Heltau. Among the staged and costume designers were Fritz Wotruba, Luciano Damiani, Pier Luigi Pizzi, Ezio Frigerio, Franca Squarciapino, Josef Svoboda, Anselm Kiefer, Moidele Bickel, and Milena Canonero. Notable performances, The world premiere of Des Feux dans la Nuit in 1999 at the Burgtheater, was the first solo created for a man by internationally acclaimed choreographer Marie Chouinard, raimund Theater Theater in der Josefstadt Volkstheater Wien Akademietheater Burgtheater homepage Burgtheater information and photography
Burgtheater
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Burgtheater
Burgtheater
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The old Burgtheater (before 1888)
Burgtheater
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Burgtheater (right after its construction)
Burgtheater
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Burgtheater (side)
22.
Lee Strasberg
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Lee Strasberg was a Polish-born American actor, director, and theatre practitioner. He was born in a part of Galicia, Austrian Poland and he co founded, with directors Harold Clurman and Cheryl Crawford, the Group Theatre in 1931, which was hailed as Americas first true theatrical collective. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute has its own sets of entrance criteria required for admission into their program. Former student Elia Kazan directed James Dean in East of Eden, as a student, Dean wrote that Actors Studio was the greatest school of the theater the best thing that can happen to an actor. Playwright Tennessee Williams, writer of A Streetcar Named Desire, said of Strasbergs actors and they communicate emotions they really feel. They give you a sense of life, directors such as Sidney Lumet, a former student, have intentionally used actors skilled in Strasbergs method. Kazan, in his autobiography, wrote, He carried with him the aura of a prophet, a magician, a doctor, a psychoanalyst. Was the force held the thirty-odd members of the theatre together. Today, Ellen Burstyn, Al Pacino, and Harvey Keitel lead this nonprofit studio dedicated to the development of actors, playwrights and he also appeared in. And Justice for All. Strasbergs personal papers, including photos, are archived at the Library of Congress, Lee Strasberg was born Israel Strassberg in Budzanów in Austrian Poland, to Jewish parents, Baruch Meyer Strassberg and his wife, Ida, née Diner, and was the youngest of three sons. His father emigrated to New York while his family remained in their village with an uncle. His father, who worked as a presser in the garment industry, sent first for his eldest son, finally, enough money was saved to bring over his wife and his two remaining sons. In 1909, the family was reunited on Manhattans Lower East Side, a relative introduced him to the theater by giving him a small part in a Yiddish-language production being performed by the Progressive Drama Club. He later joined the Chrystie Street Settlement Houses drama club, when he was 23 years old, he enrolled in the Clare Tree Major School of the Theater. He became a naturalized United States citizen on January 16,1939, had his life-shaping revelation when Stanislavski brought his Moscow Art Theatre to the United States in 1923. He had seen good acting before, of course, but never an ensemble like this with actors completely surrendering their egos to the work. E observed, first of all, that all the actors, whether they were playing leads or small parts, worked with the same commitment, no actors idled about posing and preening. More important, every actor seemed to some sort of unspoken, yet palpable
Lee Strasberg
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Strasberg in 1976
Lee Strasberg
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Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio
Lee Strasberg
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Strasberg acting with
Al Pacino in
Godfather II
Lee Strasberg
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Strasberg in 1978
23.
Stella Adler
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Stella Adler was an American actress and acting teacher. She founded the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York City and Los Angeles with longtime protégée, actress Joanne Linville, the Los Angeles school continues to function as an acting studio and houses several theaters. Alumni of the Stella Adler-Los Angeles school include Mark Ruffalo, Benicio Del Toro, Brion James, Salma Hayek, Clifton Collins Jr. Stella Adler was born in the Lower East Side of New York City. She was the youngest daughter of Sara and Jacob P. Adler, the sister of Luther and Jay Adler, all five of her siblings were actors. Adler became the most famous and influential member of her family and she began acting at the age of four as a part of the Independent Yiddish Art Company of her parents. Adler began her career at the age of four in the play Broken Hearts at the Grand Street Theatre on the Lower East Side. She grew up acting alongside her parents, often playing roles of boys and her work schedule allowed little time for schooling, but when possible, she studied at public schools and New York University. She made her London debut, at the age of 18, as Naomi in Elisa Ben Avia with her fathers company, in London, she met her first husband, Englishman Horace Eliashcheff, their brief marriage, however, ended in a divorce. Adler made her English-language debut on Broadway in 1922 as the Butterfly in The World We Live In, in 1922–23, the renowned Russian actor-director Konstantin Stanislavski made his only U. S. tour with his Moscow Art Theatre. Adler and many others saw these performances, which had a powerful and lasting impact on her career, members of Group Theatre were leading interpreters of the method acting technique based on the work and writings of Stanislavski. In 1934, Adler went to Paris with Harold Clurman and studied intensively with Stanislavski for five weeks, during this period, she learned that Stanislavski had revised his theories, emphasizing that the actor should create by imagination rather than memory. Upon her return, she broke away from Strasberg on the aspects of method acting. In January 1937, Adler moved to Hollywood, there, she acted in films for six years under the name Stella Ardler, occasionally returning to the Group Theater until it dissolved in 1941. She also taught at the New School, and the Yale School of Drama, for many years, Adler led the undergraduate drama department at New York University, and became one of Americas leading acting teachers. Stella Adler was much more than a teacher of acting, through her work she imparts the most valuable kind of information—how to discover the nature of our own emotional mechanics and therefore those of others. She never lent herself to vulgar exploitations, as some other well-known so-called methods of acting have done, as a result, her contributions to the theatrical culture have remained largely unknown, unrecognized, and unappreciated. —Marlon Brando In 1988, she published The Technique of Acting with a foreword by Marlon Brando, from 1926 until 1952, she appeared regularly on Broadway. Her later stage roles include the 1946 revival of He Who Gets Slapped, among the plays she directed was a 1956 revival of the Paul Green/Kurt Weill antiwar musical Johnny Johnson
Stella Adler
–
Adler in
Shadow of the Thin Man (1941)
24.
Salzburg Festival
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The Salzburg Festival is a prominent festival of music and drama established in 1920. It is held each summer within the Austrian town of Salzburg, one highlight is the annual performance of the play Jedermann by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Since 1967, an annual Salzburg Easter Festival has also been held, Music festivals had been held in Salzburg at irregular intervals since 1877 held by the International Mozarteum Foundation, but were discontinued in 1910. Although a festival was planned for 1914, it was cancelled at the outbreak of World War I, the Salzburg Festival was officially inaugurated on 22 August 1920 with Reinhardts performance of Hofmannsthals Jedermann on the steps of Salzburg Cathedral, starring Alexander Moissi. The practice has become a tradition, and the play is now performed at Cathedral Square, since 1921 it has been accompanied by several performances of chamber music. The first operatic production came in 1922, with Mozarts Don Giovanni conducted by Richard Strauss, the singers were mainly drawn from the Wiener Staatsoper, including Richard Tauber in the part of Don Ottavio. At that time the festival had developed a large-scale program including live broadcasts by the Austrian RAVAG radio network. During the years from 1934 to 1937 famed conductors such as Arturo Toscanini, in 1936, the festival featured a performance by the Trapp Family Singers, whose story was later dramatized as the musical and film The Sound of Music. In 1937, Boyd Neel and his orchestra premiered Benjamin Britten’s Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge at the Festival, the Festivals popularity suffered a major blow as a consequence of the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. Toscanini resigned in protest, artists of Jewish descent like Reinhardt and Georg Solti had to emigrate, nevertheless, the festival remained in operation until in 1944 it was cancelled by the order of Reich Minister Joseph Goebbels in reaction to the 20 July plot. At the end of World War II, the Salzburg Festival reopened in summer 1945 immediately after the Allied victory in Europe. The post-war festival slowly regained its prominence as an opera festival, especially for works by Mozart. In 1960 the Great Festival Hall opera house opened its doors, upon Karajans death in 1989, the festival was drastically modernized and expanded by director Gerard Mortier, who was succeeded by Peter Ruzicka in 2001. In 2006, the festival was led by intendant Jürgen Flimm and that year, Salzburg celebrated the 250th anniversary of Mozarts birth by staging all 22 of his operatic works, to great acclaim. All 22 were filmed and released on DVD in November 2006, the 2006 festival also saw the opening of the Haus für Mozart. Alexander Pereira succeeded Flimm, who departed in 2011 to become director of the Berlin State Opera, Pereiras objective for the festival was to present only new productions. The 2015 festival marked the first one for which Bechtolf was responsible for the artistic programming, budget cuts led to a retreat from Pereiras new productions only objective. The remaining four opera productions—Norma, Il trovatore, Iphigénie en Tauride, the Salzburg Whitsun Festival was established at the behest of Herbert von Karajan in 1973 as a brief concert series with the name Pfingstkonzerte
Salzburg Festival
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Brigitte Hobmeier in
Klaus Händl 's Meine Bienen. Eine Schneise, Salzburg Festival 2012
Salzburg Festival
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Felsenreitschule theatre
Salzburg Festival
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Plácido Domingo,
Francesco Meli,
Anna Netrebko and
Diana Haller in the new production of
Il trovatore at the 2014 festival
Salzburg Festival
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Great Festival Hall entrance at Herbert-von-Karajan-Platz in Salzburg, Austria
25.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
European Union
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In 1989, the
Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to
expand further (
Berlin Wall pictured).
European Union
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Flag
European Union
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2009, the
Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
European Union
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The 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (
Cyprus).
26.
Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
Brussels
–
A
collage with several views of Brussels, Top: View of the
Northern Quarter business district, 2nd left: Floral carpet event in the
Grand Place, 2nd right:
Brussels City Hall and
Mont des Arts area, 3rd:
Cinquantenaire Park, 4th left:
Manneken Pis, 4th middle:
St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, 4th right:
Congress Column, Bottom:
Royal Palace of Brussels
Brussels
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Charles of Lorraine founded what would become Brussels c. 979
Brussels
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Grand Place after
the 1695 bombardment by the French army
Brussels
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Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830,
Wappers (1834)
27.
Schutzstaffel
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The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party in Nazi Germany. It began with a guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed, under his direction, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, surveillance. The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS and Waffen-SS, the Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing, whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units of troops within Nazi Germanys military. A third component of the SS, the SS-Totenkopfverbände, ran the concentration camps, additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst organizations. The SS was the organization most responsible for the killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews. Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II, the SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. After Nazi Germanys defeat, the SS and the NSDAP were judged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg to be criminal organizations, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the highest-ranking surviving SS officer at the time, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in 1946. By 1923, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler had created a volunteer guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz to provide security at their meetings in Munich. The same year, Hitler ordered the formation of a bodyguard unit dedicated to his personal service. He wished it to be separate from the mass of the party, including the paramilitary Sturmabteilung. The new formation was designated the Stabswache, originally the unit was composed of eight men, commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold, and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a Freikorps of the time. The unit was renamed Stoßtrupp in May 1923, the Stoßtrupp was abolished after the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt by the NSDAP to seize power in Munich. In 1925, Hitler ordered Schreck to organize a new bodyguard unit and it was tasked with providing personal protection for Hitler at NSDAP functions and events. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to an organization and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel. Officially, the SS marked its foundation on 9 November 1925, the new SS was to provide protection for NSDAP leaders throughout Germany. Hitlers personal SS protection unit was enlarged to include combat units
Schutzstaffel
–
Adolf Hitler inspects the
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler upon arrival at
Klagenfurt, April 1938.
Heinrich Himmler is standing slightly behind Hitler's right
Schutzstaffel
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SS flag
Schutzstaffel
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Nazi supporters and stormtroopers in Munich during the
Beer Hall Putsch, 1923
Schutzstaffel
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Heinrich Himmler, head of all SS organisations, stated, "Once the Führer himself has made a decision and given the order, it must be carried out, not only according to the word and the letter, but also in spirit."
28.
2009 Cannes Film Festival
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The 62nd annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 13 May –24 May 2009. French actress Isabelle Huppert was the President of the Jury and it was announced on 19 March 2009, that Pixars film Up would open the festival. This marked the first time that a film or a film in 3-D opened the festival. * First animated film ever to open the festival, the following films competed for the Palme dOr
2009 Cannes Film Festival
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The poster shows a still from the film
L'avventura by
Michelangelo Antonioni.
2009 Cannes Film Festival
–
The members of the international competition's jury.
29.
67th Golden Globe Awards
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The 67th Golden Globe Awards was telecasted live from the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on Sunday, January 17,2010 by NBC, from 5,00 PM –8,00 PM and 8, 00PM –11,00 PM. The ceremonies were hosted by Ricky Gervais, and were broadcast live for the first time, nominations were announced on December 15,2009. Among films, Up in the Air led with six nominations, followed by Nine with five and Avatar, television programs receiving multiple nominations include Glee, Dexter, Damages, Mad Men, House, and 30 Rock. Avatar, Up and Crazy Heart were the movies, with each winning two awards. Avatar won awards for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director, Up for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Score, martin Scorsese was presented with the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures and these are the nominees for the 67th Golden Globe Awards. Winners are listed at the top of each list.4 ratings share among 18–49 years old demographic, the averaged viewers was up 14% and it gained a 12% rise among 18–49 demographic rating share versus last year telecast. The 67th Golden Globe telecast of NBC presents the network its biggest non-sports viewership in the Sunday slot in six years
67th Golden Globe Awards
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Jeff Bridges, Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama winner
67th Golden Globe Awards
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Sandra Bullock, Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama winner
67th Golden Globe Awards
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Robert Downey, Jr., Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy winner
67th Golden Globe Awards
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Meryl Streep, Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy winner
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