1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
5.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
6.
Cameo-Parkway Records
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Cameo-Parkway Records was the parent company of Cameo Records and Parkway Records, which were major American Philadelphia-based record labels from 1956 and 1958 to 1967. Among the types of music released were doo-wop, dance hits, popular/rock, rockabilly, big band, garage rock, soul, until 1962 Cameo was also the parent company name for both labels, and Parkway was a subsidiary. In 1962 the parent company was renamed from Cameo to Cameo-Parkway, in some foreign markets Cameo-Parkway was also a label name, issuing records by artists from both labels. Today the Cameo-Parkway catalogue is owned by ABKCO Records, Cameo Records was founded in December 1956 in Philadelphia by Bernie Lowe and Kal Mann. Parkway, initially a subsidiary label, was formed in 1958, dave Appell joined the label from its inception as A&R director, and the three worked together as a production team on many early Cameo releases. Lowe, also a musician, played piano on many early tracks, the first hit for Cameo was Butterfly by Charlie Gracie, which reached #1 nationally in early 1957, it was also Cameo-Parkways first of five chart-toppers. Throughout the remainder of the decade Cameo continued to have hits by groups like the R&B group the Rays, who had a #3 hit with Silhouettes later that year. In 1958 the label had further hits with Dinner With Drac, a novelty record by John Zacherle in the top 10, and Mexican Hat Rock, a major factor in Cameo-Parkways success was its relationship with the Philadelphia-based TV program American Bandstand. The label benefited tremendously from the arrangement, as the exposure many Cameo-Parkway artists received on American Bandstand helped propel them to stardom, in 1959 Bobby Rydell scored his first hits with Kissin Time and We Got Love on Cameo. From 1960 to 1964, Rydell was the second largest hit maker after Chubby Checker, scoring with such hits as Wild One, Swingin School, Volare, The Cha-Cha-Cha, Forget Him. In 1960 Checkers cover of Hank Ballards The Twist became Parkways first big hit, although Ballards version only reached #16 on the R&B chart in 1958, Checkers version went to #1 in 1960, and again in early 1962. Checker had several hits, including Pony Time, Lets Twist Again, The Fly, Slow Twistin, Limbo Rock, Popeye, Birdland, around 1961 the Cameo and Parkway labels began developing some new stars. You Cant Sit Down, a version of the Phil Upchurch instrumental hit, was #35 in Cash Box magazines year end-survey for 1963. The R&B quartet the Orlons released The Wah-Watusi, which hit #2 in the summer of 1962 and they had a few more top 20 hits, including Dont Hang Up, South Street, Not Me and Crossfire. Fifteen-year-old Dee Dee Sharp had done a duet with Chubby Checker on Slow Twistin and it went to #2 in the spring of 1962. More dance songs followed, including the follow-up Gravy and another dance song, in the summer of 1963 the #1 hit So Much in Love by the smooth R&B group the Tymes marked the last hit from Cameo-Parkways peak period. In early 1964, three near-simultaneous events sent Cameo-Parkway into a decline from which it would never fully recover. The first was the move of American Bandstand from Philadelphia to Los Angeles in February, suddenly, Cameo-Parkways primary source of national exposure and promotion was gone
7.
MCA Records
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MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
8.
Twist (dance)
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The twist is a dance that was inspired by rock and roll music. From 1959 to the sixties it became the first worldwide dance craze, enjoying immense popularity among all people. It inspired dances such as the Jerk, the Pony, the Watusi, the Mashed Potato, the Monkey, and the Funky Chicken, but none were as popular. Having seen teenagers in Tampa, Florida doing the dance, Hank Ballard wrote The Twist and released it as the B-side of Hank Ballard and The Midnighters 1959 single Teardrops on Your Letter. The dance became passe among teenagers as it became acceptable among adults, a world record was set in DeLand, Florida, on October 11,2012, when Chubby Checker sang the song live and the crowd danced. An estimated 4,000 people twisted along with Checker, surpassing the previous Guinness World Record for most people twisting in the streets at once, the twist is performed by standing with the feet approximately shoulder width apart. The torso may be squared to the knees and hips, or turned at an angle so one foot is farther forward than the other, the arms are held out from the body, bent at the elbow. The hips, torso, and legs rotate on the balls of the feet as a single unit, the feet grind back and forth on the floor, and the dance can be varied in speed, intensity, and vertical height as necessary. Occasionally one leg is lifted off the floor for styling, but generally the dance posture is low, the moves include the mashed potato, swimming, drowning, twisting, arm swing and single leg twist. According to Time, the scarcely ever touch each other or move their feet. The use of the name twist for dancing goes back to the nineteenth century, according to Marshall and Jean Stearns in Jazz Dance, a pelvic dance motion called the twist came to America from the Congo during slavery. One of the hit songs of early blackface minstrelsy was banjo player Joel Walker Sweeneys Vine Twist, but the twist at this point was basically grinding the hips. In his Winin Boy Blues in the late 1930s, Jelly Roll Morton sang, Mama, mama, look at sis, shes out on the levee doing the double twist. In the 1953 song Let the Boogie Woogie Roll, Clyde McPhatter and the Drifters sang, When she looked at me her eyes just shined like gold, and when she did the twist she bopped me to my soul. Released in summer 1960, Checkers rendition of The Twist became number one on the chart in the United States in 1960. In 1961, at the height of the craze, patrons at New Yorks Peppermint Lounge on West 45th Street were twisting to the band, a local group from Jersey, Joey Dee. Their song, The Peppermint Twist became number one in the United States for three weeks in January 1962, in 1962 Bo Diddley released his album Bo Diddleys A Twister. He recorded several Twist tracks, including The Twister, Bos Twist, and Mama Dont Allow No Twistin, in Latin America, the twist caught fire in the early 1960s, fueled by Bill Haley & His Comets
9.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
10.
The Twist (song)
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The Twist is an American pop song written and originally released in early 1959 by Hank Ballard and the Midnighters as a B-side to Teardrops on Your Letter. Ballards version was a moderate 1960 hit, peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100, Chubby Checkers 1960 cover version of the song gave birth to the Twist dance craze. In 1988, The Twist again became popular due to a new recording of the song by The Fat Boys featuring Chubby Checker and this version reached number 2 in the United Kingdom and number 1 in Germany. In 2014, Billboard magazine declared the song the biggest hit of the 1960s, Songs about doing the Twist went back to nineteenth-century minstrelsy, including Grape Vine Twist from around 1844. In 1938 Jelly Roll Morton, in Winin Boy Blues, sang, Mama, mama, look at sis, shes out on the levee doing the double twist—a reference to both sex and dancing in those days. They originally recorded a version of the song in a Florida studio for Vee-Jay Records in early 1958, with slightly different lyrics. This version appeared on the box set The Vee-Jay Story in 1993 and they did not get around to recording the released version until November 11,1958, when the Midnighters were in Cincinnati. Ballard thought The Twist was the hit side, but King Records producer Henry Glover preferred the ballad Teardrops on Your Letter, which hed written himself. The song became popular on a Baltimore television dance show hosted by local DJ Buddy Dean, Dean recommended the song to Dick Clark, when the song proved popular with his audience, Clark attempted to book Ballard to perform on the show. Ballard was unavailable, and Clark searched for a local artist to record the song and he settled on Checker, whose voice was very similar to Ballards. Checkers version featured Buddy Savitt on sax and Ellis Tollin on drums, exposure for the song on American Bandstand and on The Dick Clark Saturday Night Show helped propel the song to the top of the American charts. In late 1961 and early 1962, the twist craze belatedly caught on in high society, sightings of celebrities doing the dance made the song a hit with adults, particularly after a report in the Cholly Knickerbocker gossip column. Soon there were lines at the Peppermint Lounge nightclub in New York. Checker re-recorded the song numerous times, an updated 1982 recording was retitled T-82, and in the 1990s, he recorded a country version. In 1988, he joined The Fat Boys on a rap version of the song, bearing the subtitle Yo and this version hit number 2 in the UK, number 16 in the US, and number 1 in Germany and Switzerland. Checker also joined the group to perform the song that summer at a London tribute concert for Nelson Mandela, in addition, he recorded variations on the theme, such as Lets Twist Again to keep the craze alive. Joey Dee and the Starliters, the Peppermint Lounge house band, scored a hit with Peppermint Twist, while other artists, in Europe, Petula Clark scored hits in several countries with Twist themed records. An impressed Chubby asks, Can I use that move, Sam responds, Yah, but I got it from you
11.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
12.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
13.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
14.
Limbo Rock
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Limbo Rock is a popular song about limbo dancing written by Kal Mann and Billy Strange. An instrumental version was first recorded by The Champs in 1961, the first vocal version was recorded in 1962 by Chubby Checker, it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks and at number one on the Cash Box charts. The Chubby Checker recording also made it to three on the R&B charts. Checker then released a sequel, Lets Limbo Some More, in 1963, in 1960 session guitarist Billy Strange and a friend were listening to a song on the radio. Strange sneered that he could write a song in five minutes. His friend produced a one hundred dollar bill from his wallet and bet him he couldnt, Strange pulled out a note pad coming up with the tune in under five minutes with the only lyrics being What a monotonous melody for every line, and pocketed the money. Whilst later doing a session for Ricky Nelson Strange was asked if he had a song for recording. As a joke he sang the What a Monotonous Melody song, a few months later Chubby Checkers manager Kal Mann asked Strange if he could record the song with different lyrics that became Limbo Rock. Because the song is literally about limbo, versions of the song by cover bands appear on various Latin music, Calypso music. It also appears on a number of music albums. In the Perfect Strangers 1988 episode Just Desserts, the song Balki sings when preparing and making Bibby Babkas, part of the song is sung at a party by some of the characters in the episode of The Simpsons titled Dangerous Curves. Chubby Checker released a remix of the song in 2003, titled Limbo Rock, produced Mike Rogers and Gary Lefkowith, the Chubby Checker 1962 recording was featured in the 1988 film Hairspray. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
15.
Clay Cole
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Clay Cole was an American host and disk jockey, best known for his eponymous television dance program, The Clay Cole Show, which aired in New York City on WNTA-TV and WPIX-TV from 1959 to 1968. Clay Cole was born Albert Rucker, Jr. on January 1,1938, in Youngstown, in 1958, he continued his Saturday night television legacy, launching Al Rucker and the Seven Teens program on WJAR-TV, Providence, Rhode Island. In New York City in 1959, when asked to change his name, he chose that of a distant cousin, clays 1960 all-star ten-day Christmas show at the Brooklyn Paramount Theater broke the all-time house box office record. Clay was among the few white performers invited to appear at Harlems Apollo Theater, in 1961, he appeared as himself in the film Twist Around the Clock. When WNTA-TV was sold in 1963, Coles program was picked up by New York City television station WPIX-TV, during the 1960s British Invasion, musical acts arriving from the UK often appeared on Coles television show before doing network shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show. The Rolling Stones and The Who were among those who first appeared on Coles television show. Coles show differed from American Bandstand in a few ways, while both Cole and Dick Clark had an interest in people and their music, Cole did not hesitate to join in on his shows dance floor. He was also more confident about booking lesser-known performers and comedians for his show, leaving The Clay Cole Show in 1967, Clay became a television writer - producer, involved in the production of over 3500 broadcast television shows. He is twice winner of the Emmy Award as producer of outstanding television programming in 1981 and 1982 for the Joel Siegel Academy Awards special and he producedThe Discovery of Marilyn Monroe, Play Bridge with Omar Sharif and 365 This Day In Hollywood segments. Along with David Susskind and Raysa Bonow, he created and produced the first primetime entertainment magazine People for CBS in 1979, Cole retired and had been living on Oak Island since 2007, off the Cape Fear River on the North Carolina coastline. The Explosion of Rock n Roll, has published by Morgan James. It has been nominated for the 2010 Association for Recorded Sound Collections Awards for Excellence in Historical Recorded Sound Research, Cole made a personal appearance at the annual Long Island Radio & TV Day in April 2010, and also at the New Jersey Rock Con later that year. Clay appeared at the Friends of Old Time Radio Convention in Newark, in addition, Cole was a member of the nominating committee of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. Cole died of an attack at his home on December 18,2010. The Clay Cole Show Clay Cole Interview & Photos Clay Cole Tributes and Interview from WABC-AM,14 February 2010 Clay Cole at Find a Grave
16.
South Philadelphia
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South Philadelphia, nicknamed South Philly, is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north, the Delaware River to the east and south, and the Schuylkill River to the west. A diverse community, South Philadelphia is known for its large Italian American population, South Philadelphia also contains large Irish American and African American populations as well. South Philadelphia began as a town of Philadelphia, with small townships such as Moyamensing. Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution, the area saw rapid growth in population, South Philadelphias urbanized border eventually expanded to reach that of Philadelphia proper, or what is today known as Center City Philadelphia. The immigrants and migrants became the basis of South Philadelphias unique, the later immigrant populations of Italians and Poles were also Catholic. Initially, these populations attended existing Catholic churches but built their own ethno-national churches when possible, a smaller but significant Greek immigrant community also flourished around this time, leading to the establishment of Greek Orthodox parishes in South Philadelphia. Despite this dramatic growth in population, the low funding of education by the city resulted in the first public high school not being formed in South Philadelphia until 1934. Attracted to the jobs, the new residents of South Philadelphia created communities that continued many of their Old World traditions. While many of the new arrivals were Catholic, neighborhood parishes reflected their ethnic, monsignor James F. Today, many of South Philadelphias communities are largely Italian American. In addition, South Philadelphia continues to be home to many ethnic Irish American communities, the neighborhood of Pennsport remains primarily a working class Irish-American neighborhood and the cultural center of Irish-American South Philadelphia. In addition, there has been an increase in recent years of immigrants from Russia, Mexico, and Central American nations such as Honduras, Guatemala, portions of South Philadelphia are within Philadelphia City Council Districts 1 and 2. As of 2014 Councilman Mark Squilla and Councilman Kenyatta Johnson represent the two districts, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates nine fire stations serving South Philadelphia. Most of South Philadelphia resides in Fire Battalion 1, headquartered at 711 South Broad Street, portions of South Philadelphia reside in Battalion 4, headquartered at North 4th Street and Arch Street, and Battalion 11, headquartered at 43rd Street and Market Street. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within South Philadelphia, the three patrol districts serving South Philadelphia are the 1st, 3rd, and 17th districts. According to the United States Census Bureau, South Philadelphia has an area of 9.7 sq. miles, in 2010, the areas population was 168,782. In addition, the area contains smaller but historically significant Greek American, many residents have lived in the neighborhood for decades. Many family-owned businesses are found in South Philadelphia, on January 22,2010 the Associated Press said South Philadelphia has been growing more diverse for decades, but the last 20 years have seen the greatest influx of Asian and Hispanic families. David Elesh, a Temple University urban sociologist, said that of the almost 60,000 Philadelphia residents who reported being born in China, as of the 2010 Census, there are 168,782 people in 78,440 housing units
17.
Settlement Music School
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Settlement Music School is a community music school with branches in and around Philadelphia. Its six branches are in South, West and Northeast Philadelphia, Germantown, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania and Camden, Settlement Music School offers programs in music and dance. Settlement awards nearly $2 million a year in financial aid and it is the largest employer of musicians in the region, with over 200 faculty members, since its founding, its faculty has included current and former members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Mary Louise Curtis Bok, only child of Cyrus H. K. Curtis, at the time the school was focused on provided musical training to young immigrants. Mrs. Bok made a gift to the school of $150,000 for a Settlement Music House, the music houses goal was Americanization among the foreign population of Philadelphia. A close friend of the Bok family, pianist Josef Hofmann, today this facility on 416 Queen Street in Philadelphia is known as the Mary Louise Curtis Branch
18.
Jerry Lee Lewis
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Jerry Lee Lewis is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and pianist, often known by his nickname, The Killer. He has been described as rock & rolls first great wild man, a pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, Lewis made his first recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis. Crazy Arms sold 300,000 copies in the South, and he followed this with Great Balls of Fire, Breathless and High School Confidential. However, Lewiss rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to his 13-year-old first cousin once removed when he was 23 years old and he had minimal success in the charts following the scandal, and his popularity quickly eroded. His live performance fees plummeted from $10,000 per night to $250, in the meantime he was determined to gain back some of his popularity. In the early 1960s, he did not have much success, with few exceptions. His live performances at this time were increasingly wild and energetic and his 1964 live album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is regarded by music journalists and fans as one of the wildest and greatest live rock albums ever. In 1968 Lewis made a transition into country music and had hits with such as Another Place. His No.1 country hits included To Make Love Sweeter for You, There Must Be More to Love Than This, Would You Take Another Chance on Me and Me and Bobby McGee. Lewiss successes continued throughout the decade and he embraced his rock and roll past with songs such as a cover of the Big Boppers Chantilly Lace, in the 21st century Lewis continues to tour around the world and still releases new albums. His album Last Man Standing is his best selling to date and this was followed by Mean Old Man, which has received some of the best sales of Lewiss career. Lewis has a dozen gold records in rock and country. He won several Grammy awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award, Lewis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, in 1989, his life was chronicled in the movie Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed his box set All Killer, No Filler, in 2004, they ranked him number 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Lewis is the last surviving member of Sun Records Million Dollar Quartet and the Class of 55 album and his parents mortgaged their farm to buy him a piano. Lewis was influenced by an older cousin, Carl McVoy, the radio, and the sounds from Haneys Big House. On the live album By Request, More of the Greatest Live Show on Earth and he was also influenced by the Great American Songbook and popular country singers like Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams
19.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
20.
Fats Domino
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Antoine Fats Domino, Jr. is an American pianist and singer-songwriter of French Creole descent. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records and his musical style is based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums. Domino was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Domino family was of French Creole background. Louisiana Creole French was his first language, antoine was born at home with the assistance of his grandmother, a midwife. His name was given as Anthony on his birth certificate but was later corrected. His family were new arrivals in the Lower Ninth Ward from Vacherie and his father was a well-known violinist. Domino learned to play the piano from his brother-in-law, the jazz guitarist Harrison Verrett, even after his success, he continued to live in his old neighborhood. His large home was enough for his 13 children. In the summer of 1947, Billy Diamond, a New Orleans bandleader, Domino played well enough that Diamond asked him to join his band, the Solid Senders, at the Hideaway Club, in New Orleans. Diamond nicknamed him Fats, because Domino reminded him of the renowned pianists Fats Waller, the Fat Man sold one million copies by 1953, it is widely considered the first rock-and-roll record to achieve this feat. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Dominos band were the saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, Domino crossed into the pop mainstream with Aint That a Shame, which reached the Top Ten. Pat Boones milder cover version reached number 1, having received wider radio airplay in a racially segregated era, Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles. The reissue reached number 17 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and his 1956 recording of Blueberry Hill, a 1940 song by Vincent Rose, Al Lewis and Larry Stock, reached number 2 in the Top 40 and was number 1 on the R&B chart for 11 weeks. Blueberry Hill sold more than 5 million copies worldwide in 1956 and 1957. Domino had further hit singles between 1956 and 1959, including When My Dreamboat Comes Home, Im Walkin, Valley of Tears, Its You I Love, Whole Lotta Loving, I Want to Walk You Home, and Be My Guest. Domino appeared in two films released in 1956, Shake, Rattle & Rock. and The Girl Cant Help It, on December 18,1957, his hit recording of The Big Beat was featured on Dick Clarks television program, American Bandstand. On November 2,1956, a riot broke out at Dominos show in Fayetteville, the police resorted to using tear gas to break up the unruly crowd. Domino jumped out a window to avoid the melee, he, Domino had a steady series of hits for Imperial through early 1962, including Walking to New Orleans, co-written by Bobby Charles, and My Girl Josephine in the same year
21.
Fabian Forte
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Fabiano Anthony Forte, professionally known as Fabian, is an American singer and actor. Forte rose to prominence after performing several times on American Bandstand. He became a teen idol of the late 1950s and early 1960s, eleven of his songs reached the Billboard Hot 100 listing. Fabian Forte is the son of Josephine and Dominic Forte, his father was a Philadelphia police officer and he is the oldest of three brothers. Forte was discovered in 1957 by Bob Marcucci and Peter DeAngelis, at the time, record producers were looking to the South Philadelphia neighborhoods in search of teenage talents with good looks. Marcucci was a friend of Fabians next door neighbor, one day, Fabians father had a heart attack, and, while he was being taken away in an ambulance, Marcucci spotted Fabian. Fabian later recalled, He kept staring at me and looking at me, I had a crew cut, but this was the day of Rick Nelson and Elvis. He comes up and says to me, So if youre interested in the rock. I looked at the guy like he was out of his mind, I told him, leave me alone. When Fabians father returned from hospital he was unable to work, so when Marcucci persisted, Fabian and his family were amenable, Frankie Avalon, also of South Philadelphia, suggested Forte as a possibility. They gave me a pompadour and some clothes and those goddamned white bucks, recalled Fabian and he was the right look and right for what we were going for, wrote Marcucci later. Fabian was given an allowance from the company of $30 a week. He also kept working part-time at a pharmacy as well as studying at South Philadelphia High School, Fabian later said I didnt know what I was doing, but I knew my goal, to try to make extra money. That meant a lot to our family, I rehearsed and rehearsed, and I really felt like a fish out of water. Yet it got on Georgie Woods, for some reason, Georgie Woods played it. The song was Shivers, which was a hit in Chicago. This helped Fabian meet Dick Clark, who put the young singer on American Bandstand where he sang Im in Love. Fabian later admitted this song was not very good either but the response – they told me – was overwhelming, all during that period, I was doing record hops
22.
Italian Market, Philadelphia
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Although it is considered the social and commercial heart of the Philadelphia Italian community, the Ninth Street Market was an ethnic mix from its inception. The Italian Market, frequently referred to simply as 9th Street, has its origins as a marketplace in the later 19th, the area, outside the original boundaries of William Penns planned city, was an area for immigrants to settle in. Italian immigrants began to move into the area around 1884, when Antonio Palumbo began receiving Italian immigrants into his boardinghouse, the name Italian Market came about in the mid-1970s as supermarket chains began to move to the area. During this time, many other abandoned the Market, and the Ninth Street Market was left with a predominantly Italian population that continued to buy, sell. The area continues to attract new immigrants as a significant number of Vietnamese, Korean, Chinese, many new Mexican stores have opened up around the market. Many Latino immigrants also work in the market, the market also plays host to the annual Italian Market Festival with music, activities and, of course, food. One of several curb markets established in the early 20th century offering fresh produce, on October 12,2007, the Market was honored by the dedication of a Pennsylvania State Historical Marker as the South 9th Street Curb Market at the NE corner of 9th and Christian Streets. An unofficial historical marker was erected just in front of the Frank Rizzo mural in 2008, the marker, entitled The Italian Market, briefly explains about the Italian market area forming a business association in the early 1900s. The officers of the association were of central and southern Italian, the other members of the association were of northern and eastern European, Lebanese and Asian heritages. The sign states that Italian foods have always dominated, the outdoor market features bright colorful metal awnings cover the sidewalks where vendors of fruit, vegetables, fish, and housewares conduct business year round. Ground floor shops in traditional Philadelphia rowhouses line the street, owners would have originally lived above their shops, and many still do. The market is open year round, generally from 9 am to 5 pm, most businesses are open until lunchtime on Sunday, and closed Monday. Outdoor stands and cafes open at the crack of dawn, the broad awnings shield shoppers from sun, rain and snow. In the winter, vendors set up burn barrels in the street near their stands, the market also plays a role in the culture of Philadelphia. It is often included in depictions of the city. For example, The Italian Market was featured in Rocky and Rocky II, most notably, the running/training montage where a vendor tosses the boxer an orange. The television series Hack also filmed several episodes featured the Italian Market. The Italian Market was also featured on a season 5 episode of the television show Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia, as Philadelphia has gentrified so has the Italian Market
23.
American Bandstand
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American Bandstand is an American music-performance show that aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989 and was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark, who also served as producer. Freddy Boom Boom Cannon holds the record for most appearances at 110, the shows popularity helped Dick Clark become an American media mogul and inspired similar long-running music programs, such as Soul Train and Top of the Pops. Clark eventually assumed ownership of the program through his Dick Clark Productions company and this incarnation was an early predecessor of sorts of the music video shows that became popular in the 1980s, featuring films that are themselves the ancestors of music videos. As WFIL grew financially and the account became important, Stewart wasnt needed and was eventually dropped from the program. Tony Mammarella was the producer with Ed Yates as director. The short Snader and Official music films continued in the term, mainly to fill gaps as they changed dancers during the show—a necessity. On July 9,1956, Horn was fired after a drunk-driving arrest, as WFIL and he was also reportedly involved in a prostitution ring and brought up on morals charges. Horn was temporarily replaced by producer Tony Mammarella before the job went to Dick Clark permanently, in late spring of 1956, the ABC television network asked their O&Os and affiliates for programming suggestions to fill their 3,30 p. m. time slot. Clark decided to pitch the show to ABC president Thomas W. Moore, One show from this first season is now in the archives of Chicagos Museum Of Broadcast Communications. Studio B measured 80x42x24, but appeared smaller due to the number of props, television cameras and it was briefly shot in color in 1958 when WFIL-TV began experimenting with the then-new technology. WFIL went back to the TK-10s two weeks later when ABC refused to carry the signal and management realized that the show lost something without the extra cameras. Clark would often interview the teenagers about their opinions of the songs being played, the segment gave rise, perhaps apocryphally, to the phrase Its got a good beat and you can dance to it. In one humorous segment broadcast for years on retrospective shows, comedians Cheech, featured artists typically performed their current hits by lip-syncing to the released version of the song. During this time, there were shows that were not hosted by Clark. From 1969 to 1974, Bandstand Theme, a rock instrumental written by Mike Curb. From 1974 to 1977, there was a newer, orchestral version of Bandstand Boogie, arranged and performed by Joe Porter. From 1977 to the end of its ABC run in 1987, the opened and closed with Barry Manilows rendition of Bandstand Boogie. This version introduced lyrics written by Manilow and Bruce Sussman, referencing elements of the series, the previous theme was retained as bumper music
24.
Dick Clark
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Richard Augustus Wagstaff Dick Clark Jr. was an American radio and television personality, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting American Bandstand from 1957 to 1987. He also hosted the game show Pyramid and Dick Clarks New Years Rockin Eve, Clark was also well known for his trademark sign-off, For now, Dick Clark — so long. As host of American Bandstand, Clark introduced rock & roll to many Americans, the show gave many new music artists their first exposure to national audiences, including Ike and Tina Turner, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Stevie Wonder, Talking Heads and Simon & Garfunkel. Episodes he hosted were among the first in which blacks and whites performed on the same stage, singer Paul Anka claimed that Bandstand was responsible for creating a youth culture. Due to his youthful appearance and his fame as the host of American Bandstand. In his capacity as a businessman, Clark served as Chief Executive Officer of Dick Clark Productions and he also founded the American Bandstand Diner, a restaurant chain modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe. In 1973, he created and produced the annual American Music Awards show, Clark suffered a stroke in December 2004. With speech ability still impaired, Clark returned to his New Years Rockin Eve show a year later on December 31,2005, subsequently, he appeared at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006, and every New Years Rockin Eve show through the 2011–12 show. Clark died on April 18,2012 of an attack at the age of 82 following a medical procedure. Clark was born and raised in Mount Vernon, New York, to Richard Augustus Clark and his only sibling, older brother Bradley, was killed in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II. Clark attended A. B. Davis High School in Mount Vernon, at age 10, Clark decided to pursue a career in radio. In pursuit of that goal, he attended Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, graduating in 1951 with a degree in advertising, while at Syracuse, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. In 1945, Clark began his working in the mailroom at WRUN, an AM radio station in Rome, New York. Almost immediately, he was asked to fill in for the vacationing weatherman, while attending Syracuse, Clark worked at WOLF-AM, then a country music station. After graduation, he returned to WRUN for a time where he went by the name Dick Clay. After that, Clark got a job at the television station WKTV in Utica and his first television-hosting job was on Cactus Dick and the Santa Fe Riders, a country-music program. He would later replace Robert Earle as a newscaster, Clark was principal in pro broadcasters operator of 1440 KPRO in Riverside, California, from 1962 to 1982. In the 1960s, he was owner of KGUD AM/FM in Santa Barbara, in 1952, Clark moved to Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he took a job as a disc jockey at radio station WFIL, adopting the Dick Clark handle
25.
Draughts
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Draughts or checkers is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. The name derives from the verb to draw or to move, there are many other variants played on an 8×8, and Canadian checkers is played on a 12×12 board. The 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved in 2007 by the team of Canadian computer scientist Jonathan Schaeffer, from the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play. Draughts is played by two opponents, on sides of the gameboard. One player has the pieces, the other has the light pieces. A player may not move an opponents piece, a move consists of moving a piece diagonally to an adjacent unoccupied square. If the adjacent square contains a piece, and the square immediately beyond it is vacant. Only the dark squares of the board are used. A piece may move only diagonally into an unoccupied square, capturing is mandatory in most official rules, although some rule variations make capturing optional when presented. In almost all variants, the player without pieces remaining, or who cannot move due to being blocked, uncrowned pieces move one step diagonally forward, and capture an opponents piece by moving two consecutive steps in the same line, jumping over the piece on the first step. Multiple opposing pieces may be captured in a single turn provided this is done by successive jumps made by a single piece, in English draughts men can capture only forward, but in international draughts and Russian draughts they may also capture backwards. As with non-king men, a king may make successive jumps in a single turn provided that each jump captures an opponent man or king. In international draughts, kings move any distance along unblocked diagonals, flying kings are not used in English draughts, in which a kings only advantage over a man is the ability to move and capture backwards as well as forwards. Once a game has been gridlocked, where back and forth moves between same locations on the board avoid jumps, the player with the majority of free space wins the games. In most non-English languages, draughts is called dame, dames, damas, the pieces are usually called men, stones, peón or a similar term, men promoted to kings are called dames or ladies. In these languages, the queen in chess or in games is usually called by the same term as the kings in draughts. A case in point includes the Greek terminology, in which draughts is called ντάμα, the World Championship in English draughts began in 1840. The winners in mens have been from the United Kingdom, United States, Barbados, the womens championship in English draughts started in 1993
26.
Dominoes
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Dominoes or dominos is a family of games played with rectangular domino tiles. Each domino is a tile with a line dividing its face into two square ends. Each end is marked with a number of spots or is blank, the backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable, either blank or having some common design. The domino gaming pieces make up a set, sometimes called a deck or pack. The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes, featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six, a domino set is a generic gaming device, similar to playing cards or dice, in that a variety of games can be played with a set. The earliest mention of dominoes is from Song dynasty China found in the text Former Events in Wulin by Zhou Mi, modern dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, but how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game is unknown. Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe, the name domino is most likely from the resemblance to a kind of carnival costume worn during the Venetian Carnival, often consisting of a black-hooded robe and a white mask. Contrary to the coinage of the word polyomino as a generalization, european-style dominoes are traditionally made of bone or ivory, or a dark hardwood such as ebony, with contrasting black or white pips. Alternatively, domino sets have made from many different natural materials, stone, other hardwoods, metals, ceramic clay. Modern sets also use a different color for the dots of each different end value to facilitate finding matching ends. Occasionally, one may find a set made of card stock like that for playing cards. Such sets are lightweight, compact, and inexpensive, and like cards are more susceptible to disturbances such as a sudden breeze. Sometimes, dominoes have a pin in the middle. Each progressively larger set increases the number of pips on an end by three, so the common extended sets are double-nine, double-12, double-15, and double-18. Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai, the earliest known manual written about dominoes is the 《宣和牌譜》 written by Qu You, but some Chinese scholars believe this manual is a forgery from a later time. In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures, Zhang Pu described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai, although the character for pu had changed, traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow, Pai Gow, Che Deng, and others. Chinese dominoes with blank faces were known during the 17th century, many different domino sets have been used for centuries in various parts of the world to play a variety of domino games. Each domino originally represented one of the 21 results of throwing two six-sided dice, one half of each domino is set with the pips from one die and the other half contains the pips from the second die
27.
The Coasters
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The Coasters are an American rhythm and blues/rock and roll vocal group who had a string of hits in the late 1950s. Beginning with Searchin and Young Blood, their most memorable songs were written by the songwriting and producing team of Leiber and Stoller. Although the Coasters originated outside of mainstream doo-wop, their records were so frequently imitated that they became an important part of the legacy through the 1960s. The Coasters were formed in October 1955 as a spin-off of the Robins, the original Coasters were Gardner, Nunn, Billy Guy, Leon Hughes, and the guitarist Adolph Jacobs. Jacobs left the group in 1959, the songwriting team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller started Spark Records and in 1955 produced Smokey Joes Cafe for the Robins. The record was enough for Atlantic Records to offer Leiber and Stoller an independent production contract to produce the Robins for Atlantic. Only two of the Robins—Gardner and Nunn—were willing to make the move to Atlantic, recording their first songs in the studio as the Robins had done. In late 1957, the moved to New York and replaced Nunn and Hughes with Cornell Gunter. The new quartet was then on stationed in New York. The Coasters association with Leiber and Stoller was an immediate success, together they created a string of good-humored storytelling hits that are some of the most entertaining from the original era of rock and roll. According to Leiber and Stoller, getting the humor to come through on the records often required more recording takes than for a musical number. Their first single, Down In Mexico, was an R&B hit in 1956, the following year, the Coasters crossed over to the pop chart in a big way with the double-sided Young Blood/Searchin. Searchin was the groups first U. S, Top 10 hit and topped the R&B chart for 13 weeks, becoming the biggest R&B single of 1957. Yakety Yak, featuring King Curtis on tenor saxophone, included the famous lineup of Gardner, Guy, Jones, and Gunter, the next single, Charlie Brown, reached number 2 on both charts. It was followed by Along Came Jones, Poison Ivy, changing popular tastes and a changes in the groups lineup contributed to a lack of hits in the 1960s. During this time, Billy Guy was also working on solo projects, later members included Earl Speedo Carroll, Ronnie Bright, Jimmy Norman, and guitarist Thomas Curley Palmer. The Coasters signed with Columbia Records Date label in 1966, reuniting with Leiber and Stoller, but never regained their former fame. In 1971, the Coasters had a chart entry with Love Potion Number Nine
28.
Cozy Cole
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William Randolph Cozy Cole was an American jazz drummer who had hits with the songs Topsy I and Topsy II. Topsy II peaked at No.3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The track peaked at No.29 in the UK Singles Chart in 1958. The recording contained a drum solo and was one of the few drum solo recordings to make the charts at Billboard magazine. The single was issued by Love Records, a record label in Brooklyn. Coles song Turvy II reached No.36 in 1959, william Randolph Cole was born in 1909 in East Orange, New Jersey. His first music job was with Wilbur Sweatman in 1928, in 1930 he played for Jelly Roll Mortons Red Hot Peppers, recording an early drum solo on Load of Cole. He spent 1931–33 with Blanche Calloway, 1933–34 with Benny Carter, 1935–36 with Willie Bryant, 1936–38 with Stuff Smiths small combo, in 1942, he was hired by CBS Radio music director Raymond Scott as part of network radios first mixed-race orchestra. After that he played with Louis Armstrongs All Stars, Cole appeared in music-related films, including a brief cameo in Dont Knock the Rock. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he continued to perform in a variety of settings, Cole and Gene Krupa often played drum duets at the Metropole in New York City during the 1950s and 1960s. Cole is cited as an influence by contemporary rock drummers, including Cozy Powell. In 1981, he died of cancer in Columbus, Ohio. com
29.
Ricky Nelson
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Eric Hilliard Ricky Rick Nelson was an American actor, musician, and singer-songwriter. He recorded 19 additional Top 10 hits and was inducted into the Rock, in 1996, he was ranked #49 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time. Nelson began his entertainment career in 1949 playing himself in the sitcom series The Adventures of Ozzie. In 1952, he appeared in his first feature film, Here Come the Nelsons, in 1957, he recorded his first single, debuted as a singer on the television version of the sitcom, and released the #1 album entitled Ricky. In 1958, Nelson released his first #1 single, Poor Little Fool, a few films followed, and when the television series was cancelled in 1966, Nelson made occasional appearances as a guest star on various television programs. Nelson and Sharon Kristin Harmon were married on April 20,1963 and they had four children, Tracy Kristine, twin sons Gunnar Eric and Matthew Gray, and Sam Hilliard. Nelson was born on May 8,1940, in Teaneck and he was the second son of entertainment couple Harriet Hilliard Nelson and Ozzie Nelson. His father Ozzie was half Swedish, the Nelsons older son was actor David Nelson. Harriet, normally the vocalist for Ozzies band, remained in Englewood, New Jersey, with her newborn, meanwhile, bandleader Ozzie toured with the Nelson orchestra. In November 1941, the Nelsons bought what would become their permanent home, Ricky joined his parents and brother in Los Angeles in 1942. Ricky was a small and insecure child who suffered severe asthma. At night, his sleep was eased with a vaporizer emitting tincture of evergreen and he was described by Red Skeltons producer John Guedel as an odd little kid, likable, shy, introspective, mysterious, and inscrutable. When Skelton was drafted in 1944, Guedel crafted the radio sitcom The Adventures of Ozzie, the show debuted on Sunday, October 8,1944, to favorable reviews. Ozzie eventually became head writer for the show and based episodes on the fraternal exploits, in 1952, the Nelsons tested the waters for a television series with the theatrically released film Here Come the Nelsons. The film was a hit, and Ozzie was convinced the family could make the transition from radios airwaves to televisions small screen. Nelson attended Gardner Street Public School, Bancroft Junior High, and and he played football at Hollywood High and represented the school in interscholastic tennis matches. Twenty-five years later, Nelson told the Los Angeles Weekly he hated school because it smelled of pencils, Ozzie Nelson was a Rutgers alumnus and keen on college education, but eighteen-year-old Ricky was already in the 93 percent income-tax bracket and saw no reason to attend. At age thirteen, Ricky was making over $100,000 per annum, Nelsons wealth was astutely managed by his parents, who channeled his earnings into trust funds
30.
Frankie Avalon
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Frankie Avalon is an Italian-American actor, singer, and former teen idol. He is a figure in mid 20th century entertainment and an icon in the history of American rock. Avalon was born in Philadelphia, the son of Mary and Nicholas Avallone, in December 1952, he made his American network television debut playing the trumpet in the Honeymooners Christmas Party sketch on The Jackie Gleason Show. Two singles showcasing Avalons trumpet playing were issued on RCA Victors X sublabel in 1954 and his trumpet playing was also featured on some of his LP songs as well. As a teenager he played with Bobby Rydell in Rocco and the Saints, in 1959, Venus and Why went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Why was the last #1 of the 1950s, Avalon had 31 charted U. S. Billboard singles from 1958 to late 1962, including Just Ask Your Heart, Ill Wait for You, Bobby Sox to Stockings, and A Boy Without a Girl. Most of his hits were written and/or produced by Bob Marcucci and he was less popular in the U. K. but did still manage four chart hits with Why, Ginger Bread, Venus and Dont Throw Away All Those Teardrops. Avalons first film was an appearance in Jamboree, playing a trumpet. In the late 1950s, teen idols were often given roles in movies supporting older male stars in order to attract a younger audience, Avalon was a favourite of the daughter of Alan Ladd who recommended him to co-star with her father in the Western Guns of the Timberland. Avalon sings two songs, The Faithful Kind and Gee Whiz Whillikins Golly Gee, both were released as singles, rushes for Timberland were seen by John Wayne, who was looking for a young actor to play the role of Smitty in his passion project, The Alamo. Avalon was cast in his second dramatic part, after making the film Wayne told the press Were not cutting one bit of any scene in which Frankie appears. I believe he is the finest young talent Ive seen in a long time, mr Wayne said I was natural as far as acting goes, said Avalon. He added, My ambition when I was ten years old was to have my own band like Harry James. I never expected anything like this, id like to be identified as a singer, dancer and actor. I dont want to be just one thing, I like to appeal to teenagers and adults, he said in 1960. Avalon was now in demand as an actor, for Irwin Allen he had a small role and sang the title role in the science fiction adventure film, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, a solid hit. He had a role in a comedy, Sail a Crooked Ship. Avalon was teamed with Ray Milland in the fiction film. Samuel Z. Arkoff of AIP said Avalon and Milland were teamed together because both have particular types of followers and the combination adds up to an attraction
31.
Alvin and the Chipmunks
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Alvin and the Chipmunks, originally David Seville and the Chipmunks or simply The Chipmunks, is an American animated music group created by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. for a novelty record in 1958. The trio is managed by their adoptive father, David Seville. In reality, David Seville was Bagdasarians stage name, and the Chipmunks themselves are named after the executives of their record label. The characters became a success, and the singing Chipmunks and their manager were given life in animated cartoon productions, using redrawn, anthropomorphic chipmunks. The voices of the group were all performed by Bagdasarian, who sped up the playback to create high-pitched voices, Bagdasarian, performing as the Chipmunks, released a long line of albums and singles, with The Chipmunk Song becoming a number-one single in the United States. After the death of Bagdasarian in 1972, the voices were performed by his son Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. In the 2007 CGI/live-action film adaptation and its 2009 sequel, they were voiced in dialogue by Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler, Bagdasarian, Jr. and Karman continue to perform the singing voices for Alvin, Theodore and the Chipettes, but Steve Vining does Simons singing voice. The project has earned five Grammy awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Reel Award, a third film installment, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Chipwrecked, was released in theaters on December 16,2011. Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises announced a fourth installment, titled Alvin, a CGI-animated TV series revival, titled ALVINNN. and the Chipmunks, premiered on Nickelodeon on August 3,2015. In 1958, Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. released a novelty song about being unsuccessful at love until he found a doctor who told him how to woo his woman. The words themselves are nonsense, Oo-ee, oo-ah-ah, ting-tang, walla-walla, the song was a hit, holding number one for three weeks in the Billboard Top 100 chart. Nothing makes any reference to chipmunks, but the song is included on Chipmunk compilations. Bagdasarian did record a Chipmunks version of Witch Doctor, which appeared on the second Chipmunks album, Sing Again with the Chipmunks, Bagdasarian performed the song live on The Ed Sullivan Show. Bagdasarian recorded a song, The Bird on My Head. It also reached the Top 40, peaking at No.34, the technique was imitated by Sheb Wooleys Purple People Eater and The Big Boppers The Purple People Eater Meets The Witch Doctor. The Chipmunks first officially appeared on the scene in a novelty record released in late fall 1958 by Bagdasarian, the song, originally listed on the record label as The Chipmunk Song, featured the singing skills of the chipmunk trio. One phrase in the chorus has Alvin wishing for a hula hoop, the novelty record was highly successful, selling more than 4 million copies in seven weeks, and it launched the careers of its chipmunk stars. It spent four weeks at Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from December 22,1958 to January 12,1959 and it also earned three Grammy Awards and a nomination for Record of the Year
32.
Mary Had a Little Lamb
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The nativity of Jesus or birth of Jesus is described in the gospels of Luke and Matthew. The two accounts agree that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the time of Herod the Great to a virgin whose name was Mary. In Christian theology the nativity marks the incarnation of Jesus as the second Adam, in fulfillment of the divine will of God, undoing the damage caused by the fall of the first man, Adam. The artistic depiction of the nativity has been an important subject for Christian artists since the 4th century, the nativity plays a major role in the Christian liturgical year. Christian congregations of the Western tradition begin observing the season of Advent four Sundays before Christmas, the traditional feast-day of his birth, which falls on December 25. The date of birth for Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, the Gospels of both Matthew and Luke place the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem. However, Luke 1, 26–27 clearly states that Mary lived in Nazareth before the birth of Jesus, at the time of the Annunciation. The Gospel of Luke states that Mary gave birth to Jesus and placed him in a manger “because there was no place for them in the inn, but does not say exactly where Jesus was born. This could be a place to keep the sheep within the Bethlehem area, in the 2nd century, Justin Martyr stated that Jesus had been born in a cave outside the town, while the Protoevangelium of James described a legendary birth in a cave nearby. In Contra Celsum 1.51, Origen, who from around 215 travelled throughout Palestine, the Quranic birth of Jesus, like the Gospels, places the virgin birth of Jesus in Bethlehem. This is how the birth of Jesus the Messiah came about, Mary, the mother of Jesus, was betrothed to Joseph, but was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Joseph intended to divorce her quietly, but an angel told him in a dream that he should take Mary as his wife and name the child Jesus, Joseph awoke and did all that the angel commanded. Chapter 1 of Matthews Gospel recounts Jesus birth and naming and the beginning of chapter 2 reveals that Jesus was born in Bethlehem during the time of Herod the Great. Magi from the east came to Herod and asked him where they would find the King of the Jews, advised by the chief priests and teachers, Herod sent the Magi to Bethlehem, where they worshiped the child and gave him gifts. When they had departed an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream and warned him to take the child and his mother and flee to Egypt, for Herod intended to kill him. The Holy Family remained in Egypt until Herod died, when Joseph took them to Nazareth in Galilee for fear of Herods son who now ruled in Jerusalem, so was fulfilled what was said through the prophets, that he would be called a Nazarene. When the time of the birth drew near the Roman Emperor commanded a census of all the world, and Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem, the city of David, as he was of the House of David. In accordance with the Jewish law his parents presented the infant Jesus at the Temple in Jerusalem, Joseph and Mary then returned to Nazareth
33.
Wildwood, New Jersey
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Wildwood is a city in Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Ocean City Metropolitan Statistical Area and is a summer resort destination. With visitors, the population can swell to 250,000 during the summer months, the city, and the surrounding communities that share the name, derives its name from the wild flowers found in the area. Wildwood was originally incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on May 1,1895, from portions of Middle Township, on January 1,1912, Wildwood was incorporated as a city, replacing both Wildwood borough and Holly Beach City. The Wildwoods began developing as a resort in the last decade of the 19th century, a building boom began in the 1950s, due partially to the construction and completion of the Garden State Parkway in 1955. Rock Around the Clock, often credited as the first rock, the songs status as one of the first rock and roll hits has given rise to the citys claim as the birthplace of rock and roll. Wildwood is home to over 200 motels, built during the Doo-Wop era of the 1950s and 1960s, in a recognized by the state of New Jersey. The motels are unique in appearance, with Vegas-like neon signs, New construction in the area has seen the demolition of several motels to make room for larger condominiums. The Wildwood Doo Wop Preservation League has taken action to help save, the Caribbean Motel in Wildwood Crest, and the Chateau Bleu Motel in North Wildwoods are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 1950s Doo Wop museum includes property from demolished motels such as neon signs, neo-Doo Wop buildings in the area feature a neon lit Wawa and a 1950s styled Acme Supermarket. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 1.394 square miles. The city is located on an island facing the Atlantic Ocean. On the same island are the towns of North Wildwood, Wildwood Crest and Diamond Beach, collectively with the town of West Wildwood, these communities form The Wildwoods resort. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Five Mile Beach, as of the census of 2010, there were 5,325 people,2,251 households, and 1,146 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,082.0 per square mile, there were 6,843 housing units at an average density of 5,245.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 04% White,11. 15% Black or African American,0. 73% Native American,0. 79% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,16. 24% from other races, and 2. 91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31. 21% of the population,40. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 3.03
34.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
35.
White Christmas (song)
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White Christmas is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. According to the Guinness World Records, the version sung by Bing Crosby is the single of all time. Other versions of the song, along with Crosbys, have sold over 150 million copies, accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song. He often stayed up all night writing—he told his secretary, Grab your pen, I just wrote the best song Ive ever written—heck, I just wrote the best song that anybodys ever written. At first, Crosby did not see anything special about the song and he just said I dont think we have any problems with that one, Irving. The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inns first hit song, Be Careful, by the end of October 1942, White Christmas topped the Your Hit Parade chart. It remained in position until well into the new year. A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Crosby introduced “White Christmas” on a Christmas Day broadcast, the Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song. The recording is noted for Crosbys whistling during the second chorus, in 1942 alone, Crosbys recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts. The original version hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks, Crosbys first-ever appearance on the black-oriented chart. Re-released by Decca, the returned to the No.1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946. The recording became a perennial, reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases. In Holiday Inn, the won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942. In the film, Crosby sings White Christmas as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds and this now-familiar scene was not the moviemakers initial plan. In the script as originally conceived, Reynolds, not Crosby, the song would feature in another Crosby film, the 1954 musical White Christmas, which became the highest-grossing film of 1954. The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording, the 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use. Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19,1947, accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra, the re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning. Although Crosby dismissed his role in the success, saying later that a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully
36.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
37.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
38.
Let's Twist Again
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Lets Twist Again is a song written by Kal Mann and Dave Appell, and released as a single by Chubby Checker. One of the biggest hit singles of 1961, it reached No.8 on the U. S. Billboard pop chart in August of that year and subsequently reached No.2 in the U. K. in February 1962. The song refers to the Twist dance craze and Checkers 1960 single The Twist, the song received the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Checker also recorded the song in German as Der Twist Beginnt, the song appears on the soundtrack of the 2011 film The Help. Croatian singer Tatjana Cameron Tajči made a remake of the song in Croatian renaming it Moj mali je opasan, in 1985 Kids Incorporated covered Lets Twist Again in the Season 2 episode Rock of Ages. Twist songs http, //www. chubbychecker. com/discography. asp Chubby Checker discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
39.
British Invasion
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Pop and rock groups such as the Beatles, the Dave Clark Five, the Kinks, the Rolling Stones, Hermans Hermits, and the Animals were at the forefront of the invasion. The rebellious tone and image of US rock and roll and blues musicians became popular with British youth in the late 1950s, some observers have noted that US teenagers were growing tired of singles-oriented pop acts like Fabian. The Mods and Rockers, two gangs in mid-1960s Britain, also had an impact in British Invasion music. Bands with a Mod aesthetic became the most popular, but bands able to both were also successful. In October 1963, the first newspaper articles about the frenzy in England surrounding the group the Beatles appeared nationally in the US. The Beatles November 4 Royal Variety Performance in front of the Queen Mother sparked music industry, during November a number of major American print outlets and two network television evening programs published and broadcast stories on the phenomenon that became known as Beatlemania. On December 17 James had Miss Albert introduce I Want to Hold Your Hand live on the air, wWDCs phones lit up, and Washington, D. C. area record stores were flooded with requests for a record they did not have in stock. James sent the record to disc jockeys around the country sparking similar reaction. On December 26 Capitol Records released the three weeks ahead of schedule. The release of the record during a time when teenagers were on vacation helped spread Beatlemania in the US, on December 29 The Baltimore Sun, reflecting the dismissive view of most adults, editorialized, America had better take thought as to how it will deal with the invasion. Indeed a restrained Beatles go home might be just the thing, in the next year alone, the Beatles would have 30 different listings on the Hot 100. On January 3,1964, The Jack Paar Program ran Beatles concert footage licensed from the BBC as a joke, while this piece was largely forgotten, Beatles producer George Martin has said it aroused the kids curiosity. I Want to Hold Your Hand ascended to one on the January 25,1964, edition of Cash Box magazine. Two days later appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show. Nielsen Ratings estimated that 45 percent of US television viewers that night saw their appearance, according to Michael Ross, It is somewhat ironic that the biggest moment in the history of popular music was first experienced in the US as a television event. The Ed Sullivan Show had for some time been a comfortable hearth-and-slippers experience, not many of the 73 million viewers watching in February 1964 would fully understand what impact the band they were watching would have. The Beatles soon incited contrasting reactions and, in the process, generated more novelty records than anyone - at least 200 during their 1964-1965 takeover and many more later. Among the many reactions, favoring the hysteria, British girl group The Carefrees We Love You Beatles and, on Tuff Records, disapproving the pandemonium, American group the Four Preps A Letter to the Beatles and American comedian Allan Shermans Pop Hates the Beatles
40.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
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Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
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The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
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Back in the U.S.S.R.
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Back in the U. S. S. R. is a song by the Beatles. It is credited to the songwriting partnership Lennon–McCartney, but written by Paul McCartney, the song opens the 1968 double-disc album The Beatles, and then segues into Dear Prudence. The song opens and closes with the sounds of a jet flying overhead and refers to a dreadful flight back to the U. S. S. R. from Miami Beach in the United States. He also looks forward to hearing the sound of ringing out. Paul McCartney wrote the song while the Beatles were in Rishikesh, India, the title parodied Chuck Berrys Back in the U. S. A. while the chorus and background vocals were a humorous take on the Beach Boys California Girls. In 2013, Love noted, I was at the breakfast table when Paul McCartney came down with his guitar playing Back in the U. S. S. R. I said, You ought to put something in all the girls around Russia. The song also contains an allusion to Hoagy Carmichaels and Stuart Gorrells Georgia on My Mind, McCartney sings about the female population of the Soviet Republic of Georgia right after the Ukraine girls and Moscow girls. McCartney thought that when he listened to the Beach Boys, it sounded like California, the title was inspired in part by the Im Backing Britain campaign that had been endorsed by British Prime Minister Harold Wilson. It has been suggested that McCartney twisted that into Im back in the U. S. S. R, in his 1984 interview with Playboy, McCartney said, I wrote that as a kind of Beach Boys parody. And Back in the USA was a Chuck Berry song, so it took off from there. I just liked the idea of Georgia girls and talking about places like the Ukraine as if they were California and it was also hands across the water, which Im still conscious of. Cause they like us out there, even though the bosses in the Kremlin may not, and that to me is very important for the future of the race. Five takes were recorded of the track, featuring McCartney on drums, Harrison on electric guitar. Take 5 was chosen as best, the exact order of overdubs is not clear. McCartney recorded a full performance on Track 2, with no other instrumental contributions by Lennon or Harrison. On Track 3, McCartney played bass while Harrison played the Bass VI, sometimes doubling McCartneys bass line, while they were playing their parts, Lennon overdubbed snare on the off-beats for the entire duration of the song without a single deviation or fill. This performance was basically duplicated on Track 1, possibly wiping the original backing track in the process, on Track 4, McCartney contributed a piano performance, while Lennon and Harrison provided more bass and electric guitar
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Buddah Records
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Buddah Records was founded in 1967 in New York City. The label was out of Kama Sutra Records, an MGM Records-distributed label. Buddah handled a variety of genres, including bubblegum pop, folk-rock, experimental music. Kama Sutra Records helped bolster MGM Records profits during 1965 and 1966, Kass brought in 24-year-old Neil Bogart to oversee Buddahs daily operations. Bogart had been an MGM General Manager in the early 1960s before taking a VP/Sales Director position at Cameo-Parkway Records, Bogart would quickly enlist Cameo-Parkway producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz, the Ohio Express, and ex-Cameo artists the Five Stairsteps into the new label. Buddahs first single was Yes, We Have No Bananas/The Audition by the Mulberry Fruit Band, Kass and Bogart also brought along the promotion department of Cameo-Parkway, which was shutting down. Buddah initially made its mark as a pop music label, with Ohio Express. However, it was The Lemon Pipers who gave Buddah its first No.1 hit with Green Tambourine, produced by Paul Leka, as bubblegum musics popularity declined at the turn of the decade, Buddah branched out into gospel, folk-country, and R&B. Neil Bogart created and distributed Brut Records via Buddah Records for the Brut Fabergé company, Bogart left Buddah in 1973 to start Casablanca Records. Soon after Bogarts departure, Gladys Knight & the Pips would emerge as Buddahs biggest success, previously signed to Motown, Knight and the Pips would release their biggest hits, including Midnight Train to Georgia and Youre the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me, for Buddah. Jazz session drummer Norman Connors became Buddahs musical director in 1976 and helped to foster the labels move toward R&B, viewlex declared bankruptcy in 1976 and Art Kass purchased Buddah back from them, but the debt resulted in a substantial decline in the number of new releases. Arista Records took over distribution of Buddah from 1978 to 1983, with artists, including Norman Connors and Phyllis Hyman. Buddahs final release of new product came in mid-1983, with Michael Hendersons R&B hit Fickle, Kama Sutras final issue came a year later, with the Fat Boys s self-titled single. Buddah, now known as Buddha Records was re-activated by BMG in September 1998 as a reissue label, the Buddah/Buddha catalogue is now owned by Sony Music Entertainment and managed by Legacy Recordings. Buddah distributed many labels during its history, including the following, Buddah would adopt the font Charisma on their Mad Hatter label to create a uniform branding for its key labels in 1973, although Charismas distribution deal with Buddah would end later that year. Hot Wax Records, owned by Motown songwriting trio Holland-Dozier-Holland, 1969–1973, pavilion Records, a short-lived gospel music imprint best known for its release of Oh Happy Day by The Edwin Hawkins Singers in 1969. Studio One Records, the Jamaican label founded by Coxsone Dodd, Buddah released various selections from Studio Ones back catalog in 1978. 1967, Buddah Records in stylized black letters at the bottom, singles feature the head of a Buddha statue at the top of the label, albums show the entire statue at the bottom
