1.
Charles Henry Robb
–
Charles Henry Robb was a United States federal judge. Charles H. Robb was born in Malone, New York and he was raised in Lincoln, Rhode Island, Troy, New York and Guilford, Vermont. He read law with the firm of Kittredge Haskins and Edgar W. Stoddard, attained admission to the bar in 1892, a Republican, from 1897 to 1901 he served as Windham County States Attorney. He then served as an attorney for the Internal Revenue Service, while practicing law in Vermont Robb was also involved in business and banking, and was an incorporator and officer of the Bellows Falls Trust Company. He was also active in both the Vermont and American Bar Associations, from 1903 to 1904 Robb was an Assistant Attorney General in the Post Office Department, where he investigated wrongdoing and prosecuted corrupt officials. Robb served as an Assistant U. S. Attorney General from 1904 to 1906, formally nominated on December 3,1906, Robb was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 11,1906, and received his commission the same day. He served on the bench until he assumed senior status on November 15,1937, while serving on the bench Judge Robb was also a member of the faculty at the National University Law School. Judge Robb died in Washington, D. C. on June 10,1939, in 1897 Robb married Nettie M. George, the daughter of Dr. Ozias M. George of Bellows Falls. His son Roger Robb also served as a Judge for the D. C and his daughter Priscilla was the wife of airline pilot Elliot A. Billings. Charles Henry Robb at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
2.
Iraq Intelligence Commission
–
However, the commission was not directed to examine the extent to which the Bush administration may have manipulated the intelligence. Following intense study of the American Intelligence Community, the Commission delivered its report to the President on March 31,2005, the Intelligence Community’s performance in assessing Iraq’s pre-war weapons of mass destruction programs was a major intelligence failure. The failure was not merely that the Intelligence Community’s assessments were wrong, there were also serious shortcomings in the way these assessments were made and communicated to policymakers. The Commissions report also described systemic analytical, collection, and dissemination flaws that led the community to erroneous assessments about Iraqs alleged WMD programs. The 601-page document detailed many U. S. intelligence failures, Curveball had never been interviewed by American intelligence until after the war and was instead handled exclusively by German intelligence agents, who regarded his statements as unconvincing. An October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate that concluded Iraq has biological weapons was based almost exclusively on information obtained from Curveball, information about aluminum tubes to be used as centrifuges in a nuclear weapons program were found by the commission to be used for conventional rockets. The Niger Yellowcake scandal was due to American intelligence believing transparently forged documents purporting to show a contract between the countries, there were flaws in the letterhead, forged signatures, misspelled words, incorrect titles for individuals and government entities. The report also looked forward, recommending a number of organizational and structural reforms. Of the 74 recommendations to the President, he fully accepted 69 in a statement released on June 29,2005. Senator from and Governor of Virginia, co-Chairman John McCain, Republican, senator from Arizona Lloyd Cutler, Democrat, former White House counsel to Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Cutler changed status to Of Counsel shortly after the Commission formed, patricia Wald, Democrat, retired judge of the DC Court of Appeals. Rick Levin, then-President of Yale University, retired Admiral Bill Studeman, former Deputy Director of the CIA and Director of the NSA. Charles M. Vest, former President of MIT Henry S. Rowen, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, and President of RAND. The first seven members of the panel were appointed on February 6,2004, the final two members, Vest and Rowen, were appointed on February 13. The commission was independent and separate from the 9-11 Commission, International Herald Tribune February 6,2004 Not everyone got it wrong on Iraqs weapons by Scott Ritter p521 of War and Decision by Douglas Feith
3.
Laurence Silberman
–
Laurence Hirsch Silberman is a senior federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was appointed in October 1985 by Ronald Reagan and took senior status on November 1,2000 and he continues to serve on the court. On June 11,2008, Silberman was named a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Silberman graduated from Dartmouth College in 1957 and Harvard Law School in 1961. He served in the United States Army from 1957 to 1958 and his first wife, Rosalie Ricky Gaull Silberman, co-foundress of the Independent Womens Forum, died on February 17,2007. Silberman has since married Patricia Winn Silberman, Silberman has three children, Robert S. Silberman, Kate Balaban, and Anne Otis. Silberman is also a friend of Justice Clarence Thomas and in 1989 encouraged a young, Silberman has worked in the private sector as a partner at the law firms Moore, Silberman & Schulze in Honolulu and Morrison & Foerster and Steptoe & Johnson in Washington, D. C. He has also served as Executive Vice President of Crocker National Bank in San Francisco and his government service includes stints as an attorney in the NLRBs appellate section, as Solicitor of the Department of Labor from 1969 to 1970, and as Undersecretary of Labor from 1970 to 1973. As Solicitor, he was responsible for developing the requirement of goals. He subsequently regretted his stance, writing, Our use of standards in pursuit of equal opportunity has led to the very quotas guaranteeing equal results that we initially wished to avoid. He also led the development of legislation to implement final offer selection as a means of resolving labor disputes, as Undersecretary, he repeatedly clashed with Charles Chuck Colson and tendered his resignation in order to compel the hiring of a black regional director in New York in 1972. Silberman has stated that this country—and the Federal Bureau of Investigation—would be well served if name were removed from the bureaus building and it is as if the Defense Department were named for Aaron Burr. Liberals and conservatives should unite to support legislation to accomplish this repudiation of a sad chapter in American history. Gerald Ford appointed Silberman as Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1975 to 1977, at the same time, Silberman also served as the Presidential Special Envoy for International Labor Organization Affairs. During the campaign for the 1980 presidential election, he was co-chairman of Ronald Reagans foreign policy advisors, from 1981 to 1985, he served as a member of the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament and the Defense Policy Board. Silberman was on the short list of nominees to the Supreme Court on three separate occasions in 1987,1990, and 1991. He was a member of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review at the time of its first ever session in 2002, in the wake of the resignation of Alberto Gonzales as United States Attorney General in 2007, Silberman was mentioned as a possible successor. The suit was successful, leading to a nationwide rise in pay for all federal judges as of January 1,2014. As a judge, Silberman has authored a number of opinions, In In re Sealed Case,838 F. ”This decision was subsequently reversed by the Supreme Court in Morrison v. Olson,487 U. S.654
4.
George W. Bush
–
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
5.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
6.
Virginia
–
Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
7.
Paul S. Trible Jr.
–
Paul Seward Trible Jr. is an attorney and Republican politician from Virginia, who served in the U. S. House of Representatives for three terms and the U. S. Senate for one term. He is currently president of Christopher Newport University, Trible graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts in History. In 1971, he received a Juris Doctor degree from Washington and he served as a law clerk for a federal judge from 1971 to 1972, and then as an assistant U. S. Attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia from 1972 to 1974. In 1973, Trible was elected as Commonwealths Attorney for Essex County, Virginia, in 1982, Trible received the Republican nomination for the U. S. Senate seat being vacated by Harry F. Byrd Jr. defeating Lt. Governor Richard Joseph Davis Jr. in the general election, after serving in the U. S. Senate from 1983 to 1989, Trible declined to seek reelection in 1988. During the last year of his Senate term, he served simultaneously as a member of the U. S. In 1989, Trible was the favorite to capture the GOP nomination for governor, however, Marshall Coleman narrowly won the nomination. In 1989, between his retirement from the Senate, and his run for governor, Trible was a fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. 1976, Elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 48. 56% of the vote, defeating Robert E. Quinn,1978, Re-elected with 72. 06% of the vote defeating Lewis B. Puller Jr.1980, Re-elected with 90. 48% of the vote defeating Sharon D. Grant,1982, Elected to the U. S. Senate with 51. 18% of the vote, defeating Richard J. Davis. On January 1,1996, Trible became the president of Christopher Newport University. The 35-year-old institution had achieved full university status and his arrival came at a time when the school was undergoing many changes as it evolved from a college to a university. Trible also serves on the Council of Presidents of Virginia’s public colleges and universities, as well as Chair of the NCAA Division III Presidents Council. He is married to Rosemary Trible and they have two children, Mary Katherine, who is married to Dr. Barrett W. R. Peters, and Paul, CEO and co-founder of Ledbury, who is married to Brittany Trible. His father was Paul S. Trible Sr. the son of George Meredith, Trible, Paul S. Restoring the College Core Richmond Times-Dispatch 2 Nov.2014, F3. Colleges Must Get Used to Collaborating With Congress The Chronicle of Higher Education 15 Jul, letting Colleges Down The Washington Post 19 Apr. Paul S. Trible Jr. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Biography at The Political Graveyard Biography at Christopher Newport University The Paul and Rosemary Trible Library at Christopher Newport University
8.
George Allen (American politician)
–
George Felix Allen is an American politician and member of the Republican Party from the Commonwealth of Virginia. After his district was eliminated during redistricting, he declined to run for a term in 1992. He defeated Democratic Attorney General of Virginia Mary Sue Terry by a large margin, Allen ran for re-election in the 2006 election, but after a close and controversial race, he was defeated by Democratic former Secretary of the Navy Jim Webb. When Webb had decided to retire, Allen ran for his old seat again in the 2012 election but was defeated again, Allen now serves on the Reagan Ranch Board of Governors of Young Americas Foundation, where he is a Reagan Ranch Presidential Scholar. Allen was born in Whittier, California, Allens father, George Herbert Allen, was a legendary NFL coach who was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2002. During the 2006 senatorial campaign, it was revealed that Allens mother and he and his family lived there until 1957. They moved to the suburbs of Chicago after George Sr. got a job with the Chicago Bears, then, the family moved back to Southern California in 1966 after Allens father was named head coach of the Los Angeles Rams. Allen graduated in 1970 from Palos Verdes High School, where he was a member of the falconry club and he was also quarterback of the varsity football team. Allen attended the University of California, Los Angeles, for a year. A. degree with distinction in history in 1974 and he was class president in his fourth year at UVA, and played on the UVA football and rugby teams. After graduating, Allen completed a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977, in 1976 he was the chairman of the Young Virginians for Ronald Reagan. Out of law school, he served as a law clerk for Judge Glen Morgan Williams of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, Allens first race for the Virginia House of Delegates was in 1979, two years after he graduated from law school. He ran in the 26th House District which was composed of two seats. He placed third in a field of four candidates, Allen states that he lost because he wasnt himself and was listening to the advice of his campaign manager who suggested he wear wingtips instead of his usual cowboy boots. He ran again in 1982 for the House in the 58th House District with the boots and won the election. Murray, whose previous 24th House District was eliminated after redistricting and he faced Murray again in a 1983 rematch, defeating him 53%–47%. He ran unopposed in 1985,1987, and 1989, the seat he held was the same one held by Thomas Jefferson. He was a delegate from 1983 to 1991 and he lived in Charlottesville and represented parts of Albemarle County and Nelson County. Allen was an advocate for the death penalty, and actively supported expanding it in Virginia
9.
Governor of Virginia
–
The Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term. The current holder of the office is Terry McAuliffe, who was sworn in on January 11,2014 and his term will expire on January 13,2018. McAuliffe is a member of the Democratic Party and was elected to the office on November 5,2013, candidates for governor must be United States citizens who have resided in Virginia and been a registered voter for five years prior to the election in which they are running. The candidates must be at least 30 years of age, Virginia governors are not allowed to serve consecutive terms, therefore, they cannot stand for reelection at the end of their term, as per the 1830 state constitution. However, a governor is permitted to run for a second term in a future election. Only two governors since 1830, William Smith and Mills Godwin, were elected to additional terms, the governor is the head of government in Virginia. At the beginning of regular session, he or she must report the state of the Commonwealth to the Virginia General Assembly. He or she must convene the legislature when two-thirds of each house calls for a special session. The governor must ensure that the laws of the Commonwealth are faithfully executed by either signing, or allowing it to come into law, or vetoing and they are responsible for the safety of the state, as they serve as commander-in-chief of the Virginia Militia. The governor has the power to submit recommendations and to call special sessions when he finds them necessary. All bills must be sent to the governor before becoming law, the governor may sign the bill, let it sit unsigned for seven days, after which it becomes law, or veto the legislation. After a veto, the returns to its house of origin. The governor also has the power to use a line-item veto and he may send legislation back to the legislature with recommendations and amendments. The legislature must either approve the changes by a majority in each house or override the veto with a majority in each house. The governor is commander-in-chief of Virginias militia forces, the governor may also communicate with other states and foreign powers. The governor has the power to fill vacancies in positions unless the position is appointed by the legislature, the governor may commute fines or sentences and issue pardons. The governor may also restore voting rights and overturn other political penalties on individuals, the position of Governor of Virginia dates back to the first permanent English settlement in America, Jamestown. The Virginia Company of London set up a government run by a council, the President of the Council basically served as governor
10.
John N. Dalton
–
John Nichols Dalton was the 63rd governor of the U. S. state of Virginia, serving from 1978 to 1982. Dalton won the office with 55. 9% of the vote, defeating Democrat Henry E. Howell, Jr, Dalton had previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Born in Emporia, Virginia, Dalton also served in both houses of the General Assembly and as the 32nd Lieutenant Governor and he graduated from the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and the University of Virginia Law School. As governor, he pursued policies of limited government and he also settled the federal lawsuit on the desegregation of Virginias institutions of higher education. Dalton Intermediate School, in Radford, Virginia, is named after the former governor, Dalton Hall, a building at Radford University that houses dining facilities, and the university bookstore is named for Dalton. As a young man his next-door neighbor was Charlotte Giesen, first Republican woman elected to the House of Delegates, Dalton died at 55 of lung cancer. He is buried at Sunrise Burial Park in Radford and his personal papers, including those from his time as governor, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary. Dalton, 1978–1982, UVa Cooper Center The Legacy of Governor Dalton by John Chichester Finding aid for the John Dalton Papers
11.
Gerald Baliles
–
Gerald Lee Baliles was the 65th Governor of Virginia and the former director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Baliles served as the 65th Governor of Virginia from 1986 to 1990, a Democrat, Baliles won the 1985 Gubernatorial election with 55. 2% of the vote defeating Republican Wyatt B. He could not run for re-election, as Virginia governors are limited to non-consecutive single terms in office, however, Baliles popularity helped secure the narrow election of Lieutenant Governor Douglas Wilder in 1989. Improving Virginias transportation infrastructure and increasing its revenues was one of his signature accomplishments, another key priority was ensuring the states ability to participate and compete in world markets, and during his administration Virginia’s international trade grew substantially. A champion of education, Baliles has long emphasized the need for workers to acquire new skills and training throughout their lives. His administration increased faculty salaries, making pay for the states higher-education teachers the highest in the South, in 1989, he hosted the nations governors in Charlottesville for President George H. W. Bushs summit on education and has always been a staunch supporter of higher education. During Baliles administration, the state boasted the highest per-capita income in the South, and he appointed the first woman, Elizabeth B. Lacy, to the Virginia Supreme Court, expanded the prison system. In 2004 he served as chair of a panel to raise money for the Bay cleanup. Baliles was widely seen as having potential for a political career after his service as governor. However, Virginias United States Senate seats were held by Democrat Chuck Robb, Baliles predecessor as governor, Baliles also did not pursue the Democratic nomination for President in 1992. After leaving office, he returned to law practice as a partner in the national firm Hunton & Williams based in Richmond. He chaired the Commission to Ensure a Strong Competitive Airline Industry Commission for President Bill Clinton, in the early 1990s, Baliles served as chairman of the Public Infrastructure Subcouncil of the Competitiveness Policy Council. Allen in his capacity as the Attorney General of Virginia and he serves on the boards of the Norfolk Southern Corporation and Altria Group. He has also served as chair of PBS and throughout most of his life has been at the forefront of activities related to preserving the Chesapeake Bay. Baliles received the Harry F. Byrd Public Service Award from the Virginia Military Institute in 2006, a native of Virginia, Baliles was born on July 8,1940 in Patrick County. He became the Miller Centers fifth director in April 2006, Governor Baliles and his wife, Robin, currently reside in Charlottesville, Virginia. He has two children, Laura and Jonathan, with his first wife, Jeannie Baliles, Jon Baliles was elected to the Richmond City Council in 2012
12.
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
–
The Lieutenant Governor is a constitutional officer of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Lieutenant Governor is elected every four years along with the Governor, the office is currently held by Democrat Ralph Northam. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected separately and thus may be of different political parties, the lieutenant governors office is located in the Oliver Hill Building on Capitol Square in Richmond, Virginia. Unlike the governor, the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia can run for re-election, since the late 1920s, the lieutenant governor has been one of only three positions that competes in a statewide election in Virginia. Since the governor cannot succeed himself, whoever is elected lieutenant governor is almost always considered a candidate for governor. This is especially the case if the lieutenant governor and the attorney general come from different parties, the office of Lieutenant Governor is of colonial origin and can be traced to the Virginia Council of London. The Council was appointed by the King, and in turn, virginia’s first Constitution, adopted in 1776, provided a Council of State from which a President was annually selected from its members. The President acted as Lieutenant Governor in the case of the death, inability, the Virginia Constitution of 1851 abolished the Governor’s Council of State and provided for the popular election of the Lieutenant Governor. Shelton Farrar Leake, from Albemarle County, was the first elected Lieutenant Governor, constitutionally, the Lieutenant Governor is president of the Senate of Virginia, as is the case with many other lieutenant governors in the United States. Unlike most of his counterparts, however, the lieutenant governor presides over the chamber. Parties No party/Conservative Democratic Whig Republican As of January 2017, six former U. S. lieutenant governors of Virginia were alive, the oldest being Douglas Wilder. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Virginia was that of Richard J. Davis and he is also the most recently serving U. S. lieutenant governor of Virginia to die. Lieutenant Governor of Virginias website List of past Lieutenant Governors
13.
Phoenix, Arizona
–
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
14.
Arizona
–
Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
17.
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb
–
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb is an American chairwoman and magazine editor who served as First Lady of Virginia from 1982 to 1986, before that as Second Lady of Virginia from 1978-1982. She is the elder of the two daughters of former United States President Lyndon Baines Johnson and former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson and she is the oldest living child of a U. S. President following the death of John Eisenhower on December 21,2013. Johnson was engaged to Bernard Rosenbach before she met the actor George Hamilton, in 1966, Johnson and Hamilton began dating. Johnson later married U. S. Marine Corps Captain Charles S. Robb in the East Room of the White House in 1967 in a service celebrated by the Right Reverend Gerald Nicholas McAllister and her husband served with distinction in Vietnam. Charles Robb later became Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, making her Second Lady of Virginia, later, Robb became Governor of Virginia, making her First Lady of Virginia. He also served two terms as U. S, on May 9,1979, President Jimmy Carter appointed Robb to chair the Presidents Advisory Committee for Women. The committee of thirty worked to carry out Carters mandate to promote equality for women in the cultural, social, economic, Robb served as Chairman of the Board of Reading is Fundamental, the nations largest childrens literacy organization. She continues to serve the organization as Chairman Emerita and she was a contributing editor to Ladies Home Journal magazine. She serves on the Board of Directors of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation, Robb was educated at the National Cathedral School for Girls, graduated from the University of Texas at Austin, and was a member of Zeta Tau Alpha sorority. She holds an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Washington and Lee University and she has three, in her words, almost perfect daughters, Lucinda Desha Robb, Catherine Lewis Robb and Jennifer Wickliffe Robb. In 2004, Robb attended the State funeral of former President Ronald Reagan, on behalf of her mother, Lady Bird Johnson and she again represented her mother at the State funeral of former President Gerald Ford, who died December 26,2006
18.
Cornell University
–
Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
19.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
20.
University of Virginia
–
The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
21.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
22.
United States Marine Corps
–
The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
23.
Major (United States)
–
In the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services. Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services, the pay grade for the rank of major is O-4. The insignia for the rank consists of an oak leaf. Promotion to major is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980, a major in the U. S. Army typically serves as a battalion executive officer or as the battalion operations officer. A major can also serve as a staff officer for a regiment, brigade or task force in the areas concerning personnel, logistics. A major will also be a staff officer / action officer on higher staffs, in addition, majors command augmented companies in Combat Service and Service Support units. U. S. Army majors also command Special operations companies, during the American Civil War the Union Army continued to use the existing titles of rank and rank insignia established for the US Army. The number of rows of lace increased with the rank of the officer. A major in the Air Force typically has duties as a staff officer at the squadron. In flying squadrons majors are generally flight commanders or assistant directors of operations, in the mission support and maintenance groups majors may occasionally be squadron commanders. In the medical corps, a major may be the head of a clinic or flight, many police agencies in the United States use the rank of major for officers in senior administrative and supervisory positions. The position is most often found in larger agencies, where the number of sworn personnel requires an expanded and complex rank structure. The term major is not always used in scenarios, and some police departments prefer to use titles such as Deputy Chief, Commander, or similar. However, there are agencies, particularly state police, which prefer to use both the insignia and title. The rank may also be used in conjunction with, rather than instead of, confederate Army rank insignia, A guide Officer rank insignia Rank history
24.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
25.
Bronze Star Medal
–
Civilians serving with U. S. military forces in combat are also eligible for the award. For example, UPI reporter Joe Galloway was awarded the Bronze Star with V Device during the Vietnam War for rescuing a wounded soldier under fire in the Battle of la Drang. The Bronze Star Medal was established by Executive Order 9419,4 February 1944, the acts of heroism are of a lesser degree than required for the award of the Silver Star. The acts of merit or acts of valor must be less than required for the Legion of Merit but must nevertheless have been meritorious. The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to members in combat zones who are receiving imminent danger pay. For this purpose, the US Armys Combat Infantryman Badge or Combat Medical Badge award is considered as a citation in orders, effective 11 September 2001, the Meritorious Service Medal may also be bestowed in lieu of the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious achievement in a designated combat theater. The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund of the jewelry firm Bailey, the medal is a bronze star 1 1⁄2 inches in circumscribing diameter. In the center is a 3⁄16 inch diameter superimposed bronze star, the reverse bears the inscription HEROIC OR MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT with a space for the name of the recipient to be engraved. The star hangs from its ribbon by a metal loop with rounded corners. The Bronze Star Medal with the V device to denote heroism is the fourth highest military decoration for valor, 5/16 Inch Star – In the Navy and Marine Corps and Coast Guard, the 5/16 inch star is worn to denote additional awards. V Device – In the Army, the V is worn solely to denote participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy, in the Air Force, the V is worn to denote heroism in combat. Red Reeder conceived the idea of the Bronze Star Medal in 1943, Reeder felt another medal was needed as a ground equivalent of the Air Medal, and suggested calling the proposed new award the Ground Medal. The idea eventually rose through the bureaucracy and gained supporters. Marshall, in a memorandum to President Franklin D, the Air Medal had been adopted two years earlier to raise airmens morale. President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419 dated 4 February 1944 and this authorization was announced in War Department Bulletin No. President John F. Kennedy amended Executive Order 9419 per Executive Order 11046 dated 24 August 1962 to expand the authorization to include serving with friendly forces. This allowed for awards where US service members become involved in a conflict where the United States was not a belligerent. At the time of the Executive Order, for example, the US was not a belligerent in Vietnam, since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to any person
26.
Presidential Service Badge
–
Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, who serve as full-time military staff to the President of the United States. Executive Order 10879 of June 1,1960 was signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower establishing a White House Service Badge, President Lyndon B. Johnson retired the White House Service Badge and issued a separate Presidential Service Badge by signing Executive Order 11174 on September 1,1964. Marine Helicopter Squadron 1 Marine One flight crew, Marines assigned to the Marine Security Company at Camp David and it is accompanied by a certificate and miniature lapel version. The PSB is recorded in the military service records and is authorized for wear as a permanent decoration. Recipients are, other than the President and uniformed members of the U. S, secret Service, the only Americans authorized to wear the Presidential Seal or Coat of Arms on their uniforms and civilian clothes. A similar badge, the Vice Presidential Service Badge, exists for personnel assigned to assist the Vice President of the United States. C. The organization was created to provide a network of personnel, to construct a history of their service and to demonstrate the traditions, President Dwight D. Eisenhower called the decoration a symbol of. deserved honor and distinction. Each recipient has their name linked to a serial number held at the White House and it is jointly located with the Presidential Culinary Museum. The center displays glass case exhibits of the history of service, machines with facilities maintained and it contains numerous artifacts, antiques, and items sent by the National Archives and Presidential foundations supporting it. The center and museum have been featured in over 130 newspapers, worldwide, as well as on CNN International, the center contains numerous Presidential Service badges on display and one of the largest on public display. It is located in Grover, North Carolina, a named after President of the United States Grover Cleveland
27.
Mount Vernon, Virginia
–
Mount Vernon is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 12,416 at the 2010 census. S, Route 1 to the north, and Little Hunting Creek to the east. Mount Vernon is located at 39°44′07″N 77°05′43″W at an elevation of 79 feet, located on U. S. Route 1 in Northern Virginia, Mount Vernon is 13 miles south-southwest of downtown Washington, D. C. and 13 miles southeast of Fairfax, the county seat. Mount Vernon sits on the Atlantic Coastal Plain on the side of the Potomac River. Two small tributaries of the river south through the CDP, Dogue Creek runs through the western part of the CDP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 6.07 square miles of which 5.24 square miles is land and 0.83 square miles is water. As a suburb of Washington, D. C, Mount Vernon is a part of both the Washington Metropolitan Area and the larger Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. As of the census of 2000, there were 28,582 people,10,575 households, there were 10,926 housing units at an average density of 1,435. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 54. 42% White,27. 65% African American,0. 33% Native American,6. 33% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,6. 87% from other races, and 4. 26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14. 50% of the population,22. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.16. In the CDP, the population was out with 26. 3% under the age of 18,7. 9% from 18 to 24,32. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $61,119, and the median income for a family was $67,892. Males had an income of $42,049 versus $33,543 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,299, about 5. 3% of families and 7. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 7% of those under age 18 and 2. 4% of those age 65 or over. Mount Vernon is within Fairfax County Public Schools, Mount Vernon High School serves the community. Previously The Islamic Saudi Academy of Washington had a campus in Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon is, most famously, the home of the first President of the United States, General of the Armies, and tobacco planter George Washington and his wife Martha Dandridge Custis Washington
28.
Fairfax County, Virginia
–
Fairfax County, officially the County of Fairfax, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,081,726, in 2015, it was estimated at 1,142,234, making it the Commonwealths most populous jurisdiction, with 13. 6% of Virginias population. The county seat is the City of Fairfax, though because it is an independent city under Virginia law, the county is also home to seven Fortune 500 companies, including three with Falls Church addresses. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of what would become Fairfax County were an Algonquian-speaking sub-group called the Taux, also known as the Doeg or Dogue. Their villages, as recorded by Captain John Smith in 1608, included Namassingakent, virginian colonists from the Northern Neck region drove the Doeg out of this area and into Maryland by 1670. Fairfax County was formed in 1742 from the part of Prince William County. It was named for Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the Fairfax family name is derived from the Old English phrase for blond hair – Faeger-feahs. The oldest settlements in Fairfax County were along the Potomac River, George Washington settled in Fairfax County and built his home, Mount Vernon, facing the river. Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason is nearby, modern Fort Belvoir is partly on the estate of Belvoir Manor, built along the Potomac by William Fairfax in 1741. Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the member of the British nobility ever to reside in the colonies. The Belvoir mansion and several of its outbuildings were destroyed by fire immediately after the Revolutionary War in 1783, in 1757, the northwestern two-thirds of Fairfax County became Loudoun County. In 1789, part of Fairfax County was ceded to the government to form Alexandria County of the District of Columbia. Alexandria County was returned to Virginia in 1846, reduced in size by the secession of the independent city of Alexandria in 1870, the Fairfax County town of Falls Church became an independent city in 1948. The Fairfax County town of Fairfax became an independent city in 1961, Fairfax County was an important region in the Civil War. The Battle of Chantilly or Ox Hill, during the campaign as the second Battle of Bull Run, was fought within the county. Other areas of activity included Minors Hill, Munsons Hill, and Uptons Hill, on the eastern border, overlooking Washington. The federal governments growth during and after World War II spurred rapid growth in the county, other large businesses continued to settle in Fairfax County and the opening of Tysons Corner Center spurred the rise of Tysons Corner. The technology boom and a steady government-driven economy also created rapid growth, the economy has also made Fairfax County one of the nations wealthiest counties
29.
Chi Phi
–
The Chi Phi Fraternity is an American College Social Fraternity that was established as the result of the merger of three separate organizations that were each known as Chi Phi. The earliest of these organizations was formed at Princeton in 1824, today, Chi Phi has over 43,500 living alumni members from over 100 active and inactive Chapters and un-chartered Colonies. Currently Chi Phi has 49 active Chapters and 3 Colonies, a man named Jerry Reid, who returned to college in a new major at the age of 68 and subsequently pledged Chi Phi, is possibly the oldest new member ever thus far to join a college fraternity. On Christmas Eve in 1824, an association was formed to promote the circulation of correct opinions upon Religion, Morals, Education & excluding Sectarian Theology and party Politics. It was the duty of each member to publish at least once a month in any convenient way some article designed to answer the above object. The majority of the religious societies founded in Princeton were less general in their scope, Maclean found the records in his uncles paperwork, who happened to be president of the college at that time. The names of the founders of the society of 1824 were not even known to the 1854 founders, however. The Chi Phi Fraternity founded by Maclean was also short-lived, the group existed sub rosa only until 1859 when it was abandoned completely. However, before the Princeton chapter died off, it was able to establish a second chapter at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster. The chapter at Franklin and Marshall in turn planted a chapter at Gettysburg College in Gettysburg, the second Chi Phi Fraternity was founded at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on August 21,1858 by five undergraduate students. All but the UNC chapter suspended operations as a result of the Civil War, in early 1862, he then became the Captain of Co. C, 3rd Battalion North Carolina Light Artillery and he lived the remainder of his life as a wealthy planter in Vance Co. N. C. near the village of Kittrell, where the home he built in 1867 still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, john Calhoun Tucker - Class of 1861 - Served as Private in Co. I, 39th Mississippi Infantry and died in service on December 28,1862 near Port Hudson, at the surrender, only seven of his company were reported in service. William Harrison Greene - Class of 1862 - Served as a Lieutenant in Co, G, 5th Alabama Infantry Regiment assigned to the Rodes Brigade and the Army of Northern Virginia throughout the War. He was wounded in the leg at Sharpsburg, Antietam, Maryland in September 1862 and he later became a gentleman farmer at Wayside, Mississippi. - Class of 1862 - Served as a Private in the 6th Tennessee Infantry in 1862 and he was honorably discharged on account of ill health and became a merchant and planter at Eurekaton, Tenn. On November 14,1860, the third independent fraternity to be named Chi Phi was founded at Hobart College, Geneva by twelve men who took the initiatory oath, the twelve men later became known throughout Chi Phi as the Twelve Apostles
30.
The Basic School
–
The Basic School is where all newly commissioned and appointed United States Marine Corps officers are taught the basics of being an Officer of Marines. The Basic School is at Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, each year over 1,700 new officers are trained, representing such diverse commissioning sources as the U. S. The Schools Five Horizontal Themes define the expectations of student officer at TBS. They are, A Man or Woman of Exemplary Character Has a clear understanding that a Marine commission brings with it special trust and confidence and the highest expectations of the American people. Most officers attend BOC as a second lieutenant immediately after commissioning at OCS or within a few months of graduation, some newly commissioned officers may serve a short period of time in an interim assignment before beginning TBS/BOC. The Officer Basic Course currently lasts 28 weeks, during which new officers receive classroom, field, classroom events include platform instruction, tactical decision games, sand table exercises, decision-forcing cases, and small group discussions. There are various events, beginning with fireteam and squad level. The field events consist of realistic training and live fire ranges. They are assigned to India Company at Camp Barrett, sergeants or Staff NCOs who are selected are given additional leadership and management training during the Warrant Officer Basic Course. Graduates of the BOC who are selected for an infantry MOS remain at TBS for the twelve-week Infantry Officer Course, officers selected to serve in a Light Armored Reconnaissance battalion complete an additional six-week LAR crewman course conducted at the School of Infantry
31.
Lyndon B. Johnson
–
A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
32.
3rd Battalion, 7th Marines
–
The 3rd Battalion 7th Marine Regiment is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps. They are based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, the battalion falls under the command of the 7th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division. The battalion has seen combat in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and they have since deployed five times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as well as three times in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, and continue operations in Afghanistan. The unit has a long, decorated history with countless achievements and its members were described as true professionals by embedded reporters during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 3rd Battalion 7th Marines was activated 1 January 1941 at Guantanamo Bay, in February 1941 they were reassigned to the 1st Marine Division. 3/7 participated in the following World War II campaigns, Guadalcanal, after the war 3/7 participated in the occupation of northern China from September 1945 to April 1946 and then deactivated 15 April 1946. The battalion was reactivated 11 September 1950 at Kobe, Japan and they deployed in September 1950 to the South Korea and participated in the Inchon-Seoul. Following the recapture of Seoul, the 1st Marine Division was pulled out of northwest Korea, the battalion was in Yudam-ni on the evening of 27–28 November 1950 when the Battle of Chosin Reservoir began. During the rest of the war 3/7 took part in the fighting on the East Central Front, in October 1951 it performed the first battalion sized combat helicopter air assault in history in Operation Bumblebee. After the war the battalion participated in the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone, the 3rd Battalion, along with the rest of the 7th Marines, was deployed to Vietnam from Camp Pendleton in late May 1965. On 18 August 1965, the 3/7 took part in Operation Starlite, the 3/7, along with the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines, and the 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, made a combined amphibious-helicopter assault on fortified enemy positions on the Van Tuong Peninsula. The Marines landed behind enemy lines and, after seven days of fighting, in January 1966, the 3/7 took part in Operation Mallard along with the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines. It was a sweep of the area 20 miles southwest of Da Nang, in March 1966 the battalion took part in Operation Texas. On 18 March 1966 an ARVN outpost on Hill 141 west of Quang Ngai City was overrun by the 36th North Vietnamese Regiment, a reaction/relief force was promptly put together consisting of elements from 4 Marine battalions including 3/7 and an ARVN battalion. The allied forces were inserted by ground and air on 20 and 21 March, over the next four days, Operation Texas claimed a total of 623 known enemy dead, but at least 57 US Marines and sailors were killed in a series of bitter fights. Jimenez of Kilo Company, 3/7, was awarded the Medal of Honor. During the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, 3/7 took part in Operation Desert Storm, the battalion arrived in Jubail, Saudi Arabia, in mid-January 1991, with the mission to be a foot-mobile infiltration force. For a month from mid-February onwards, 3/7—as part of Task Force Grizzly, there, 3/7 became the lead element of all U. S. forces in the region
33.
Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
–
The Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross also known as the Vietnam Gallantry Cross or Vietnam Cross of Gallantry is a military decoration of the former Government of South Vietnam. Individuals who received the medal, ribbon, and a citation were personally cited at the Armed Forces, Corps, Division, the Republic of Vietnam authorized members of units and organizations that were cited, to wear the Gallantry Cross Unit Citation Emblem with Palm and Frame. The medal is gold in color,35 mm wide and it consists of a Celtic cross with two crossed swords between the arms. The cross is superimposed over a wreath, the center of the cross contains a disc with the outline of the country of Vietnam between two palm branches joined at the bottom. A scroll is on top of the map and is inscribed QUOC-GIA LAO-TUONG, the suspension ribbon of the medal is 35 mm wide and is made up of the following stripes,9 mm of Old Glory Red,17 mm center stripe in Golden Yellow. The center stripe has sixteen strands of Old Glory Red, and 9 mm of Old Glory Red, degrees The Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross was awarded in four degrees, with a basic medal followed by higher degrees which were the equivalent of personal citations on an organizational level. U. S. Marine Corps uniform regulations in 2003, state the recipient should wear only one Gallantry Cross award regardless of the number received, for multiple awards, wear as many authorized devices as will fit on one medal suspension ribbon or ribbon bar. Wear the devices for subsequent awards in order of seniority from the wearers right, the first palm is 1 7⁄16 inches on the suspension ribbon or 6⁄8 inch on the service ribbon. Subsequent palms are 6⁄8 inch on the ribbon or 3⁄8 inch on the service ribbon. Service versions The Gallantry Cross was awarded to members of all branches, as well as service members of foreign. The similarly named decorations were the Air Gallantry Cross and Navy Gallantry Cross and these decorations were awarded under a different authority, with different criteria, and were considered separate decorations. The former Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces awarded the Gallantry Cross to specific units that distinguished themselves to the same level as would be required for the individual award. Regulations for the issuance of the Vietnam Gallantry Cross permit the wearing of both the individual and unit award simultaneously since both are considered separate awards, the Gallantry Cross was awarded to every Allied nation which provided support to South Vietnam. The Gallantry Cross became the most commonly awarded Vietnamese decoration to foreigners, Fourragere The South Vietnamese military Fourragere in the colors of the Gallantry Cross represented a military unit cited two times. It was a brilliant golden-yellow, with red intermixed, Department of the Army message 111030Z from April 1974, established the policy that only one emblem for a unit award was authorized to be worn at a time. This change resulted in the fourragere being no longer authorized for wear, U. S. authorization Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, U. S. Department of Defense, U. S. The United States military began authorizing the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross in March 1968 with retroactive presentation of the decoration to 1961, the full medal and or unit citation award are both considered foreign military awards and are not issued to Vietnam veterans by the NPRC. John Beal, film and television composer, was awarded the RVN Gallantry Cross with palm, george R. Christmas, USMC Lieutenant General who was awarded the RVN Gallantry Cross with palm
34.
1st Marine Division (United States)
–
The 1st Marine Division is a Marine infantry division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force. It is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps and it is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed The Old Breed, the division is employed as the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force or may provide task-organized forces for assault operations and such operations as may be directed. The 5th Marines were created in Vera Cruz, Mexico on 13 July 1914 and participated in 15 major engagements during World War I, including Belleau Wood, Chateau Thierry, and St. Mihiel. On 7 August 1917, 7th Marines were activated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the 11th Marines was formed in January 1918 at Quantico, Va. as a light artillery regiment. The regiment went to France as a unit, providing a machine gun company. Decommissioned and reactivated twice between the wars, the regiment was re-formed in 1940 as a full-fledged artillery unit. The 1st Marine Division was activated aboard the USS Texas on 1 February 1941, the 1st Raider Battalion was on New Caledonia, and the 3rd Defense Battalion was in Pearl Harbor. All of the units, with the 11th Marines and 75mm howitzer armed 10th Marines battalion would rendezvous at Fiji. Also, because the Wellington dock workers were on strike at the time, other things not yet available to this first wave of Marine deployments were insect repellent and mosquito netting. On 31 July the entire Marine task force was placed under the command of Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletchers Task Force 61, the division as a whole would fight in the Guadalcanal Campaign until relieved at 1400 on 9 December 1942 by Alexander Patchs Americal Division. This operation won the Division its first of three World War II Presidential Unit Citations, the battle would cost the division 650 killed in action,1,278 wounded in action with a further 8,580 contracting malaria and 31 missing in action. Others were awarded for the battles of Peleliu and Okinawa, following the Guadalcanal Campaign, the divisions Marines were sent to Melbourne, Australia for rest and refit. It was during this time that the division took the traditional Australian folk song Waltzing Matilda as its battle hymn, to this day, 1st Division Marines still ship out to this song being played. The division would see action during Operation Cartwheel which was the codename for the campaigns in Eastern New Guinea. They came ashore at the Battle of Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 and fought on New Britain until March 1944 at such places as Suicide Creek, during the course of the battle the division had 310 killed and 1,083 wounded. Following the battle they were sent to Pavuvu in the Russell Islands for rest, the next battle for the 1st Marine Division would be the bloodiest yet at the Battle of Peleliu
35.
University of Virginia School of Law
–
The University of Virginia School of Law was founded in Charlottesville in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson as one of the original subjects taught at his academical village, the University of Virginia. Virginia Law is the fourth-oldest active law school in the United States, the law school offers the J. D. LL. M. and S. J. D. degrees in law and hosts visiting scholars, visiting researchers and a number of legal research centers. Virginia Law is perennially regarded as one of the 10 most prestigious law schools in the United States. U. S. News & World Report currently ranks Virginia Law as tied for eighth in the nation with Michigan, in 2018, in the 2010 Super Lawyers Law School Rankings, Virginia Law ranks fourth in the nation. In the 2015 Above the Law rankings, Virginia Law ranked sixth in the nation, a 2013 Above the Law report also notes that Virginia is second in the number of graduates leading the nations top 100 firms. A study published in the Journal of Legal Education ranked Virginia Law fourth in the number of partners in the National Law Journals top 100 firms, Virginia Law also places high in clerkships, recently ranking behind only Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. The 2016 QS World University Rankings for law school, places Virginia Law in the range of 51–100 worldwide, Virginia Law recently completed an eight-year capital campaign, raising $173.9 million to enhance the student experience. The Judge Advocate Generals Legal Center and School operated by the United States Army is located next to UVA, Virginia Law is among the most selective law schools in the nation. For the class entering in the fall of 2016,297 out of 4,811 J. D. applicants matriculated, the 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2016 entering class were 164 and 170, respectively, with a median of 169. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.48 and 3.94, respectively, the Class of 2019 come from 39 states, the District of Columbia, and 138 undergraduate institutions. The age range was 20 to 37, 55% of the class was male, 45% female, and 24% identified themselves as people of color. 59% of the class had work experience after college, the total cost of attendance for first-year law students at Virginia Law for the 2016-2017 academic year is $78,002 for Virginia residents and $81,002 for nonresidents. The Law School maintains a roster of student organizations, including chapters of the Federalist Society, the American Constitution Society. The Virginia Law Weekly, the Law Schools student-run weekly newspaper, has published since 1948. The paper has been cited in court cases including the U. S. Supreme Court case Patterson v. New York. In addition to its news content, the VLW also contains student-submitted content which often includes humorous, the Law Weekly has won the American Bar Associations previous three Best Newspaper Awards, in 2006,2007, and 2008. Each spring over a hundred students write, direct and perform in The Libel Show and its performers roast Law School professors, student stereotypes and life in Charlottesville throughout each of its three nightly showings. Professors write and sing their response to the jokes at the penultimate performance
36.
Law clerk
–
Judicial clerks often play significant roles in the formation of case law through their influence upon judges decisions. Judicial clerks should not be confused with legal clerks, court clerks, or courtroom deputies who only provide secretarial, Judicial clerks are generally recent law school graduates who performed at or near the top of their class. In some countries, judicial clerks are known as Judicial Associates or Judicial Assistants, in many nations, clerk duties are performed by permanent staff attorneys or junior apprentice-like judges, such as those that sit on Frances Conseil dÉtat. In English courts, they are known as Judicial Assistants, the European Court of Justice uses permanent staff attorneys and the Stagiaires. Australia, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil have notable clerk systems, most Canadian courts accept applications for judicial clerkships from graduating law students or experienced lawyers who have already been called to the Bar in Canada or abroad. Most provincial superior and appellate courts hire at least one clerk for each judge, typically students in their last two years of law school are eligible to apply for these positions, but increasingly, experienced practicing lawyers are also considered for these positions. The term typically lasts a year and generally fulfills the requirement for provincial law societies. The most prestigious clerkship available is with the countrys highest court, each Justice of the Supreme Court hires three clerks for a one-year period. The Federal Court of Appeal, which is based in Ottawa but hears cases across the country, selects 12 law clerks each year, the Federal Court also hires only one clerk per judge, or about 30 per year in total. The Court of Appeal for Ontario selects 17 law clerks, who serve one or two of the 24 Justices. The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan hires 3 clerks, each of whom are assigned to 2 to 3 judges, successful candidates for all clerkships are usually selected based on a distinguished academic record, academic recommendations, strong research and writing skills and interviews with judges. For both the Supreme Court of Canada and the Quebec Court of Appeal, being able to work in both English and French is strongly preferred, the Tax Court of Canada hires 12 clerks annually. Many law clerks have gone on to become leaders of the profession, mr. Justice Jean Cote of the Alberta Court of Appeal was one of the very first Supreme Court law clerks, serving as a clerk in the programs inaugural year. In England and Wales, law clerks are called Judicial Assistants and it is possible to be a Judicial Assistant at the Court of Appeal and at the UK Supreme Court. Only Supreme Court Judicial Assistants are appointed for a full-time, one fixed term appointment. Since 2006 they have taken part in a long exchange in Washington DC at the U. S. Supreme Court due to a friendship between Justice Antonin Scalia and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Sally Kenneys article on clerks, or Référendaires, on the European Court of Justice provides one detailed point of comparison, there are some major differences between ECJ clerks and their American counterparts, largely because of the way the ECJ is structured. One key difference is that ECJ clerks, while hired by individual judges and this gives ECJ clerks considerable expertise and power
37.
Williams & Connolly
–
Williams & Connolly LLP is a prominent litigation firm based in Washington, D. C. The firm was founded by trial lawyer Edward Bennett Williams In collaboration with Paul Connolly, Williams left the partnership of D. C. firm Hogan & Hartson to launch his own litigation boutique. Recent high-profile cases include the defense of U. S. The firm has also represented Colonel Oliver North during the Iran-Contra Affair and John Hinckley, in addition, the firm represented Fred Smith, the CEO of FedEx, in his challenge of the University of Virginias policy of student self-governance. Williams & Connolly is the subject of Masters of the Game, the firm also ranked #2 on Vaults list of Best Firms to Work For, #2 in Career Outlook, #2 in Employee Satisfaction, and #1 in Business Outlook. In 2015, the firm elevated its starting salary for first year associates to $200,000, with regard to hiring, Williams & Connolly was ranked in 2017 as the second most selective law firm in the country. The firm has a reputation for hiring only the most academically successful students from the top law schools. Craig, David E. Kendall and Nicole K. Seligman connected to Williams & Connolly profiled The Defense, Clintons Team, archived from the original on 2005-03-15. Article on the defense of Kentucky governor Paul E. Patton
38.
Virginia General Assembly
–
The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World, established on July 30,1619. The General Assembly is a body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house. Combined together, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from a number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The House of Delegates is presided over by the Speaker of the House, the House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginias clerk is known as the Clerk of the Senate, the Republican Party currently holds the majority in both the House of Delegates and the Senate. The General Assembly meets in Virginias capital of Richmond, when sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1788 and expanded in 1904. During the American Civil War, the building was used as the capitol of the Confederate States of America, the building was renovated between 2005 and 2006. Senators and Delegates have their offices in the General Assembly Building across the street north of the Capitol. The Governor of Virginia lives across the street directly east of the Capitol in the Virginia Executive Mansion, the Virginia General Assembly is described as the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. Its existence dates from the establishment of the Virginia Governors Council, at various times it may have been referred to as the Grand Assembly of Virginia. The General Assembly met in Jamestown from 1619 until 1699, when it moved to Williamsburg, Virginia and it became the General Assembly in 1776 with the ratification of the Virginia Constitution. The government was moved to Richmond in 1780 during the administration of Governor Thomas Jefferson, the annual salary for senators is $18,000. The annual salary for delegates is $17,640, under the Constitution, a senator or delegate who moves his residence from the district for which he is elected shall thereby vacate his office. Article II, section 6 on apportionment states, Members of the, Senate and of the House of Delegates of the General Assembly shall be elected from electoral districts established by the General Assembly. The Redistricting Coalition of Virginia proposes either an independent commission or a commission that is not polarized. Member organizations include the League of Women Voters of Virginia, AARP of Virginia, OneVirginia2021, the Virginia Chamber of Commerce, Governor Bob McDonnells Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting for the Commonwealth of Virginia made its report on April 1,2011. It made two recommendations for state legislative house that showed maps of districts more compact and contiguous than those adopted by the General Assembly. In 2011, the Virginia College and University Redistricting Competition was organized by Professors Michael McDonald of George Mason University, about 150 students on sixteen teams from thirteen schools submitted plans for legislative and U. S
39.
Marine Corps Base Quantico
–
Used primarily for training purposes, MCB Quantico is known as the Crossroads of the Marine Corps. Quantico Station is a place in Prince William County and Stafford counties in the U. S. state of Virginia. The population was 4,452 at the 2010 census, the designation Quantico Station is not in widespread local use, but is simply a name used by the Census Bureau to describe base housing on Marine Corps Base Quantico. The U. S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command, which develops strategies for U. S. Marine combat and makes up most of the community of over 12,000 military and civilian personnel is based here. It has a budget of around $300 million and is the home of the Marine Corps Officer Candidates School, the Marine Corps Research Center at Quantico pursues equipment research and development, especially telecommunications, for the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps Brig, a prison, is also located at Quantico. In 2001, the base was designated as part of the Quantico Marine Corps Base Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places and this district includes 122 buildings, two landscapes, a sculpture, and a water tower located within the Mainside area of the base. The contributing properties with separate entries include Tennessee Camp, Camp French, Commanding Generals Quarters, Quantico Station is located at 38°30′07″N 77°18′21″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 8.1 square miles. The name Quantico Station is most often used to designate the metro station in Quantico, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,571 people,1,389 households, and 1,351 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 918.9 people per square mile, there were 1,645 housing units at an average density of 230. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 73. 25% White,16. 01% African American,0. 46% Native American,2. 15% Asian,0. 15% Pacific Islander,3. 91% from other races, and 4. 08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 37% of the population,2. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57 and the family size was 3.57. In the CDP, the population was out with 32. 3% under the age of 18,29. 9% from 18 to 24,35. 5% from 25 to 44,2. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 158.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 196.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $41,429, and the median income for a family was $41,288. Males had an income of $24,478 versus $20,676 for females
40.
Democratic Party of Virginia
–
The Democratic Party of Virginia is based in Richmond in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is affiliated with the national Democratic Party of the United States, the organization is governed by a State Party Plan, which guarantees an open and fair candidate selection process. Although the party has members and elected officials throughout the state, it draws its highest number of votes from the Tidewater area, Metropolitan Richmond, historically, the Democratic Party has dominated Virginia politics. Of the 39 governors directly elected by Virginia voters,34 have been Democrats, however, in the 1990s the Republican Party made gains. Governor Mark Herring, Attorney General Susan Swecker was elected as Party Chair on March 27,2015, rebecca Slutzky serves as Executive Director. The 2008 State Party Platform was adopted at the June 14,2008 State Convention, in general, the Democrats favored a progressive income tax and sought to eliminate the sales tax on groceries. In 2007, the need to fund $1 billion per year for pressing transportation projects resulted in another impasse between the House of Delegates and Senate, the Republican plan also called for issuing general obligation bonds which Democrats claim will reduce funding of non-transportation needs in future years. In general, the Democrats opposed the abusive driving fees, on 2007-08-23, the Republican leaders of the House and Senate responded to public opposition of the new fees by promising to moderate them in the 2008 legislative session. Leading up to the November 2007 elections, where all of the House of Delegates and Senate seats were up for reelection, as a result, Democrats in 2007 regained control of the State Senate and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to 7 or 8 seats. However, Republican Party Chair Jeffrey Frederick reported via Twitter that Republicans were close to luring a Democrat in the Virginia Senate into entering a power sharing agreement, because the Democrats were tipped off to the potential defection, they were able to prevent this from taking place. Two Republican delegates from high unemployment districts voted in favor of Kaines proposal, while the club can still meet on campus, it cannot use the universitys name or receive reserve university facilities. Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Democratic Governor Tim Kaine and gubernatorial candidates Terry McAuliffe, Brian Moran, Republican gubernatorial candidate Robert McDonnell stated that he personally disagrees with Libertys decision, but that because it is a private school, its leaders can make their own decisions. When the club formed in 2008, Republicans on campus were generally supportive, liberty University President Jerry Falwell, Jr. subsequently stated that it was not the position of the University nor officials that Democrats could not be Christians. For the first time in the Kaine Administration, the Governors 2008-10 budget faced a legislature with each chamber controlled by a different party, the Republicans fought the new spending, instead emphasizing the need to confine spending to core programs. By the time the session ended on March 8, no agreement had been reached. However, the parties had reached a compromise on March 12, reportedly, the final budget is set at $77 billion with $296 million to be withdrawn from the states reserve fund to make up a revenue shortfall in the current year. Democratic leaders from the Senate persuaded House Republicans to drop a prohibition on funding Planned Parenthood of Virginia, which performs abortions, additionally, a Democrat serves as Virginias Governor. On June 9,2009, Creigh Deeds defeated former Delegate Brian Moran and former Democratic National Committee chairman Terry McAuliffe in the primary and he was defeated by Republican Robert F
41.
Democratic Governors Association
–
The Democratic Governors Association is a Washington, D. C. based 527 organization founded in 1983, consisting of U. S. state and territorial governors affiliated with the Democratic Party. The mission of the organization is to provide party support to the election and re-election of Democratic gubernatorial candidates, the DGAs Republican counterpart is the Republican Governors Association. The DGA is not directly affiliated with the non-partisan National Governors Association, elisabeth Pearson is currently the Executive Director of the DGA. The DGA in its current form was founded by Virginia Governor Chuck Robb in 1983 with the help of Democratic National Committee Chairman Chuck Manatt. The purpose of the committee was to raise funds to elect Democrats to governorships, prior to its current formation in mid-1983, they met in a Democratic Governors Conference. The DGA played a role in the election of Bill Clinton to the Presidency in 1992. Republicans had handily won in all but Washington and Oregon the previous three elections, according to The Washington Post, it was all but unthinkable to Republicans that the GOP could lose such stalwart pieces of the partys electoral base as Wyoming and Nevada. Clinton lost Wyoming but carried Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Washington, Oregon, in the past 30 years Democratic Governors have served in various other government positions after their tenure. The following list provides recent positions from the Clinton and Obama administrations, thus senators such as Gaylord Nelson, Richard Russell Jr. Edmund Muskie, Majority Leader Joseph Taylor Robinson and etc. are not included. Ernest Fritz Hollings, even though he was elected in an election in 1966, is included in the list because he had won reelection in the years 1986,1992 and 1998. The leadership of the DGA consists of elected Democratic governors, there are currently 16 Democratic governors, In addition to governors of U. S. states, the DGA also offers membership to Democratic governors of U. S. territories. The DGA reported raising over $20 million in 2011, almost doubling what it raised during the comparable 2007 election cycle. Because of our efforts in 2011, we will have the resources to aid Democratic candidates in targeted states and continue to fight for our core priorities. We are delighted with the support of everyone who believes in our mission of creating jobs. Several former DGA staff members have gone on to prominent positions in the government and in the private. Former Communications Director Jake Siewert served as Press Secretary for President Bill Clinton for four months from 2000 to 2001, from 2001 to 2009, he worked for Alcoa Inc. In 2009, he became an advisor to then-Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, former Policy Director Sheryl Rose Parker was Director of Intergovernmental Affairs for U. S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. She is currently Deputy Director of Government Affairs for the Bill, former Policy Communications Director Doug Richardson served as Director of Public Affairs at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy in the Obama administration
42.
Supreme Court of Virginia
–
The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is one of the oldest continuously active judicial bodies in the United States and it was known as the Supreme Court of Appeals until 1970, when it was renamed the Supreme Court of Virginia. In 1623, the Virginia House of Burgesses created a five-member appellate court, meeting on the first day of March, June, September, and December, it became known as the Quarter Court. The June term became unnecessary over the years, and in 1661 and it was a court of last resort for the Virginia colonists except in those rare circumstances when an appeal could be made to the king in England. Its members were appointed by the king on the basis of standing, property. Though the judges were generally most capable, the majority possessed no formal legal training, at the close of the Revolutionary War, the court system was reorganized. The Supreme Court of Appeals, which served as a model for the United States Supreme Court, shortly thereafter, the Court was moved to Richmond and held its sessions in the Henrico County Courthouse. Its jurisdiction was primarily appellate, and its members were elected by the legislature, among the courts first members were several distinguished legal scholars and jurists as well as leaders of the revolutionary period. Edmund Pendleton, who served Virginia as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, was selected by the judges as its first president, other notable members were William Fleming, the third governor of Virginia and Paul Carrington. Until 1788, the judges did not render written opinions or give reasons for their decisions, Pendleton felt that the policy of no written opinions preserved a semblance of unity for the court and lent more credence to their decisions. Thomas Jefferson disagreed and began recording the decisions of the court in his reports, the court convened on the tenth day of April and met for twenty-four days unless they were able to complete their business sooner. A legislative act of 1788 provided that the court should be separated from the other courts with five judges to be elected by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly. These men were commissioned by the Governor and appointed for life on good behavior and this resulted in placing the judges beyond control of the legislature once on the bench, and the court continued to function in this manner for more than half a century. The Reform Convention of 1850–51 again reorganized the judiciary by limiting the terms of the justices to twelve years, the state was divided into five judicial sections, and each candidate was required to be at least thirty-five years old and to reside within the section he wished to represent. The resulting Constitution of 1851 also required the court to state in writing its reasons for reversing or affirming a judgment or a decree, the constitution also required that annual sessions be held away from Richmond in the localities of Wytheville, Staunton, and Winchester. This mandate from the days of horse and buggy travel continued into the twentieth century, in recent years, however, the court has held panels to hear petitions for appeal outside of Richmond during the summer. These sessions are held for the convenience of the attorneys who would otherwise have to travel to Richmond, by constitutional amendment in 1928, the number of justices was increased to seven and the title of the presiding officer of the court was changed from President to Chief Justice. At the same time, the amendment significantly increased the power given the Supreme Court, the courts original jurisdiction is limited to cases of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, and writs of actual innocence based on DNA or other biological evidence
43.
Super Tuesday
–
More delegates to the presidential nominating conventions can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar. Thus, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their partys nomination. In fact, convincing wins in Super Tuesday primaries have usually propelled candidates to their partys nomination, Super Tuesday is in either February or March of the presidential election year. During the 2016 election year, Super Tuesday was held on March 1, the particular states holding primaries on Super Tuesday have varied from year to year since each state decides separately. Some years have had more than one Super Tuesday, the phrase Super Tuesday has been used to refer to presidential primary elections since at least 1976. It is a term used by journalists and political pundits. In 2016, this date was dubbed the SEC Primary since many of the participating states are represented in the Southeastern Conference. Tuesday is the day for elections in the United States. State law determines how each parties delegates are chosen in that state including by either an election or a caucus. State governments are free to choose whichever date they want for their states primary or caucus, with the broadened use of the modern presidential primary system, states have tried to increase their influence in the nomination process. One tactic has been to create geographic blocs to encourage candidates to spend time in a region, the 1984 primary season had three Super Tuesdays. Decided on Super Tuesday III were delegates from five states, South Dakota, New Mexico, West Virginia, California, however, Gary Hart maintained that unpledged superdelegates that had previously announced support for Mondale would shift to his side if he swept the Super Tuesday III primary. Once again, Hart committed a faux pas, insulting New Jersey shortly before the primary day. Compounding the problem, when his wife interjected that she got to hold a koala bear, Hart replied that I wont tell you what I got to hold, while Hart won California, he lost New Jersey after leading in polls by as much as 15 points. Mondale secured the majority of delegates from the primaries, leading the way for him to take the Democratic nomination, in the 1984 Republican Party primaries, incumbent President Ronald Reagan was the only candidate to secure delegates. In the 1988 Democratic Party primaries, Southern Democrats came up with the idea of a primary in an effort to nominate a moderate candidate who would more closely represent their interests. However, Dick Gephardt, Jesse Jackson, Al Gore, and Michael Dukakis split the Super Tuesday primaries, meanwhile, George H. W. Bush secured most of the delegates in the 1988 Republican Party primaries. From 1996 to 2004, most of these Southern primaries were held the week after Super Tuesday, in 1992, Super Tuesday was on March 10
United States
United States Marine Corps
Major
.jpg){kind=spacer}
