1.
Korean name
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A Korean name consists of a family name followed by a given name, as used by the Korean people in both South Korea and North Korea. In the Korean language, ireum or seongmyeong usually refers to the family name, traditional Korean family names typically consist of only one syllable. There is no name in the English language sense. Many Koreans have their names made of a generational name syllable. The generational name syllable is shared by siblings in North Korea, married men and women usually keep their full personal names, and children inherit the fathers family name. The family names are subdivided into bongwan, i. e. extended families which originate in the system used in previous historical periods. Each clan is identified by a place, and traces its origin to a common patrilineal ancestor. During periods of Mongol influence, the ruling class supplemented their Korean names with Mongolian names, some keep the original order of names, while others reverse the names to match the usual Western pattern. Fewer than 300 Korean family names were in use in 2000, for various reasons, there is a growth in the number of Korean surnames. Each family name is divided into one or more clans, identifying the city of origin. For example, the most populous clan is Gimhae Kim, that is, clans are further subdivided into various pa, or branches stemming from a more recent common ancestor, so that a full identification of a persons family name would be clan-surname-branch. Traditionally, Korean women keep their names after their marriage. In the premodern, patriarchal Korean society, people were extremely conscious of familial values, Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is what they inherited from their parents and ancestors, and cannot be changed. According to traditions, each clan publishes a comprehensive genealogy every 30 years, around a dozen two-syllable surnames are used, all of which rank after the 100 most common surnames. The five most common names, which together make up over half of the Korean population, are used by over 20 million people in South Korea. After the 2015 census, it was revealed that family names were becoming more common in South Korea. Between 2000 and 2015, more than 4,800 new surnames were registered, during the census, a total of 5,582 distinct surnames were collected, 73% of which do not have corresponding hanja characters. It was also revealed that despite the surge in the number of surnames, the ratio of top 10 surnames had not changed
2.
Jeong (surname)
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Jeong is a Latin alphabet rendition of the Korean family name 정, also often spelled Chung, Jung, or Cheong. As of the South Korean census of 2000, there were 2,230,611 people by name in South Korea. The Revised Romanization transcription Jeong was at second place with 37. 0% and it was the only one out of the top five surnames for which the Revised Romanization spelling was used by more than a few percent of applicants. Rarer alternative spellings included, in order of decreasing frequency, Joung, Cheong, Chong, Jeoung, Jeung, Choung, Jong, Cheung, Juong, Jeng, Chyung, Jaung, Jueng, and Zheng. The spelling Jong, rare in South Korea, is official in North Koreas modified version of the McCune–Reischauer transcription system, the Korean family name Jeong can be written with either of three homophonous hanja. Each of those three are broken down into a number of clans, identified by their bon-gwan, which indicate different lineages. 鄭 is the most common of the three Jeong names. This character was used to write the Chinese family name Zheng. In the 2000 South Korean census,2,010,117 people and 626,265 households had this family name and these people identified with 136 different bon-gwan. 丁 is the second-most common of the three Jeong names. This character was used to write the Chinese family name Ding. In the 2000 census,187,975 people and 58,431 households had this family name and these people identified with 23 different bon-gwan, including, Naju,82,863 people and 25,786 households. Jinju,24,598 people and 7,661 households, yeonggwang,21,774 people and 6,839 households. Changwon,16,141 people and 4,989 households, yeongseong,10,429 people and 3,279 households. Gukseong,9,620 people and 2,984 households, haeju,5,381 people and 1,683 households. Aphae,3,335 people and 1,079 households and they claim descent from Jeong Deok-seong, who was born in a village called Dingying in Dengzhou, China and came to the Korean peninsula during the reign of Munjong of Goryeo. Later on, other Jeong clans branched off from them, other or unreported,13,834 people and 4,131 households. 程 is the least-common of the three Jeong names and this character was originally used to write the Chinese family name Cheng. In the 2000 census,32,519 people and 10,220 households had this family name and these people identified with 15 different bon-gwan, including, Dongnae,10,632 people and 3,321 households. Gyeongju,9,026 people and 2,934 households, hanam,7,766 people and 2,355 households
3.
Prime Minister of South Korea
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The Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea is appointed by the President of South Korea, with the National Assemblys approval. The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister is not the head of government but rather serves in a role similar to that of a vice-president. The short title in Korean is just Chongni, the position was created on 31 July 1948, two weeks before the government of South Korea was founded, and was held by Lee Beom-seok until 1950. The title was Chief Cabinet Minister from 1961 until 1963, on 27 April 2014, Prime Minister Chung Hong-won announced his desire to resign. However, due to unsuccessful nominations, Chung remained in office until February 2015, on 23 January 2015, President Park Geun-hye named Saenuris Floor Leader Lee Wan-koo as the new prime minister. Lee was confirmed by the National Assembly as prime minister on 16 February 2015, however, on April 20 of the same year, he offered his resignation to the President in the midst of a bribery scandal. The prime minister is the executive assistant to the president. The prime minister holds the position after the president in the State Council of South Korea. The prime minister assists the head of state by supervising ministries, make recommendations for ministers, the most recent person to have served as Acting President has been Hwang Kyo-ahn during the impeachment trial and dismissal of President Park Geun-hye in 2016. A prime minister that has appointed by the president but not yet confirmed by the National Assembly is known as the acting Prime Minister. The term may also be applied to a Prime Minister that has resigned, the Prime Minister becomes acting president if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached. The Prime Ministers Office is supported by two deputy prime ministers, List of Prime Ministers of South Korea Prime Minister of Korea List of Korea-related topics Politics of South Korea Prime Ministers Office South Korea at worldstatesmen. org
4.
Park Chung-hee
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Park Chung-hee was a South Korean president and military general who led South Korea as a dictator from 1961 until his assassination in 1979. In 1972, Park declared martial law and recast the constitution into a highly authoritarian document, after surviving several assassination attempts, including two operations associated with North Korea, Park was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by Kim Jae-gyu, the chief of his own security services. He had led South Korea for 18 years, Parks first-born daughter, Park Geun-hye, later served as the 11th President of South Korea until her impeachment. Park was born on 14 November 1917, in Gumi, North Gyeongsang in Korea under Japanese rule, to parents Park Sung-bin and he was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters in a poor Yangban family. As a youth, he won admission to a school in Daegu and worked as a teacher in Mungyeong-eup after graduating with a teaching degree. During this time, he adopted the Japanese name Takagi Masao and he graduated top of his class in 1942 and was recognized as a talented officer by his Japanese instructors, who recommended him for further studies at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Japan. He changed his name again from Takagi Masao to Okamoto Minoru in order to engage in activities against Korean guerrillas operating in the region. The Japanese used Korean turncoats to suppress Korean armed resistance, Park returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy. He graduated in the class of 1946 and became an officer in the constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea. The newly established South Korean government, under the leadership of Syngman Rhee, Park was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While Park had been a member of the South Korean Workers Party, nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. After the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951. As a colonel, Park was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery, by the time the war ended in 1953, Park had risen to become a brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, Park was selected for training at Fort Sill in the United States. After returning to Korea, Park rose rapidly in the military hierarchy and he was the head of the Armys Artillery School and commanded the 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. Park was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul. In 1960, Park became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army, as such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. On 25 April 1960, Syngman Rhee, the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea, was forced out of office and into exile following the April 19 Movement, a new democratic government took office on 13 August 1960
5.
Ussuriysk
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The area of what now is Ussuriysk was settled by Yulou Mohe tribes. From the mid-9th century, it became Huàzhōu of the Bohai Kingdom and it is then populated by the Dōnghǎi Jurchens, under control of Liao dynasty. The city then become capital of Jīn Dynastys Sùpín circuit, then it went under control of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively. In 1866, the settlement of Nikolskoye was founded on the area of todays Ussuriysk, due to its advantageous geographic location at the crossing of the transportation lines, the village experienced rapid growth during the 1870s, turning into a trade center. Its role increased after the railroad connecting Khabarovsk and Vladivostok was built, by the beginning of the 20th century the towns population totaled 15,000 people, and the annual turnover of its trade enterprises was equal to three million rubles. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky became one of the most important commercial, in 1913, the city ranked fourth after Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk, and Khabarovsk in terms of population. Enterprises were established processing agricultural products such as mills, dairies, soap-boiling plants, brick factories, quarries, and saw-mills were also built. The central part of the city began to be built up with two-, in 1914, there were fourteen educational institutions, a theater, a circus, and three movie-theaters in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. After the October Revolution of 1917, the economy experienced rapid growth. The city specialized in processing agricultural products, the name of the city was changed to Voroshilov in 1935 after Kliment Voroshilov. With Nikita Khrushchevs ascent to power after Stalins death the name was changed to Ussuriysk after the nearby Ussuri River in 1957. Until the 1980s, the city ranked second in the krai in population, Ussuriysk is still second only to Vladivostok as a theatrical and higher-educational center. As a municipal division, Ussuriysk City Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Ussuriysky Urban Okrug, the citys industry is represented by twenty-eight enterprises, including twelve of the food industry, two of light industry, six of metal industry, and four of construction industry. Ussuriysk has always specialized in the production of consumer goods and that is why at present it is in a more favorable situation as compared with other large cities of Primorye where enterprises of war industry prevailed. The largest enterprises of light industry are Primorsky Sakhar, Dalsoya, five articles of Ussuriysky Balsam were given diplomas of the first and the second degrees at all-Russian competition of alcohol products. One more economic feature of Ussuriysk is its wholesale trade, there are approximately thirty specialized and multipurpose trade bases, many of which had developed contacts with foreign partners before the external economic policy was liberalized in Russia. Among the citys other enterprises that are worth mentioning are the Grado firm which produces up to 600,000 pairs of footwear. The annual industrial output of Ussuriysk equals 8% of Primorsky Krais production, besides, the city is the crossing point of all major highways and railroads of the krai
6.
Primorsky Krai
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Primorsky Krai, informally known as Primorye, is the Russian name for a province of Russia. Primorsky means maritime in Russian, so in English translation it is known as the Maritime Province or Maritime Territory and its administrative center is in the city of Vladivostok. Today, Primorsky Krai has the largest economy in the Russian Far East, borders length — over 3,000 kilometers, including 1,350 kilometers of the sea borders. Highest peak — Anik Mountain,1,933 meters Railroads length —1,628 kilometers and it is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers. Highlands dominate the territory of the krai, most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters, Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of ranges, the Partizansky, the Siny, the Kholodny. There are many karst caves in the South of Primorye, the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve could be recommended for tourists. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of the ancient volcanoes in the area, most rivers in the Krai have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the Ussuri, with a length of 903 kilometers, the head of the Ussuri River originates 20 kilometers to the East of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extends into the West and the South-West of Primorye, a part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the Russian Far East, Khanka Lake, is occupied by a forest-steppe. The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora, the fauna of Primorye is also diverse. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR,350 are found in Primorye, rich fisheries of salmon, Hucho taimen, lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching. Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wildlife Fund, Wild Salmon Center, average annual temperature — near +1 °C in the north of the krai, +5.5 °C on the southern coast. Average annual precipitation — 600–850 mm, the acquisition of Siberia by the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact with China. The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the Stanovoy Mountains, including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire in the half of the 19th century
7.
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group, the capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara. The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on November 7,1917 as a sovereign state, the first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, the economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care, the effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990. On June 12,1990, the Congress of Peoples Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, on June 12,1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8,1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine, the agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states and established the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russias independence from the USSR. On December 25,1991, following the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union, on December 26,1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet. After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, the new Russian constitution, adopted on December 12,1993 after a constitutional crisis, abolished the Soviet system of government in its entirety. Initially, the state did not have a name and wasnt recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label Sovdepia for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers, on January 25,1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3,1918, on July 10,1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic. On December 30,1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, the final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700
8.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
9.
Manchukuo
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Manchukuo was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The area, collectively known as Manchuria by westerners and Japanese, was designated by Chinas erstwhile Qing Dynasty as the homeland of the familys ethnic group. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a government was installed one year later with Puyi. Manchukuos government was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II, Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Russians, the Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory, Manchuria is a transcription of the Japanese reading of the Chinese word 滿洲 which means Manchuria, which in Japanese is Manshū, which in turn dates from the 19th century. The name Manzhou was invented and given to the Jurchen people by Hong Taiji in 1635 as a new name for their ethnic group. However, the name Manchuria was never used by the Manchus or the Qing dynasty itself to refer to their homeland, the name itself holding imperialistic connotation. According to Mark C. 满洲 then began to appear as a place names in more maps created by Japanese like Kondi Jūzō, Takahashi Kageyasu, Baba Sadayoshi and these maps were brought to Europe by the Dutch Philipp von Siebold. According to Bill Sewell, it was Europeans who first started using Manchuria as a name to refer to the location, the historian Gavan McCormack agreed with Robert H. G. Ordinary Manchus largely spurned Manchukuo which claimed to be established for their cause, the Japanese had their own motive for deliberately spreading the usage of the term Manchuria. The historian Norman Smith wrote that The term Manchuria is controversial, professor Mariko Asano Tamanoi said that she should use the term in quotation marks, when referring to Manchuria. Herbert Giles wrote that Manchuria was unknown to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression, the Qing Dynasty, which replaced the Shun and Ming dynasties in China, was founded by Manchus from Manchuria. The Manchu emperors separated their homeland in Jilin and Heilongjiang from the Han Liaoning province with the Willow Palisade and this ethnic division continued until the Qing dynasty encouraged massive immigration of Han in the 19th century during Chuang Guandong to prevent the Russians from seizing the area from the Qing. After conquering the Ming, the Qing identified their state as China, the lands in Manchuria were explicitly stated by the Qing to belong to China in Qing edicts and in the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The area of Manchuria was then converted into three provinces by the late Qing government in 1907, as the power of the court in Beijing weakened, many outlying areas either broke free or fell under the control of Imperialist powers. In the 19th century, Imperial Russia was most interested in the lands of the Qing Empire. In 1858, Russia gained control over a tract of land called Outer Manchuria thanks to the Supplementary Treaty of Beijing that ended the Second Opium War
Manchukuo
South Korea
Manchukuo Imperial Army (1941–1945)
Republic of Korea Army
Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) (1965)[5]
