1.
Churchgate railway station
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Churchgate is the Southern terminus on the Western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. It is located in Churchgate in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, Churchgate station gets its name from Church Gate street which is on the immediate south of the station. This is the first station of the Western Railway suburban network of Mumbai, Churchgate station is a terminus of Western Railway line of Mumbai suburban railway. The Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway was inaugurated in 1855 with the construction of line between Ankleshwar and Uttaran. In 1859 this line was extended on the west coast up to Bombay. By 1867, a track along the foreshore, further than Grant Road station was constructed, on 12 April 1867, the first suburban train was started with one train each way from Virar to Bombay Back Bay. The stations were named, Viraur, Neela, Bassein, Panje, Borewla, Pahadee, Andaru, Santa Cruz, Bandora, Mahim, Dadur, Grant Road. In year 1870, Churchgate was first time mentioned as the station, the line further extended towards Colaba in 1872, and goods shed was built there. In year 1896, a new station was established at Colaba to serve as terminus for both passenger and suburban lines. The Government of Bombay issued order to the railway to hand over the section of line between Churchgate and Colaba. Therefore, Bombay Central, a new station was constructed near Bellasis Bridge, from the midnight of 31 December, Colaba, ceased to be a terminus. It is home to the Western Railway headquarters, the older Western Railway headquarters is across the road. Today, the station is one of the busiest stations in the city, trains every minute with clockwork precision. Millions of city dwellers residing in the suburbs alight at this station to get to their offices in the districts of south Mumbai. The station is the terminus for trains on Western Railways. The earliest train departs at 4,15 AM for Virar, till 2010, the station had platforms which could accommodate 9 and 12 coach trains. But with the introduction of 15-coach trains there was a need to extend the length of the platform, hence in Dec 2010 work began on extension of the platforms to accommodate the 15-coach trains. On 28 June 2015 a train detailed after crashing into the end of the platform after not stopping in time, five were injured Video Tour of Churchgate Station Terminus
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
4.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
5.
Marathi language
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Marathi is an Indian language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively. There were 73 million speakers in 2001, Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world, Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi, Bengali and Telugu in that order. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, the major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Malvani Konkani has been influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi has several features that set it aside from most other Indian languages, Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of we and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and, in common with Gujarati, Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Karwar, Nipani, Indore, Gwalior, Adoni, Hyderabad, Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra. In Goa, Konkani is the official language, however. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, the contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the rules give special status to tatsamas. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit and this practice provides Marathi with a large treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. Jawaharlal Nehru University has announced plans to establish a department for Marathi. Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Marathi literature began and grew owing to the rise of the Seuna dynasty of Devgiri, further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a place in court life by the time of the Seuna kings
6.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
7.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
8.
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
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The BMCs annual budget is more than that of some of the small states of India. Established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888, it is responsible for the infrastructure and administration of the city. In 2014, Trishna Vishwasrao became the first female corporator to be leader of the Corporations house, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer. The commissioner wields the power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power, the corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The Mayor is the head of the house, who is usually from the majority party, as of June 2008, all administrative business in the BMC is conducted in Marathi. As of 2009, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporations legislature, also known as the Corporation Council, consists of 227 members
9.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
10.
St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai
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St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai, is the cathedral church of the Diocese of Mumbai of the Church of North India. Named in honour of Saint Thomas the Apostle, the Cathedral is located in the centre of Mumbai - Horniman Circle and is close to Flora Fountain. The 298-year-old church is controlled by The Cathedral & John Connon School, the Cathedral then lead to the creation of The Cathedral & John Connon School in 1860, in order to provide choristers to the church. The Cathedral is a landmark in South Mumbai and is one of the oldest churches in India and it is used by the school for its Founders Day Service on 14th November every year, Carol Service on the last day before the schools Christmas vacation and other special occasions. The name of nearby Churchgate station refers to this church, one of the gates in the Fort which the East India Company had built to protect their settlement was the entrance to the St. Thomas Church. That is why the area towards the West of the Church is called Churchgate even today. The street leading to the Church was originally called Churchgate Street and has more recently renamed and is now known as Veer Nariman Road. In 1668 King Charles transferred it to the East India Company for a loan of pounds Sterling 50,000 at 6% interest, gerald Aungier was placed in charge of the British East India Companys newly acquired factories at Surat and Bombay, which had until then belonged to Portugal. As Governor of Bombay from 1672—1677, Angier built a church, a hospital, a court of justice and other amenities on the English model. The foundation stone for the church was laid in 1676, on Bombay Green, at the present site of the St. Thomas Cathedral, richard Cobbe, the Chaplain, completed the construction of the building between 1715 and 1718. It was opened for service on Christmas Day 1718. The church was consecrated as a cathedral in July 1837 concurrent with the appointment of the first Bishop of Bombay, the tower and the clock at the western end were added in 1838. About 25 years later a major scheme was launched to enlarge the chancel. The Cathedral contains many carved stone memorials from the eras of Company rule in India, significant among this number, recumbent effigy of Rt. Thomas Carr, First Bishop of Bombay by British sculptor Matthew Noble, the current congregation at St. Thomas Cathedral is led by Rev. Avinash Rangayya. History of Mumbai St. Thomas Cathedral website St. Thomas Cathedral, Maharashtra State Gazetteer, Greater Bombay District 360° panorama of the interiors of St Thomas Cathedral
11.
Flora Fountain
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Flora Fountain, built in 1864, is a fusion of water, architecture and sculpture, and depicts the Roman goddess Flora. It was built at a total cost of Rs,47,000, or 9000 pounds sterling, a large sum in those days. The fountain originally intended for the Victoria Gardens, is now surmounted by the figure of Plenty. Prior to this demolition, the Fort had been built between 1686 and 1743 by the British East India Company with three gates, a moat, esplanade, level open spaces on its western fringe and residences. A small road called the Hornby Road, named after the then Governor of Bombay between 1771 AD and 1784 AD, also existed at the old Fort area. The Flora Fountain was erected at the place where the Church gate stood before its demolition along with the Mumbai Fort. It was constructed by the Agri–Horticultural Society of Western India, out of a donation of Rs 20,000 by Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh, designed by Richard Norman Shaw, it was sculpted in imported Portland stone by James Forsythe. A white coat of oil paint has to some extent marred the antiquity of the structure, the fountain was originally to be named after Sir Bartle Frère, the Governor of Bombay at the time, whose progressive policy had resulted in many of the great public buildings of Mumbai. The four corners of the fountain are decorated with mythological figures, from the time the Flora Fountain was built in 1864 and until 1960, the chowk where five streets meet and the fountain stands now, was named as the Flora Fountain area. It sits admirably well alongside the Hutatma statue which adorns the chowk, the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority and public spirited people of the area conscious of the developing chaotic conditions in the area took action to redress the situation. The L. G. and Cine Blitz hoardings, which used to display latest film gossip, at the fountain were targeted for relocation and these efforts have also resulted in the UNESCO’s “Asia-Pacific Heritage Award of Merit in the year 2004” bestowed on the MMRDA. A public spirited doctor by profession filed a Public Interest Litigation in 2002, in the Bombay High Court, the court directed the Heritage Committee to look at the feasibility of hoardings in heritage areas. The Heritage Committee passed a resolution that said “that all hoardings on individual buildings or in heritage precincts must be removed. Even now I feel a magic about Mumbai’s Flora Fountain. We called it the heart of the city and so it was, local cab system, auto rickshaws or local trains run frequently in Mumbai providing the other means of transport to the location. The area surrounding the fountain gives excellent shopping opportunities in departmental and other stores for ethnic artifacts, the charges for participation are nominal. In the year 2004, the Group had arranged a walk along Flora Fountain – D. N. Road – V. T, N. Petit Library, Bombay Mutual Building and several others
12.
Mumbai Suburban Railway
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Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres, the railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership, the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world, trains run from 04,00 until 01,00, and some trains also run up to 02,30. The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, the first train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15,35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line, the Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways and Central Railways. The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line. The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast, on 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali, the largest EMU car shed in Asia is located between Nala Sopara and Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi, Western Railways EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow, Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns and these two corridors constitute the main Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains, the outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills. The Central Line has two stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs, the major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service, Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service, the Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel
13.
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies
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Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies is the Department of Management Studies of the University of Mumbai, named after noted industrialist and philanthropist, Jamnalal Bajaj. It is known for its management programme and is one of the best business schools in India. Owing to the extensive list of its alumni whove reached top positions in various MNCs, JBIMS was established in 1965 by the University of Mumbai in collaboration with the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. JBIMS is considered to be unique in management education as it is rooted in the local soil. The major objective behind the JBIMS is to evolve an indigenous model of management education in tune with the demands of the Indian. JBIMS has been rated among the top 25 business schools in the Asia-Pacific region and has consistently ranked among the top 10 business schools in India. The proximity of Bajaj with the hub of India — Nariman Point — is an added advantage. This translates into the symbiotic affiliation with the magnates, equipping the students with business acumen to become tomorrow’s leaders. The institute has full-time faculty in the management disciplines and the functional areas of management. The institute also has a panel of eminent management experts and senior practising managers from diverse fields of management, in addition to MMS, the institute offers full-time course of Masters in Finance, part-time courses and a doctoral PhD programme. In addition to the academics, guest lectures are organised from time to time. MMS Masters in Management Studies is the course of Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies. It is a two-year full-time post-graduate degree course in management with 120 students, started as early as 1965, the course has been modified continuously and appropriately to suit the contemporary corporate world needs and has been able to nurture prominent leaders of the same. The institute offers specialisations like Finance, Marketing, Personnel, Operations, JBIMS select candidates for this course based on the entrance exam conducted by Maharashtra state for MBA/MMS/PGDM courses. MSc in Finance course is structured to deliver a strong foundation in the principles, the objective is to help individuals enhance their effectiveness in finance. JBIMS select candidates based on Maharashtra MBA-CET entrance score or CAT score, for NRI students, GMAT score will be accepted. JBIMS offers part-time courses in MHRDM, MMM, MFM, MIM, the doctoral programme has facilitated substantial research and has produced several successful Ph. D. recipients. They have contributed extensively to a number of contemporary and relevant areas, JBIMS enjoys an advantage of being in the heart of Mumbai, the commercial capital of India
14.
H.R. College of Commerce and Economics
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Hassaram Rijhumal College of Commerce and Economics, commonly known as H. R. College, is a college located in Churchgate, South Mumbai. It is run by the Hyderabad Sind National Collegiate Board and comes under the University of Mumbai and it is located adjacent to Kishinchand Chellaram College and shares a building with the K. C. The colleges principal, Dr. Indu Shahani, is the former Sheriff of Mumbai
15.
Government Law College, Mumbai
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The Government Law College, Mumbai, founded in 1855, is the oldest law school in Asia and the most distinguished law school in India. The college, affiliated to the University of Mumbai, is run by the Government of Maharashtra, GLC has been referred to as the unarguable giant in Indian legal education by the Bar Council of India. GLC has been ranked as one of the top law colleges in India by various surveys, the college celebrated its sesquicentennial in 2006. Until the 1850s there was no legal education for legal officers and lawyers in India. Sir Thomas Erskine Perry, the then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Bombay and these classes were held on a very informal basis and were attended only by a select group. In 1855, Dr. R. T. Reid was appointed as the first Perry Professor of Jurisprudence, the Government Law School has been affiliated with the University of Bombay since 1860. Government Law College, Mumbai is one of the premier law institutes of India, the name Government Law School was changed to Government Law College in 1925. It was only in 1938 that the college was converted into a full-time institution, after this change of status, the Government of Bombay decided to allocate a plot, west of Churchgate railway station for the Government Law College building. The college today stands at this location, the college does have an admissions test for matriculation. It takes up admissions through MH CET LAW introduced in 2016, the entrance exam is compulsory for admissions for law colleges in Maharashtra. LL. B. program is a 10-semester full-time course, the first 2 years constitute a pre-law course where the student is taught social-science subjects like Economics, Political Science, History, English and Legal Language etc. In the next three years the law subjects, like Contracts, Family law, Labour Laws etc. are dealt with. In their 8th and 10th semester, the students have the option of choosing some particular subjects along with some compulsory subjects, a total of 4 practical training papers are compulsory for all the students. Graduates have the option of enrolling for the LL. B. degree, the LL. B. degree is a three-year program with classes devoted solely to the study of law. A student who has completed three years study is entitled to the LL. B. degree and is eligible to practice as an advocate. A student who desires to learn the law but does not wish to practice as an advocate is eligible for the LL. B, degree at the end of two years. Recently the College has started the Post Graduate Certificate Course in Human Rights, all courses are taught by leading practitioners and experts. Throughout its history, the college has had the honour of guidance from eminent legal luminaries who have adorned benches of the Supreme Court of India and the Bombay High Court
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K C Law College, Mumbai
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K C Law College is a law college situated at Churchgate, Mumbai, India. It is located in the campus as Kishinchand Chellaram College. It is a part of the Hyderabad National Collegiate Board and is governed by the HSNCB management and it offers a three-year Bachelor of Laws course and also various other certificate courses on Intellectual Property Rights, World Trade Laws and Alternative Dispute Resolution
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Jai Hind College
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Jai Hind College is a prestigious college in Mumbai, India, affiliated with the University of Mumbai. The college was established in 1948, just after independence, by a group of teachers who were displaced from D. J. Science College of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan under the supervision of Dr. Mohinder-Miles Morton, the college is at A Road, Churchgate. It started as an Arts and Science college, in 2000, India Today named Jai Hind College as one of the best and most sought after colleges in Mumbai city. Scherezade Shroff Talwar, vlogger and former model Churchgate College Official Website
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Elphinstone College
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Elphinstone College is an institution of higher education affiliated to the University of Mumbai. Established in 1856, it is one of the oldest colleges of the University of Mumbai and it was exalted as a prestigious seat of learning during the British Raj and is generally observed for its vibrant alumni. It is further observed for having played a key role in spread of Western education in the Bombay Presidency, the year 2006 marked the sesquicentennial celebrations of the college. At present it offers undergraduate courses in the arts, sciences. By the 19th century Bombay was a centre for maritime trade. In 1824 an English school was set up by the Bombay Native Education Society for Indian students, in 1827 a resolution was passed that an institution for promotion of education should be established under Bombay Native Education Society and be designated as Elphinstone College. This is after Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone, the governor of Bombay who was responsible for beginning higher education in the city. Rs.2,29,636.00 was collected by subscription to fund teaching professorships in the English language. The professorships were in honour of Mountstaurt Elphinstone, the college was formally constituted in 1835. The classes commenced in 1836, at Town Hall, with the first two professors, Arthur Bedford Orlebar and John Harkness, in 1840, the professors classes were amalgamated with the Societys High School to form the Elphinstone Native Education Institution. In 1845, the name was shortened to Elphinstone Institution, Elphinstone College became a distinct institution, separated from the high school, on 1 April 1856. This year is considered to be the year of the establishment of Elphinstone College. The college was affiliated to University of Bombay in 1860, the University of Bombay was established in 1857. Inception classes were held at Elphinstone college and was moved to the present Fort campus. To formalize legal education, a chair of Jurisprudence was set up, the same year, R. T. Reid was appointed the first Perry professor of Jurisprudence and the Government Law School as it was then called. This is taken as the inception of the Government Law College Mumbai and it was suggested that Elphinstone College premises be used for initial classes of Jaihind College. The proposal was accepted and admission started for the Arts faculty in June 1948, sir J J School of Arts was founded in 1857 and was instituted to take up drawing classes. Initial classes were held at Elphinstone Institution, Elphinstone College, like many other colleges of Mumbai, constitutes two academic entities, Senior and Junior colleges
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Mumbai Metropolitan Region
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Mumbai Metropolitan Region is a metropolitan area in Maharashtra state, consisting of the state capital Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of nine municipal corporations, the MMRDA was formed to address the challenges in planning and development of integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region. The areas outside of Brihan Mumbai and Navi Mumbai have lacked organised development, Navi Mumbai, developed as one of the largest planned cities in the world, was promoted by a Maharashtra Government-owned company, City and Industrial Development Corporation. The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation, villages along the NH3 in Bhiwandi Taluka are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR, with some of the largest warehousing areas in India. Government agencies such as the Town Planner and Collector of Thane have had challenges in addressing unorganised development. The region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20,748,395, it is among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. maharashtra. gov. in/who-we-are
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South Mumbai
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South Mumbai, or SoBo, is the southernmost precinct of the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, comprises the citys main business localities and its adjoining areas. It is the richest urban precinct in India, Property prices in South Mumbai are the highest in India and are among the highest in the world. Notably Cumballa Hill, Malabar Hill, Breach Candy, Altamount Road-Kemps Corner as well as parts of Worli are constantly ranked in the Global Property Index. Mount Pleasant Road of Malabar Hill and Altamount Road of Cumballa Hill are listed yearly in Indias most posh addresses, billionaire Mukesh Ambanis $1.5 billion dollar home Antilia is located here and is now a part of the iconic skyline. Most residents of SoBo belong to old money business, law, trade, living here for generations, many residents see no charm of shifting to Suburban Mumbai, even though its proximity to the airport & BKC is more convenient than that of the South. Film stars and their kin reside in the Suburbs, due to the studios being located there. Geographically, South Mumbai lies at the corner of Salsette Island. Most city residents use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mahim as South Mumbai and this delimitation is also known as Mumbai City or Island City. The area is delimited on the east by Mumbai harbour and on the west by the Arabian Sea, the areas from Bandra and beyond form a part of Suburban Mumbai. Most residents confuse Parel to be a part of the suburbs, residents of this part of the island are known as SoBo-ites. South Mumbai hosts the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange and its primary business districts are the Fort, Nariman Point, Ballard Estate and more recently Lower Parel. Many leading Indian and multi-national companies are headquartered here, chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Churchgate serve as headquarters and starting point for countrys Central and Western Railway lines respectively. In South Mumbai, unlike parts of India, uninterrupted supply of power is available around the clock. A particular feature that distinguishes South Mumbai from the rest of Mumbai is the absence of autorickshaws, only black and yellow taxis are permitted to ply in South Mumbai, along with private taxis more recently. Govt of Maharashtra has selected Parel for smart city initiative. S. C. I, the CCI and MCA are located at Mumbais two cricket stadiums, Brabourne and Wankhede respectively. Although land reclamation has allowed the southernmost tip of the district to double in size since the 1970s, as a result, the real-estate prices are among the top ten world-wide. As a ratio to average per capita income, real-estate prices in the districts remain the most expensive in the world. South Mumbai is also the home to several of the sporting grounds, including Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium, Cooperage Ground, Azad Maidan Oval Maidan
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Byculla
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Byculla is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Byculla falls under E Ward within the limits of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC. During the late 18th century, Byculla was an extension of Mazagaon, the area was low-lying Flats inundated during the high tide through the Great Breach at Mahalaxmi. However, the breach was closed by the Hornby Vellard project in 1784 and this was followed by the construction of the Bellasis Road causeway in 1793. Thereafter the area saw habitation as Europeans living in the Mazagaon area started shifting here, the famous Byculla Club was opened in 1833. Birthplace of Lady Patricia Helen Marie Rodrigues The Byculla railway station was completed by 1857 and this was also the time the first mills came into this area, until then, used only for residential purposes. Byculla used to house many of the textile mills until the mills shut shop. As of today, few mills are operational and even they are on the brink of closure, many of these old mills are now desolate and some are being razed down to make way for newer constructions. The Khatau Mills were situated in Byculla, in the news for the murder of the owner Sunit Khatau in May,1994. Byculla saw some horrible Riots during 1936-37 rose during Temple-Mosque dispute, today, Byculla is an upper-middle class enclave with a mixture of different societies like Marathi, Gujarati, Christian, Muslims, Jains etc. Traditionally, Byculla has been inhabited by Parsis, Christians, Jewish, Marathi, of late, Byculla has also witnessed the increase of population of Dawoodi Bohra and other traditional Muslims, who are primarily a business community like most of the Gujaratis. Zoo, Byculla houses the city zoo called Jijamata Udyaan or Rani Baug, there are talks of shifting the zoo to a more spacious location. Museum, Byculla also houses the Bhau Daji Lad Museum and it was built in 1871 and is a near replica of its namesake in London. It reopened 5 January 2008, following extensive renovations, National Railway Hospital, Byculla also possesses the biggest National Railway Hospital called Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Railway Hospital in front of Veer Jijamata Prani Sangrahalaya. Vegetable Market, The Byculla Vegetable Market is the largest vegetable market in Mumbai and this was one of the oldest fly-overs built in Mumbai. Fire Brigade Headquarters, Mumbai Fire Brigades headquarters are situated just below the Y Bridge, in the front of the Headquarters building stands a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died during the Bombay Explosion of April,1944. Mustafa bazaar, A wholesale timber market is visited by many from the city
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Colaba
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For the fort in Alibaug, see Kolaba fort Colaba is a part of the city of Mumbai, India, and also a Lok Sabha constituency. During Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Candil, after the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Colio. The name Colaba, comes from Kolabhat, a word in the language of Kolis, the area that is now Colaba was originally a region consisting of two islands, Colaba and Little Colaba. The island of Colaba was one of the Seven islands of Bombay ruled by the Portuguese, the Portuguese had acquired these lands from the Sultanate of Cambay by the Treaty of Bassein. The group of islands was given by Portugal to Charles II of England as dowry when he married Catherine of Braganza, angered by the back-tracking, Charles II leased these lands to the British East India Company for a nominal annual rent. Gerald Aungier, second Governor of Bombay, and the president of the English settlement of Surat, took possession of Colaba and this was leased by the Portuguese Government of Goa to the Bishop of Damao, the head of the Padroado party in Bombay, as his residence. After an attempt by the Propaganda Fide party to seize the chapel, in 1743, British Colaba was leased to Richard Broughton at Rs.200 yearly, and the lease was renewed in 1764. By 1796, Colaba had become a cantonment, Colaba was known for the variety of fishes – the bombil, rawas, halwa, turtles, crabs, prawns and lobsters. A Colaba Observatory, an observatory was established in 1826 in the part that was called Upper Colaba. The Colaba Causeway was completed in 1838, and thus, the two islands were joined to the others. Gradually, Colaba became a centre, after the Cotton Exchange was opened at Cotton Green in 1844. The real estate prices in the area went up, the Colaba Causeway was widened in 1861 and 1863. Colaba became a separate municipality ward in 1872, the Sick Bungalows were built in the 19th century. The construction of the Anglican church of St. John the Evangelist began in 1847, the Church was consecrated in 1858, with the work on the steeple being concluded in 1865. The horse-drawn tram-cars were introduced in 1873 by Stearns and Kitteredge, who had their offices on the west side of the Causeway, the Prongs lighthouse was constructed at the southern tip of the island in 1875. The eponymous Sassoon Docks were built by David Sassoon on reclaimed land in the same year, the BB&CI Railways established the Colaba railway station or terminus, the site of which is now occupied by the Badhwar Park layout. The development of Colaba pushed the native kolis to the edges of the island, the Bombay City Improvement Trust reclaimed around 90,000 square yards on the western shore of Colaba. Eminent citizens of Mumbai, such as Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, opposed the work, however, the reclamation work continued and was completed in 1905
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Cuffe Parade
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Cuffe Parade is an upmarket neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is in the southernmost region of the city just north of Navy Nagar, to the north of Cuffe Parade lies Badhwar Park. Cuffe Parade was named after T. W. Cuffe of the Bombay City Improvement Trust, much of Cuffe Parade was developed on reclaimed land in the 1960s, with many of the buildings over thirty storeys high. To the east is Colaba Causeway and to the west is the Arabian Sea, among the notable residents are members of the Ambani and Husain families. Prominent businessmen living here include Subhash Chandra of Essel Group, the Goenka family, the skyline consists of prominent buildings like Maker Tower and Jolly Maker-1, considered to be the richest housing society in Mumbai. Cuffe Parade Resident Association is a citizen’s organisation looking after the interests of the Cuffe Parade area since 1971 and it is suspected that some of the original attackers in the November Mumbai attacks disembarked from a boat in the area, according to local eyewitnesses. MVRDC World Trade Centre I is located at Cuffe Parade in Mumbai and it is a commercial and shopping complex. Taj President Hotel World Trade Centre BD Somani International School Maker Arcade WIRC of ICAI Cuffe Parade Residents Association
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Dharavi
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Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. With an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres, for this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and diverse settlement. Dharavi has an informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents– leather, textiles. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion, Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Mumbai. In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with predominantly mangrove swamp, daravi is a historical spelling of the area. It was a populated village before the late 19th century. Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwadas, Mumbai has been one of the centers of Indias urbanization for 200 years. At the middle of the 19th century, after decades of growth under East India Company and British Raj. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Mumbai peninsula, most parts of Mumbai faced an acute shortage of housing and serious problems with the provision of water, sanitation and drainage. Residential areas were segregated in Mumbai between European and native residential quarters, slums were heavily concentrated in areas meant for native Indian population, and it attracted no planning or London-like investment for quality of life of its inhabitants. Unsanitary conditions plagued Mumbai, particularly in the so-called Native Town, in 1869, as with 19th century epidemics in European slums, bubonic plague spread in Mumbai and then across most of India. The epidemic killed nearly 200,000 people in Mumbai and 8 million in India, the most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Mumbai into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, other early settlers included the Kumbars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895, rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Mumbai, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade. These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or invest in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, Dharavis first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1913. A large influx of Tamil migrants came in the 1920s, bombays first Tamil school and Dharavis first school was constructed in 1924
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Nariman Point
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Nariman Point is a business district in Mumbai city. Formerly the prominent business district on Indias west coast, Nariman Point yielded that status to Mumbais Bandra-Kurla Complex in 2010, prior to Nariman Points development, Mumbais business centre was at Ballard Estate, which – like Nariman Point also – was built on land reclaimed from the sea. Prior to 1940, the area was part of the Arabian sea, a popular leader of the Congress, Khurshed Nariman, a Bombay Municipal Corporation corporator, proposed to reclaim the area from the sea near Churchgate. To accomplish this task, the seafront was filled with debris from various parts of the city. Reinforced concrete cement was used, the steel for which had to be purchased on the black market at higher prices due to World War II. The entire cost was estimated to be ₹300,000. Additional reclamations were carried out in the 1970s, a construction boom in that decade also led to the development of commercial high-rises in the area. In 2006, prior to the crisis of 2007–08, Nariman point was the 7th most expensive location in the world for office space. However, by December 2012 Nariman Point had fallen to 25th place while Delhis Connaught Place remained the 5th most expensive location despite many offices moving to Gurgaon, during the same period, Nariman Point also dropped from 7th to 15th most expensive location for office rentals. The reasons for the decline were the prices, lower quality and age of construction. In the first three quarters of 2012, Nariman Point had a rate of almost 25%, compared with 18% in the rest of the city. Air India had its headquarters in the Air India Building for many years, at one time All Nippon Airways maintained its Mumbai sales office in the Oberoi Towers in Nariman Point
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Marine Lines
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Marine Lines is a locality in South Mumbai. The name Marine Lines is derived from the Marine Battalion Lines, the battalion was later converted to an air force residential quarters, and now lies just south of Metro Adlabs. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway railway line. Marine Lines was also the name of the road on which Bombay Hospital and it is now known as V Thackersey Marg. Marine Drive is the promenade near the station. Marine Drive has one of the finest Art Deco Residential Buildings facing the sea, near the station there is a Muslim cemetery and a municipal crematorium, Chandanwadi. Adjoining the station is the famous Marine Drive flyover, the link to Marine Drive over the tracks from Princess Street beginning to end. New Marine Lines is the area just south of the station near Churchgate and it is home to a number of offices including the UTI, R. O. C. Customs, Income Tax office and various other Governmental agencies, at Mrs Inverarity’s house in Marine Lines. From Rudyard Kiplings short story, Baa Baa Black Sheep, published 1888, list of city districts by population density
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Walkeshwar
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Walkeshwar is an affluent area in South Mumbai, India, at the north-western end of the Marine Drive loop, and is most famous for Walkeshwar Temple, Banganga Tank and Jain temples. Walkeshwar takes its name after Lord Shiva, one part of the Trinity of Hinduism, legend has it that Hindu god, Ram paused at that spot on his way from Ayodhya to Lanka in pursuit of the demon king, Ravana who had kidnapped his wife, Sita. Then Lord Rama was advised to worship Shiv linga and he is said to have constructed the original linga of sand, after getting tired of waiting for his brother, Lakshman to bring an idol. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for an idol made of sand -- Valuka Iswar. As the story progresses, later when Ram was thirsty, as there was no fresh water available, he shot an arrow. The water that feeds the tank stems from a spring at that spot. Walkeshwar also includes Malabar Hill, and is in proximity to the Hanging Gardens. It probably has the most expensive real estate in the whole of India and it has a lot of prime residential buildings in the area. The most of the buildings are sea facing and the location has lot of natural character, the sea is very calm here as it is the bay area. There is also a Jain temple, near the Malabar Hill Police Station, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple is one of the most visited Jain temple in Mumbai. This temple was built in 1904 and belongs Shwetambar sect. of Jainism and this Jain temple is famous for there old carving work and beautiful architectures, colors, Paintings etc. This temple is dedicated to Adishwarji, the first tirthankara of Jainism, moolnayak of this temple is a white colored idol of Adishwarji. Idols of other tirthankaras, Jain deities like Goddess Padmavati, Ghantakaran Mahavir are present here, Temple also has an idol of Hindu God Ganesha signifying Jainism and Hinduism unity. Ceiling of the temple has carving of Navgraha, Yaksha and Yakshi, thousand of Jains visit this temple daily. Chandanbala Jain Temple is also present near this temple, Walkeshwar Temple also known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god, Shiva. The temple is close to Banganga Tank, the temple and the attached fresh water Banganga Tank were built in 1127 AD. The Hanging Gardens or Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, are terraced gardens perched at the top of Malabar Hill, on its western side and they provide sunset views over the Arabian Sea and feature numerous hedges carved into the shapes of animals. The park was laid out in 1881 by Ulhas Ghapokar over Bombays main reservoir, Banganga Tank is an ancient water tank which is part of the Walkeshwar Temple Complex in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai in India built in the 1127 AD
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Malabar Hill
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Notable residents include Adi Godrej, the Birla family, Shashi Ruia & family, Pallonji Mistry, Mahesh Jethmalani, the Jindal family, the Lal family, the Thakkar family among many more. The seafarers from Konkan used to land at the south end of the hill for a pilgrimage to the Walkeshwar Temple. Many of them were part of the Maratha Navy were wrongly designated as Pirates from Malabar, hence the landing point became Malabar Point and eventually the hill became Malabar Hill. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, has proposed to change the name of Malabar Hill, arguably the citys most exclusive residential enclave, to Ramnagari, Malabar Hill is the location of the Walkeshwar Temple, founded by the Silhara kings. The original temple was destroyed by the Portuguese, but rebuilt again in 1715 by Rama Kamath, mountstuart Elphinstone built the first bungalow in Malabar Hill while he was Governor of Bombay, between 1819 and 1827. Following his example, the place became a posh locality. Houses here are amongst the most expensive in the world, in January 2012 Maheshwari House was sold to industrialist Sajjan Jindal of Jindal Steel for 400 crores or > Rs.92,000 per square foot. This makes it the most expensive ever sold in India. Buses only started serving this area during World War II, the former residence of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan is also present here, but is closed to public due to property disputes. Also of note in the Malabar Hill district, there is a ground that sits near the sea which is home to the samadhi shrines of several famous Indian saints. Notably among them is the shrine of the guru of Shri Nisargadatta Maharaj
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Kalbadevi
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Kalbadevi is an old neighbourhood in Mumbai, India. It is named after Goddess Kalbadevi, the Hindu Goddess, Kalbadevi area is one of the busiest areas during peak hours. The area has mostly traders in watches, bicycles, steel utensils, Kalbadevi, is within walking distance from CST, Masjid Bunder and Marine Lines. The traders, buyers and visitors living in suburbs depend on these three stations to reach Kalbadevi. Kalbadevi Road starts near Metro Cinema and continues up to Bhuleshwar Road, there are a number of book shops for old and new books. One of these, the New and Secondhand Bookshop was founded in 1905, an access to the two cloth wholesale markets, Mulji Jetha Market and Mangaldas Market, are the main cloth markets in South Mumbai from Hanuman Galli, which starts at Kalbadevi Road. At the further end of Kalbadevi, near Bhuleshwar Road, is the Cotton Exchange, Hotel Surti is at the intersection of Bhuleshwar Road and Kalbadevi Road. Other restaurants on Kalbadevi include Anand Bhavan and Krishna Murari near the Old Hanuman Lane in the portion along the length of Kalbadevi Road. Towards Metro there are two other restaurants - Raj Mahal and Pushpa Vihar and also Thali restaurant, there is a prominent chain of Hotels or Lodging House in this area named Adarsh Hotel Group. They are having their three hotels in Kalbadevi Road i. e. Adarsh Hotel, Hotel Adarsh Palace, Old Hanuman Lane and Adarsh Baug, a market has also been developed for designer sarees and readymade garments. G. T. Hospital, Cama Hospital and Bombay Hospital are near Kalbadevi Road, being close to a Parsi fire temple, many Parsis live near Metro Cinema in Kalbadevi. Parsi Dairy on Princess Street is an old establishment in the area. It has undergone restructuring to keep up with the modern times, publishers like R. R. Sheth & Co. and Navbharat Sahitya Mandir are on Princess Street in this area. Kalbadevi used to be a residential area, abdul Rehman Street, Princess Street, and Bhuleshwar Road were occupied by families. As the price of real estate went up, more and more people opted to leave the area, the Kalbadevi temple, after which this neighbourhood is named was relocated twice. It is believed that the temple was located in Mahim. After being found, it was installed in this neighbourhood and it was relocated again when the Government decided to widen the road for laying a tramline. The original structure was demolished and the government financed the entire expenditure for the construction of the present structure, the management of the present temple was handed over to Raghunath Joshi after relocation
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Mumbai Central railway station
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Mumbai Central is a major railway station on the Western line, situated in Mumbai, in an area known by the same name. Designed by British architect Claude Batley, it serves as a stop for both local and inter-city/express trains with separate platforms for them. It is also a terminal for long distance trains including the Mumbai Rajdhani Express. Trains depart from the station connecting various destinations mostly across states in the northern, eastern and north-eastern parts of India, the Bombay Baroda Central India Rail organization has extended its reach from Baroda to Pathankot via Delhi. The Colaba-Ballard Pier Railway Station proved insufficient in meeting the demands of a population which led the government to make plans for the construction of Bombay Central. The present suburban route that once ran till Colaba was earlier served by Bellasis Road station and it was renamed Bombay Central after the construction of the long distance Bombay Central Terminus on the eastern side. When the station opened in 1930, The Times of India suggested that the name Bombay Central was inspired by the Grand Central Terminal in New York City, the paper argued that the station should have been called Kamathipura, after the area it was located in. The paper suggested that the name Kamathipura was probably ruled out, the station is divided into two parts. The mainline section has five high level platforms terminating in a large concourse on the southern end, the suburban section has four high level platforms. All the platforms are connected by foot overbridges and the platforms are wheelchair accessible from the south end. A large Passenger Reservation Center with several ticket windows is located on the east side of the mainline station, tickets between any two stations in India on any train offering reserved accommodation can be purchased from this facility. There are many Unreserved Ticket Counters in the concourse for purchasing unreserved tickets for immediate travel on express. The west and south exits of the section of the station have ticket windows for purchasing tickets for travel on the suburban trains. Suburban train tickets can also be purchased from Automatic Ticket Vending Machines located at locations in the station premises. The concourse on the side has a COMESUM outlet that is functional at present. Bellasis Rail Café at Mumbai Central is located on the first floor near Bellasis Road overbridge connecting Mumbai Central station near the south end booking office, items in this café are available in food packets, with ready to take away facility. There are several stalls in the concourse and on the platforms serving snacks, chips, bottled water. There are book stalls in the concourse and on the suburban platforms selling newspapers, magazines
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Altamount Road
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Altamount Road or Altamont Road is an upmarket residential street in South Mumbai, parallel to Peddar Road which it meets at the well-known intersection called Kemps Corner. On Altamont Road are the consulates of Indonesia and of South Africa, on the connecting Carmichael Road are the Belgian, Chinese, and Japanese consulates. The road has been in the news in recent times because of the construction of the costliest home in the world, Antilia. Recently it has been rated as the 10th most affluent street in the world, Altamont Road is a very affluent area, and also home to several industrialists. The Mafatlal complex is located here, as well as the designer store Azaa. Also, it is home to Lodha Altamount which created history in November 2015 by selling the most expensive apartment in the country. The road was officially renamed S. K. Barodawalla Marg in 1990s, but residents, the residential bungalow of the Bombay Port Trust was originally made by George Wittet who also designed the Gateway of India, The Grand Hotel at Ballard Estate
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Carmichael Road
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Carmichael Road is an upmarket residential street of Mumbai, India. Situated on a ridge in South Mumbai, it is now officially called M. L and it has many old style bungalows and apartment houses, such as the art deco Kamal Mahal of film director, Kamal Amrohi. The street is named for David Fremantle Carmichael, former member of the Madras Legislative Council. The road is a heritage precinct, and falls within the Coastal Regulation Zone-2 and had a height restriction of 75 to 80 m. The road has only one building, the 25-storey Usha Kiran built in the mid-1960s. The Usha Kiran building was designed by Mumbai architect S. H. Godbole & Co, redevelopment on the road comes under heritage rules, except for a cessed structure, which either has tenants or was constructed prior to 1940. Over the years, many of the old buildings have been sold to developers, replaced by new ones, also in the neighbouring roads like Altamount Road, skyscrapers are going up. However, real estate prices have remained high nevertheless, on an average, Tata, chairman Tata Group, Mukesh Ambani, Reliance Group. Altamount Road / Mumbais high-fliers call it the best mile in this hundred-mile city
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Mahalaxmi, Mumbai
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Mahalaxmi is a neighbourhood within Mumbai. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway. Mahalaxmi Temple is one of the most famous temples of Mumbai, built around 1785, the history of this temple is supposedly connected with the building of the Hornby Vellard. Apparently after portions of the sea-wall of the Vellard collapsed twice, the chief engineer, a search recovered it and he built a temple for it. After this, the work on the Vellard was completed without any problems, later the Mahalaxmi Racecourse was also built at Mahalaxmi. The Online mandir of Mahalakshmi The Saat Rasta Project
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Worli
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Worli is a locality in the city of Mumbai in Indian state of Maharashtra. It is also spelt as, Varli, Worlee, Warli and it is an important commercial and industrial centre in the city. Worli was one of the seven islands that constituted the city of Mumbai. Although primarily a village, the Worli Fort, a British fort that is now in ruins, is located there. It is known for being home to Dishankeshwar Kalsi, considered Indias first homosexual stage performer, Worli later became known as the land of the Kalsi. Worli has a mosque, the Haji Ali Dargah, on a rock in the sea, the island of Worli was connected to the main island of Bombay in 1784, with the completion of the Hornby Vellard. The Hornby Vellard is now known as Lala Lajpat Rai Road, in 1842, the Love Grove sewage pumping station was completed. It has special mitre gates opening to the sea, which are opened during periods of low tide, the pumping station is built on Dr Annie Besant road which was formerly known as the Love Grove Road. The British had built four bungalows for its administrative heads on the stretch ahead of the Love Grove Pumping station back in the 1930s and these bungalows are now replaced by the ATRIA Mall. D. Y. Patil International High School Maratha Mandir R. A, podar Medical College GreenLawns School Worli Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar School Unnati Night High School French International School of Bombay The Japanese School of Mumbai was formerly located in Worli. Worli is a part of South Mumbai which extends from Haji Ali to Prabhadevi and it is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the neighbourhoods of Haji Ali to the south, Mahalaxmi to the east and Prabhadevi to the north. The nearest railway station to the neighbourhood is Mahalaxmi And Elphinstone is also nearest railway station from Worli, with the commissioning of the Bandra-Worli Sealink, Worli Sea-Face is now better connected with Western Suburbs. Aditya Birla Group has its office in Worli. Childline India has its office on the fourth floor of the Sumer Kendra Building in P. B. Worli has been one of the busiest office areas in Mumbai since the late 70s, the first major development was the Shivsagar Estate located on Dr Annie Besant Road. The major companies having properties here are GSK Pharma, TATA, Novartis, HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, Siemens, CEAT, till September 1997 Poonam Chambers had the offices of companies like ESAB, US Vitamins But after the building collapsed they had to shift. The latest developments are happening in the old Mill lands with many television stations having their studios in them, even multinational companies like Deloitte have set their base in Worli. Even malls have emerged with Launch of Atria on 20 May 2006, the Worli-Bandra Sealink is located on Worli Sea Face
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Lower Parel railway station
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Parel is a neighbourhood of Mumbai. This is different from Lower Parel, Parel is also a Station on Central railway and shares FOB with Elphinstone Rd Railway Station on Western Railway. It is a district in Girangaon, which was the focus of the Great Bombay textile strike of 1982, Parel used to have a number of mills, but these have been replaced by new office developments. Originally, Parel was a separate island, Parel is one of the Seven Islands of Bombay which were ceded by the Portuguese to England in 1661, it was linked up with the other islands in the 19th Century. In the 1770s, William Hornby, the Governor of Bombay and this area then became one of the poshest areas of the city. In 1867, tanners and dealers in dry fish were relocated in this area, by the 1870s, several cotton mills had been established in the reclaimed lands in Parel. In 1883, the Governors wife died of cholera in the Government House, two years later, the Governors Mansion was moved to Malabar Point. During the plague epidemics of the 1890s, the old Government House was leased to the newly founded Haffkine Institute, star Track, Times of India Mumbai, pg-2,21 April 2006
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Parel
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Parel is a neighbourhood of Mumbai. This is different from Lower Parel, Parel is also a Station on Central railway and shares FOB with Elphinstone Rd Railway Station on Western Railway. It is a district in Girangaon, which was the focus of the Great Bombay textile strike of 1982, Parel used to have a number of mills, but these have been replaced by new office developments. Originally, Parel was a separate island, Parel is one of the Seven Islands of Bombay which were ceded by the Portuguese to England in 1661, it was linked up with the other islands in the 19th Century. In the 1770s, William Hornby, the Governor of Bombay and this area then became one of the poshest areas of the city. In 1867, tanners and dealers in dry fish were relocated in this area, by the 1870s, several cotton mills had been established in the reclaimed lands in Parel. In 1883, the Governors wife died of cholera in the Government House, two years later, the Governors Mansion was moved to Malabar Point. During the plague epidemics of the 1890s, the old Government House was leased to the newly founded Haffkine Institute, star Track, Times of India Mumbai, pg-2,21 April 2006
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Dadar
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Dadar is a densely populated residential and shopping neighbourhood in Mumbais central district and a prominent transit hub with local and national connectivity. Dadar in Marathi language means Ladder, perhaps indicative of its importance as an important connection between main Mumbai island and surrounding islands in the past. The Portuguese Franciscans built a church here in 1596 called Nossa Senhora de Salvação, the Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme of 1899-1900 was the first planned scheme in Mumbai. The Bombay Improvement Trust devised the plan to relieve congestion in the centre of the following the plague epidemics of the 1890s. According to the plan,60,000 people were to be housed at Dadar-Matunga. 85,000 people were to be accommodated in the developments in Sewri-Wadala, the plan regulated constructions and restricted building construction to three storeys high with an open spaces between them. Ramnarain Ruia College in 1937 and Ramniranjan Podar College was founded in 1939, both colleges are run by SP Mandali. Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School one of the oldest school founded in 1851 during the British India period is located here. During the cotton mill era of Mumbai, some key mills like Bombay Dyeing, Gold Mohur Mills, Kohinoor Mills, Ruby Mills, during the redevelopment of Mumbai mills some of these were redeveloped or went defunct. By 1937 Shivaji Park and the areas were developed. This public space was to become an important stage in the political drama leading up to Indias independence, later political history in Mumbai also unfolded in this park. The Sharadashram society as well as built in 1948-50 are the biggest landmarks of Dadar. Sharadashram society is Asias first registered society as well as first society in Mumbai, in 1993 Bombay bombings, a defused bomb was discovered in Dadar by Dr. The scooter, laden with RDX, had failed to explode, Dadar is located between Matunga, Wadala, Parel, Prabhadevi and Elphinstone Road. Dadar is divided into East and West by the railway line, Dadar East is popularly called Dadar Central or Dadar T. T because the former Dadar Tram Terminus was located here. Dadar West is sometimes referred to as Dadar B. B. because it lies along the western line, which was once part of the Mumbai & Baroda & Central India Railway. Dr B Ambedkar road runs south and connects to central side of south Mumbai to north Mumbai, while Western Express Highway connects western side of Dadar to south Mumbai. Built in 1923, Lokmanya Tilak bridge is one of the oldest bridge in Mumbai and connects Dadar east with Dadar west and even more so, between east and west Mumbai
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Matunga
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Matunga is a locality in the heart of Mumbai City towards downtown Mumbai. It is serviced by the Matunga Road station on the Western line, Matunga on the Central Line, Matunga formed a part of the seven original islands of Mumbai with Mahim, then known as Mahikavati. Matunga was among the first well planned localities of Mumbai, the Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion plan of 1899-1900 was formulated to evenly distribute population as well as provide better living standards. Matunga has a juxtaposition of Irani cafes and Udupis and houses one of the oldest residents of Mumbai, Matunga houses the Institute of Chemical Technology, Guru Nanak Khalsa College, R. A. In 1937, the council of Salesians of Don Bosco approved a plan to buy 60,000 square yards land in Matunga from the Bombay Municipal Corporation. The Corporation approved the sale on July 16,1937, the Salesians bought the land for Rs.229,160. The Don Bosco High School run by them was shifted from the premises at Tardeo to the new Don Bosco campus at Matunga. Mumbais first engineering college, Victoria Jubilee Technological Institute was founded in 1887 and it was later renamed Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. Matunga has a population of South Indians especially, the Tamil Brahmins. One of the earliest Gujaratis to come to Matunga were from the Kapol community and they built the Kapol Hostel and Kapol Niwas in Matunga. However, there are very few Kapols left now
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Mahim
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Mahim is a neighbourhood in Mumbai. The Mahim railway station is in the Mahim area, on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway line, the name Mahim is derived from the ancient Mahimavati meaning miraculous in Sanskrit. Other historical names for the area include Maijim, Mejambu, Mahim was one of the seven islands that originally made up Mumbai. Mahim, or Mahikawati as it was known, was the capital of Raja Bhimdev and he built a palace and a court of justice in Prabhadevi, as well as the first Babulnath temple. In 1343, this island was possessed by the Sultanate of Gujarat and it was in their reign that the old Mahim mosque was built. A dargah of Makhtum Fakir Ali Paru was built here in 1431, in 1543, the Portuguese captured the islands of Mumbai. In 1662, these islands were given to the English King, King Charles II, as a part of the dowry for the Portuguese princess. After British acquired Mumbai, they built the Mahim Fort here to protect themselves from the Portuguese, the fort today stands in ruins. The causeway connecting Mahim and Bandra was completed in 1845 at a cost of Rs, in 1847, a small group of Scottish missionaries decided to start a new school, now one of the most high-profile schools in Mumbai — the Bombay Scottish School. Mahim is surrounded by Dharavi, Dadar and Bandra in the north, Mahim has a number of schools and educational institutions. Reputed colleges and professional educational institutes such as Ruparel College and St. Xaviers Technical Institute are also in Mahim, shitladevi Temple Paradise Cinema Makhdoom Ali Mahimi Dargah St. Michaels Church Hinduja Hospital Lokmanya Vidya Mandir School & Jr. College Of Science, Arts & Commerce, victoria High School-celebrities like urmila kanitkar Mahim Fort Mahim Causeway Mahim Reti Bunder Xavier Institute of Engineering Swami Vivekanand Garden S. L. The southern end is Worli, northern end is Bandra Reclamation, the bay was named after the islands of Mahim and Salsette were merged in the early 19th century. The Mithi River drains into Mahim Creek which drains into the bay, during the colonial era, the Portuguese built a watchtower called Castella de Aguada on the northern side. Later, the British built the Worli Fort to the south and Mahim Fort near the creek to defend the seven islands of Bombay against attacks by the Portuguese, the Bandra-Worli Sealink crosses Mahim Bay. Mahim Creek is a 15 feet deep creek in Mumbai, India, the Mithi River drains into the creek which drains into the Mahim Bay. It forms the boundary between the city and suburbs, the creek is swamped by mangroves and has a mini-ecosystem. It now has the Bandra-Kurla complex with offices on both its sides
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Sion, Mumbai
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Sion is a neighbourhood of Mumbai. The Marathi name for Sion is Sheev which means boundary or limit, Mumbai as we know it now didnt exist then. In the 17th century the village formed the boundary between Mumbai and Salsette Island, the British named it marking the end of the city. The name remained even after Mumbai was joined to the Salsette, however now Sion is not the end of the city. One of the historical places in Sion is a hilltop garden commonly known as Sion Fort or Sion Killa in native language Marathi. In 1543, the Portuguese took possession of the islands of Bombay by force, the Portuguese gave the Jesuit priests the sole ownership of some of these islands. The Jesuits then built a chapel on the hill near the railway station. Sion shares its name with a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Sion also has a bus station and it is in the central line. Somaiya Medical College and Research center
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Wadala
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Wadala is a locality in Mumbai. Wadala Road is a station on the Harbour Line of Mumbais railway network, SNDT Womens University, Dr. Ambedkar Commerce & Law College also has a campus in Wadala West. The local college of Wadala is SIWS near the Wadala station, the largest bus depot in Mumbai, BESTs Wadala depot, is located here. It also houses one of Indias most renowned eye hospitals, Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital along with the BPT Hospital, the Ackworth Leprosy Hospital was established during British rule, and part of its complex is now given to an AIDS awareness organisation as well. The worlds first methane generation plant was set up in the Ackworth hospital complex, Wadala village lay on one of the Seven Islands of Bombay that were joined together to form the modern day Mumbai. The island was called by different names, Parel, Matunga. The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme of 1899-1900 was the first planned scheme in Bombay. According to the plan,85,000 people were to be accommodated in the developments in Wadala. The plans regulated constructions with emphasis on proper sanitation, buildings were to be three storeys high, and were to have open spaces between them. The land-use was planned to be a mix of residential, commercial and institutional constructions, parks and gardens were planned, and the streets were well laid out. 440 acres of land was procured and leased to the Government for selling, for the first time housing cooperatives were formed to take advantage of newly developed land. The Parsi and Hindu colonies in Dadar-Wadala were developed in this way, in 1915 the Port Trust Railway opened the Wadala Ballard Pier railway line. Petrol and kerosene installations also came up in Wadala, the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute moved to its present campus at Wadala in 1923. The Institute of Chemical Technology was established in Wadala in 1934, during the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Wadala Salt Works was raided by around 1,500 volunteers of the Congress party on June 1,1930. The incident occurred after an appeal was made in the Congress Bulletin of May 31, the government reacted quickly and 11 women were detained. Wadala was once considered a suburb of the city of Mumbai. The area is bordered by Dadar on the West, Matunga on the Northwest, the western areas of Wadala are covered by salt pans, which are on the shores of the Thane creek. On the Eastern border of Wadala, MMRDA has planned to construct a truck terminus, Mumbai will have for the first time a centralized facility for the transport of goods by road
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Navi Mumbai
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Navi Mumbai is a planned township of Mumbai off the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra in Konkan division. The city is divided into two parts, North Navi Mumbai and South Navi Mumbai, for the development of Panvel Mega City. The city would have its own international airport by 2019 and it is being developed primarily to ease the burden off Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai and to put Navi Mumbai on the global map as a stand-alone city. The area around the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport will be controlled and planned by CIDCO under The Special Planning Authority - Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area, the place was selected because of its strategic location near Panvel. NAINA will be responsible for avoiding any haphazard development around the airport in Panvel, Navi Mumbai has a population of 1,119,477 as per the 2011 provisional census. The area was mooted in 1971 to be a new township of Mumbai by the Government Of Maharashtra. For this purpose a new public sector undertaking was established that is the CIDCO, Navi Mumbai is situated across two districts namely Thane and Raigad. The remaining newly developed and developing nodes in the Raigad district are administered by the CIDCO, Navi Mumbai is widely considered an entry point to Mumbai. The city has been ranked 12th among 73 cities surveyed for cleanliness and hygiene by the Union Ministry of Urban Development, Navi Mumbai is home to various educational institutions offering courses in several streams including engineering, medical sciences, interior designing, and hotel management. Various MNCs like Siemens, McDonalds, Bureau Veritas, Bizerba, Navi Mumbai also has many quality restaurants and luxury hotels for accommodation. There are many shopping malls such as Little World mall in Kharghar, Centre One, Inorbit, a phenomenal rate of urban growth has been experienced by India during the 25 years following independence and Bombay has had its due share in it. Development inputs could not keep pace with the growing population, industry, trade. Besides, there are limitations to the growth of a city built on a long and narrow peninsula. The Government of Maharashtra has been alive to the problems of this metropolis. Responsible public opinion was equally vigilant and several constructive suggestions appeared from time to time in the press, all this helped in keeping the problems of Bombay in the forefront of public awareness. In 1958, the Govt. of Bombay appointed a group under the Chairmanship of Shri S. G. The Barve Group reported in February 1959, One of its major recommendations was that a rail-cum-road bridge be built across the Thane Creek to connect peninsular Bombay with the mainland. The Group hoped that the development would be orderly and would take place in a planned manner
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Sanpada
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Sanpada is a residential node that has been developed by CIDCO since the late 1980s. It has expconsiderably with new building projects springing up every other day, in fact Sanpada is becoming the next ideal residential hub with malls and major amnesties establishing in close vicinity to Vashi. Smilecare dental and Cosmoderma clinic Mydentist - Sanpada OCULUS, Dr, Sanpada has developed at a speedy rate. It is a residential as well as residential township in Navi Mumbai. Sanpadas reputation for being organized and self-sufficient, large but not too crowded, has led to the continued growth, the housing market is strong and property values are rising. High-rise buildings on the Palm Beach Road have a view of the creek, Sanpada railway station is on the harbour line and has connectivity to CST, Panvel and Thane. The Sion-Panvel highway crosses through Sanpada and is 100 meters away from the railway station, similar to Vashi and CBD Belapur railway stations, the Sanpada railway station also houses a commercial office complex. Sanpada has been divided into sectors based on the size of available housing units in each neighborhood. One of the oldest and most beautiful sector in Sanpada is sector-7 where there are 9 housing societies, millennium Towers in Sector-9 is a Housing Society developed by CIDCO. It is one of the most well planned housing societies in Navi Mumbai and has lots of gardens and a state of art club house. It is the one of the most expensive residential township in Navi Mumbai with the lowest price of a flat being 1.25 Crore Rs. and it houses more than 1250 residents. It is centrally located and at a distance from both Sanpada and Juinagar Railway Stations
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Vashi
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Vashi is a node in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, across the Thane Creek of the Arabian Sea on the outskirts of city of Panvel. It is one of the first nodes developed by the City and Industrial Development Corporation in Navi Mumbai township, the major schools in Vashi are Sacred Heart High School, Fr. Agnels Multipurpose High School, St Lawrence school, New Bombay High School, ICLE MJ COLLEGE, the malls in Vashi are Raghuleela Arcade, Inorbit Mall, Satra Plaza. The APMC market, one of the largest markets in India is in, Sector 31 is allotted for PAPs G. E. Scheme for residential as well as commercial purpose. Being close to the sea, Vashi is mostly humid and hot in summer and mildly pleasant during the months of November, December, and January. The Western Ghats run parallel along the east of the mainland town, Vashi is one of the oldest and most populated nodes in Navi Mumbai. Many companies from Mumbai and other parts of India have set up shop there, most new firms setting up base in Navi Mumbai township are in or close to Vashi. Sector 17, in turn, is the heart of Vashi, hosting a dense concentration of small businesses, offices, clinics, banks, retail outlets, restaurants. Sectors 9 and 10 are heavy with commercial activity, especially retail, a large APMC market, the biggest in Asia for wholesale agricultural produce, is in Sector 19 and a part of Sector 18. Vashi is the first node of Navi Mumbai from the island Mumbai direction and it is directly connected by rail and road. An earlier hovercraft service to Mumbai island was discontinued citing heavy operational losses, a proposed international airport near Panvel is under final stages of approval. It is expected to bring relief to the existing Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai. It takes about 50 minutes to travel by train from Vashi railway station to the main city, the railway is known as Harbour line, extending from Mumbai CST to Panvel. The two rail options to travel from Mumbai western suburbs are via Dadar and via Wadala Road, Vashi is connected with Thane via Trans Harbour Railway Line. Long-distance trains to the rest of the country are only from the nearby bigger stations of LTT Kurla, Bandra, Dadar, Mumbai Central, Mumbai CST, Thane, Panvel stations. The Sion-Panvel Highway and the picturesque Palm Beach Road intersection is at Sector 17, auto rickshaws, taxis, buses and radio cabs are easily available. There are two bus depots in Vashi, one at the railway station and the other near Shivaji Chowk. Another bus stand is expected to be operational at Sector 12
