1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
3.
Oblasts of Ukraine
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An oblast, in English referred to as a region, refers to one of Ukraines 24 primary administrative units. Ukraine is a state, thus, the regions do not have much legal scope of competence other than that which is established in the Ukrainian Constitution. Articles 140-146 of Chapter XI of the constitution deal directly with local authorities, oblasts are further subdivided into raions, ranging in number from 11 to 27 per entity. In Ukraine the term Oblast denotes a primary administrative division, under the Russian Empire and into the 1920s, Ukraine was divided between several Governorates. The first oblasts were Vinnytsia Oblast, Kiev Oblast, Odessa Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, between 1935-1938 there existed several newly created and self-governed special border okrugs located along the western border of the Soviet Union in Ukraine and Belarus. Upon liquidation of the okrugs in 1937-38 Kiev, Vinnytsia, Odessa, just before the World War II, the Donetsk Oblast was split into Stalino Oblast and Voroshylovhrad Oblast and the Kirovohrad Oblast was created out of portions of Kiev, Mykolaiv and Odessa oblasts. During World War II Ukraine added eight additional oblasts of the West Ukraine, with the re-establishing of the Soviet power in the state after the war, the administrative division by oblast was resumed adding one more oblast—Zakarpattia. In 1959, Drohobych Oblast was merged with Lviv Oblast, most of Ukraines oblasts are named after their respective administrative centers, which are also the largest and most developed city in a given region. Each region generally consists of one to two million of people, ranging anywhere from as low as 904,000 in Chernivtsi Oblast to 4.4 million in the eastern oblast of Donetsk. Each oblast is subdivided into about 20 raions. The specific text of the constitution refers to the territorial structure is as follows. Each of Ukraines oblasts have their own legislative and executive authority, each region is administered under laws passed by the Ukrainian government and the Constitution of Ukraine. Each region levies its own taxes and, in return, receive a portion of their budget from Kiev, executive power each of the oblasts are exercised by local elected administrations. The heads of local administrations are in turn appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine upon nomination by the Cabinet of Ministers, since Ukraine is a unitary state, there is little true political power and weight that these local administrations actually hold. Carrying out their authorities, the heads of local administrations are accountable to the President and are subordinate to higher bodies of executive leadership, legislative power in the oblast governments is exercised by their respective oblast councils, which in turn supervise the activities of local administrations. They also have considerable budgets managed by an oblast council made up of deputies voted into office in regional elections every 4 years. The name of each oblast is an adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective center city. Poltava is a center of Poltavska oblast, most of them are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix -shchyna
4.
Cherkasy Oblast
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Cherkasy Oblast is an oblast of central Ukraine located along the Dnieper River. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Cherkasy, with 20,900 km², the Cherkasy oblast is the 18th largest oblast of Ukraine, comprising about 3. 5% of the area of the country. The south flowing Dnieper River with the western bank and the plain eastern bank divides the oblast into two unequal parts. The larger western part belongs to the Dnieper Upland, the oblast extends for 245 km from south-west to north-east, and for 150 km from north to south. The geometric centre of the oblast is located near the village Zhuravky of the Horodyshchenskyi Raion, the oblast borders the Kiev Oblast to the north, the Kirovohrad Oblast to the south, the Poltava Oblast to the east, and the Vinnytsia Oblast to the west. The Cherkasy Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on January 7,1954. The oblasts territory was the cities of Cherkasy, Smila and Uman, their corresponding raions, as well as 30 former raions of the Vinnytsia, Kiev, Kirovohrad. Archaeological discoveries, have shown that people have inhabited the valley of the Dnieper River since the times immemorial, the oldest objects excavated on the territory of the region date back to the Stone Age – the Palaeolithic period. There are a total of 25 cities,34 towns, and 838 villages, the local administration of the oblast is controlled by the Cherkasy Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast is the Cherkasy Oblast Rada speaker, the current estimated population is 1,335,064. According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the population is almost equally divided between the urban and rural areas. The demographic situation in this largely agricultural territory is somewhat complicated by population ageing, by ethnic composition, Ukrainians represent the overwhelming majority of the oblasts population. Ethnic Russians are the distant second group of population, and are concentrated mainly in the city of Cherkasy. 0-14 years,13. 4% 15-64 years,69. 1%65 years, while the winter wheat and sugar beets are the main products grown in the oblast, barley, corn, tobacco and hemp are also grown. The industry is concentrated in Cherkasy, the oblasts capital. A chemical industry was developed in the city in late 1960s in addition to building, furniture making. Most of Ukraines oblasts are named after their cities, officially referred to as oblast centers. The name of each oblast is an adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective center city
5.
Raions of Ukraine
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Raions of Ukraine are second level of administrative division of Ukraine and are primary the most common division of regions of Ukraine. Equivalent type of subdivision are also raions in city. Sometimes these districts are known as rural districts to distinguish them from raions in city or city districts. Raions are one of three types of divisions of regions of Ukraine and second level in the administrative divisions of Ukraine. There are 490 raions in 24 oblasts and the Crimea autonomous republic of Ukraine, the number of raions per region varies between 11 and over 20. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is 1,200 km2, the city municipalities of regional significance have an independent of raion jurisdiction. The number of such cities varies from one region to another, in the list below they are listed separately as well. Each raion consist of urban or rural municipalities that are administrated by their local councils. They are the lowest level of administrative division, some cities of oblast subordination along with the two cities of national significance are also divided in city raions. City raions have their own administration and are subordinated directly to a city. They may contain cities, towns, and villages. Note, region is a term referring to oblasts, the republic. The population recorded in the table is listed in accordance to the latest census taken in the country, asterisk identifies raions with administrative centers located outside of them. Administrative divisions of Ukraine 2001 Ukrainian census, Population Structure Regions of Ukraine and its composition
Ukraine
Cherkasy Oblast
United States
Media related to Chyhyryn at Wikimedia Commons
