1.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
2.
Rochester, New York
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Rochester is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in the western portion of the U. S. state of New York, and the seat of Monroe County. The citys population was the third largest — after New York City. This area, which is part of the Western New York region, had a population of 1,079,671 at the time of the 2010 Census, a Census estimate of July 1,2012, raised that number to 1,082,284. Rochester was one of Americas first boomtowns, and rose to prominence as the site of many mills along the Genesee River. Several of the universities have renowned research programs. In addition, Rochester is the site of important inventions and innovations in consumer products. Until 2010, the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State, internal Revenue Service, after the New York City metropolitan area. Rochesters GMP has since ranked just below that of Buffalo, New York, the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester as the most livable city in 2007, among 379 U. S. metropolitan areas. In 2010 Forbes rated Rochester as the third-best place to raise a family, in 2012 Kiplinger rated Rochester as the fifth-best city for families, citing low cost of living, top public schools, and a low jobless rate. Of the 19 places in the United States named Rochester at least eight were named directly after Rochester, New York, having been founded or settled by former residents. These include Rochester, Indiana, Rochester, Texas, Rochester, Iowa, Rochester, Kentucky, Rochester, Michigan, Rochester, Minnesota, Rochester, Nevada, and Rochester, Ohio. The Seneca tribe of Native Americans lived in and around Rochester until they lost their claim to most of land in the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797. Settlement before the Seneca tribe is unknown, development of modern Rochester followed the American Revolution, and forced cession of their territory by the Iroquois after the defeat of Great Britain. Allied with the British, four major Iroquois tribes were forced from New York. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a land grant on the Grand River in Canada. Rochester was founded shortly after the American Revolution by a wave of English-Puritan descended immigrants from New England who were looking for new agricultural land and they would be the dominant cultural group in Rochester for over a century. They chose the site because its three cataracts on the Genesee offered great potential for water power, beginning in 1811, and with a population of 15, the three founders surveyed the land and laid out streets and tracts. In 1817, the Brown brothers and other landowners joined their lands with the Hundred Acre Tract to form the village of Rochesterville, by 1821, Rochesterville was the seat of Monroe County
3.
Redondo Beach, California
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Redondo Beach is one of the three Beach Cities located in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 66,748 at the 2010 census, up from 63,261 at the 2000 census, the city is located in the South Bay region of the greater Los Angeles area. Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1785 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that became the South Redondo area. The citys territory has an unusual shape including an area along the beach and another strip inland from Manhattan Beach, the primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach, popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts. The western terminus of the Metro Rail Green Line is in North Redondo Beach, the Chowigna Indians used the site of todays Hopkins Wilderness Park, formerly Nike missile site LA-57 from 1956 to 1963, in Redondo Beach, California, as a lookout place. The wetlands located at the site of todays AES power plant in Redondo Beach were a source of foods including halibut, lobster, and sea bass, and also of salt. In the 1700s, the Chowigna bartered salt from the old Redondo Salt Lake and their village by the lake was called Onoova-nga, or Place of Salt. The Chowigna were relocated to missions in 1854, when Manuel Dominguez sold 215 acres of Rancho San Pedro, including the lake, to Henry Allanson, moonstone Beach was a tourist attraction from the late 1880s to the early 1920s. Tourists gathered moonstones from the mounds that had washed ashore during storms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.2 square miles. Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1784 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant of the 43, the ocean side of Pacific Coast Highway has restaurants and boating activities while inland of PCH is largely residential. Redondo Breakwall is a surf spot in the South Bay. This power plant sports Whaling Wall number 31, a 586 ft ×95 ft whale mural by world-famous artist Robert Wyland titled Gray Whale Migration. Redondo Beach has a division between the north and south sections of the city with 190th, Anita, and Herondo streets forming its east-west boundary line. South Redondo is along the beachfront with the pier and marina/harbor complex, the small business district near the pier and marina was revived in the 1990s by beachgoers and new residents who wanted to sell beachwear and surfing accessories. South Redondo has wide streets, wide beaches and laid-back feel make it a prime destination for those seeking a bike to the grocery store community. The main library is located in the Civic Center, North Redondo, north of 190th Street, is an inland community separated from the beachfront by Hermosa Beach and Manhattan Beach. It is also home to the South Bay Galleria shopping center, the North Branch of the Redondo Beach Library serves this area
4.
University of Tampa
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The University of Tampa, is a private co-educational university in Downtown Tampa, Florida, United States. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UT offers more than 200 programs of study, including 13 masters degrees and a broad variety of majors, minors, pre-professional programs, and certificates. The University of Tampa was established by Frederic Spaulding in 1931 as Tampa Junior College, in 1933 UT moved to its current location, the then-defunct Tampa Bay Hotel. With the move, and the room it provided, Mr. Spaulding decided to expand the scope of the junior college to a full university. In 1941 the city of Tampa signed a 99-year lease on the hotel with the school for a dollar a year, the lease excluded the south east wing of the hotel to allow for the housing of the Henry B. The University prospered for the few decades, becoming a well-respected institution of learning in the Tampa Bay area. In 1951 the University received full SACS accreditation, however, in the early 1990s financial troubles hit the school. The University incurred consecutive years of budget deficits as a result of declining student enrollment, the Universitys president resigned, faculty left for better opportunities and UT faced an uncertain future. In 1995, the Board of Trustees elected a new president to lead the school out of its troubles, ronald L. Vaughn, who was then dean of the College of Business, was selected to bring the school out of the red. His initial efforts were aimed at bringing the campus up-to-date with new dorms, dr. Vaughn also launched the Take UT to the Top campaign with the goal of raising $70 million in 10 years and restoring the Universitys endowment. By the time the campaign ended, UT had raised $83 million, a major reason for this success was the generous contributions of the John H. Sykes family of Tampa. A gift of $10 million by the family in 1997 was followed by one for $28 million in 2000 and these generous gifts were all the more impressive since no one in the Sykes family had ever attended The University of Tampa. The additional funds were used to new land and to implement a faster-paced building program. They were also used to hire additional faculty, permitting the University to expand its student population, for his efforts in rescuing the University and increasing enrollment, Vaughn has a salary that is in the top 10 of mid-sized, private institutions. UT offers 200 areas of study for undergraduate and graduate students, classes maintain a 17,1 student-faculty ratio. Some of UTs most popular majors include business, biology, marketing, marine science, criminology, finance, communication, psychology, sport management, entrepreneurship. UT recently launched a new major in cybersecurity, UT also offers a host of international study-abroad options led by UT professors. The University is a member of the European Council of International Schools
5.
Triple H
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Paul Michael Levesque, better known by the ring name Triple H, is an American business executive and professional wrestler. Levesque is the Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative for WWE, as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT, Levesque commenced his professional wrestling career in the International Wrestling Federation in 1992 under the ring name Terra Ryzing. In 1994, he joined World Championship Wrestling, where he was repackaged as Jean-Paul Lévesque. In 1995, Levesque moved to the World Wrestling Federation, where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley and, later, in 1997, Triple H co-founded the influential D-Generation X stable, which became a major element of the WWFs Attitude Era. Levesque himself wed McMahon in 2003, over the next two decades, he won a total of 14 world championships and led stables The McMahon-Helmsley Faction, Evolution and The Authority. From 2010 onwards, Triple H curtailed his appearances as he took on a greater behind-the-scenes role within WWE. He is a member by marriage of the McMahon family, which maintains majority ownership of WWE, in the course of his career, Levesque has held a total of 25 championships, including nine reigns as WWF/WWE Champion and five as WWEs World Heavyweight Champion. Triple H was also the winner of the 1997 King of the Ring tournament and he has headlined WrestleMania, WWEs flagship pay-per-view, a record seven times. Outside of professional wrestling, Levesque has made numerous guest appearances in film and on television, Levesque was born in Nashua, New Hampshire. He watched wrestling for the first time when he was five, Levesque began to take up bodybuilding at the age of 14, because he wanted to look like professional wrestlers. Levesque attended Nashua South High School, where he played baseball and basketball, following his graduation from high school in 1987, Levesque continued to enter several bodybuilding competitions, and was crowned Mr. Teenage New Hampshire in 1988 at the age of 19. While working as a manager at Golds Gym in Nashua, New Hampshire, Levesque was introduced to world champion powerlifter, Ted Arcidi, in early 1992, Levesque enrolled in Kowalskis wrestling school, where he began to train as a professional wrestler. Levesque was trained to wrestle by Killer Kowalski at his school in Malden and his class mates included fellow future WWF wrestlers Chyna and Perry Saturn. Levesque made his debut on March 24,1992 in Kowalskis promotion. In July 1992, Levesque defeated Mad Dog Richard to win the IWF Heavyweight Championship, Levesque wrestled for various promotions on the East Coast independent circuit until 1994. During this period, he was managed by John Rodeo, in early 1994, Levesque signed a one-year contract with World Championship Wrestling. In his first televised match, Levesque debuted as a villain named Terror Risin and his ring name was soon modified to Terra Ryzing, which he used until mid-1994, when he was renamed Jean-Paul Lévesque. This gimmick referred to his surnames French origins and he was asked to speak with a French accent, during this time, he began using his finishing maneuver, the Pedigree
6.
Sean Waltman
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Sean Michael Waltman is an American professional wrestler. He is signed with WWE working in their Legends program, Waltman has won a dozen championships between WWE, WCW, and TNA, the majority were cruiserweight and tag team titles. He was also the final WWF Light Heavyweight Champion before the title was retired in favor of the Cruiserweight Championship he simultaneously held and he was part of The Kliq, a group of wrestlers known for their influence on WWF storylines in the mid-1990s. Waltman joined the wrestling team in ninth grade, but quickly quit rather than cut his hair. After training under Boris Malenko, Joe Malenko, Masami Soronaka and Karl Gotch, during this time, Waltman worked extensively with Jerry Lynn in North America and Japan. They often wrestled each other, but also teamed up to win the PWA Tag Team titles twice in 1993 and he was hospitalized for three days, could not work for four months, and was advised to give up wrestling completely. As The Lightning Kid, Waltman had his WWF tryout match in Phoenix, Arizona and he reminisced that he was lucky to have an opponent with a vested interest in an impressive match, rather than a disinterested WWF veteran jobber like Virgil or Jim Powers. After earning a contract, he made his TV debut as The Kamikaze Kid on Monday Night Raw on May 3 and he quickly became The Cannonball Kid, then simply The Kid. After several weeks as a jobber, he scored a pinfall on Razor Ramon on the May 17 episode of Monday Night Raw. Razor challenged him to a rematch, wagering $10,000 of his own money, Kid accepted the challenge, but grabbed the money and ran from the arena during the match. Ted DiBiase, who was feuding with Razor, taunted him over losing to a nobody and this angered Kid, and led to a match in which he upset DiBiase as well. Razor turned face shortly after and took Kid under his wing, the 1–2–3 Kid made his pay-per-view debut at SummerSlam, losing to DiBiases tag partner Irwin R. Schyster after Razor had defeated DiBiase. At Survivor Series, Kid was on Razors team in a elimination match. He and Marty Jannetty were the survivors, which led to them forming a tag team. For the next two years, The 1–2–3 Kid was an underdog and fan favorite. After Kid and Razor failed to win back the Tag Team Championship from Billy Gunn and Bart Gunn in October 1995, on the Raw before the 1995 Survivor Series in November, he was the guest referee in a match between Razor Ramon and Sycho Sid. As Razor attempted his finisher, The Razors Edge, Kid pulled Sid down from Razor, allowing Sid to then hit Razor with his Powerbomb, at Summerslam 1995, he lost to Hakushi but won a rematch in November after Ted DiBiase interfered. He was the survivor of his Survivor Series match, besting rival Marty Jannetty
7.
Professional wrestling
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Professional wrestling is a dramatized athletic performance that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
8.
Londonderry, New Hampshire
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Londonderry is a town in western Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The town is bordered on the north by the city of Manchester, the population was 24,129 at the 2010 census. Londonderry is known for its orchards and is home to the headquarters of Stonyfield Farm. Londonderry lies in an area that was first known as Nutfield because of the woods with nut trees. In 1722, the town was chartered and given the name Londonderry, early Ulster Scots settlers spread out into surrounding villages, bringing Irish and Scottish names like Antrim, Derry and Dunbarton. Londonderry was the second largest town in colonial times, and Derry, Windham. In 1719, the first American potato was grown in Derry, the first U. S. census, conducted in 1790, reported the towns population to be 2,622. Londonderry is located in southwestern Rockingham County, between Manchester to the north, Derry to the east, and Hudson to the south, the western, northern, and southern borders of the town are with Hillsborough County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 42.1 square miles, of which 42.0 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. The census-designated place portion of Londonderry is bordered by the Derry town line to the east, the Windham line to the southeast, the CDP includes the Londonderry town offices but not the Londonderry High School and Middle School complexes. The CDP has an area of 12.33 square miles, of which 0.02 square miles. The town of Londonderry is drained on the east by Beaver Brook and on the west by Little Cohas Brook and Nesenkeag Brook, the towns highest point is 535 feet above sea level, on Number Eight Hill north of the center of town. The town is crossed by Interstate 93, New Hampshire Route 102, New Hampshire Route 128, half of Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, including the main terminal, is in the northwest corner of the town. As of the census of 2010, there were 24,129 people,8,438 households, the population density was 574.5 people per square mile. There were 8,771 housing units at a density of 208.8 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population,15. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5. 1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86, and the family size was 3.21. In the town, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,23. 6% from 25 to 44,33. 6% from 45 to 64
9.
Killer Kowalski
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Walter Killer Kowalski was a Canadian professional wrestler. Kowalski wrestled for numerous promotions during his career, including the National Wrestling Alliance and World Wide Wrestling Federation and he held numerous championships including the WWWF World Tag Team Championship with Big John Studd billed as The Executioners and managed by Lou Albano. The man later known as Killer Kowalski was the son of Polish immigrants Antoni Spulnik and Maria Borowska, he, his older sister Wanda, when he entered college, his major was electrical engineering. He worked part-time at the Ford plant in Detroit to help pay his wage, there are several stories of how he became a wrestler. The most common one is that while attending the University of Detroit and he was only being paid $50 a week at the plant and was told he could make more as a wrestler. Since he already had a build, he decided to give wrestling a try. When he first wrestled professionally, he was known as Tarzan Kowalski, during the Cold War his name was changed to Wladek Kowalski, which was supposed to sound more menacing. Kowalski wrestled from 1947 to 1977 in a number of organizations, including the National Wrestling Alliance, Kowalskis rise in the business came quickly. His first recorded match occurred on May 6,1948, and by November 29 of the same year, Kowalski stood out in his era for his larger-than-normal size, and for a faster-paced style in the ring. He wrestled as a heel, or villain, except when facing the even-more-hated Buddy Rogers. In his matches with Rogers, Kowalski would adopt a more serious babyface approach, out of the ring, however, Kowalski was considered so friendly and polite that some wrestling promoters complained about the way he would drop character in public. On October 15,1952, in a match in Montreal versus Yukon Eric, in reality, Erics ears were already badly cauliflowered due to years of abuse and the injury was an accident, but it fortified Kowalski as being a ruthless villain who gleefully maims his opponents. Yukon Eric looked at me, shook his head, and smiled, I started laughing and he laughed, too. When the incident was reported in the paper the day, it stated that Kowalski showed up at the hospital and laughed at his victim rather than with him. The incident sparked a series of grudge matches between the two wrestlers which took place throughout North America. By the time the feud had run out of several years later, Yukon Eric joked to Kowalski about the small size of an audience, God. I might have to sacrifice another ear, Kowalski also gained some notoriety in Boston for an incident in late June 1958 when he was wrestling Pat OConnor. The guest referee was former boxing great Jack Dempsey, who suffered a kick to the diaphragm and had to be hospitalized, Dempsey did not blame Kowalski, and both said it was an accident, but this further cemented the Killers reputation as a villain
10.
Glamour photography
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Glamour photography is a genre of photography in which the subjects are portrayed in erotic poses ranging from fully clothed to nude. The term may be a euphemism for erotic photography, for glamour models, right body shape and size is directly related to success. This is particularly true of the female breast, where having their size and this type of photography is colloquially known as cheesecake for women and beefcake for men. Glamour photography is generally a composed image of a subject in a still position, photographers use a combination of cosmetics, lighting and airbrushing techniques to produce an appealing image of the subject. Until the later half of the 20th century glamour photography was usually referred to as erotic photography, early erotic photography was often associated with French postcards, small postcard sized images, that were sold by street vendors in France. In the early 1900s the pinup became popular and depicted scantily dressed women, often in a playful pose, the subject would usually have an expression of delight which seemed to invite the viewer to come and play. During World War II pin-up pictures of scantily clad movie stars were extremely popular among American servicemen, betty Grable was one of the most famous pinup models of all time, her pinup in a bathing suit was extremely popular with World War II soldiers. In December 1953, Marilyn Monroe was featured in the first issue of Playboy magazine, bettie Page was the Playboy Playmate of the Month in January 1955. Playboy was the first magazine featuring nude erotic photography targeted at the mainstream consumer, the British Queen of Curves in the 1950s and early sixties was Pamela Green. Harrison Marks, on the encouragement of Green, took up glamour photography, currently in England the earliest use of the word glamour as a euphemism for nude modeling or photography is attributed to Marks publicity material in 1950s. Standards and styles of glamour photography change over time, reflecting for example changes in social acceptance, until the 1950s, glamour photography in advertising and in mens magazines was highly controversial or even illegal. In some countries, if not illegal, such magazines could not be on public display, magazines featuring glamour photography were sometimes marketed as art magazines or health magazines. Since the 1990s glamour photography has increased in popularity among the public, glamour portrait studios opened, offering professional hair and makeup artists and professional retouching to allow the general public to have the model experience. These sometimes include boudoir portraits but are commonly used by professionals. Fashion photography List of glamour models Simpson, Mark, how men became the new glamour models
11.
Bodybuilding
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Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to control and develop ones musculature. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder, the winner of the annual IFBB Mr. Olympia contest is generally recognized as the worlds top male professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Phil Heath, who has won every year from 2011 to 2016. The winner of the Womens Physique portion of the competition is widely regarded as the top female professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Juliana Malacarne, who has won every year since 2014. Since 1950, the NABBA Universe Championships have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners such as Reg Park, Lee Priest, Steve Reeves, stone-lifting traditions were practised in ancient Egypt and Greece. Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with strongmen displaying feats of strength for the public, the focus was not on their physique, and they often had large bellies and fatty limbs. Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England by German Eugen Sandow, now called the Father of Modern Bodybuilding and he allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in muscle display performances. Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, the Oscar-winning 1936 musical film The Great Ziegfeld depicts this beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals. Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he created several businesses around his fame. He was credited with inventing and selling the first exercise equipment for the masses, machined dumbbells, spring pulleys, even his image was sold by the thousands in cabinet cards and other prints. Sandow was a perfect gracilian, a standard of ideal body proportions close to those of ancient Greek, men were judged by how closely they matched these proportions. Sandow organised the first bodybuilding contest on September 14,1901 and it was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of Nottingham, the silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy, now the most famous of all, was presented to third-place winner A. C. Smythe, in 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to Steve Reeves for winning the inaugural NABBA Mr. Universe. It would not resurface again until 1977, when the winner of the IFBB Mr. Olympia contest, Frank Zane, was presented with the bronze trophy, since then, Mr. Olympia winners have been awarded a replica of the bronze trophy
12.
WWE
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Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. was an American professional wrestling promotion and the sanctioning body for the World Wide Wrestling Federation and later World Wrestling Federation. Founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1953, Capitol Wrestling Corporation is the precursor to todays WWE, run by Jess grandson, Jess McMahon was a successful boxing promoter who began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden, a few years prior, professional wrestler Toots Mondt had created a new challenge of professional wrestling that he called “Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling”. He convinced wrestler Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow to implement this new solution, after much success, a disagreement over power caused the trio to dissolve and, with it, their promotion. Mondt later formed partnerships with other promoters, including Jack Curley in New York City. Mondt eventually took over the New York wrestling scene, due to the fact Curley was dying, with the aid of several bookers, together, McMahon and Mondt created the Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. which later joined the National Wrestling Alliance in 1953. In November 1954, Jess McMahon died and Ray Fabiani, one of Mondts associates, both men left the company in protest following the incident and formed the WWWF in the process, awarding Rogers the new WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in April of that year. He lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17,1963, after gaining a television program deal and turning preliminary wrestler Lou Albano as a manager for Sammartinos heel opponents, the WWWF was doing sell out business by 1970. Mondt left the company in the late 1960s and although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon, at the annual meeting of the NWA in 1983, the McMahons and WWF employee Jim Barnett all withdrew from the organization. By March 1979, for marketing purposes, the World Wide Wrestling Federation was renamed the World Wrestling Federation and that same year, Vincent J. McMahons son, Vincent K. McMahon, founded Titan Sports, Inc. incorporated on February 21,1980, originally in Massachusetts. In 1982, Titan Sports Inc. acquired Capitols operations, effectively relocating its headquarters to Greenwich, in an attempt to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the world, McMahon began an expansion that fundamentally changed the industry. In the end, the elder McMahon would never live to see his company grow from a promotion to what is now a worldwide organization. He died from cancer at 69 years old on May 24,1984. By 1985, Titan moved to Stamford, Connecticut then establishing a new entity in 1987 in Delaware which later merged with the old company in 1988. Titan later changed its name to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. before finally becoming World Wrestling Entertainment, list of independent wrestling promotions in the United States
13.
Eighth Wonder of the World
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Eighth Wonder of the World is an unofficial title sometimes given to those new buildings, structures, projects or even designs that are deemed to be comparable to the 7 World Wonders. Pink and White Terraces in New Zealand, prior to their destruction in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, torres del Paine National Park, Chile. The original 1882 Kinzua Viaduct in USA, aswan Dam in Egypt, called as such by Nikita Krushchev Baháí terraces, on Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel. Delta Works, the Dutch provinces of Zeeland and Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands, great Manmade River, in Libya, given the title by Muammar Gaddafi. Houston Astrodome International Space Station in Orbit around Earth, title given by the Americans and Russians, karakoram Highway in Pakistan, and China Palm Islands of Dubai Panama Canal Pikeville Cut-Through in Pikeville, Kentucky, given the title by The New York Times. Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia, the story of its construction was recounted in the opera The Eighth Wonder Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom. Three Gorges Dam in Hubei, China West Baden Springs Hotel King Kong, a giant movie monster resembling a colossal gorilla. His captor promotes public exhibitions of the caged Kong with the tagline, New Seven Wonders of the World Wonders of the World
14.
Glossary of professional wrestling terms
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Professional wrestling has accrued a considerable nomenclature throughout its existence. Much of it stems from the origins in the days of carnivals and circuses. In the past, professional wrestlers used such terms in the presence of fans so as not to reveal the nature of the business. In recent years, widespread discussion on the Internet has popularized these terms, many of the terms refer to the financial aspects of professional wrestling in addition to performance-related terms. A-show A wrestling event where a companys biggest draws wrestle, a-team A group of a wrestling promotions top stars who compete at an A-show. Abort To discontinue a feud, angle, or gimmick suddenly, usually without explanation or due to a lack of fan interest, ace A term typically only used in Japanese puroresu for a wrestler designated as the face of the promotion. Not necessarily the same as the top champion, examples of modern aces include Hiroshi Tanahashi in New Japan Pro Wrestling and Suwama in All Japan Pro Wrestling. Agent A management employee, often a former wrestler, who helps set up matches, plans storylines. Often acts as a liaison between wrestlers and higher-level management, referred to as producers by WWE and sometimes by other companies. Sometimes they help train and teach younger active wrestlers and give criticism, Alliance A cooperative relationship developed between two or more wrestlers, whether wrestling as a tag team or in individual matches. Alliances are often formed for the purpose of retaining titles between the members of the alliance, or to counter a specific foe or group of foes. The formation of an alliance can be a storyline of its own, an angle usually begins when one wrestler attacks another, which results in revenge. An angle may be as small as a match or a vendetta that lasts for years. It is not uncommon to see an angle become retconned due to it not getting over with the fans, Apter mag An old-style professional wrestling magazine that sticks to kayfabe articles. The term refers to the magazines at one time connected to journalist Bill Apter, B-show A wrestling event featuring the middle and lower-level talent of a wrestling promotion. Sometimes includes well-known wrestlers making a return or finishing up their career, b-team The group of wrestlers on a B-show. Babyface A wrestler positioned as a hero, who the crowd are typically cheering for in a match, often simply known as a face. Beat down A situation in which a wrestler or other performer is the recipient of a one-sided beating, blading A wrestler intentionally cutting themself to provoke bleeding
15.
D-Generation X
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D-Generation X was a professional wrestling stable best known for their appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE. The group originated in the midst of the WWFs Attitude Era in 1997 as a foil to another prominent faction and this incarnation was voted the greatest WWE Tag Team Champions of all time in a 2013 WWE viewer poll. The groups gimmick was best known as a gang of rebels who broke the rules, acted and spoke as they pleased, noted for their crude, profane humor and sophomoric pranks, the stable has been dubbed multiple times as the most controversial group in WWF/E history. DX was one of the three main contributing factors, along with Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock, to the onset of the WWFs Attitude Era. On October 6,1997, in one of the earliest DX promos — in fact the week before the group was officially named — Michaels alluded to this off-screen connection. After Bret Hart claimed to have destroyed the Kliq and to have run outta town, Michaels declared, The Kliq owns this business, and said that it had really undergone expansion rather than destruction. According to Triple H, WWF management wanted to keep apart The Kliq, of which he and Michaels were members, despite this, the group began to collude on the August 11,1997 main event of Raw Is War. The following week on Raw, Michaels and Triple H teamed up to take on Mankind and The Undertaker, only to lose the match by disqualification after Michaels used a chair on Undertaker. Michaels would eventually face the Undertaker at Ground Zero, In Your House on September 7 with Triple H, Chyna and they were often shown on television practicing sophomoric/crude humor and rebelling against authority figures in the company, primarily Vince McMahon and then Commissioner Sgt. Slaughter, the latter of which DX made a habit of humiliating by giving him the nickname Sgt. D-Generation Xs first feud was against the Hart Foundation, who was led by Michaels nemesis Bret Hart, at WWF One Night Only, the group helped Michaels beat Foundation member British Bulldog for the European Championship, making Michaels the WWFs first Grand Slam Champion. On-screen, the name was taken from comments by Hart, who on several occasions, Rude was also legitimately upset over the Montreal Screwjob, and he subsequently left DX and the WWF to return to WCW. Michaels headlined the event and was disqualified in a WWF World Heavyweight Championship title defense against Ken Shamrock when Owen Hart interfered, earlier that night, Triple H defeated Sgt. Slaughter with the help of Chyna in a Boot Camp match, on the December 22 episode of Raw is War however, the two were forced to wrestle each other for the European title. In a mock match Michaels laid down while Triple H ran around the ring, in the beginning of 1998, Triple H exchanged the European Championship with Owen Hart. At WrestleMania XIV, Shawn Michaels was the reigning WWF World Heavyweight Champion and they recruited boxer Mike Tyson to act as the special enforcer in the main event of the night featuring Michaels against Stone Cold Steve Austin. At the end of the match, Tyson turned on D-Generation X, the night after WrestleMania, Triple H ejected the absent Michaels for dropping the ball over the Tyson incident. Triple H assumed full leadership of D-X and recruited X-Pac, who had recently fired from WCW
16.
WWE Intercontinental Championship
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The WWE Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand. Along with the United States Championship on the Raw brand, it is one of the two titles of the promotion. The current champion is Dean Ambrose, who is in his second reign and it is the third oldest championship currently active in WWE, behind the WWE Championship and United States Championship. It has been called a stone to the WWE Championship. In November 2001, the then-WCW United States Championship was unified into the Intercontinental Championship, in 2002 after the first brand extension, it became exclusive to Raw and the WWF was renamed to WWE. Later that year, the European and Hardcore championships were unified into the Intercontinental Championship, the following year, however, it was reactivated for Raw, followed by the United States Championships reactivation as a counterpart title on SmackDown. As a result of the 2016 draft, the Intercontinental Championship became exclusive to the SmackDown brand, the term intercontinental in the title originally referred to North and South America. In 1985, the belt design changed, the centerplate now centered on the Atlantic Ocean, in a map including western Africa. On April 10,1989, the championship was first defended outside of North America, by Rick Rude against The Ultimate Warrior in Milan, Italy. On March 30,1991, Mr. Perfect made the first Asian defense against The Texas Tornado at a WWF co-promotion with Super World of Sports in Tokyo, Japan. It first came to Africa on April 6,1997, when champion Rocky Maivia pinned Savio Vega in Durban, shelton Benjamin made the first Australian defense on April 7,2006, pinning Gene Snitsky in Brisbane. WWF North American Heavyweight Champion Pat Patterson became the champion on September 1,1979. Mr. Perfect would then go on to win a tournament to crown a new Intercontinental Champion, on October 17,1999, Chyna became the only woman to hold the Intercontinental Championship by defeating Jeff Jarrett at No Mercy. Then-United States Champion Edge defeated then-Intercontinental Champion Test, in 2002, after the first brand extension had begun and the WWF was renamed to WWE, Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff began unifyng his brands singles championships. On August 19,2002, Bischoff made a six-minute gauntlet match for the Hardcore Championship, tommy Dreamer successfully retained his title in that match, but lost to Van Dam in a hardcore match the next week. On September 30,2002, Bischoff scheduled another unification match, the match took place at No Mercy the following month and saw then-World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeat then-Intercontinental Champion Kane, making him the Raw brands sole male singles champion. Christian won the royal to win the championship and restore a secondary singles title for Raw wrestlers to compete for. The first brand extension would end on August 29,2011, on May 31,2015, the championship was contested for in an Elimination Chamber match for the first time
17.
Royal Rumble
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The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling pay-per-view event, produced every January by professional wrestling promotion WWE. The event is named after the Royal Rumble match, a Battle royal match whose participants enter at timed intervals, the Royal Rumble is considered one of WWEs most popular pay-per-view events. The Royal Rumble is a pay-per-view consisting of the Royal Rumble match, title matches, the first Royal Rumble took place on January 24,1988 and was broadcast live on the USA Network. The following year, the event started to be broadcast on pay-per-view and thus one of WWEs big four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Survivor Series. The Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card, though there have been such as the 1988,1996,1997,1998,2006. Due to the Rumble match taking up an amount of time, the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay-per-view events. The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay-per-view to be available in high-definition. The Royal Rumble is based on the classic Battle Royal match, in which a number of wrestlers aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope, the winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated. This lottery is usually staged right before the event begins. This format is credited to Pat Patterson, to date, only four men who have been one of the starting wrestlers have won the Royal Rumble, Shawn Michaels, Vince McMahon, Chris Benoit and Rey Mysterio. The most common number to win is number 27, One of the most infamous of these incidents occurred during the 2015 Royal Rumble match. Before the match began, Lilian Garcia explained that the entrants would enter the match every 90 seconds, rusev entered at #15 and Goldust at #16, but the two entrants were 2 minutes and 8 seconds apart from each other. The Royal Rumble match commonly involves 30 wrestlers and usually lasts an hour, with the longest match, at the 2011 event, lasting one hour. However, the first match, contested in 1988, involved only 20 men, the 2011 Royal Rumble had a 40-man field, out of whom Alberto Del Rio was victorious. Royal Rumble matches are generally stipulated to involve no disqualifications, the only exception involved Finlay entering the match before his turn to save Hornswoggle in 2008. Of course, this contradicts the 2001 Royal Rumble, when Al Snow inserted himself into the match temporarily without being disqualified, with the brand extension introduced in mid-2002, the 30 entrants from 2003 to 2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands. At first, the winner of the received a shot at their brands top champion. Starting in 2004, the Rumble winner had the option of challenging any brands champion, for instance, Chris Benoit switched brands after winning the 2004 Royal Rumble and won the World Heavyweight Championship. During ECWs participation, the entries for each brand were not evenly divided, the winner of the Royal Rumble match now receives a title opportunity for either SmackDowns WWE Championship or Raws WWE Universal Championship
18.
King of the Ring
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King of the Ring was a professional wrestling single-elimination tournament held by WWE. The tournament was held annually from 1985 to 2002, with the exception of 1990 and 1992, and from 1993 to 2002, the tournament endured a four-year hiatus until its return in 2006 as an exclusive event of the SmackDown brand. The tournament returned as an event for both WWE and Raw in 2008,2010, and 2015. WWE released a best of King of the Ring DVD in late 2011, although the King of the Ring tournament was not made into a pay-per-view event until 1993, the original King of the Ring tournament was held in 1985. This gimmick led to several notable feuds for Race with Junkyard Dog, Hulk Hogan, Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Race eventually returned from his injury and briefly feuded with King Haku, but was unable to regain the crown at the 1989 Royal Rumble. King Haku then lost the crown to Hacksaw Jim Duggan in May 1989, King Hacksaw then lost it in September 1989 to Macho Man Randy Savage, who rebranded himself Macho King. Savage abandoned the Macho King gimmick upon his retirement in 1991, following which only wrestlers who had won the tournament, william Regal won the tournament while serving as General Manager of Raw and began displaying King Lear signs of tyranny and delusion. Triple H alluded to his King of the Ring victory as part of his integrated gimmick starting 2006 as the King of Kings, the King of the Ring was an event in which typically sixteen wrestlers wrestled in a one-on-one single elimination bracket. When a wrestler wins a match in the bracket, he advances to take on another wrestler who has also won, the final few matches would then take place at that years King of the Ring event. The winner of the match is officially crowned the King of the Ring. There were also matches that took place at the King of the Ring event since it was a traditional three-hour pay-per-view. After a five-year hiatus, the tournament returned in 2015 on the April 27 episode of Raw, bad News Barrett defeated Neville in the final round. From 1993 through 2002, King of the Ring was produced as a pay-per-view event, in 2006, the tournament finals were featured as part of the Judgment Day pay-per-view. In 2008 and 2010, the tournament was featured as a tournament that aired on Monday Night RAW. In 2015, the tournament was started on Monday Night RAW, the King of the Ring was the only one of the WWEs Big Five pay-per-view events to never be hosted at least once at Madison Square Garden. As of 2017, the King of the Ring will return as a WWE Network pay-per-view event, the tournament was held on July 8,1985 at the Sullivan Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. ^ Tito Santana fought Jim Brunzell to a draw, Brunzell then won a toss to determine who would continue in the tournament. ^ Rudy Diamond was a substitute for Bob Orton, ^ Mr. X was a substitute for Hercules Hernandez
19.
WWE Championship
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The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand. It is one of two titles in the WWE, alongside the WWE Universal Championship that was created for the Raw brand as a result of the 2016 WWE draft. The title is held by Randy Orton, who is in his ninth reign. The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers, since its inception, the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications. From its inception until 2001, it was promoted as WWEs sole primary championship, an additional world title, the WCW Championship, was added after the then-World Wrestling Federations purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001. The titles were unified as the Undisputed Championship. After the first brand extension in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE, the championship exclusive to SmackDown. ECW became a brand in 2006, adding the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Over the course of the first brand extension, the WWE Championship switched between brands, usually as a result of the annual draft, the ECW Championship was deactivated in 2010, and the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship in 2013. The championship was again the world title of WWE until the reintroduction of the brand extension in 2016. The title was introduced in 1963 with Buddy Rogers becoming the first champion, however, its origin is attributed to events that began in the National Wrestling Alliance, which had various territorial member promotions. In the 1950s, Capitol Wrestling Corporation was a member of the NWA and by 1963, during this time, Buddy Rogers held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship until January 24, when Lou Thesz defeated Rogers for the championship in a one fall match. After several years, the WWWF became affiliated with the NWA once again, although the full name appeared on the championship belts until 1998, the name was often abbreviated to WWF Championship, which became its official name in 1998. In 1991, World Championship Wrestling, a member of the NWA, in 1993, WCW seceded from the NWA and grew to become a rival promotion to the WWF. Both organizations grew into prominence and were eventually involved in a television ratings war. Near the end of the war, WCW began a financial decline. As a result of the purchase, the WWF acquired, among other assets, thus, there were two world titles in the WWF, the original WWF Championship and the WCW Championship, which was eventually renamed to the World Championship. In December 2001, the two championships were unified at Vengeance, at the event, Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Kurt Angle to retain the WWF Championship, while Chris Jericho defeated The Rock for the World Championship
20.
Kurt Angle
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Kurt Steven Angle is an American professional wrestler, actor, and retired amateur wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, performing as the general manager on Raw brand. While a student at Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Angle won numerous accolades, after graduating college, Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships. He then won a freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics, Angle is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam. In 2006, he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments. Angle made his first appearance at a wrestling event in 1996. He signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation that same year. He is the tenth Triple Crown Champion and the fifth Grand Slam Champion in WWE history, on March 312017, Angle was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame. He is the second Triple Crown winner in TNA history and the one to hold all the required titles at once. Angle is also a two-time King of the Mountain, as part of TNA, he made appearances for New Japan Pro Wrestling and the Inoki Genome Federation, holding the IWGP Heavyweight Championship once. In 2013, Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame, between WWF/WWE, Japan, and TNA, Angle has won 13 world championships and 21 total championships. Angle is also the person to have been King of the Mountain. He has headlined numerous pay-per-view events for both WWF/WWE and TNA throughout his career, including the event for both promotions, WrestleMania in WWE, and Bound for Glory in TNA. In 2004, the Wrestling Observer Newsletter inducted Angle into its Hall of Fame and he is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, ESPN journalist and former WWE personality Jonathan Coachman described Angle as the greatest Ive ever seen in the ring. Angle was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon Township, Pennsylvania and he attended Clarion University of Pennsylvania, graduating with a degree in education in 1993. Angle has four brothers and a sister, LeAnne, who died in 2003. His father, an operator, was killed in a construction accident when Angle was 16. Angle stated in an interview that, following the death of his father, he regarded his wrestling coach, David Schultz, while training Angle, Schultz was murdered in January 1996 by John Eleuthère du Pont, the sponsor of Schultzs team of Olympic prospectives
21.
Chris Jericho
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Jericho is known for his over-the-top, rockstar persona. He also found success while performing for international promotions in countries such as Canada, Japan. He is also the ninth Triple Crown Champion, as well as the fourth Grand Slam Champion in WWE history, Jericho is a six-time world champion, having won the WWF Championship once, the WCW/World Championship twice, and WWEs World Heavyweight Championship three times. He is also a record nine-time Intercontinental Champion, beating out four other contenders in a 2013 WWE fan poll to determine the greatest champion in history with a landslide 63% of the vote. Jericho has headlined multiple pay-per-view events during his time with the company, baltimore Sun writer Kevin Eck wrote that Jericho has proved to be one of best all-around performers in the business, particularly regarded as one of the very best talkers. Outside of professional wrestling, Jericho became the lead vocalist of the band Fozzy in 1999, Jericho also competed in the 2011 series of Dancing With the Stars, lasting until the sixth week. Prior to this, he hosted the ABC game show Downfall, Irvine was born in Manhasset, New York. His father, ice hockey player Ted Irvine, had relocated there to play for the New York Rangers, when his father retired, they moved back to Winnipeg, Manitoba. In addition to Hart, Irvine also cited Ricky The Dragon Steamboat and he also took a course in creative communication at Red River Community College in Winnipeg, where he graduated with top honors. At age 19, he entered the Hart Brothers School of Wrestling and he was trained by Ed Langley and local Calgary wrestler Brad Young. The pair then worked as a tag team, initially called Sudden Impact and he took the name Jericho from an album, Walls of Jericho, by German power metal band, Helloween. Jericho and Storm worked for Tony Condello in the tours of Northern Manitoba with Adam Copeland, Jason Reso, the pair also wrestled in Calgarys Canadian National Wrestling Alliance and Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling. In 1991, Jericho and Storm started touring in Japan for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling as Sudden Impact, where he befriended Ricky Fuji, who also trained under Stu Hart. In CMLL, Jericho took on Silver King, Negro Casas, after leaving Mexico, Jericho wrestled in Hamburg, Germany for six weeks as part of a tournament run by Rene Lasartesse. In late 1994, Jericho began competing regularly in Japan for Genichiro Tenryus Wrestling, in November 1994, Último Dragón defeated him for the NWA World Middleweight Championship, which he had won while wrestling in Mexico. In March 1995, Jericho lost to Gedo in the final of a tournament to crown the inaugural WAR International Junior Heavyweight Championship and he defeated Gedo for the championship in June 1995, losing it to Último Dragón the next month. In December 1995, Jericho competed in the second Super J-Cup tournament, in 1996, Jericho joined the villain stable Fuyuki-Gun with Hiromichi Fuyuki, Gedo, and Jado, adopting the name Lion Do. The stable was nicknamed Team No Respect for its members brash mannerisms, in February 1996, Jericho and Gedo won a tournament for the newly created International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, defeating Lance Storm and Yuji Yasuraoka in the final
22.
Jeff Jarrett
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He is currently signed with Impact Wrestling as the Executive Producer for the promotion. In that role, he is again in charge of day to day operations of the promotion. He is also known from his multiple runs in World Championship Wrestling. A third-generation wrestler, Jarrett has held 77 total championships in various promotions throughout his career and his NWA title reigns occurred within TNA, under his co-ownership of the company. Between WCW, WWF/E, & TNA, Jarrett has held 14 World Championships and 24 total championships and he was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame in 2015. Jeff Jarrett made his debut at the age of 18 in April 1986 when jobber Tony Falk attempted to end his lengthy losing streak by challenging Jarrett, then a referee. Jarrett accepted the challenge, wrestling Falk to a 10-minute draw and he also wrestled with the American Wrestling Association in the late 1980s. In 1989, Jerry Jarrett purchased the Texas-based World Class Championship Wrestling promotion, over the following years, Jarrett won the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship on 10 occasions and the USWA World Tag Team Championship on 15 occasions. Jarrett also wrestled on the independent circuit for 7 years, appearing in Japan, in 1990, he wrestled his first tour of Japan for Super World Sports. In 1993, he was hired by the World Wrestling Federation, Jarretts first involvement with World Wrestling Federation came on August 9,1992 when he participated in the kick-off to the first cross-promotional angle between the WWF and the USWA. Sitting at ringside along with Jerry Lawler at the WWF house show that was being held at the Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee, after defeating Kamala by disqualification that night, Bret Hart accepted Jarretts challenge for a match the next time that the World Wrestling Federation came to Memphis. Beginning in October, Jarrett himself began making appearances on WWF house show events, defeating Mondo Kleen, at a WWF Wrestling Challenge taping in Louisville, Kentucky on October 28, Jarrett scored his biggest victory of his nascent WWF career by upsetting Rick Martel. However the scheduled match between Hart and Jarrett on October 31st in Memphis was cancelled due to poor weather, following the cancelled Memphis show he returned to the USWA. Nearly a year later, Jarrett would return to the WWF, Jarretts character would strut to the ring wearing flashing Double J hats and ring attire, and he punctuated his promos with the phrase aint I great. He ended his interviews by distinctly spelling out his name, Jarrett made his pay-per-view debut in January 1994 at the Royal Rumble, entering the Royal Rumble match as the 12th participant and was eliminated less than 90 seconds later by Randy Savage. At SummerSlam, he won a match against Mabel by pinfall, at Survivor Series, Jarrett competed in a 10-man elimination tag match. His team lost when all the members of the team including himself were counted out, in January 1995, Jarrett had a brief feud with Bret Hart, ultimately losing to Hart on the January 23 episode of Monday Night Raw. At the Royal Rumble in Tampa, Florida, Jarrett defeated Razor Ramon to win the Intercontinental Championship
23.
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
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In 2005, Inoki sold the promotion to Yukes, who later sold it to Bushiroad in 2012. Naoki Sugabayashi has served as the Chairman of the promotion since September 2013, owing to its TV program aired on TV Asahi, NJPW is the largest professional wrestling promotion in Japan and the second largest promotion in the world. It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at various points, NJPWs biggest event is the January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, held each year since 1992 and currently promoted under the Wrestle Kingdom banner. The promotion was founded by Antonio Inoki in 1972, after his departure from the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance promotion, the first NJPW event took place on March 6,1972, in Tokyo. Inoki would serve as the president of the promotion until 1989, the promotion was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance from 1975 to 1985 and once more from 1992 to 1993. NJPW briefly reaffiliated with the NWA in the early 2010s as well, also known as Shin Nihon Puroresu, NJPW is considered the top wrestling promotion in Japan and is comparable to WWE in the United States in terms of popularity in the country. In the past NJPW has worked with WWE, World Championship Wrestling, occasionally, NJPW will also host cross-promotional matches with other Japanese promotions, such as All Japan Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah. The promotion also has its own governing body, the International Wrestling Grand Prix and they also hold several tournaments each year, including the G1 Climax, World Tag League, New Japan Cup and Best of the Super Juniors. The final NEVER event was held in November 2012, on January 4,2011, New Japan officially announced the NJPW Invasion Tour 2011, Attack on East Coast, the promotions first tour of the United States to be held in May 2011. The tour featured shows in Rahway, New Jersey on May 13, New York City on May 14 and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, as part of the tour, NJPW introduced a new title, the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. On January 31,2012, Yukes announced that it had sold all shares of New Japan Pro Wrestling to card game company Bushiroad for ¥500 million, New Japan aired its first internet pay-per-view, the fourth day of the 2012 G1 Climax, on August 5,2012. The October 8,2012, King of Pro-Wrestling pay-per-view marked the first time viewers outside Japan were able to order a pay-per-view by the promotion through Ustream. On October 5,2012, New Japan announced the creation of the NEVER Openweight Championship, a two-day tournament to determine the inaugural champion was held between November 15 and 19,2012. During the tour, New Japan wrestlers also took part in an event held by Canadian promotion Border City Wrestling. A year later, NJPW and ROH announced another tour together to four more supershows, War of the Worlds 15 on May 12 and 13 in Philadelphia. In June 2014, New Japan announced a partnership with the new American GFW organization helmed by Jeff Jarrett, in November 2014, GFW announced that it would be broadcasting NJPWs Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome on pay-per-view in the United States as a four-hour event. Also in November 2014, the American AXS TV network announced it had acquired rights to rebroadcast a series of thirteen episodes of NJPW matches from TV Asahi, the series premiered on January 16,2015, airing weekly on Fridays. Averaging 200,000 viewers per episode, the show was considered a success, in June 2016, the show was also acquired by the Canadian Fight Network
24.
Impact Wrestling
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Impact Wrestling is a privately held American professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville, Tennessee and founded by Jeff and Jerry Jarrett in 2002. The promotion was known as NWA, Total Nonstop Action and was associated with the National Wrestling Alliance. After the agreement ended in 2007, the company created its own TNA World Heavyweight and it is the only major American promotion to predominantly make use of a six-sided wrestling ring. The concept of TNA originated shortly after World Championship Wrestling ended in 2001, bob Ryder, Jeff Jarrett and Jerry Jarrett went on a fishing trip and contemplated their futures in the professional wrestling business. Only one wrestling product remained on United States national television, the World Wrestling Federation, the Jarretts found the financial backing they needed and the company put on its first show on June 19,2002. That night, however, in a match just before they went on the air. The estimated repair time was 30–60 minutes, which they did not have because the schedule called for them to go live in a few minutes, whether the ring was ready or not. Backstage, the producers shuffled the schedule so that some non-wrestling segments went first to give the crew some more time. The ring crew fixed the rope with the help of Ron and Don Harris, initially, TNAs weekly pay-per-view show operated as the companys main source of revenue, in place of monthly pay-per-view events used by other promotions. These shows took place mostly at the Tennessee State Fairground Sports Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, after 27 months and 111 pay-per-view events, TNA began holding a weekly television show and monthly three-hour pay-per-views. The last weekly pay-per-view took place on September 8,2004, Xplosion launched on November 27,2002 as TNAs first regular cable show and featured exclusive matches from the TNA Asylum as well as exclusive interviews with TNA wrestlers. On November 18,2004, the became a recap show of the previous weeks Impact. in light of alterations in the taping schedule. Xplosion resumed airing exclusive matches once more on October 7,2005 in addition to recapping Impact, the Xplosion Xclusives also aired on the now-ceased TNA Global Impact. Airing of Xplosion in the United States ceased at the end of 2006, in May 2004, TNA introduced a television program, Impact. produced at Soundstage 21 at Universal Studios Florida and broadcast on Fox Sports. In November 2004, TNA held the first of these pay-per-views, Victory Road, the television contract with Fox Sports expired in May 2005 and was not renegotiated, leaving TNA without television exposure. This prompted TNA to air Impact, via webcasts – originally made available via BitTorrent and eventually via RealPlayer – and on Urban America Television replacing Xplosion. During this time, TNA continued pursuing a television deal for regular broadcasting, would later secured a deal with Spike TV. In October 2006, TNA began holding select pay-per-views outside of its filming location
25.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
26.
VH1
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VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City that is owned by the Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of Viacom Media Networks. The channel was first launched on January 1,1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting Systems short-lived Cable Music Channel and it was originally created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV. As of February 2015, approximately 92.6 million US households receive VH1, also frequently featured in the networks early years were videos for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1,1985 with the performance of The Star-Spangled Banner by Marvin Gaye. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as a version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus, Frankie Crocker, Scott Shannon, Jon Bauman, Bobby Rivers, later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM, a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele. Rosie ODonnell later joined the outlets veejay lineup, ODonnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus, in true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a grape for her oval-shaped head. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host, new-Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning 2-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch, once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTVs famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags and it was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the director was included at the bottom of the credits. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host, occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of videos by a particular artist or band, theme. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos, also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET
27.
The Surreal Life
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The series is also likened to The Challenge in that previously known individuals from separate origins of entertainment are brought together into one cast. The shows first two aired on The WB, and subsequent seasons were shown on VH1. The original concept of the series was derived from a commercial aired in 2001. The commercial starred celebrities such as Mary Lou Retton, Mr. T, Lonnie Anderson and George Hamilton living in a house together cooking a family meal and having funny sit-com like conversation. The Surreal Life creators, Cris Abrego, Mark Cronin and Rick Telles, met with their agents who pitched the idea to them as a reality show concept. The name was changed to Surreal Life to avoid legal issues with Real World. Mindy Cohn was scheduled to be a cast member, but dropped out before taping began, robin Givens was also offered a slot on the cast, but declined. The second season of The Surreal Life began airing on January 11,2004 and starred Traci Bingham, Trishelle Cannatella, Erik Estrada, Tammy Faye Messner, Ron Jeremy, and Vanilla Ice. Some episode plots involved Ron Jeremys topless porn-star pool party, Tammy Fayes book signing with members of the gay, in public after Colemans Strokes co-star Todd Bridges shows up. These acts led the former star to fire Ice and then quit. The season also introduced Dirty Laundry, the Surreal Life talk show hosted by Sally Jessy Raphael, Raphael focused on Cannatella, made several unflattering remarks about her drinking problem, said she was acting like a slut. Other moments included a stop at the Desert Shadows Inn, a nudist resort, from which Tammy Faye fled in tears. The third season of The Surreal Life began airing on September 5,2004 and starred Charo, Dave Coulier, Flavor Flav of Public Enemy, Jordan Knight, Brigitte Nielsen, and Ryan Starr. Memorable moments included Date Night, a recording session for the group to produce an original song. Flavor also caused a brief disconnection with the cast, when it was revealed during Dirty Laundry that he had hit the Surreal Life puppy, the surreal life puppy, now age 11, lives in Long Beach California after being given to friends of Dave Coulier after the show. The puppys name is Winger after the Detroit Red Wings, the romance first continued in Strange Love and snowballed from there, after the success of the Flavor of Love series. The fourth season of The Surreal Life began airing on January 9,2005 and starred Da Brat, Adrianne Curry, Christopher Knight, Chyna, Marcus Schenkenberg, Verne Troyer, and Jane Wiedlin. More memorable moments included Troyer getting drunk on the first day and urinating in the weight room, like the season prior, another romance-themed spin-off, My Fair Brady was developed around the romantic escapades of Curry and Knight
28.
The Surreal Life: Fame Games
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The Surreal Life, Fame Games is a reality television series that was originally broadcast on the VH1 cable network. net. The show featured a song titled I Wanna Be Famous recorded by cast member C. C. Deville from his solo album Samantha 7, in Episode 6, the A-List and The B-list teams were no longer used and it became an individual competition. In Episode 7, the Fame Gamers who were in the bottom 3 are not sent to Back to Reality, but instead, Fame Gamers Traci Bingham Ron Jeremy Pepa Vanilla Ice Verne Troyer Andrea Lowell Chyna Emmanuel Lewis C
29.
Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew
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The sixth season, which filmed in early 2012, featured non-celebrities as treatment subjects, and the series name shortened to Rehab with Dr. Drew. Season 6 premiered on September 16,2012, in May 2013, Pinsky announced that season six was the final season, explaining that he was tired of the criticism leveled at him after celebrities he treated had relapsed into addiction and died. The following are staff of the Pasadena Recovery Center, where the series is filmed, casts for individual seasons are seen in sections for those seasons. Dr. Drew Pinsky – Pinsky is the star of the show, a board-certified internist and addiction medicine specialist, he rose to fame as the host of the nationally syndicated radio talk show, Loveline. In addition to Celebrity Rehab, he appears in its spinoffs, Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew. Shelly Sprague – The resident technician who runs the floor, a recovering addict herself, she has also appeared on Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew. She met Pinsky through Bob Forrest, a recovering addict. She runs a center at Las Encinas Hospital in Pasadena, California, Pinsky observes that she becomes more personally involved with the patients than other technicians like Loesha do. Bob Forrest – Pinskys head counselor, who appears during group sessions, a recovering addict since 1996, Forrest is the chemical dependency program director at Las Encinas Hospital, where he was hired by Pinsky. Loesha Zeviar – A Resident Technician who first appears in the episode of Season 2. Responding to observations that Loesha receives more abuse than Sprague, Pinsky describes her as more staid than Sprague, Pinsky has referred to her as one of the strongest staff members at the PRC. Dr. Charles Sophy – psychiatrist and director of the Los Angeles County Department of Children and he is also the author of Side By Side The Revolutionary Mother-Daughter Program for Conflict-Free Communication, and is the lead psychiatrist of the Celebrity Rehab and Sober House production team. Although he only occasionally, he was present throughout the filming of the second season of Sober House. Sasha Kusina – A nurse at the Pasadena Recovery Center, Dr. John Sharp – Dr. Sharp is a board certified psychiatrist, best-selling author, and media expert. He is part of the faculty of both the Harvard Medical School and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, dividing his time between Boston and Los Angeles. He first appeared as the on Call Psychiatrist in Season 5, simone Bienne – A relationship therapist who first appears in Season 6. The process became easier after the first season aired, actor Tom Sizemore, for example, who was cast for Season 3, had been sought after since Season 1. Producers have reportedly offered actress Lindsay Lohan six figures to appear on the show, a multitude of cameras are employed, which film twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, during the 21-day treatment cycle
30.
1 Night in China
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1 Night in China is a pornographic movie featuring professional wrestling personalities Sean Waltman and Joanie Laurer, which was released by Red Light District Video in 2004. While Waltman and Laurer were engaged at the time they filmed the movie, Laurer, who died in April 2016, subsequently made several pornographic films, beginning with Another Night in China in 2009, which is considered to be a sequel to 1 Night in China. Waltman appears to be under the influence of marijuana during much of the film, the title of the movie is a play on words, as Laurer wrestled in the World Wrestling Federation under the ring name Chyna. A similarly named sex tape featuring Paris Hilton, also distributed by Red Light District, was entitled 1 Night in Paris, Laurer and Waltman approached Red Light District Video in late 2004 to distribute the tape. The film sold over 100,000 copies, according to the company, both Laurer and Waltman shared in the profits. Because of the film, Laurer received a career boost, soon appearing as a cast member on The Surreal Life on VH1, in January 2006, the film won an Adult Video News Award for the Top Selling Release of the Year. 1 Night in China at IMDb 1 Night in China at IAFD1 Night in China at the Adult Film Database
31.
AVN Award
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AVN sponsored the first AVN Awards ceremony in February 1984. The award ceremony occurs in early January during the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, since 2008, the ceremony has aired in a form edited for time on Showtime, which is usually broadcast in a 90-minute time slot. Awards for gay adult video were a part of the AVN Awards from the 1986 ceremony through the 1998 ceremony, the increasing number of categories made the show unwieldy. For the 1999 ceremony AVN Magazine began hosting the GayVN Awards, however, it appears that the GayVN Awards have been discontinued, the last award year was 2010. Originally, the show was part of the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. The event started out as the Adult Software exhibition of the show, when the show became a separate event, it initially moved to Caesars Palace, but it has since moved to other Las Vegas venues. A writer from Los Angeles magazine made the claim in 2006 that awards often go to consistent advertisers in AVN magazine, actresses trying to secure a nomination stop in to schmooze at the magazines Chatsworth offices. Client once presented dolls of herself to editors and writers, similar allegations have been made regarding the Academy Award nominations and influencing Academy member voting that date back to at least 1988 with regard to movies such as Rain Man. In 2013, actress Tanya Tate offered some insights into the industry in an interview with the Huffington Post about the 30th AVN Awards at which she was nominated for an award. She stated, If you are more popular with the fans, companies are likely to book you for their production. People that win male and female performer of the year are generally solid consistent talent that are open to many levels, the following is a list of the winners in the major categories for the AVN Awards. From 1999 onwards, AVN Magazine began hosting the GayVN Awards, list of pornographic film studios Official website Adult Video News Awards at the Internet Movie Database The History of the Porn Awards and Las Vegas
32.
Bread knife
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Bread knives are used for cutting bread and are one of many kitchen knives used by chefs. The serrated blades of bread knives are able to cut soft bread without crushing it, one such knife was exhibited at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893 in Chicago by the Friedrich Dick company. One design was patented in the United States by Joseph E. Burns of Syracuse, New York. There were also sections of grooves with the direction of inclination, separated by a section of smooth blade. Bread knives are usually between 15 cm and 25 cm, an offset serrated knife uses an offset handle to ensure the cooks knuckles will not touch the cutting surface when the blade has cut all of the way through the food
33.
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
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The Reserve Officers Training Corps are a group of college-based officer training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the U. S. armed forces, under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship, covering all or part of college tuition, in return for an obligation of active military service after graduation. The U. S. Coast Guard offers a program to ROTC under a different name. The students participate in regular drills during the year. Some of the training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are, Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC. Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions, and companies, Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons, and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets, Navy ROTC units are organized as battalions, and also include NROTC students under Marine Option who will eventually be commissioned as officers in the Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Navy ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen, the term of obligatory service varies based on the type of commission the cadet or midshipman receives, as well as any scholarship contract signed. They can serve as duty or in a reserve status. Additionally, a cadet on active duty can receive either a regular appointment or a reserve appointment and this affects the required years, as well as how many must be completed on active duty, in an active reserve capacity, or in the Individual Ready Reserve. Under federal law, graduates of an ROTC scholarship program incur an active duty service obligation. Recipients incur an eight-year MSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component, finally, recipients incur at least a six-year MSO and up to an eight-year ADSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component with at least two years of active duty. Army ROTC students who receive an Army ROTC scholarship or enter the Army ROTC Advanced Course must agree to complete a period of service. This can include three active duty, with the balance in the IRR. The service obligation for a Navy ROTC student is five years in the Navy, the active-duty service obligation for an Air Force ROTC student is four years, or eight years for Combat Systems Officers, or six years Air Battle Management officers, or ten years for pilots. The concept of ROTC in the United States began with the Morrill Act of 1862 which established the land-grant colleges, part of the federal governments requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum, forming what became known as ROTC. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Norwich was founded in 1819 at Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy
34.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
35.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum
36.
Peace Corps
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The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The work is related to social and economic development. Each program participant, a Peace Corps Volunteer, is an American citizen, typically with a college degree, Volunteers work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, and entrepreneurs in education, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment. After 24 months of service, volunteers can request an extension of service, from 1961 to 2015, nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries. The Peace Corps shows the willingness of Americans to work at the level in order to help underdeveloped countries meet their needs. The Peace Corps has affected the way people of other countries view Americans, how Americans view other countries, following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In that calling, these men would follow the work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years. In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon proposed an army of young Americans to act as missionaries of democracy, privately funded nonreligious organizations began sending volunteers overseas during the 1950s. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three, I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm, Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought it silly and an unworkable idea, now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more and that may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better, Only in 1959, however, did the idea receive serious attention in Washington when Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin proposed a Point Four Youth Corps. In 1960, he and Senator Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon introduced identical measures calling for a study of the ideas advisability and practicability. Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee endorsed the study, in this form it became law in June 1960. He later dubbed the proposed organization the Peace Corps, a brass marker commemorates the place where Kennedy stood. In the weeks after the 1960 election, the group at Colorado State University. Kennedys opponent, Richard M. Nixon, predicted it would become a cult of escapism, others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity
37.
Guatemala
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With an estimated population of around 15.8 million, it is the most populated state in Central America. Guatemala is a democracy, its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción. The territory of modern Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya civilization, most of the country was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, becoming part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Guatemala attained independence in 1821 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America, from the mid to late 19th century, Guatemala experienced chronic instability and civil strife. Beginning in the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company, in 1944, authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating a decade-long revolution that led to sweeping social and economic reforms. A U. S. -backed military coup in 1954 ended the revolution, from 1960 to 1996, Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the US-backed government and leftist rebels, including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military. As of 2014, Guatemala ranks 31st of 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries in terms of the Human Development Index, Guatemalas abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems includes a large number of endemic species and contributes to Mesoamericas designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The country is known for its rich and distinct culture. The name Guatemala comes from the Nahuatl word Cuauhtēmallān, or place of many trees and this was the name the Tlaxcaltecan soldiers who accompanied Pedro de Alvarado during the Spanish Conquest gave to this territory. The first evidence of habitation in Guatemala dates back to 12,000 BC. Evidence, such as obsidian arrowheads found in parts of the country. There is archaeological proof that early Guatemalan settlers were hunters and gatherers, pollen samples from Petén and the Pacific coast indicate that maize cultivation had been developed by 3500 BC. Sites dating back to 6500 BC have been found in the Quiché region in the Highlands, archaeologists divide the pre-Columbian history of Mesoamerica into the Preclassic period, the Classic period, and the Postclassic period. Until recently, the Preclassic was regarded as a period, with small villages of farmers who lived in huts. This period is characterized by urbanisation, the emergence of independent city-states and this lasted until approximately 900 AD, when the Classic Maya civilization collapsed. The Maya abandoned many of the cities of the lowlands or were killed off by a drought-induced famine. The cause of the collapse is debated, but the Drought Theory is gaining currency, supported by such as lakebeds, ancient pollen. A series of prolonged droughts, among other such as overpopulation, in what is otherwise a seasonal desert is thought to have decimated the Maya
38.
Florida Keys
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The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago located off the southern coast of Florida, forming the southernmost portion of the continental United States. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, at the nearest point, the southern part of Key West is just 90 miles from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, the climate of the Keys is defined as tropical savanna according to Köppen climate classification. More than 95 percent of the area lies in Monroe County. The total land area is 137.3 square miles, the US Census population estimate for 2014 is 77,136. The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, the county consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas. The Keys were originally inhabited by Calusa and Tequesta Native Americans, de León named the islands Los Martires, as they looked like suffering men from a distance. Key is derived from the Spanish word cayo, meaning small island, for many years, Key West was the largest town in Florida, and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues. The isolated outpost was located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas. Improved navigation led to shipwrecks, and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century. The Keys were long accessible only by water and this changed with the completion of Henry Flaglers Overseas Railway in the early 1910s. Flagler, a developer of Floridas Atlantic coast, extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of over-sea railroad trestles. Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906,1909, and 1910, one of the worst hurricanes to strike the U. S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day, Monday, September 2. Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mph, raising a storm more than 17.5 feet above sea level that washed over the islands. More than 400 people were killed, though some place the number of deaths at more than 600. The Labor Day Hurricane is one of three hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U. S. coast since reliable weather records began. The other storms were Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Andrew, in 1935, new bridges were under construction to connect a highway through the entire Keys. Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three camps in the Upper Keys
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