1.
Taspo
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Following its introduction, the card is necessary in order to purchase cigarettes from vending machines in Japan. The name Taspo is a portmanteau for tobacco passport, the group announced plans for development of the Tobacco Card in 2001. The stated aim is to reduce smoking by underaged people, testing began the following year, and a second round of testing followed in 2004. Details of the card were announced in 2005, the card incorporates an integrated circuit that contains information about the age of the holder. Card issuance is restricted so that adults aged 20 and over may acquire the cards. The cards are contactless, so that machines will be able to read them without contact. The cards are able to value, giving purchasers the option to pay by card or by cash. Users are able to add more value at vending machines, consumers can apply for the cards by filling out a form available at tobacco retailers and mailing it, along with a copy of a verifiable identification document and a facial photo to TIOJ. No fees are required to obtain the card, cardholders can cancel lost or stolen cards by contacting TIOJ to remotely disable the cards use at vending machines. The final pilot program began in March 2008, and was phased in after that, smoking in Japan Taspo official website Tobacco Institute of Japan Zenkoku Tabakoya Japan Vending Machine Manufacturers Association
2.
Chrysiridia rhipheus
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Chrysiridia rhipheus is a day-flying moth of the family Uraniidae. It is considered one of the most impressive and appealing-looking lepidopterans, famous worldwide, it is featured in most coffee table books on Lepidoptera and is much sought after by collectors. It is very colourful, though the iridescent parts of the wings do not have pigment, adults have a wingspan of 7–9 cm. Dru Drury, who described the moth in 1773, placed it in the genus Papilio, Jacob Hübner placed it in the moth genus Chrysiridia in 1823. Later redescriptions led to junior synonyms such as Chrysiridia madagascariensis, at first the moth was thought to be from China or Bengal, but was later found to be endemic to Madagascar. It is found throughout the year in most parts of the island, females lay about 80 eggs under the leaves of Omphalea spp. The caterpillars are whitish-yellow with black spots and red feet and are covered in club-ended black setae, silk spun from the mouth helps the caterpillars hold on to smooth leaves and climb back to the plant when they fall. After completing four instars, the caterpillars spin an open network cocoon, the pupal stage lasts from 17 to 23 days. Chrysiridia rhipheus is the sole specialist herbivore of the four species of Omphalea in Madagascar, Omphalea is toxic, the toxins are sequestered by the feeding caterpillar and retained in the pupal and adult stages. Thousands of these moths migrate between the eastern and western ranges of their host plants, the Madagascan sunset moth was first described by the British entomologist Dru Drury in 1773 from a specimen obtained from a Captain May of Hammersmith. Because of its resemblance to swallowtail butterflies, Drury described the species as Papilio rhipheus, once the inaccuracy in Drurys specimen was found, the moth was placed in the genus Urania, until 1823 when the German entomologist Jacob Hübner placed it in a new genus, Chrysiridia. The moth has also described under other names. Because Drury described his specimen as having clubbed antennae and being tailless, in 1833, Swainson named the butterfly Rhipheus dasycephalus and the moth Leilus orientalis. Other synonyms include U. crameri by Maassen in 1879 and U. ripheus var. madagascariensis by Lesson in 1831, the genus Chrysiridia is entirely African and the only other species in the genus is the East African C. croesus. Chrysiridia is one of three diurnal uraniine genera, the other two genera are Urania, its sister taxon, and Alcides, the most basal. In the group, the use of Endospermum is an ancestral state, the more basal Alcides feed on Endospermum and Omphalea, while Urania and Chrysiridia feed only on Omphalea. Chrysiridia rhipheus has a wingspan of 7–9 centimetres, and sometimes up to 11 centimetres, moths from the highlands, 900–1,080 metres, have a median wingspan of 7 cm, moths from lower altitudes,600 m, have a median wingspan of 9 cm. Like many other moths, the sunset moth has an uncanny resemblance to swallowtail butterflies, especially in its tails and colourful wings
3.
John Flanagan (athlete)
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John Flanagan was a three-time Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw, winning in 1900,1904, and 1908. John Flanagan was born in the townland of Kilbreedy East, near Martinstown in County Limerick and he emigrated to the United States of America in 1896. At that time he held the world record for the hammer throw. He competed for both the New York Athletic Club and the Irish American Athletic Club, and was part of a group of Irish-American athletes known as the Irish Whales, in 1900 Flanagan represented his new country at the Olympic Games. Flanagan, the only man to medal for the Americans. Hare and Josiah McCracken, both football players from Pennsylvania, took silver and bronze. Flanagan also competed in the throw, finishing seventh. It was during that time that he one of the masters of the three-turn technique. In the 1904 Olympic Games, sporting the Winged Fist of the Irish American Athletic Club and he placed second to the Canadian, Étienne Desmarteau, in the 56-pound throw event. In 1905, while attached to the 37th Precinct, Flanagan competed in the Police Athletic Association games held at Celtic Park in New York, in the 1908 Olympics in London, Flanagan broke his own record with a hammer throw of 170 feet,4.5 inches. The silver that went to another New York City police officer. John Flanagan competed in the tug-of-war as well, on July 24,1909, at the age of 41, Flanagan set his last world record in the hammer, with a throw of 56.18 meters. He returned home to Limerick in 1911 and took over the family following the death of his father in 1912. He continued to compete in Ireland and won his final international event when competing against Scotland in 1911 and he also won the Irish Hammer Championships of 1911 and 1912. Following his retirement, he coached a number of athletes, including Patrick OCallaghan and he died at home in Limerick, aged 70, on 03 June 1938. A statue of Flanagan was erected beside Martinstown Church in Limerick in 2001, the Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report. Sports-reference profile Olympic biography and photos Irish America Archives - NYU Winged Fist Organization John Flanagan - Modern Hercules
4.
Irish American Athletic Club
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The Irish American Athletic Club was an amateur athletic organization, based in Queens, New York, at the beginning of the 20th century. Established on January 30,1898, originally as the Greater New York Irish Athletic Association and they purchased a plot of land in what was then called Laurel Hill, Long Island, near Calvary Cemetery, Queens, and built a state-of-the-art athletic facility on what was farmland. At one time they had clubs in Boston, Chicago, San Francisco and Yonkers and he also came 5th in both the 60 m dash and 400 m. In Athens 1906 he again won the long competition, beating the world record holder, Irishman. Swedish-born Ernie Hjertberg, himself a US track and field champion, was appointed coach, under his leadership, the IAAC turned into a national track power. The Irish American Athletic Club won the Amateur Athletic Union national outdoor track and they also won the national indoor track and field team championship titles in,1906,1908,1909,1911,1913,1914 and 1915. Individual athletes of the IAAC won 81 national outdoor titles and 36 individual national indoor championship titles. From 1900 to 1924, men who were at one members of the Irish American Athletic Club won 54 Olympic medals for the U. S. Olympic team. Who passed the baton to Mel Sheppard, to win the gold in the 1,600 meter medley relay, eighty-nine men contributed to this splendid showing, gaining points only in track and field games. The IAAC medalists on the 1912 U. S, the other IAAC members of the 1912 U. S. Olympic team were, John Eller, Emil Muller, Edwin Pritchard, John J. Reynolds, James Rosenberger and Michael J. Ryan. Before a crowd of 30,000 spectators at Newark, New Jerseys Weequahic Park, the club disbanding a year later, when the U. S. became a combatant in the First World War. The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report, abel Kiviat, National Champion, Twentieth-Century Track & Field and the Melting Pot. Syracuse, New York, Syracuse University Press, the Story of the Olympic Games,776 B. C. to 1976. Philadelphia and New York, J. B. Lippincott Company, making the Irish American, History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States. New York, Glucksman Ireland House / NYU Press, gold, Silver and Green, The Irish Olympic Journey 1896–1924. The Olympic Games Stockholm -1912, New York, American Sports Publishing Company. Martin Sheridan-Early Discus Star Winged Fist Organization 1910 Mecca and Hassan Cigarettes Irish-American Athletic Club athlete cards
5.
John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
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Admiral of the Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, GCB, OM, GCVO, SGM, DL was a Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Boxer Rebellion and commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 during the First World War. Jellicoe later served as First Sea Lord, overseeing the expansion of the Naval Staff at the Admiralty and the introduction of convoys and he also served as the Governor-General of New Zealand in the early 1920s. He was made a midshipman in the steam frigate HMS Newcastle in September 1874 before transferring to the ironclad HMS Agincourt in the Mediterranean Fleet in July 1877. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 5 December 1878, he joined HMS Alexandra, flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet, as signal sub-lieutenant in 1880. Promoted to lieutenant on 23 September 1880, he returned to HMS Agincourt in February 1881, Jellicoe qualified as a gunnery officer in 1883 and was appointed to the staff of the gunnery school HMS Excellent in May 1884. He joined the turret ship HMS Monarch as gunnery officer in September 1885 and was awarded the Board of Trade Silver Medal for rescuing the crew of a steamer near Gibraltar in May 1886. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1891, Jellicoe joined the battleship HMS Sans Pareil in the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1892. He transferred to the battleship HMS Victoria in 1893 and was aboard when it collided with HMS Camperdown and was wrecked off Tripoli in Lebanon on 22 June 1893 and he was then appointed to the new flagship, HMS Ramillies, in October 1893. Promoted to captain on 1 January 1897, Jellicoe became a member of the Admiraltys Ordnance Committee and he was badly wounded during the Battle of Beicang and told he would die but confounded the attending doctor and chaplain by living. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath and given the German Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class, centurion returned to the United Kingdom in August 1901, and was paid off the following month, when Captain Jellicoe and the crew went on leave. Promoted to rear admiral on 8 February 1907, he pushed hard for funds to modernise the navy, supporting the construction of new Dreadnought-type battleships and Invincible-class battlecruisers. Dreyers improvements in gunnery fire-control systems, and favoured the adoption of Dreyers Fire Control Table, Jellicoe arranged for the output of naval ordnance to be transferred from the War Office to the Admiralty. Jellicoe was appointed second-in-command of the Atlantic Fleet in August 1907 and he was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on the occasion of the Kings Review of the Home Fleet in the Solent on 3 August 1907. He advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on the Coronation of King George V on 19 June 1911 and he became Second Sea Lord in December 1912. At the start of the First World War, the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, removed Admiral George Callaghan, Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet. Jellicoe was promoted to admiral on 4 August 1914 and assigned command of the renamed Grand Fleet in Admiral Callaghans place. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 8 February 1915, Jellicoe commanded the British Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, the largest clash of dreadnoughts, albeit an indecisive one
6.
Jay Gould
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Jason Jay Gould was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has been referred to as one of the robber barons of the Gilded Age. He was hated and reviled, but some historians like Walter R. Borneman and Maury Klein. Jason Gould was born in Roxbury, New York to Mary More and his maternal grandfather, Alexander T. More, was a businessman, and his great-grandfather John More was a Scottish immigrant who founded the town of Moresville, New York. Jay Gould studied at schools and the Hobart Academy in Hobart, Delaware County. As a young boy, Gould decided he wanted nothing to do with farming which was what his father did, and so his father dropped him off at a school with 50 cents. His principal was credited with getting him a job working as a bookkeeper for a blacksmith, a year later the blacksmith offered him half interest in the blacksmith shop, which he sold to his father during the early part of 1854. Gould devoted himself to study, emphasizing surveying and mathematics. In 1854, Gould surveyed and created maps of the Ulster County, in 1856 he published History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New York, which he had spent several years writing. In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with Zadock Pratt to create a business in Pennsylvania in what would become Gouldsboro. Eventually, he bought out Pratt, who retired, in 1856, Gould entered another partnership with Charles Mortimer Leupp, a son-in-law of Gideon Lee, and one of the leading leather merchants in the United States at the time. Leupp and Gould was a partnership until the Panic of 1857. Leupp lost all his money, while Gould took advantage of the opportunity of the depreciation of property value, after the death of Charles Leupp, the Gouldsboro Tannery became a disputed property. Leupps brother-in-law, David W. Lee, who was also a partner in Leupp and Gould and he believed that Gould had cheated the Leupp and Lee families in the collapse of the business. Eventually, Gould took physical possession, but was forced to sell his shares in the company to Lees brother. In 1859 Gould began speculative investing by buying stock in small railways, Gould purchased stock for 10 cents on the dollar, which left him in control of the company. Through the Civil War era, he did more speculation on railroad stocks in New York City, in 1863 he was appointed manager of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad. The Erie Railroad encountered financial troubles in the 1850s, despite receiving loans from financiers Cornelius Vanderbilt, the Erie entered receivership in 1859 and was reorganized as the Erie Railway
7.
Trade cards
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A trade card is a square card that is small, but bigger than the modern visiting card, and is exchanged in social circles, that a business distributes to clients and potential customers. Trade cards first became popular at the end of the 17th century in Paris and they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants stores. The trade card is an example of the modern business card. Some businesses began to increasingly sophisticated designs, especially with the development of color printing. A few companies specialized in producing stock cards, usually with an image on one side, as the designs became more attractive and colorful, collecting trade cards became a popular hobby in the late 19th century, since color images were not yet widely available. In its original sense, the trade in trade card refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. By moving into the realm of collecting, trade cards gave rise to the trading card, some cards, particularly those produced by tobacco companies featuring baseball players, later developed into collectibles and lost their function as a business advertisement. Advertising postcard Baseball card — The earliest baseball cards were trade cards, cigarette card — a type of trade card packaged in tobacco products. Postcard Prizes — Trade cards were some of the earliest prizes packaged in retail products, trading card — Trade cards were the ancestors of trading cards
8.
Tobacco
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Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae family, while more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world, Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant. Dried tobacco leaves are used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco. They can be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco. Tobacco use is a factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco as the single greatest preventable cause of death. The English word tobacco originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word tabaco, the precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived at least in part, from Taino, the Arawakan language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to either a roll of tobacco leaves or to tabago. Tobacco has long used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC. Many Native American tribes have traditionally grown and used tobacco, traditionally, tobacco is seen as a gift from the Creator, with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying ones thoughts and prayers to the Creator. Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became popular as a trade item. Hernández de Boncalo, Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring seeds to the Old World in 1559 following orders of King Philip II of Spain. These seeds were planted in the outskirts of Toledo, more specifically in a known as Los Cigarrales named after the continuous plagues of cicadas. Before the development of lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the midwakh or kiseru or smoking newly invented waterpipes such as the bong or the hookah. The alleged benefits of tobacco also account for its considerable success, Tobacco smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700. Tobacco has been a major crop in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular, James Bonsack created a machine that automated cigarette production
9.
Tobacco advertising
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Tobacco advertising is the advertising of tobacco products or use by the tobacco industry through a variety of media including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. It is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing, some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries. The first known advertisement in the United States was for the snuff, lorillard and Company and was placed in the New York daily paper in 1789. Advertising was a concept, and tobacco-related advertisements were not seen as any different from those for other products. Local and regional newspapers were used because of the production and transportation of these goods. The first real name to become known on a bigger scale in the USA was Bull Durham which emerged in 1868. The development of lithography in the late 1870s allowed the companies to create attractive images to better present their products. This led to the printing of pictures onto the cards, previously only used to stiffen the packaging. By the last quarter of the 19th century, magazines such as Punch carried advertisements for different brands of cigarettes, snuff, Advertising was significantly helped by the distribution of free or subsidized branded cigarettes to troops during World War I and World War II. The second invention was a machine developed in the 1880s. Modern advertising was created with the techniques used in tobacco advertising beginning in the 1920s. Advertising in the leading up to World War II consisted primarily of full page, color magazine. Many companies created slogans for their cigarettes and also gained endorsements from famous men and women. Some advertisements even contained children or doctors in their efforts to new customers to their specific brand. Much of these advertisements sought to make smoking appear fashionable and modern to men and women, also, since the health effects of smoking werent entirely proven at this time, the only real opposing argument to smoking was made on moral grounds. However, there were still a number of doctors and scientists who believed there was a health risk associated with smoking cigarettes. During World War II, cigarettes were included in American soldiers C-rations since many tobacco companies sent the soldiers cigarettes for free, after World War II, cigarette companies advertised frequently on television programs. After the television ban, most cigarette advertising took place in magazines, newspapers, restrictions on cigarette companies became even tighter in 2010 with the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
10.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
