1.
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
–
The Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni is an Italian national park in the Province of Salerno, in Campania in southern Italy. It includes much of the Cilento, the Vallo di Diano and it was founded in 1991, and was formerly known as the Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano. The park was officially instituted on December 6,1991 to protect the territory of Cilento from building speculation and mass tourism. Originally named Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano, in 1998 it became a World Heritage Site of UNESCO, also with the ancient Greek towns of Paestum, Velia and the Padula Charterhouse. The other natural reserves instituted in the area of the park are the Natural reserve of Foce Sele-Tanagro, the national parks territory, one of the greatest in Italy, not includes all the municipalities of the areas of Cilento and Vallo di Diano. It includes almost all the Cilentan Coast and its central forest area is Pruno, the administrative offices are located in Vallo della Lucania, at Piazza Santa Caterina nr.8. Cilentan Coast Castelcivita Caves Pertosa Caves Foce del Sele List of National Parks of Italy Official website Official pages by the Park Authority on Parks. it
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
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Cape Palinuro
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
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An ancient olive tree
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
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Lentiscella beach in
Marina di Camerota.
2.
World Heritage Site
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A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some form of significance. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the interests of humanity. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture, under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage, since then,192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. As of July 2016,1052 sites are listed,814 cultural,203 natural, in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, the campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. The project cost $80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries, the projects success led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, the Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, a country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites, the result is called the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on the Tentative List, next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File. The Nomination File is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and these bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list, up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of outstanding value and meet at least one of the ten criteria. Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates, Article 53, PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. There are 1,052 World Heritage Sites located in 165 States Party, of these,814 are cultural,203 are natural and 35 are mixed properties
World Heritage Site
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Site #252:
Taj Mahal, an example of cultural heritage site
World Heritage Site
–
Logo of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
World Heritage Committee
World Heritage Site
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Site #156:
Serengeti National Park, an example of natural heritage site
World Heritage Site
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Site #274:
Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, an example of mixed heritage site
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Cannalonga
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Cannalonga is a town and comune in the Region of Campania, Province of Salerno. The town was founded between the 9th and 10th century A. D and it became well known in the region around 1450, when the tradition of the festival called Fiera di Santa Lucia started. Today this festival is known as Fiera della Frecagnola. The most popular historical monument there is the Palazzo Ducale, which is located in the heart of the town, the palace belongs to the Dukes of Cannalonga, the Mogrovejo-Romano family. According to some people, this name is due to the number of bamboo-stems present in the area. According to others the name is referred to an old measure unit called canna, 2nd Saturday of September, Fiera della Frecagnola Cilento Pruno Cilento Comune of Cannalonga Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
Cannalonga
–
The town of Cannalonga
Cannalonga
–
Coat of arms
5.
Campania
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Campania is a region in Southern Italy. Located on the Italian Peninsula, with the Mediterranean Sea to the west, it includes the small Phlegraean Islands, Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia. During the Roman era, the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture, the capital city of Campania is Naples. Campania is rich in culture, especially in regard to gastronomy, music, architecture, archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Paestum and Velia. The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin, as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix, the rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry, especially along the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri. During the 8th century BC, people from Euboea in Greece, known as Cumaeans, another Oscan tribe, the Samnites, moved down from central Italy into Campania. The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC, the Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling southern Campania and additional regions further to the south. Campania was a part of the Roman Republic by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its pastures. Its Greek language and customs made it a centre of Hellenistic civilization, during the Pyrrhic War the battle took place in Campania at Maleventum in which the Romans, led by consul Curius Dentatus, were victorious. They renamed the city Beneventum, which grew in stature until it was only to Capua in southern Italy. During the Second Punic War in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, the rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. Naples resisted Hannibal due to the imposing walls, Capua was eventually starved into submission in the Roman retaking of 211 BC, and the Romans were victorious. The rest of Campania, with the exception of Naples, adopted the Latin language as official and was Romanised. As part of the Roman Empire, Campania, with Latium, Roman Emperors chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them Claudius and Tiberius, the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of Capri. It was also during this period that Christianity came to Campania, Two of the apostles, St. Peter and St. Paul, are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several martyrs during this time. Unfortunately, the period of calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 which buried the cities of Pompeii. The area had many duchies and principalities during the Middle Ages, in the hands of the Byzantine Empire, under the Normans, the smaller independent states were brought together as part of the Kingdom of Sicily, before the mainland broke away to form the Kingdom of Naples. It was during this period elements of Spanish, French
Campania
–
Temple of Hera,
Paestum, built 550 BC
Campania
–
Campania
Campania
–
The Last Day of Pompeii –
Karl Briullov
Campania
–
Early kings ruled from
Castel Nuovo
6.
Province of Salerno
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The Province of Salerno is a province in the Campania region of Italy. The largest towns in the province are, Salerno, the capital, the province has an area of 4,923 km2, and a total population of about 1.1 million. There are 158 comuni, the one with the largest area being Eboli, see Comuni of the Province of Salerno. One of the features of the rugged country-side is Gole del Calore di Felitto and this area is of great geological interest and is rich in flora and fauna. One of the historical buildings in the province is the chapter house belonging to the Certosa di Padula. The building has evolved over centuries, the earliest parts were constructed in the early 14th century, a mannerist cloister leads to the church, and a later 17th-century cloister has loggias supported by rusticated columns. These features add to the baroque character of the building. The chapter house has been adapted for the Museo Archeologico della Lucania Occidentale, the Monti Picentini area is home to the eponymous regional park, which is home to several natural preserves
Province of Salerno
–
Palazzo Sant'Agostino, home to the provincial seat.
7.
Tourism
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
Tourism
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A tourist taking photographs and video at archaeological site
Tourism
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Backpacking tourists in Vienna
Tourism
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1922 postcard of tourists in the
High Tatras,
Slovakia.
Tourism
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Strandkorb chairs on
Usedom Island, Germany. Not only the service sector grows thanks to tourism, but also local
manufacturers (like those producing the strandkorb),
retailers, the
real estate sector and the general
image of a location can benefit a lot.
8.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
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The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
9.
Coast
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A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the Coastline paradox, the term coastal zone is a region where interaction of the sea and land processes occurs. Both the terms coast and coastal are often used to describe a location or region, for example, New Zealands West Coast. Edinburgh for example is a city on the coast of Scotland, a pelagic coast refers to a coast which fronts the open ocean, as opposed to a more sheltered coast in a gulf or bay. A shore, on the hand, can refer to parts of the land which adjoin any large body of water, including oceans. Similarly, the related term refers to the land alongside or sloping down to a river or to a body of water smaller than a lake. Bank is also used in parts of the world to refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain the water of a river or pond. According to the UN atlas, 44% of people live within 150 kilometres of the sea, tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, the tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves, however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean. Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy, the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an abrasion or cliffed coast, sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located on a coastline. Today riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The coast and its adjacent areas on and off shore are an important part of a local ecosystem, Salt marshes and beaches also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the food chain. The high level of biodiversity creates a level of biological activity. More and more of the people live in coastal regions
Coast
–
Rugged coastline of the
West Coast Region of
New Zealand
Coast
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Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area. Porto Covo, west coast of Portugal
Coast
–
Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa
Coast
–
A settled coastline in
Marblehead, Massachusetts. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line.
10.
Tyrrhenian Sea
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The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy. It is named for the Tyrrhenian people, identified since the 6th century BCE with the Etruscans of Italy, the sea is bounded by the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, the Italian peninsula to the east, and the island of Sicily. The maximum depth of the sea is 3,785 metres, the Tyrrhenian Sea is situated near where the African and Eurasian Plates meet, therefore mountain chains and active volcanoes such as Mount Marsili are found in its depths. The eight Aeolian Islands and Ustica are located in the part of the sea. On the Southwest, A line running from Cape Lilibeo to the South extreme of Cape Teulada in Sardinia, in the Strait of Bonifacio, A line joining the West extreme of Cape Testa in Sardinia with the Southwest extreme of Cape Feno in Corsica. On the North, A line joining Cape Corse in Corsica, with Tinetto Island and thence through Tino, there are four exits from the Tyrrhenian Sea, The Tyrrhenian Basin is divided into two basins, the Vavilov plain and the Marsili plain. They are separated by the ridge known as the Issel Bridge. Its name derives from the Greek name for the Etruscans, who were said to be emigrants from Lydia, the Etruscans settled along the coast of modern Tuscany and referred to the water as the Sea of the Etruscans. The main ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Italy are, Naples, Palermo, Civitavecchia, Salerno, Trapani, in France the most important port is Bastia. Note that even though the port of Rome is frequently used. Instead, the port of Rome refers to the facilities at Civitavecchia, some 68 km to the northwest of Rome. Giglio Porto is an island port in this area. It rose to prominence, when the Costa Concordia ran aground a few metres off the coast of Giglio, the ship was recently removed and towed to Genoa. In Greek mythology, it is believed that the cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea housed the four winds kept by Aeolus, the winds are the Mistral from the Rhône valley, the Libeccio from the southwest, and the Sirocco and Ostro from the south
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Monte Argentario
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Tyrrhenian Sea.
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Pizzo
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Zambrone
11.
Paestum
–
Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order, dating from about 600 to 450 BC, the city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a national museum within it. After its foundation by Greek colonists under the name of Poseidonia it was conquered by the local Lucanians. The Lucanians renamed it to Paistos and the Romans gave the city its current name, as Pesto or Paestum, the town became a bishopric, but it was abandoned in the Early Middle Ages, and left undisturbed and largely forgotten until the eighteenth century. Today the remains of the city are found in the frazione of Paestum. The modern settlement, directly to the south of the site, is a popular seaside resort. Much the most celebrated features of the site today are the three temples in the Archaic version of the Greek Doric order, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a pronounced entasis. Above the columns, only the second Temple of Hera retains most of its entablature, the two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town center. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well-preserved, Paestum is far from any sources of good marble. The three main temples had few stone reliefs, perhaps using painting instead, painted terracotta was for some detailed parts of the structure. The large pieces of terracotta that have survived are in the museum, the whole ancient city of Paestum covers an area of approximately 120 hectares. It is only the 25 hectares that contain the three temples and the other main buildings that have been excavated. The other 95 hectares remain on land and have not been excavated. The city is surrounded by walls that still stand. The walls are approximately 4750 m long,5 –7 m thick and 15 m high, positioned along the wall are 24 square and round towers. There may have been as many as 28, but some of them were destroyed during the construction of a highway during the century that effectively cut the site in two
Paestum
–
Paestum contains some of the most well-preserved ancient Greek temples in the world.
Paestum
–
Nomos of Poseidonia, c. 530–500 BC.
Poseidon is seen wielding a
trident with a
chlamys draped over his arms.
Paestum
–
The temples of Hera in Paestum, by Y. Gianni 1898
Paestum
–
Map of Paestum by Costantino Gatta, 1732.
12.
Sapri
–
Sapri is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-western Italy. It is one of the southernmost towns of the region of Cilento, in June–July 1857 that the republican revolutionary Carlo Pisacane led the Sapri expedition here. Pisacane and about 300 of his companions were killed in the suppression of the expedition, the town is a port on Tyrrhenian Sea, located in the southern part of Campania, close to the border with Basilicata. The town is far 10 km from Maratea,8 km from Policastro Bussentino, ripatransone, Italy Cilento Sapri Calcio Cilentan Coast Comune of Sapri Pro Loco Sapri
Sapri
–
Sapri's bay
Sapri
–
Panoramic view
Sapri
–
Port
Sapri
–
Train station
13.
Santa Maria di Castellabate
–
Santa Maria di Castellabate is a southern Italian town and hamlet of Castellabate, a municipality in the province of Salerno, Campania. It is the most populated frazione of its comune and the seat of the hall building. The town was known in the 18th century as Isca delle Chitarre, its original area, the downtown is extended by two squares, Piazza Matarazzo and Piazza Lucia and the oldest houses are located in front of the little harbour in a place named Porte le Gatte. Santa Maria lies in the side of Cilento, alongside the Tyrrhenian Sea. The town is only 3 km away from the old town of Castellabate,12 from Agropoli,20 from Acciaroli and 60 from Salerno, the town has a little harbour, the greatest port in the comune is at the nearer hamlet of San Marco. The town is a part of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, its environment is composed of Maquis. Benvenuti al Sud, an Italian adaptation of the 2008 French film Bienvenue chez les Chtis, has set in Castellabate and partly in Santa Maria. Castellabate Cilentan dialect Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Santa Maria
Santa Maria di Castellabate
–
Panorama of Santa Maria and the
Cilento coast
Santa Maria di Castellabate
–
Santa Maria di Castellabate
Santa Maria di Castellabate
–
Santa Maria a Mare Sanctuary
Santa Maria di Castellabate
–
The
portico of "Porte delle Gatte" and the little port
14.
Acciaroli
–
Acciaroli is an Italian hamlet, the most populous in the comune of Pollica, Province of Salerno, in the Campania Region. Acciaroli is a port on the Cilento coast on the Tyrrhenian Sea. The largest township in its comune, followed by the hamlet of Pioppi, it is six kilometers from Pollica,20 from Santa Maria di Castellabate,17 from Velia,30 from Agropoli, and 70 from Salerno. The town is a part of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, after World War II, Ernest Hemingway chose Acciaroli as a place to stay during trips to Italy. Recently, scientists have begun to study the town because of its high number of centenarians, some 300. This longevity occurs despite the fact many of the elderly in Acciaroli smoke or are overweight. The centenarians of Acciaroli are also known to have low rates of heart disease. Pioppi Cilento Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Acciaroli. info website Comune of Pollica Acciaroli on Italian Guide
Acciaroli
–
Acciaroli
Acciaroli
–
Rests of the coastal tower "Torre La Punta"
Acciaroli
–
The beach of "Torre La Punta", on the natural reserve "Oasi Blu La Punta"
15.
Velia (town)
–
Velia was the Roman name of an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele around 538–535 BC, the name later changed to Ele and then Elea before it became known by its current Latin and Italian name during the Roman era. Its ruins are located in the Cilento region near the modern village Velia, the village is a frazione of the comune Ascea in the Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. The city was known for being the home of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, the site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning castle on the sea in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed to Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle Ages, the town is situated close to the Tyrrhenian coast in a hill zone nearby Marina di Casalvelino and Marina di Ascea, on a road linking Agropoli to the southern Cilentan Coast. Its population is located in the plain by the sea and in the hill zones of Enotria, Bosco. Velia also had a station on the Naples-Salerno-Reggio Calabria line. According to Herodotus, in 545 BC Ionian Greeks fled Phocaea, in modern Turkey, the location is nearly at the same latitude as Phocaea. Elea was not conquered by the Lucanians, but eventually joined Rome in 273 BC and was included in ancient Lucania, according to Book 6 of Virgils Aeneid, Velia is the place where the body of Palinurus washed ashore. Bricks were also employed in later times, their form is peculiar to this place, square, with a thickness of nearly 4 in. There are some remains of cisterns on the site, and, the Eleatics were a school of pre-Socratic philosophers. The group was founded in the early 5th century BC by Parmenides, other members of the school included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Xenophanes is sometimes included in the list, though there is dispute over this. Statius, father of the Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius was born in Hyele, list of ancient Greek cities This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Official website Cilento National Park website
Velia (town)
–
View of the excavations and the tower at Velia
Velia (town)
–
Ruins of the Greek theater
Velia (town)
Velia (town)
16.
Palinuro
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Palinuro is an Italian small town, the most populated civil parish of Centola, Province of Salerno, in the Campania region. The name of the town is derived from Palinurus, the helmsman of Aeneas, as recorded in the fifth and sixth books of the Aeneid, Palinuro lies on the southern side of Cilento, on the Tyrrhenian Sea and in the northern part of Cape Palinuro. The town, situated at the estuaries of the Lambro and Mingardo rivers, is also the port of the comune. It is 7 km from Centola,8 km from Marina di Camerota,10 km from Pisciotta and 80 km from Salerno, Palinuro is part of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, an area of shrubland typical of Mediterranean countries. The town is linked to Salerno and Naples by hydrofoils, the nearest main road is 10 km to the north, connecting Salerno-Battipaglia-Paestum-Agropoli-Vallo della Lucania-Policastro-Sapri. The nearest railway station, Pisciotta-Palinuro is 8 km to the north and is linked to the town by regular buses. The Arco Naturale beach of Palinuro was selected as a location in films including Jason and the Argonauts, Hercules and the Captive Women. San Severino Cilentan language Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Palinuro Municipality of Centola
Palinuro
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Palinuro seen from the surrounding hills
Palinuro
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Cape Palinuro
Palinuro
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The port of Palinuro
Palinuro
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View of Palinuro from the sea
17.
Marina di Camerota
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Marina di Camerota is an Italian town, the largest Civil parish of Camerota, situated in the province of Salerno, Campania. In 2007 it had a population of 2,674, Marina di Camerota lies on the southern side of Cilento, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, and it is the port of its commune. The town is 5 km from Camerota,8 from Palinuro,25 from Policastro, the town, located on 40°N parallel, is the southernmost inhabited area of Campania. In the 17th century Marina di Linfreschi was a group of houses. The town was a place of emigration to South America, especially to Venezuela, the relationship with the American country is still strong, evidenced, for example, by a statue of Simón Bolívar built in the middle of the village, in front of the harbour side. The town is part of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, whose natural environment is composed of Maquis, typical of Mediterranean countries. It is a main location, especially in the summer, due to the quality of its water. Marina di Camerota is also interesting for its caves, with human fossils discovered in 1980s. One of these caves, located in Lentiscella zone, is a museum which accommodates the Lion of Caprera, a little schooner which in 1880–1881 crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Montevideo to Livorno. Another point of interest is represented by three towers, built by Bourbons and included in a system of defence and communication points. Calanca, sited among two sides, it has fine sand, and a low sea depth. It has a view towards Marina di Camerotas Isle. It can be reached by a 5 minutes walk from the centre, Marina delle Barche, another beautiful fine sand beach that is a 10 minutes walk from the centre. Lentiscelle,1 km away from the centre, mingardo, its a series of beaches that go from Marina di Camerota to Palinuro. They have fine sand and high sea depth, ideal for swimming, del Troncone, it has fine pebbles, and its protected by a high rockface. Since 2011 here naturism is authorized by municipal administration of Camerota The main infrastructure in the town is represented by the port, linked also to Salerno, nearest main road is distant 20 km and is the Salerno-Battipaglia-Paestum-Agropoli-Vallo della Lucania-Policastro-Sapri. Nearest railway station is Pisciotta-Palinuro,20 km far, on Naples-Reggio Calabria line, Camerota Cilento Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Marina di Camerota -- Marina di Camerota. info Guide to Marina di Camerota Camerota Caves Marina di Camerota. net The Lion of Caprera
Marina di Camerota
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Panoramic view
Marina di Camerota
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The Leone di Caprera
Marina di Camerota
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"Piazza San Domenico", main town square
18.
Scario
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Scario is an Italian hamlet, the largest in the municipality of San Giovanni a Piro in the province of Salerno, Campania region. The village is situated in the corner of the Gulf of Policastro. It is 8 km from San Giovanni a Piro,4 from Policastro Bussentino,15 from Sapri and 24 from Marina di Camerota and its westernmost locality, Garagliano, borders the coastal area named Porto Infreschi, which extends from that area to Marina di Camerota. Due to its position in Cilento National Park, and the natural environment and its nearest railway station is Policastro Bussentino,4.5 km distant, on the Naples-Reggio Calabria railway line. The nearest main road is 6 km away serves the Salerno-Battipaglia-Paestum-Agropoli-Vallo della Lucania-Policastro-Sapri traffic. Cilento Gulf of Policastro Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Media related to Scario at Wikimedia Commons Website of Scario
Scario
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Scario
Scario
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Central beach
19.
Policastro Bussentino
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Policastro Bussentino is an Italian hamlet in the municipality of Santa Marina in the province of Salerno, Campania region. The town was founded in 471 BC as Pixunte, a colony of Magna Graecia, during the fascist period, with the union of municipalities of Ispani and Santa Marina, Policastro became a hamlet of Capitello. The town is located on the side of Cilento, not too far from the national park. Situated by the estuary of river Bussento it is far 10 km from Sapri,5 from Santa Marina,4 from Scario,25 from Marina di Camerota, the nearest villages by the sea are Capitello and Villammare. Policastro attracts visitors, especially in summer, due to the quality of its water, its rural surroundings, the railway station is situated in the middle of the town, by the main line Rome-Naples-Reggio Calabria-Palermo/Catania. The town recently inaugurated as the track of national road SS18. Policastro has another carriageway, a variation of SS517 that reaches Padula, Cilento Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Gulf of Policastro List of ancient Greek cities Magna Graecia Santa Marina Gulf and town of Policastro Policastro on Cilento portal
Policastro Bussentino
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Policastro Bussentino
Policastro Bussentino
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Railway station
20.
Mountain
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A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism and these forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, a few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level and these colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains, different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, the highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,850 m above mean sea level. The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m, there is no universally accepted definition of a mountain. Elevation, volume, relief, steepness, spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain, whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. The highest point in San Francisco, California, is called Mount Davidson, notwithstanding its height of 300 m, similarly, Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma is only 251 m from its base to its highest point. Whittows Dictionary of Physical Geography states Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres as mountains, in addition, some definitions also include a topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 or 500 feet. For a while, the US defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet or taller, any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. However, today, the United States Geological Survey concludes that these terms do not have technical definitions in the US, using these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America, 24% of North America, and 14% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earths land mass is mountainous, there are three main types of mountains, volcanic, fold, and block. All three types are formed from plate tectonics, when portions of the Earths crust move, crumple, compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. Volcanoes are formed when a plate is pushed below another plate, at a depth of around 100 km, melting occurs in rock above the slab, and forms magma that reaches the surface. When the magma reaches the surface, it builds a volcanic mountain. Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, the magma does not have to reach the surface in order to create a mountain, magma that solidifies below ground can still form dome mountains, such as Navajo Mountain in the US
Mountain
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Mount Everest, the highest peak on Earth
Mountain
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Chimborazo,
Ecuador. The point on Earth's surface farthest from its center.
Mountain
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Aiguille du Dru in the
French Alps
Mountain
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The
Matterhorn,
Swiss Alps
21.
Vallo di Diano
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The Vallo di Diano is an Italian valley of the south-eastern side of Campania, in the Province of Salerno. The greatest forestal park, mainly located in side, is Pruno. The area is composed by 17 municipalities, and the greatest one is Sala Consilina, the valley is served by the A3 motorway Naples-Reggio Calabria, with the exits of Petina, Polla, Atena Lucana, Sala Consilina and Padula-Buonabitacolo. From this last exit it departs a speedway to Policastro Bussentino and Sapri with exits in Buonabitacolo and it was also served by the railway line Sicignano-Lagonegro, closed since 1987 for works and connected to Salerno–Potenza–Taranto railway line. Media related to Vallo di Diano at Wikimedia Commons Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Mountain Community of Vallo di Diano
Vallo di Diano
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Vallo di Diano
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Vallo di Diano seen from
Caggiano
Vallo di Diano
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Panoramic view of
Pertosa
Vallo di Diano
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View of
Sala Consilina 's Old Town. In background, the southern part of the valley
22.
Sala Consilina
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Sala Consilina is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of southwestern Italy. With 12,258 inhabitants it is the most populated town of Vallo di Diano, the ancient village of Consilinum was built during the Roman Ages. Sala Consilina is located in the area of Vallo di Diano. The bordering municipalities are Atena Lucana, Brienza, Marsico Nuovo, Padula, Sassano, San Rufo, martini is now buried at the Cypress Hill Cemetery in Brooklyn. Vallo di Diano Cilento Media related to Sala Consilina at Wikimedia Commons Sala Consilina official website
Sala Consilina
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Panoramic view of Sala Consilina
Sala Consilina
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Panoramic view
23.
Vallo della Lucania
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Vallo della Lucania is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-western Italy. It lies in the middle of Cilento and its population is 8,680, in the 18th century the town changed its name to Vallo di Novi. In 1806, during the French government of the Kingdom of Naples, the town is located in the middle of the Cilento and its National Park, close to Gelbison mountain and not too far from the ancient Greek town of Velia. The municipality borders with Cannalonga, Castelnuovo Cilento, Ceraso, Gioi, Moio della Civitella, Novi Velia, the hamlets are Angellara, Massa, and Pattano. Cilento Gelbison Gelbison Cilento Roman Catholic Diocese of Vallo della Lucania Comune of Vallo della Lucania Photos of the town
Vallo della Lucania
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Panoramic view of Vallo
Vallo della Lucania
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Town's view
Vallo della Lucania
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San Pantaleone church
24.
Agropoli
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Agropoli is a town and comune, former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see located in the Cilento area of the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. It is situated at the start of the Cilentan Coast, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, as of 2011, its population was of 20,610. The promontory on which Agropoli stands has been inhabited since Neolithic times and it seems, however, that it was not until the later Bronze and Iron Ages that it came to be continuously inhabited by a stable, indigenous population, which lived off hunting and fishing. To the east of the promontory, at the mouth of the River Testene, there is a sheltered bay, called Foce in ancient times. Before and after the foundation of nearby Poseidonia, the Greeks used it for trading with the local people and they gave the promontory the Greek name, Petra, and built a temple on it, dedicated to Artemis, the Goddess of Hunting. Meanwhile, the harbour of neighbouring Poseidonia became progressively silted up by the process of coastal bradyseism, during the 5th century, when the Vandals made life difficult in Ercula, its inhabitants retreated to the overlooking promontory, which offered better prospects for defence. Acropolis remained in the hands of the Byzantines until 882, when the fell to the Saracens. From this base, they set out to plunder and terrorise the surrounding areas, eventually, in 915, they were driven out from their trenched camp at Garigliano. Acropolis was also liberated, and came back under the jurisdiction of the bishops, in fact, in 1412, Pope Gregory XII ceded the feudal territories of Agropoli and Castellabate to King Ladislas of Durazzo in partial payment of some war debts. The first statistics on Agropoli were compiled in 1445, when the town, including its dependent villages, had a total of 202 homes and, therefore, a similar number of families. Agropoli was a target of raids from North Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries. On 21 April 1544, the town was sacked, and about 100 people were taken prisoner, on 30 June 1630, a strong band of men from the surrounding Cilento helped the citizens of Agropoli to repel an attack by 700 Turkish pirates. The pirates managed to escape in their ships with an amount of booty and many prisoners, but were nevertheless heavily defeated. In about 592, Pope Gregory the Great wrote to a Bishop Felix at Acropolis, telling him to visit the neighbouring dioceses, which were then without a bishop. No longer a residential bishopric, Acropolis is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, nicola in Carcere, promoted Cardinal-Priest of the same S. The town is few km far from the Ancient Greek city of Paestum and it includes the hamlets of Frascinelle, Fuonti, Marotta, Mattine, Moio, Muoio, Madonna del Carmine, San Marco, Tarullo and Trentova. The beaches of Trentova Bay contribute to make Agropoli an important seaside resort, the Angevin-Aragonese castle, which was built on the 6th century Byzantine foundations, still stands on top of the promontory. It has a plan with three circular towers and a moat
Agropoli
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Panoramic view
Agropoli
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Agropoli within the Province of Salerno
Agropoli
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Agropoli's port.
Agropoli
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Old town seen from the coast
25.
Harbour
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A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a body of water where ships, boats and barges seek shelter from stormy weather, or are stored for future use. Ports are often located in harbors, harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or they can be constructed by dredging, in contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour, Australia and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka, artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, the largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai. The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons, a natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, the worlds southmost harbor, located at Antarcticas Winter Quarters Bay, is potentially ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the worlds busiest port is a hotly contested title, in 2006 the worlds busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Shanghai
Harbour
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Capri harbor,
Italy seen from
Anacapri
Harbour
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A natural harbor in
Vizhinjam,
India
Harbour
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The tiny harbor at the village of
Clovelly,
Devon,
England
Harbour
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Old Harbor in
Lüneburg,
Germany.
26.
Alento (Campania)
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The Alento is a river in southwestern Italy. Originating from Le Corne mountain, nearby the village of Gorga, it flows in the Campanian territory of Cilento and its mouth is on the Tyrrhenian Sea, close to the Ancient Greek town of Velia, at the borders between the municipalities of Casal Velino and Ascea. Originally named Alentum, the Latin word Cis Alentum is the origin of the toponym Cilento, the river was mentioned by Strabo, into the Geographica, and by Cicero, who defined it noble. After its origin in Gorga, the flows in a large valley crossing the municipal territories of Magliano Vetere. After it, between the territories of Cicerale, Prignano Cilento and Perito the river forms a reservoir serving a dam, after the dam and a nature park it crosses the municipalities of Rutino, Lustra, Omignano, Salento, Castelnuovo Cilento, Casal Velino and Ascea. The mouth is located between Marina di Casalvelino and Velia, the Alento has 3 tributaries, Palistro river and Badolato creek originate from the Mount Gelbison, Fiumicello creek originates from the Mount Stella. The river, partly included in the territory of the Cilento National Park, due to the integrity of its natural environment, the river is home to some rare species of animals, as the European otter and the Italian bleak. Media related to Alento at Wikimedia Commons
Alento (Campania)
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Alento reservoir seen from
Monteforte Cilento
Alento (Campania)
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A bridge over the Alento reservoir, on the municipal border between
Prignano Cilento (left) and
Cicerale (right)
27.
Rutino
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Rutino is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of southwestern Italy. It is in the geographic region Cilento, the comune is divided into Rutino, the principal city, and the frazione of Rutino Scalo. It borders Lustra, Perito, Prignano Cilento, Torchiara, the two most important cities near Rutino are Agropoli and Vallo della Lucania. Rutino is the center of the lower Cilento, on the right side of the middle valley dellAlento. The build-up presents a typical elongated structure, the axis of development being constituted by the state Tirrena, the date of foundation of the country is not known. The house is indicated for the first time under the name of Ruticinum in a document of 954 and this speaks of the Translatio, the remains of the body of the apostle St. Matthew from Duoflumina to Caputaquis and from there to Salerno. The country in the century was a house of the Barony of Cilento. Sold in 1535 by Ferrante Sanseverino Francis de Rogerio, in 1538 it passed to the latters son and it later belonged to Giovanni Gomez together with the Castle Rock, which followed the events. From 1811 to 1860, under the name Rotino, was part of the district Torchiara, from 1860 to 1927, during the Kingdom of Italy was part of the district of Torchiara, belonging to the district of Vallo della Lucania. During the Second World War the town was occupied by German troops who were camped in the old sports field, until the opening of the new provincial road 417, which starts and ends in Agropoli Sapri, was an important stop on the route of highway 18 Tirrena Inferiore. After the Second World War the village, Rutino Scalo possessed a train station that has closed in the last 90s. In this comune there are three schools, a preschool, a school, and the middle school Michele Magnoni. The nearest secondary schools are in Vallo della Lucania and Agropoli, the nearest university is in Salerno. The most important holiday that is celebrated throughout the year is that of the patron St. Michael the Archangel, the festival falls on the second Sunday of May and is celebrated with a solemn religious rite. The statue of the saint is carried in procession through the streets of the town and is accompanied by Catholic associations, from the band and from many of the faithful. The procession continues and arrived at the square carriers lie on a table the Statue of San Michele placing it in front of the stage, decorated for the occasion, the second moment is the sacred representation of the battle between the Archangel Michael and Lucifer. The Angel from the loggia of the parsonage harnessed to a pulley sliding on a rope, is advanced slowly to stand in front of the stage which is Hell. A silence fell on the square where people flocked to better enjoy the show, the Angel begins the first part of the play by throwing a stern warning to Lucifer rebelling against God and tells him that his disobedience would cost him dearly
Rutino
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Rutino
