1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Venetian Gothic architecture
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Venetian Gothic is an architectural style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with Byzantine and Moorish architecture influences. The style originated in 14th century Venice with the confluence of Byzantine styles from Constantinople, Arab influences from Moorish Spain, chief examples of the style are the Doges Palace and the Ca dOro in Venice. In the 19th Century, the works of John Ruskin and others drew from the style in a revival, part of the broader Gothic Revival movement in Victorian architecture. The Gothic Period erupted in Venice during a time of great affluence, at the same time, monks were beginning to bring the Gothic style to Venices churches from mainland Italy. The most striking examples of new architectural fashion can be seen in Santi Giovanni e Paolo. However, these churches were very similar to those found in the rest of Italy. It was not until the increase in construction, that Venetian Gothic became a distinct style in itself. Influenced by the Doges Palace, the creators of new style meshed Gothic, Byzantine. This Venetian Gothic style lasted well into the 15th century because of the love of ornate decoration. In Northern Europe, traceries only supported stained glass, in contrast, traceries in Venetian Gothic supported the weight of the entire building. Therefore, the relative weight sustained by the traceries alludes to the weightlessness of the buildings as a whole. This gives the Venetian Gothic architectural style lightness and grace in structure, the Venetian Gothic, while far more intricate in style and design than previous construction types in Venice, never allowed more weight or size than necessary to support the building. Venice had always held the concern that every inch of land is valuable, one major aspect of the Venetian Gothic style change that came about during the 14th and 15th centuries was the proportion of the central hall in secular buildings. This hall, known as the portego, evolved into a passageway that was often opened by a loggia with Gothic arches. Architects favored using intricate traceries, similar to found on the Doges Palace. The most iconic Venetian Gothic structure, the Doges Palace, is a luxuriously decorated building that includes traits of Gothic, Moorish, in the 14th Century, following two fires that destroyed the previous structure, the palace was rebuilt in its present, recognizably Gothic form. Yet another important example of Venetian Gothic architecture is Santa Maria dei Frari, first constructed in the 15th century, this Franciscan church was rebuilt in its current Gothic style in the 15th Century. The style was revived in the 19th century, largely through the influence of British architectural critic John Ruskin and his treatise The Stones of Venice
6.
Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
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The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its primary concert venue is Music Hall, in addition to its symphony concerts, the orchestra gives ‘pops’ concerts as the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. The Cincinnati Symphony is the resident orchestra for the Cincinnati May Festival, the Cincinnati Opera, several orchestras had existed in Cincinnati between 1825 and 1872. The immediate precursor ensemble to the current orchestra was the Cincinnati Orchestra, in 1893, Helen Herron Taft founded the Cincinnati Orchestra Association, and the name of the orchestra was formalised to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave its first concerts in 1895 at Pikes Opera House, a year later, the orchestra moved to Music Hall. Its first conductor was Frank Van der Stucken, a Texas-born musician of Flemish ancestry, in the early years, the orchestra welcomed such composers as Richard Strauss and Edward McDowell. The orchestra also performed the U. S. premiere of the Symphony No.5 of Gustav Mahler, for three years, the orchestra was disbanded due to labor disputes and financial problems. In 1911, the orchestra relocated from Music Hall to Emery Auditorium, subsequent music directors included Ernst Kunwald through 1918, Eugène Ysaÿe, Fritz Reiner, and Eugene Goossens. The orchestra returned to Music Hall in 1936 and its musical landmarks during this period included the U. S. premiere of Mahlers Symphony No. 3, its first recordings, first national tours, and the world premieres of Aaron Coplands Fanfare for the Common Man, thor Johnson became music director in 1947, and led the orchestra in some of the first stereo recordings for Remington Records. Max Rudolf succeeded Johnson in 1958, thomas Schippers became music director in 1970, but died abruptly in 1977. The Cincinnati Pops Orchestra was formed in 1977, with Erich Kunzel as its conductor, after Schippers death, Walter Susskind served as artistic advisor of the orchestra from 1978 until his own death in 1980. In 1980, Michael Gielen became music director in 1980 and held the post until 1986, jesús López-Cobos became music director in 1986. His achievements included leading on a 1995 European tour, their first since 1969 and his 15-year music directorship remains the longest tenure of the orchestra. In September 2001, he became the orchestras music director. From 2001 to 2011, the music director was Paavo Järvi. The orchestra made a number of recordings for the Telarc label during Järvis tenure, in January 2007, the orchestra reported financial difficulties, projecting a monetary deficit of about US$2 million for the current fiscal year. In 2009, those difficulties, in addition to the purchase of Telarc by the Concord Music Group, in late 2009, Cincinnati arts patron and philanthropist Louise Nippert announced a gift of $85M for the orchestra
7.
Cincinnati Opera
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Cincinnati Opera is an American opera company based in Cincinnati, Ohio and the second oldest opera company in the United States. Beginning with its first season in 1920, Cincinnati Opera has produced operas in the months of June. The company, originally named Cincinnati Opera Association, gave its first performance, Flotows Martha, on Sunday, from 1956-1990 the company ran a singing competition known as the American Opera Auditions. For most of its first fifty years, Cincinnati Operas performances were held at the Cincinnati Zoo Pavilion, in 1972, Cincinnati Opera moved its performance base to the newly renovated Cincinnati Music Hall. James de Blasis became the companys Resident Stage Director in 1968 and he then served as its General Director from 1973 to 1987. In 1988 he became its Artistic Director, a post which he held until 1996, under his tenure, the company produced rare operas such as Franco Alfanos Risurrezione in 1983 and Weinbergers Schwanda the Bagpiper in 1986. It also added musicals to its repertory in an effort to broaden its audience base, the production was filmed by PBS and nationally televised in 1968. In 1996, the known stage director Nicholas Muni succeeded James de Blasis as Artistic Director of the company. S. Premiere of Peter Bengtsons The Maids, the company also performed its first mainstage commission, Richard Danielpours Margaret Garner. The Cincinnati performances coincided with the opening of Cincinnatis National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, in 2006, Evans Mirageas, an influential casting director and former head of Deccas Artists & Repertoire division, became Cincinnati Operas new Artistic Director. Following his first season with the company, Opera News magazine listed him as one of the 25 Most Powerful Names in U. S. Opera. The companys 2009 season featured four operas set in Spain, Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Carlo, Carmen, following in 2011 was John Adamss A Flowering Tree, while the 2012 season offered the companys first performances of Porgy and Bess and Piazzollas María de Buenos Aires. Performances in the Corbett Theater have included Glasss Galileo Galilei and Francesco Cavallis 1651 opera La Calisto, while Cincinnati Music Hall is closed for an extensive renovation, Cincinnati Operas performances will take place at the Aronoff Center for the Arts. The companys 2016 season featured the premiere of Fellow Travelers by composer Gregory Spears and librettist Greg Pierce. Notes Sources Driscoll, Paul and Kellow, Brian, The 25 Most Powerful Names in U. S. Opera, Opera News, August 2006, vol 71, gelfand, Janelle, Opera losing influential artistic director, Cincinnati Enquirer, October 1,2004. Hipsher, Edward Ellsworth, American Opera and Its Composers, Theodore Presser Company,1927 Kellow, Brian, Central Casting, Opera News, June 2008, vol 72, no.12. Salzman, Eric, A Zoo Story, Cincinnati Opera Revitalized, New York Times, July 2,1961, thea Dispeker Artists Management, James de Blasis, Stage director. Winternitz, Felix and Sacha DeVroomen Bellman, official web site of Cincinnati Opera The Cincinnati Opera Archives at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
8.
Cincinnati May Festival
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The Cincinnati May Festival is a two-week annual choral festival, held in May in Cincinnati, Ohio, US. The festivals roots go back to the 1840s, when Saengerfests were held in city, bringing singers from all over the United States. Singing societies were very popular in the century and the tradition was no different in Cincinnati. Both the English and German societies were evident, as a rule, the differences between the two national choral traditions were in language, origin, composition, and social scope. English societies, the earliest of Cincinnatis choral ensembles, existed primarily to make music, the first German society was founded in 1825, but the majority of these organizations arose after an immigration boom in the late 1840s. They provided social opportunities for eating and drinking, as well as making music, most of the German societies were mens choruses, but women were sometimes admitted, often as non-singing supporting members, in the last half of the century. Maria Longworth Nichols Storer the granddaughter of Nicholas Longworth, a banker and winemaker, there she witnessed one of the large English festivals. At home, Mr. Nichols was a member of the Harmonic Society, mrs. Nichols knew Cincinnatis choral tradition was the perfect place to start a musical festival of their own. She wrote to Theodore Thomas, a renowned American, conductor and he recounts, On my…visit in 1871 a young married lady, member of one of the leading families, laid before me a plan for a large Musical Festival. She proposed that I should be the conductor of it, saying that I would be responsible for the artistic side, she would find the men who would take charge of the business details. I soon found out that this lady was not only very talented in may ways, but that her taste was not amateurish in anything, and I readily consented to undertake the work she wished me to do. He agreed to be conductor of the Festival if fifty thousand dollars could be raised for a guarantee fund, mrs. Nicholss biographer, Sr. Rose Angela Boehle, mentions that Maria and Col. Nichols started the guarantee fund of the 1873 Festival with a five-thousand-dollar contribution. Among the first actions of the Executive Committee was the hiring of Theordore Thomas as musical director, thomass touring orchestra would play, as they would continue to do at every festival until 1904. Arthur Mees, a Cincinnati music teacher, was named rehearsal accompanist and later, while the artistic forces were almost entirely German, the administrative team that planned the event was mostly of English descent. A circular describing the expectations of members was printed in English and German and distributed to 121 music dealers,60 post offices. It was also distributed to 1,120 newspapers throughout Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, according to the superintendent of the chorus, Samuel D. Carey, by the time the first performance took place, the chorus had 706 members. Performances included repertoire that was overwhelmingly German, handel, Bach, Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart comprised the first two concerts. Of the sixty works on the seven concerts, only five were by composers not born in a German-speaking country, the matinee concerts consisted largely of arias, art songs, and light orchestral works, including isolated movements of symphonies, Strauss waltzes, and overtures
9.
United States Department of the Interior
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The United States Department of the Interior is the United States federal executive department of the U. S. About 75% of federal land is managed by the department. The Department is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, the current Secretary is Ryan Zinke. The Inspector General position is vacant, with Mary Kendall serving as acting Inspector General. Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the ministries of other nations. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the Department of Homeland Security primarily, the Department of the Interior has often been humorously called The Department of Everything Else because of its broad range of responsibilities. A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, the idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The 1846–48 Mexican–American War gave the new steam as the responsibilities of federal government grew. Polks Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, became a champion of creating the new department. In 1849, Walker stated in his report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be together in a new Department of the Interior. A bill authorizing its creation of the Department passed the House of Representatives on February 15,1849, the Department was established on March 3,1849, the eve of President Zachary Taylors inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Democrats in Congress who were reluctant to create more patronage posts for the incoming Whig administration to fill, the first Secretary of the Interior was Thomas Ewing. Many of the concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, however, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior. As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres of surface land, energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28% of the nations energy production. Within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs handles some federal relations with Native Americans, the current acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin. Several cases have sought accounting of such funds from the departments of Interior, in addition, some Native American nations have sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US
10.
Washington Park (Cincinnati, Ohio)
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Washington Park is bounded by West 12th, Race and Elm Streets in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The park is owned and operated by the Cincinnati Park Board, the 6-acre park served as Presbyterian and Episcopal cemeteries before it was acquired by the city from 1858 to 1863. The park has a bandstand and many trees. Several American Civil War cannons and busts of Civil War heroes Frederick Hecker and Colonel Robert Latimer McCook, there is also a bronze tablet given by Sons and Daughters of the 9th O. V. I. The Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States was held here in 1888 with great success and it was, in addition to the celebration of Ohios remarkable progress, designed to celebrate the settlement of the Northwest Territory. The park stands in the shadow of the Cincinnati Music Hall, a new School for Creative and Performing Arts is across Twelfth Street at its south end. Cincinnati Park Board and nonprofit 3CDC finished renovation of the park in July 2012 after being closed for almost 18 months. The park officially opened on Friday, July 6,2012 with a ribbon cutting ceremony, the renovations cost about $46 million. This includes expansion of the park from 6 acres to 8 acres, in a similar renovation of Fountain Square, 3CDC used profits from parking to pay off loans it took out to develop the project. 3CDC is responsible for programming at the park and plans to offer all year round. Some programming that took place in the summer includes a series with jazz, R&B, and bluegrass, movies, yoga, a kickball league. Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors, American Guide Series, The Weisen-Hart Press, May 1943, page 220 http, //nky. cincinnati
11.
Over-the-Rhine
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Over-the-Rhine is a neighborhood in Cincinnati. Historically, Over-the-Rhine has been a working-class neighborhood and it is also believed to be the largest, most intact urban historic district in the United States. The neighborhoods distinctive name comes from its builders and early residents, many walked to work across bridges over the Miami and Erie Canal, which separated the area from downtown Cincinnati. The canal was nicknamed the Rhine in reference to the river Rhine in Germany, in German, the district was called über dem Rhein. In 1875 writer Daniel J. Kenny referred to the area exclusively as Over the Rhine and he noted, Germans and Americans alike love to call the district Over the Rhine. The canal was drained and capped by Central Parkway, the tunnel was to be used for the now defunct Cincinnati Subway project. Built in the century during a period of extensive German immigration, Over-the-Rhine changed as many white residents moved to the suburbs following World War 2. They were replaced by African Americans who came to the city in the Great Migration, the city and area had lost many of the industrial jobs which once supported its workers. By the end of the century, the area was notable for the poverty of remaining residents, in this time period residents united and created many life-saving organizations. The community was strong and accepting, Over-the-Rhine is believed to be the largest, most intact urban historic district in the United States. Because of its size, Over-the-Rhine has several distinct districts, OTR is bisected by Liberty Street. The Northern Liberties and the Brewery District are north of Liberty Street, South of Liberty are the Gateway Quarter and Pendelton. In recent years developers have renamed this portion of Over-the-Rhine to The Gateway Quarter and this area has been the focal point of gentrification, which has been controversial due to the displacement of African Americans and low income residents. A comparison of the 2010 and 2000 federal censuses shows that over 1000 African Americans left this area during the decade, as of 2016, this is a primarily white, wealthy and exclusive section of the neighborhood. The area north of Liberty street was the heart of Cincinnatis beer brewing industry, Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. began brewing beer in the Brewery District in December,2010. Christian Moerlein established his first brewing company in Over-the-Rhine in 1853, eventually the Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. became the city’s largest brewery and expanded into the national market. At its height the brewery occupied three entire city blocks, prohibition brought an end to the company in the 1920s. Until 1849, todays Liberty Street, then called Northern Row, was the corporation line forming Cincinnatis northern boundary, the area north of Northern Row was not subject to municipal law and was, appropriately, called The Northern Liberties
12.
Potter's field
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A potters field, paupers grave or common grave is a term for a place for the burial of unknown or indigent people. The term is of Biblical origin, referring to a ground where clay was dug for pottery, later bought by the priests of Jerusalem for the burial of strangers, criminals. But they said, What is that to us, and casting down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed, and went and hanged himself with a halter. But the chief priests, having taken the pieces of silver, said, It is not lawful to put them into the corbona, and after they had consulted together, they bought with them the potters field, to be a burying place for strangers. For this the field was called Haceldama, that is, the field of blood, the site referred to in these verses is traditionally known as Akeldama, in the valley of Hinnom, which was a source of potters clay. After the clay was removed, such a site would be unusable for agriculture. This may be the origin of the name, a field where potters dug for clay would also be conveniently already full of trenches and holes. The author of Matthew was drawing on earlier Biblical references to potters fields and this is a free quotation from Zechariah 11, 12-13. However, Matthew attributes the quote to Jeremiah, the author of Matthew may have been mistaken. There are two possible reasons for the reference. First, Jeremiah also speaks of buying a field, in Jeremiah 32 and that field is a symbol of hope, not despair as mentioned in Matthew, and the price is 17 pieces of silver. The author of Matthew could have combined the words of Zechariah and Jeremiah, secondly, Jeremiah was sometimes used to refer to the Books of the Prophets in toto as The Law is sometimes used to refer to Moses five books – Genesis through Deuteronomy, the Pentateuch. Other scholars do not read the verse as referring to Gentiles, cast her into the Potters field. Lincoln Park, on Chicagos North Side, found its origin in the 1840s as Chicago City Cemetery, the southernmost portion of the cemetery, where one may now find a number of baseball fields, was the location of the City Cemetery potters field from 1843 to 1871. More than 15,000 people, including 4,000 Confederate soldiers, were buried here on land near the waters edge. The baseball fields have occupied these grounds since 1877, madison Square Park, Washington Square Park and Bryant Park in New York City originated as potters fields. The citys current potters field, and one of the largest cemeteries in the United States, the fluid dynamics of the East River causes a collection of these bodies every year off the docks of Potters Field. Hudson County Burial Grounds Washington Square Washington Park was the site of the State Street Burying Grounds, some maps identify the section as the Strangers burial ground
13.
Haunted house
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Ghosthouse is a 1988 Italian-American horror film directed by Umberto Lenzi and produced by exploitation film auteur Joe DAmato. It co-starred Lara Wendel and Donald OBrien and its plot focuses on a deserted house where the visions of a ghostly girl and her haunted doll wreak havoc on those who enter it. The film is the unofficial Italian sequel to Evil Dead II, in the United States, La Casa 3 was released as Ghosthouse, with director Lenzi being credited under the alias Humphrey Humbert. A group of unlikely companions receive a radio call leading to a house with a grisly past. After exploring the house, the group makes the decision to split up, leading to a trail of death. Along the way expect severed heads, exploding light bulbs, demonic clown dolls, moon as Pepe Susan Muller as Mrs. Baker Alain Smith as Samuel Baker William J. Devany as Lieutenant Ralph Morse as Coroner Robert Champagne as Mortician Hernest Mc. Kimnoro as Cemetery Custodian Ghosthouse was shot on location in Boston and Cohasset, the house featured in the film is the same house used in Lucio Fulcis The House by the Cemetery. The film was released theatrically in Italy in August 1988, and this film has been released twice on Region 2 DVD in the UK as Ghosthouse, once by Vipco in 2004 with no cuts, the second by Cornerstone Media in 2009. In January 2012 the film was released as a download and VOD with humorous commentary by RiffTrax and this was released to DVD in November 2013 along with the un-riffed version of the film. The film has also seen DVD releases in Germany and Italy. The film was released for the first time in North America on Blu-ray in June 2015 as a double feature, La Casa series - An Italian rebranding of several otherwise unrelated horror films, including Ghosthouse. Ghosthouse at the Internet Movie Database Comparison of DVD releases
14.
National Trust for Historic Preservation
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The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D. C. that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States. The organization is governed by a board of trustees and led by current president, the National Trust presently has around 750,000 members and supporters. The National Trust issues the quarterly Preservation magazine and produces the PreservationNation blog, towards the end of the 19th century, as the United States was rebuilding after the Civil War, the country was beginning to form its sense of national identity and history. The government began to enact legislation for the preservation of sites, in 1872, an Act of Congress established the first National Park, Yellowstone. In 1906, the Antiquities Act enabled the President to declare landmarks or objects as a national monument, then in 1935, Congress passed the Historic Sites Act which outlined programs for research and inventory of historic sites. Meanwhile, historic preservation initiatives existed on local and state levels, in 1931, the first historic district was created in Charleston, South Carolina. However, efforts to save and maintain historic sites were largely limited to private citizens or local groups. In the late 1940s, leaders in American historic preservation saw the need for an organization to support local preservation efforts. In 1946, David E. Finley, Jr. George McAneny, Christopher Crittenden, the meeting’s attendants became the first charter members of the Council. The organization’s first headquarters was in the offices of Ford’s Theatre in downtown Washington, the creation of the National Trust was proposed as a bill to Congress, H. R.5170, introduced by Congressman J. Hardin Peterson of Florida and passed. The National Trust for Historic Preservation was formally established through the Act of Congress when President Harry S. Truman signed the legislation on October 26,1949. The charter provided that the Trust should acquire and preserve historic sites and objects of national significance, Finley served as the National Trusts first chairman of the board, remaining in the position for 12 years. The National Trust and the National Council existed side by side for years until the need to merge resources compelled the Executive Committee to integrate the two entities. In 1952, the boards of organizations approved a merger of the Council into the National Trust. The merger was effective the following year and was completed by 1956, the National Trust became a membership organization and assumed all other functions of the National Council. In 1957, the National Trust officially acquired its first property, over the next decade, the National Trust grew to become the leading national organization in historic preservation. They began working with citizens and city planning officials on matters, including federal, state. National Trust staff also traveled to parts of the country to advise local communities on preservation projects, in 1966, Congress passed the National Historic Preservation Act, a significant legislation for the preservation movement
15.
Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)
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The Metropolitan Opera House is an opera house located on Broadway at Lincoln Square in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, the theater was designed by Wallace K. Harrison and it opened in 1966, replacing the original 1883 Metropolitan Opera House at Broadway and 39th St. With a seating capacity of approximately 3,800, the house is the largest repertory opera house in the world, home to the Metropolitan Opera Company, the facility also hosts the American Ballet Theatre in the summer months. With the development moving forward, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. replaced the house with a 70-story skyscraper. Young Rockefeller Center architect Wallace Harrison would be approached some 20 years later by officers of the New York Philharmonic Society and the Met to develop a new home for both institutions. As chief architect again for the development of Lincoln Center, Harrison was chosen to design the new opera house- to be built as the centerpiece of the new performing arts complex. Construction delays due to the finishing of the neighboring New York State Theatre, the new building officially opened on September 16,1966, with the world premiere of Samuel Barbers Antony and Cleopatra, directed and designed by Franco Zeffirelli and choreographed by Alvin Ailey. The Met is one of the most technologically advanced stages in the world, when the Metropolitan Opera is on hiatus, the Opera House is home to the annual Spring season of American Ballet Theatre. It regularly hosts touring opera and ballet companies including the Kirov, Bolshoi, in addition, the Met has presented recitals by Vladimir Horowitz, Renée Fleming, Kathleen Battle and others. Philip Glasss Einstein on the Beach was staged independently at the Met in 1976, concerts by Barbra Streisand, The Who, Paul McCartney and others have been massively successful as well. Several notable non-operatic performances occurred in 1986, on August 9 and 10, comedian Robin Williams recorded performances that were shown on HBO and released on compact disc under the title Robin Williams Live at the Met. On October 19,1986, the Opera House hosted Herbert von Karajan, the opera house has been featured in a number of movies and television programs, including the climax of Norman Jewisons 1987 film Moonstruck. In 1999 and 2001, the Opera House was the venue for the MTV Video Music Awards, although west-east roads do not run through Lincoln Center itself, the Metropolitan Opera House is parallel to the block from West 63rd Street to West 64th Street. The rear of the House meets Amsterdam Avenue, and extends to the plaza entrance, the building is clad in white travertine and the east facade is graced with its distinctive series of five concrete arches and large glass and bronze facade, towering 96 feet above the plaza. The building totals 14 stories,5 of which are underground, on display in the lobby, and visible to the outside plaza, are two murals created for the space by Marc Chagall. The murals are approximately 30 ft by 36 ft, the south wall holds the work entitled The Triumph of Music while the north wall contains The Sources of Music. In 2009, the Mets board of directors decided to use the paintings as collateral for a loan which previously relied on cash for backing. Some sources estimate the value of the paintings at $20 million, the multi-story lobby is dominated by a concrete and terrazzo cantilevered stairway that connects the main level with the lower level lounges and upper floors
16.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
17.
Auditorium Theatre
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Auditorium Theatre is a music and performance venue located inside the Auditorium Building at 50 Congress Parkway in Chicago, Illinois. Inspired by the Richardsonian Romanesque Style of architect Henry Hobson Richardson, the theatre currently hosts performances by the Joffrey Ballet, in addition to a variety of concerts, musicals, performances and events. In 1885, Chicago-based businessman and philanthropist Ferdinand Wythe Peck began ambitious plans for the building that would house the Auditorium Theatre. At the time, Chicago was still recovering from the 1871 Great Chicago Fire and was rife with the labor issues that would lead to the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. Peck was committed to building a state-of-the-art performance venue that would make high culture available to the general public, the architecture firm Adler and Sullivan were retained to design the building at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Congress Street. It is considered to be one of their most notable buildings during their partnership together, the gala opening night performance on 9 December 1889 was a major social event bringing together politicians and national leaders. President Harrison was evidently so impressed that he was rumored to have whispered to Vice President Levi P. Morton, “New York surrenders, eh. ”Crowds of people lined the streets waiting to get a glimpse of the famous and wealthy guests. A highlight of the evening was opera star Madame Adelina Patti’s rendition of John Howard Payne’s “Home Sweet Home, the Auditorium Theatre played a critical role in Chicago being named host for 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. Local civic leaders in Chicago were vying with those in St. Louis, New York City, in 1912, Teddy Roosevelt famously told the Auditorium crowd, he felt as strong a bull moose, during his controversial run for an additional term as United States president. It was also the home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Grand Opera Company, peck’s hope that the revenue from the hotel and offices would subsidize the cost of presenting performances ultimately proved unsustainable, particularly as more modern hotels came about. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra moved to Orchestra Hall in 1904, in the early 1930s, estimates were taken to demolish the building, but the cost of the demolition was more than the land was worth. Following a run of the musical revue “Hellzapoppin, the Auditorium Theatre went bankrupt. In 1942, the Auditorium was taken over by the City of Chicago to be used as a World War II servicemen’s center. The stage and front rows of the theatre were converted to an alley and much of the ornate stenciling, plasterwork. At the Auditorium Building, more than 2.2 million servicemen were housed, fed, in 1946, Roosevelt University saved the venue from demolition by acquiring the building, but lacking the money required to renovate the theatre, kept it dormant for two decades. The venue also began to host more dance companies, including Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Bolshoi Ballet, broadway musicals with long-running productions at the theatre have included “The Phantom of the Opera, “Les Misérables, “Miss Saigon, “Show Boat, “Hello Dolly. “The King and I, and “The Who’s Tommy, on July 5,1970, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed at the venue, with a portion of the concert recorded for their live album 4 Way Street. The British progressive rock band Genesis also performed as part of their Wind, the Show was also broadcast live on Chicagos WKQX-FM radio station
18.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
19.
DAR Constitution Hall
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DAR Constitution Hall is a concert hall located in Washington, D. C. It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention when membership delegations outgrew Memorial Continental Hall, later, the two buildings were connected by a third structure housing the DAR Museum, administrative offices, and genealogical library. DAR Constitution Hall is still owned and operated by the National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. The hall seats 3,702, with 2,208 in the tiers and 1,234 on the orchestra level, additionally,52 boxes separate the orchestra from the tiers, including one Presidential box. The Hall is a Neoclassical style structure, faced with Alabama limestone and this auditorium is unusual with its U-shaped balcony, necessary to provide the enormous amount of seating required by the program while retaining practical sight distances. The auditorium holds a three-manual,40 rank Skinner pipe organ, the Hall is used for concerts, school commencements, conferences, corporate meetings, televised events and other performances. The Hall hosted the 1939 premiere of Mr, some of the earliest mainstream country music concerts were also held there, organized by Connie B. The free Air Force Band Sunday concerts, featuring famous guest artists, are popular, in 1939, the DAR denied African-American singer Marian Anderson the opportunity to sing at the Hall causing first lady Eleanor Roosevelt to resign her membership in protest. Every U. S. president since Calvin Coolidge has attended at least one event at the theater, list of concert halls DAR Constitution Hall DAR Constitution Hall on Google Street View
20.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
21.
Wurlitzer
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The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, usually referred to as simply Wurlitzer, is an American company started in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1853 by German immigrant Rudolph Wurlitzer. In 1880 the company began manufacturing pianos, over time, Wurlitzer acquired a number of other companies which made a variety of loosely related products including kitchen appliances, carnival rides, player piano rolls, and radios. Wurlitzer also operated a chain of stores where the companys products were sold. Wurlitzers jukebox operations were sold and moved to Germany in 1973, the Wurlitzer piano and organ brands and U. S. manufacturing facilities were acquired by the Baldwin Piano & Organ Co. in 1988 and most piano manufacturing was moved overseas. The Baldwin Co. including its Wurlitzer assets, was acquired by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in about 1996. Baldwin ceased making Wurlitzer-brand pianos in 2009, Vending machines are still manufactured in Germany using the Wurlitzer name under Gibson ownership. The company ceased manufacturing jukeboxes in 2013, but still sells replacement parts, Wurlitzers rare and historic stringed instrument department was independently directed by Rudolph Wurlitzers grandson, Rembert Wurlitzer, from 1948 until his death in 1963. Remberts shop on 42d Street in New York City was an international center for rare. Wurlitzer was founded in Cincinnati in 1853 by German Franz Rudolph Wurlitzer from Schöneck and it was directed successively by his sons Howard, Rudolph, and Farny. In 1880 Wurlitzer started manufacturing its own pianos which the company sold through its retail outlets in Chicago, in 1896 Wurlitzer manufactured its first coin-operated pianos. In the late 1800s, fairs were very popular and, as crowds grew and mechanical rides began to appear, Eugene DeKleist of North Tonawanda, NY was an early builder of such organs for use in carousels. Wurlitzer bought into DeKleists North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory in 1897, eventually Wurlitzer bought out the entire operation and moved all Wurlitzer manufacturing operations from Ohio to New York. In 1909 the company began making innovative harps that were far more durable than European prototypes, the Mighty Wurlitzer theatre organ was introduced in late 1910 and became Wurlitzers most famous product. Wurlitzer theatre organs are installed all over the world in a variety of theatres, museums, churches, Wurlitzer also took over production of Lyric brand radios from the All American Mohawk Radio Company in Chicago. Lyric radios were a very high-end console radio which retailed for as much as $425 in 1929, in addition to business acquisitions, Wurlitzer also entered into several joint ventures with James Armitage, George Herschell, and other businessmen from the area. Amusement rides, particularly carousels, were assembled at the facility. Starting in about 1933, the Wurlitzer name gradually became more and more associated with jukeboxes than with actual musical instruments. In 1942, organ production at the North Tonawanda factory ceased, after the war, normal production efforts resumed but with more focus on radios, jukeboxes, and small electronic organs for private homes
22.
Orphanage
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An orphanage is a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans—children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them. It is frequently used to describe institutions abroad, where it is an accurate term. Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans, four out of five children in orphanages having at least one living parent, most orphanages have been closed in Europe and North America. Few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, however, they are still commonly founded by smaller charities, especially in developing countries, orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are run by the state. Other residential institutions for children can be called group homes, childrens homes, refuges, rehabilitation centers, night shelters, the Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, plato says, Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents, a man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the property as of his own or even more careful still. The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, as soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation. In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church, the Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at the time of the Reformation, and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor. The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century, led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions catering for the orphan, the first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, on reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were apprenticed as servants for four years, at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into variety of occupations. There was a benevolent fund for adults. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital, the age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from country workhouses. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued, the hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received
23.
Miami and Erie Canal
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The Miami and Erie Canal was a canal in Ohio that ran about 274 miles, it was constructed from Cincinnati to Toledo to create a water route from the Ohio River to Lake Erie. Construction on the began in 1825 and was completed in 1845 at a cost to the state government of $8,062,680.07. At its peak, it included 19 aqueducts, three locks,103 canal locks, multiple feeder canals, and a few man-made water reservoirs. Boats up to 80 feet long were towed along the canal by mules, horses, or oxen walking on a towpath along the bank. Due to competition from railroads, which began to be built in the area in the 1850s and it was permanently abandoned for commercial use in 1913 after a historic flood in Ohio severely damaged it. Only a small fraction of the canal today, along with its towpath. When Ohio became a state in 1803, few means of transportation existed within the region to move people, settlers were dependent on rivers and Lake Erie. Most of the roads were of poor quality for carriage travel. In addition, Ohio was geographically separated from the East Coast by the barrier of the Appalachian Mountains and this made life difficult for early citizens because goods from the Atlantic Coast and Europe were difficult to obtain and often very expensive due to transportation costs. For the same reasons, it was difficult for Ohio businessmen, some entrepreneurs began to ship goods from Ohio down the Ohio River to New Orleans, by sailing ship and keelboats, but the journey was long and costly. It was difficult to return vessels upriver, even after invention of the steamships improved river transportation, it was more difficult to ship goods upriver. To overcome these obstacles, many people, including George Washington and several other politicians, in 1807, Senator Thomas Worthington of Ohio asked the Secretary of the Treasury for funds to improve roads and build canals in Ohio, yet did not have much success. The United States Congress approved national canal legislation in 1817,1822, and 1830, consequently, the burden of building canals passed to the states. The Erie Canal in New York proved to be a success after it was completed in 1825. The canal was largely state-funded, using money acquired from selling off land near where the canals were to be dug, because Ohio is not entirely flat, the system of locks had to be designed to act as a staircase so boats could navigate the difference in elevation. To supply water for the canal, manmade reservoirs such as Grand Lake St. Marys and Lake Loramie in Shelby County were constructed, indian Lake in Logan County was greatly enlarged to provide a steadier supply of water for the Sidney feeder canal. Branch canals were built to serve as extensions from the main canal, the Warren County Canal, was a branch canal constructed from the Miami and Erie Canal at Middletown to Lebanon. This branch was opened in 1840, but remained in operation less than 15 years before being abandoned, a short branch, the Sidney or Port Jefferson feeder canal ran up the Miami Valley from Lockington through Sidney to a dam just upstream from Port Jefferson
24.
Skull
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The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts, the cranium and the mandible, in the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, in the human these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a function by providing the mount for the horns. The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle, while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον, the skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones, and contains many foramina and processes, and several cavities or sinuses. For details and the constituent bones, see neurocranium and viscerocranium, the human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain, like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton, the neurocranium forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. The facial skeleton is formed by the supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial joints formed by bony ossification, sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or sutural bones. The human skull is considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones. In the neurocranium these are the bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the skeleton are the vomer, two nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, the skull also contains sinus cavities and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium and their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn through the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull, the largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the include the mastoid process and the zygomatic process
25.
Lafcadio Hearn
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In the United States, Hearn is also known for his writings about the city of New Orleans based on his ten-year stay in that city. Hearn was born in and named after the island of Lefkada, one of the Greek Ionian Islands and he was the son of Surgeon-Major Charles Bush Hearn and Rosa Antoniou Kassimatis, a Greek woman of noble Kytheran lineage through her father, Anthony Kassimatis. His father was stationed in Lefkada during the British occupation of the islands, Lafcadio was baptized Patricios Lefcadios Hearn in the Greek Orthodox Church, but he seems to have been called Patrick Lefcadio Kassimati Charles Hearn in English. George Hearn died on 17 August 1850, two months after Lafcadios birth, in 1850 Hearns father was promoted to Staff Surgeon Second Class and was reassigned from Lefkada to the British West Indies. In 1852, he arranged to send his son and wife to live with his family in Dublin, Ireland, Charles Hearns mother, Elizabeth Holmes Hearn, had difficulty accepting Rosa Hearns Catholicism and lack of education. Despite Sarah Brenanes efforts, Rosa suffered from homesickness, when her husband returned to Ireland on medical leave in 1853, it became clear that the couple had become estranged. Charles Hearn was assigned to the Crimean Peninsula, again leaving his pregnant wife, when he came back in 1856, severely wounded and traumatized, Rosa had returned to her home island of Cerigo in Greece, where she gave birth to their third son, Daniel James Hearn. Lafcadio had been left in the care of Sarah Brenane, Charles Hearn petitioned to have the marriage with Rosa annulled, on the basis of her lack of signature on the marriage contract, which made it invalid under English law. After being informed of the annulment, Rosa almost immediately married Giovanni Cavallini, Cavallini required as a condition of the marriage that Rosa give up custody of both Lafcadio and James. As a result, James was sent to his father in Dublin, neither Lafcadio nor James saw their mother again, who had four children with her second husband. Rosa was eventually committed to the National Mental Asylum on Corfu, Charles Hearn, who had left Lafcadio in the care of Sarah Brenane for the past 4 years, now appointed her as Lafcadios permanent guardian. He married his sweetheart, Alicia Goslin, in July 1857, and left with his new wife for a posting in Secunderabad. Lafcadio never saw his father again, Charles Hearn died of malaria in the Gulf of Suez in 1866, in 1857, at age seven and despite the fact that both his parents were still alive, Hearn became the permanent ward of his great aunt, Sarah Brenane. She divided her residency between Dublin in the months, her husbands estate at Tramore, County Waterford on the southern Irish coast. Brenane also engaged a tutor during the year to provide basic instruction. Hearn began exploring Brenanes library and read extensively in Greek literature, Hearn became fluent in French and would later translate into English the works of Guy de Maupassant, who coincidentally attended the school shortly after Hearns departure. In 1863, again at the suggestion of Molyneux, Hearn was enrolled at St. Cuthberts College, Ushaw, in this environment, Hearn adopted the nickname Paddy to try to fit in better, and was the top student in English composition for three years. At age 16, while at Ushaw, Hearn injured his eye in a schoolyard mishap
26.
Spring Grove Cemetery
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Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum is a nonprofit garden cemetery and arboretum located at 4521 Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the second largest cemetery in the United States and is recognized as a US National Historic Landmark, the cemetery dates from 1844, when members of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society formed a cemetery association. They took their inspiration from contemporary rural cemeteries such as Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, the numerous springs and groves suggested the name Spring Grove. On December 1,1844 Salmon P. Chase and others prepared the Articles of Incorporation, the cemetery was designed by Howard Daniels and formally chartered on January 21,1845. The first burial place on September 1,1845. In 1855, Adolph Strauch, a landscape architect, was hired to beautify the grounds. His sense and layout of the cemetery, made of lakes, trees. On March 29,2007, the cemetery was designated a National Historic Landmark, the Spring Grove Cemetery Chapel is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places. Spring Grove encompasses 733 acres of which 400 acres are landscaped and maintained. Its grounds include 12 ponds, many tombstones and memorials. See also Category, Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery, jacob Ammen, Civil War general Nicholas Longworth Anderson, Civil War colonel Joshua Hall Bates, Civil War general Charles Elwood Brown, Civil War Brevet Brigadier General and U. S. Representative George K. Brady, United States Army officer, the headstone and another next to it for future use by Walkers twin sister, Kara, were removed after the family had been given copyright permission to use them. In February 2014, the cemetery and Walkers family reached an agreement, list of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum Forty Civil War generals buried in Spring Grove Cemetery Spring Grove Entrance
27.
Gatling gun
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The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun. Invented by Richard Gatling, it is known for its use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War. It was also used by militias and the National Guard in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh, the Gatling guns operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a shot when it reached a certain point in the cycle, after which it ejected the spent cartridge, loaded a new round. This configuration allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrels overheating, the Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Dr. Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented on November 4,1862. Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, although the first Gatling gun was capable of firing continuously, it required a person to crank it, therefore it was not a true automatic weapon. The Maxim gun, invented and patented in 1883, was the first true fully automatic weapon, nonetheless, the Gatling gun represented a huge leap in firearm technology. The latter were used during and after the Napoleonic Wars. This negated much of the advantage of their rate of fire per discharge. In comparison, the Gatling gun offered a rapid and continuous rate of fire without having to be reloaded by opening the breech. The original Gatling gun was a weapon which used multiple rotating barrels turned by a hand crank. The US Army adopted Gatling guns in several calibers, including.42 caliber. 45-70.50 caliber,1 inch, the. 45-70 weapon was also mounted on some US Navy ships of the 1880s and 1890s. The Gatling gun was first used in warfare during the American Civil War, twelve of the guns were purchased personally by Union commanders and used in the trenches during the siege of Petersburg, Virginia. Eight other Gatling guns were fitted on gunboats, the gun was not accepted by the American Army until 1866, when a sales representative of the manufacturing company demonstrated it in combat. On July 17,1863, Gatling guns were used to over-awe New York anti-draft rioters. Two were brought by a National Guard unit from Philadelphia to use against strikers in Pittsburgh. Gatling guns were not used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custers Last Stand
28.
Cincinnati riots of 1884
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A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the few days, more than 50 people died. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history, Cincinnati in the 1880s was a tough industrial city with a rising crime rate due, in part, to general dissatisfaction with labor conditions. The Cincinnati police force had 300 men and 5 patrol wagons, in this period they arrested 50 people for murder, but only four were hanged. By January 1,1884, there were twenty-three accused murderers in the jail, the political system was corrupt, with leaders notorious for controlling elections and manipulating judges and juries. In March 1884, the city was still reeling from a flood the previous month when the river crested at 71.9 feet. A full-page article published in the Cincinnati Enquirer on March 9,1884, said, preeminence in art, science, and industry avail nothing where murder is rampant and the lives of citizens are unsafe even in broad daylight. The murderers dumped Kirks body near the Mill Creek in the Northside district, after the men had been arrested,500 potential jurymen were called before Berners lawyer accepted the jury of twelve. The judge, who gave a sentence of 20 years in prison, the next day, the newspapers called for a public meeting to condemn the verdict. Tried separately, Palmer was convicted and hanged, a New York Times article, dated March 27,1884, reported that James Bourne, one of the jurors, had spent the previous night at Bremen Street police station after being threatened by a mob. Returning home on the morning of March 27, a crowd threatened to hang him but was dispersed by the police, later he was severely beaten and was again taken to the police station for his own safety. Another member of the jury, Charles Dollahan, was pelted with rotten eggs, louis Havemeyer was told he was fired when he went to work. The foreman of the jury, A. F. Shaw, had gone into hiding and that evening, several thousand people attended a meeting at Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine to protest the lenient sentence. A large group of protesters then headed to the jail, apparently planning to lynch Berner, unknown to the rioters, Berner was not there. He had been sent to Columbus, Ohio, for his own safety, the Hamilton County Sheriff Morton Hawkins was also expecting trouble. He had thirteen deputies helping him guard the jail, the rioters managed to break into the jail through the Sheriffs apartment, but left when they were shown that Berner was not present. The Sheriff had the alarms rung which had the effect of drawing yet more people to the scene, the mob, now 10,000 strong, pelted the jail with bricks and stones. They overcame resistance by the guards and police reinforcements and managed to break in again and they were driven out by reinforcements from the militia armory who entered the building via a tunnel from the courthouse
29.
Alceste (Gluck)
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37, is an opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck from 1767. The libretto was written by Ranieri de Calzabigi and based on the play Alcestis by Euripides, the premiere took place on 26 December 1767 at the Burgtheater in Vienna. When Gluck published the score of Alceste in 1769, he added a written by Calzabigi. In 1774, while travelling through Paris, he was called upon to perform in private the French version of Orphée et Eurydice before it was premiered at the Opéra. The second of Glucks so-called reform operas, it was first performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 26 December 1767, a heavily revised version with a French libretto by Leblanc du Roullet premiered at the Paris Opera on 23 April 1776 in the second Salle du Palais-Royal. The opera is given in the revised version, although this is sometimes translated into Italian. Both versions are in three acts, revivals of the opera, as revised by Berlioz, were staged in 1861, starring Pauline Viardot, and 1866 at the Paris Opéra. Some of the changes were made upon the advice of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the bulk of the libretto adaptation, however, was made by French aristocrat François-Louis Gand Le Bland Du Roullet, with improvements by the composer. Gluck fought several efforts to make the new version of Alceste conform to French tastes, maria Callas starred as Alceste in a production at La Scala in 1954 which was recorded. It was her first collaboration in a performance with director Luchino Visconti. The Metropolitan Opera has presented Alceste in three different seasons, with four sopranos starring in a total of eighteen performances, the Met premiere of the opera, on 24 January 1941, featured Marjorie Lawrence. There were four more performances that season, two starring Lawrence and two starring Rose Bampton, in the 1951/52 season, Wagnerian soprano Kirsten Flagstad sang Alceste in five performances, including her farewell performance with the company on 1 April 1952. On 6 December 1960, Eileen Farrell made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Alceste and she sang the role a total of eight times that season. Her final performance of the role, on 11 February 1961 and it was given by The Santa Fe Opera as part of its summer festival season in August 2009 with Christine Brewer in the title role. The first UK performance took place at the Kings Theatre, London in 1795, more recent productions have included those in Scotland at Ledlanet in 1972 and by Scottish Opera in 1974. Hector Berlioz noted how this section of Don Giovanni was heavily in-inspired or rather plagiarized, Berlioz discussed the authenticity of some of the arias. For example, when Gluck went to Vienna, an aria was added to act 3, Berlioz came to the conclusion that Gluck was under so much pressure that he let it happen. Berlioz notes Gluck added corrections during rehearsals, and misunderstandings in the score, Italian Original Version Place, Classical Pherae, Thessaly A herald announces to the people of Thessaly that King Admeto is gravely ill and that there is little hope
30.
Christoph Willibald Gluck
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Christoph Willibald Gluck was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period. With a series of new works in the 1760s, among them Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste. The strong influence of French opera in these works encouraged Gluck to move to Paris, fusing the traditions of Italian opera and the French national genre into a new synthesis, Gluck wrote eight operas for the Parisian stages. One of the last of these, Iphigénie en Tauride, was a success and is generally acknowledged to be his finest work. Gluck was born on 2 July 1714 in Erasbach near Neumarkt and his father Alexander was a forester in Erasbach, and after 1717 head forester in Reichstadt, Kreibitz and Eisenberg, all in northern Bohemia. According to some biographers, it was here, in the middle of Lusatian Mountains, in 1727 the family moved to Eisenberg, where his father was admitted to the service of Prince Philip Hyazinth von Lobkowitz. The Alsatian painter Johann Christian von Mannlich says it was as a Bohemian schoolboy that Gluck received his first musical training. Mannlich relates in his memoirs, written in French and published in 1810 and he quotes Gluck as saying, My father was forestmaster at M. in Bohemia and he planned that eventually I should succeed him. In my homeland everyone is musical, music is taught in the schools, as I was passionate about the art, I made rapid progress. I played several instruments and the schoolmaster, singling me out from the other pupils, I no longer thought and dreamt of anything but music, the art of forestry was neglected. Most now claim that the object of Glucks travels was not Vienna but Prague, at the time the University of Prague boasted a flourishing musical scene that included performances of both Italian opera and oratorio. Gluck eventually left Prague without taking a degree, and vanishes from the record until 1737. According to the music historian Daniel Heartz, there has been considerable controversy concerning Glucks native language, Glucks first biographer, Anton Schmid, accepted that Gluck spoke Czech, but thought Salieri incorrect, proposing instead that Gluck learned Czech in Prague. Heartz writes, More devious manoeuvres have been attempted by Glucks German biographers of this century, while the French ones have, without exception, hans Joachim Moser wanted a lyric work in Czech as proof. In fact, the music theorist Larent Garcin, writing in 1770 before Gluck arrived in Paris, in 1737 Gluck arrived in Milan, where he studied under G. B. Sammartini, who, according to Carpani, taught Gluck practical knowledge of all the instruments, apparently this relationship lasted for several years. Set to a libretto by Metastasio, the opera opened the Milanese Carnival of 1742, according to one anecdote, the public would not accept Glucks style until he inserted an aria in the lighter Milanese manner for contrast. Nearly all of his operas in this period were, like Artaserse, set to Metastasios texts, in 1745 Gluck accepted an invitation to become house composer at Londons Kings Theatre, probably travelling to England via Frankfurt and in the company of Georg Christian, Fürst von Lobkowitz
31.
Ludwig van Beethoven
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Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he one of the most famous. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies,5 piano concertos,1 violin concerto,32 piano sonatas,16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis, and one opera, Fidelio. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn and he lived in Vienna until his death. By his late 20s his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost completely deaf. In 1811 he gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose, many of his most admired works come from these last 15 years of his life. Beethoven was the grandson of Ludwig van Beethoven, a musician from the town of Mechelen in the Duchy of Brabant in the Flemish region of what is now Belgium, who at the age of twenty moved to Bonn. Ludwig was employed as a singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761. The portrait he commissioned of himself towards the end of his life remained proudly displayed in his grandsons rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig had one son, Johann, who worked as a tenor in the musical establishment and gave keyboard. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767, she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no record of the date of his birth, however. Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. Beethovens first music teacher was his father and he later had other local teachers, the court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer, and Franz Rovantini. Beethovens musical talent was obvious at a young age, some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was appointed the Courts Organist in that year. Neefe taught Beethoven composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition, Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid, and then as a paid employee of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister Andrea Luchesi. His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich, were published in 1783, Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethovens talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young mans musical studies. Maximilian Fredericks successor as the Elector of Bonn was Maximilian Francis, the youngest son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother Joseph, he introduced reforms based on Enlightenment philosophy, with increased support for education and the arts
32.
Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
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Symphony No.3 in E♭ major, Opus 55 is a large-scale, structurally rigorous composition which marked the beginning of the creative middle-period of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven. It is among Beethovens most celebrated works. Symphony No.3 is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in B♭, two bassoons, three horns, two trumpets in E♭ and C, timpani in E♭ and B♭ and in C and G, and strings. The first movement, in 34 time, is in sonata form, the movement opens with two large E♭ major chords, played by the whole orchestra, thus firmly establishing the tonality of the movement. The first theme is introduced by the cellos, and, by the bar of the melody. The melody is finished by the first violins, with a series of Gs. After the first theme is played, by the various instruments, like the rest of the movement, the development is characterized by remarkable harmonic and rhythmic tension, from dissonant chords and long passages of syncopated rhythm. The second movement is a march in C minor with a trio in C major. Musically, the solemnity of the second movement lends it use as a funeral march proper. The third movement is a scherzo in rapid 34 time during which various members of the orchestra play the theme. It contains numerous heavily and unusually syncopated passages and its trio features hunting calls from the three horns, the entire movement is between 5 and 6 minutes long. The theme of the movement, and its bass line The subtitle Eroica Variations of Opus 35 derives from its thematic overlap with the fourth movement of this symphony. After a fugal treatment of the theme the orchestra pauses on the dominant of the home key. The symphony ends with a Presto coda which recalls the opening of the fourth movement, the fourth movement is between 10 and 14 minutes long. Beethoven originally dedicated the symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic. At that time Beethoven had the highest esteem for him, I was the first to tell him the news that Buonaparte had declared himself Emperor, whereupon he broke into a rage and exclaimed, So he is no more than a common mortal. Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition, now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant. Beethoven went to the table, seized the top of the title-page, tore it in half, the page had to be recopied, and it was only now that the symphony received the title Sinfonia eroica
33.
1880 Democratic National Convention
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Six men were officially candidates for nomination at the convention, and several more also received votes. Of these, the two leading candidates were Hancock and Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware, not officially a candidate, but wielding a heavy influence over the convention, was the Democratic nominee from 1876, Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Many Democrats believed Tilden to have been deprived of the presidency in 1876. Tilden, however, was ambiguous about his willingness to participate in campaign, leading some delegates to defect to other candidates. As the convention opened, some delegates favored Bayard, a conservative Senator, and some others supported Hancock, still others flocked to men they saw as surrogates for Tilden, including Henry B. Payne of Ohio, an attorney and former representative, and Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania, the first round of balloting was inconclusive. Before the second round, Tildens withdrawal from the campaign known for certain and delegates flocked to Hancock. English, a politician from a swing state, was nominated for Vice President. Hancock and English were narrowly defeated in the race against Republicans James A. Garfield, in 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York in the most hotly contested election to that time in the nations history. The results initially indicated a Democratic victory, but the votes of several states were ardently disputed until mere days before the new president was to be inaugurated. Members of both parties in Congress agreed to convene a bi-partisan Electoral Commission, which decided the race for Hayes. Most Democrats believed Tilden had been robbed of the presidency, in the meantime, issues of tariff reform and the gold standard divided the country and the major parties. The monetary issue played a role in selecting the nominees in 1880. The debate concerned the basis for the United States dollars value, nothing but gold and silver coin had ever been legal tender in the United States until the Civil War, when the mounting costs of the war forced Congress to issue greenbacks. They paid for the war, but resulted in the most severe inflation since the American Revolution, after the war, bondholders and other creditors wanted to return to a gold standard. At the same time, debtors benefited by the way inflation reduced their debts, the issue cut across parties, producing dissension among Republicans and Democrats alike and spawning a third party, the Greenback Party, in 1876, when both major parties nominated hard money men. Monetary debate intensified as Congress effectively demonetized silver in 1873 and began redeeming greenbacks in gold by 1879, by the 1880 convention, the nations money was backed by gold alone, but the issue was far from settled. Debate over tariffs would come to play a larger role in the campaign
34.
Erich Kunzel
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Erich Kunzel, Jr. was an American orchestra conductor. Called the Prince of Pops by the Chicago Tribune, he performed with a number of leading pops and symphony orchestras, especially the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, Kunzel was born to German-American immigrant parents in New York City. At Greenwich High School in Connecticut, he arranged music and played the piano, string bass, initially a chemistry major, Kunzel graduated from Dartmouth College with a degree in music, then studied at Harvard and Brown universities. He conducted the Brown University Glee Club for at least two years, early in his career, he conducted for the Santa Fe Opera and studied at the Pierre Monteux School. He met his Austrian-born wife, Brunhilde, while conducting Gianni Schicchi for Santa Fe in 1964, from 1960 to 1965, he conducted the Rhode Island Philharmonic. From 1965 to 1977, Kunzel served as resident conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, in 1969, he was initiated as an honorary member of the Eta-Omicron chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a National Patron of Delta Omicron, a professional music fraternity. In 1965, Kunzel began the countrys first winter pops series, when the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra board of trustees created the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra in 1977, Kunzel was named conductor. The Pops became the larger of Cincinnatis two orchestras, as all of Max Rudolfs symphony orchestra played for the Pops year-round. At the invitation of Arthur Fiedler in 1970, Kunzel guest-conducted over 100 concerts with the Boston Pops Orchestra and he remained active with symphony, leading the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 2002. From the beginning, Kunzel strove to expand the Cincinnati Pops reach worldwide, with nearly 90 recordings on the Telarc label and his popular recordings of classical music, Broadway musicals, and movie scores topped worldwide crossover charts more than any other conductor or orchestra in the world. Some of Kunzels mentees at the Cincinnati Pops would later become notable in their own right, including Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops, the Cincinnati Pops were especially popular in Asia. The group toured Japan several times, starting in 1990, in 1998, Kunzel became the first American pops conductor to perform in China. Ten years later, he and the Cincinnati Pops were invited back to perform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Kunzel made most of his classical music recordings as director of the Cincinnati Pops. However, he also made recordings with Dave Brubeck, Duke Ellington. From the Capitol Building lawn, Kunzel conducted the National Symphony Orchestra every Memorial Day and Fourth of July from 1991 to 2009, in 1987, his Aaron Copland, Lincoln Portrait album with narration by Katharine Hepburn including Old American Songs sung by Sherrill Milnes received a Grammy nomination. Other Grammy nominations came in 1989,1991, and 1993, the album American Jubilee won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1989. His albums frequently feature digital sound effects created by Michael Bishop, the conductor had a large influence on Cincinnatis local music scene
35.
Washington's Birthday
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It can occur on the 15th through the 21st of February inclusive. Colloquially, the day is now widely known as Presidents Day and is often an occasion to honor all persons who have served as president. The day is a holiday in most states, with official names including Washingtons Birthday, Presidents Day, Presidents Day. Depending upon the law, the state holiday might officially celebrate Washington alone, Washington and Abraham Lincoln. However, Presidents Day is not always a term and might refer to only a selection of presidents. Several states honor presidents with official state holidays that do not fall on the third Monday of February, in Massachusetts, the state officially celebrates Washingtons Birthday on the same day as the Federal holiday. In New Mexico, Presidents Day, at least as a state-government paid holiday, is observed on the Friday following Thanksgiving, George Washington was officially born on February 11,1731. Consequently, by the 1730s, the Julian calendar used by Britain, furthermore, the British civil year began on 25 March rather than 1 January, so that dates in February belonged to the preceding year. Since, during the 1700s, February 11 under the Julian calendar would fall as February 22 on the Gregorian, the federal holiday honoring Washington was originally implemented by an Act of Congress in 1879 for government offices in Washington and expanded in 1885 to include all federal offices. As the first federal holiday to honor an American president, the holiday was celebrated on Washingtons actual birthday, on January 1,1971, the federal holiday was shifted to the third Monday in February by the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. This date places it between February 15 and 21, which makes the name Washingtons Birthday in some sense a misnomer, since it never occurs on Washingtons actual birthday, the purpose was not to honor any particular President but to honor the office of the Presidency. It was first thought that March 4, the inauguration day. However, the bill recognizing the March 4 date was stalled in the Senate Judiciary Committee and that committee felt that, because of its proximity to Lincolns and Washingtons Birthdays, three holidays so close together would be unduly burdensome. During this time, however, the Governors of a majority of the states issued proclamations declaring March 4 to be Presidents Day in their respective jurisdictions. By the mid-1980s, with a push from advertisers, the term Presidents Day began its public appearance, in Washingtons adopted hometown of Alexandria, Virginia, celebrations are held throughout the month of February. Until the late 1980s, corporate businesses generally closed on this day, some public transit systems have also gone to regular schedules on the day. Many colleges and universities hold regular classes and operations on Presidents Day, consequently, some schools, which used to close for a single day for both Lincolns and Washingtons birthday, now often close for the entire week as a mid-winter recess. For example, the New York City school district began doing so in the 1990s, today, the February holiday has become well known for being a day in which many stores, especially car dealers, hold sales
36.
Music stand
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A music stand is a pedestal or elevated rack designed to hold a paper score or sheets of music in position for reading. Most music stands for orchestral, chamber music or solo orchestra-family instruments can be raised or lowered to accommodate seated or standing performers or performers of different heights, many types of keyboard instruments have a built-in or removable music rack or stand where sheet music can be placed. Music stands enable musicians to read music or scores while playing an instrument or conducting. Some singers use stands, such as singers and wedding vocalists who have a repertoire of hundreds of songs. There are various types of music stands for different purposes and intended users, folding stands collapse, which makes them convenient to take to rehearsals and performances out of the home. Folding stands are used by amateur musicians at rehearsals and performances. Professional musicians are likely to limit their use of folding stands to rehearsals held outside of normal performance venues or small gigs. Non-folding stands tend to be used by orchestras and big bands for rehearsals. Folding stands range from inexpensive, lightweight models made of metal, metal folding stands often have solid wire extensions or metal arms which can be folded out to support more than two pages of music or over-size sheets or pages. This is the kind most often used by students in youth orchestras. Lightweight folding stands are designed to collapsible, if folding stands did not collapse, they would be awkward, the collapsible nature of folding stands makes them small enough to slip into many instrument cases or backpacks. This feature makes folding stands more portable, as such, they are a popular stand type for rehearsals, auditions and even some types of performances. Lightweight stands are not designed to support heavy books of such as full-size fake books, while the fake book may stay open on the stand. Folding stands typically have a foldable tripod that supports the column, the portability of lightweight music stands can lead to some problems. Heavy fake books or full scores may overload the stand, leading to it falling over when a performer turns a page. As well, when a stand is used with its column fully extended, as by a standing orchestral timpanist or double bass player. Oversized parts, which are used in contemporary classical music, may be too wide to be supported by the stand. Heavy duty folding models typically use a cylindrical column as the main support
37.
Chandelier
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A chandelier /ˌʃæn. dəlˈɪər/ is a decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture, a distinct type of pendant light. Chandeliers are often ornate, and normally use incandescent light bulbs, crystal chandeliers have more or less complex arrays of crystal prisms to illuminate a room with refracted light. Chandeliers are often located in hallways, living rooms, dining rooms, the word chandelier was first known in the English language in the 1736, borrowed from the Old French word chandelier, which comes from the Latin candelabrum. The earliest candle chandeliers were used by the wealthy in medieval times, from the 15th century, more complex forms of chandeliers, based on ring or crown designs, became popular decorative features in palaces and homes of nobility, clergy and merchants. Its high cost made the chandelier a symbol of luxury and status, by the early 18th century, ornate cast ormolu forms with long, curved arms and many candles were in the homes of many in the growing merchant class. Neoclassical motifs became a common element, mostly in cast metals. Chandeliers made in style also drew heavily on the aesthetic of ancient Greece and Rome, incorporating clean lines, classical proportions. During the 18th century glass chandeliers were produced by Bohemiens and Venetian glassmakers who were masters in the art of making chandeliers. Bohemian style was successful across Europe and its biggest draw was the chance to obtain spectacular light refraction due to facets. As a reaction to this new taste Italian glass factories in Murano created new kinds of light sources. Since Murano glass was not suitable for faceting, typical work realized at the time in countries where crystal was used. Typical features of a Murano chandelier are the intricate arabeques of leaves, flowers and fruits that would be enriched by coloured glass, made possible by the specific type of glass used in Murano. This glass they worked with was so unique, as it was glass and was a complete contrast to all different types of glass produced in the world at that time. An incredible amount of skill and time was required to precisely twist and this new type of chandelier was called ciocca literally bouquet of flowers, for the characteristic decorations of glazed polychrome flowers. One of the use of the huge Murano Chandeliers was the interior lighting of theatres. In the mid-19th century, as gas lighting caught on, branched ceiling fixtures called gasoliers were produced, by the 1890s, with the appearance of electric light, some chandeliers used both gas and electricity. As distribution of electricity widened, and supplies became dependable, electric-only chandeliers became standard, Another portmanteau word, electrolier, was formed for these, but nowadays they are most commonly called chandeliers. Some are fitted with bulbs shaped to imitate candle flames, for example those shown below in Epsom and Chatsworth, the worlds largest English Glass chandelier, is located in the Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul
38.
Travel Channel
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Travel Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel is headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States and it features documentaries, reality, and how-to shows related to travel and leisure around the United States and throughout the world. As of February 2015, Travel Channel is available to approximately 91.5 million pay television households in the United States, the Travel Channel was launched on February 1,1987, it was founded by Trans World Airlines, presumably to boost airline patronage. The channels name was derived from the travel-related filler programming that aired between programs on the Home Theater Network, TWA purchased the name rights from Group W Satellite Communications in 1986, and took over HTNs transponder spot following the shutdown of the premium cable channel in January 1987. The network was sold to Landmark Communications, then-owner of The Weather Channel. Discovery Communications acquired a 70% ownership stake in the channel in 1997, in May 2007, Discovery Communications sold Travel Channel to Cox Enterprises subsidiary Cox Communications as part of a larger multibillion-dollar transaction. However, Discovery Communications still distributed the channel through its Discovery Networks unit, on November 5,2009, Scripps Networks Interactive acquired a 65% ownership interest in the network for $1.1 billion, the deal closed in January 2010. Scripps currently distributes the Travel Channel and rebroadcasts some of sister channel Food Networks programming on the network, the deal was completed on May 1,2012, following regulatory approval. The international channels were integrated with Scripps Travel Channel, in late 2015, Scripps announced that it will relocate the Travel Channel headquarters to Knoxville, Tennessee, in order to consolidate its networks in one place. Current employees are given the option to move to Knoxville, though some may relocate to New York, on February 25,2016, Scripps acquired the remaining 35% stake in Travel Channel from Cox Communications, giving it full control over the network
39.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Dayton Daily News
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The Dayton Daily News is a daily newspaper published in Dayton, Ohio. It is the publication of Cox Media Group Ohio. The DDN has its headquarters at the Cox Media Group Ohio Media Center at 1611 South Main Street in Dayton, the newspaper’s editorial and business offices were moved there in April 2007. For more than 100 years the editorial offices and printing presses were located in downtown Dayton. Since 1999, the paper has been printed at a modern facility, CMG Ohio also publishes two other daily newspapers and websites in Southwest Ohio, Journal-News and the Springfield News-Sun. On August 15,1898, James M. Cox purchased the Dayton Evening News, one week later, on August 22,1898 he renamed it the Dayton Daily News. The paper was founded with the intention of pioneering a new type of journalism, keeping weak ties to politicians and advertisers while seeking objectivity and these goals pushed the paper in the direction of valuing the public interest. A Sunday edition was launched on November 2,1913, in 1948, Cox purchased two morning papers, The Journal and The Herald, from the Herrick-Kumler Company. The next year he combined them to form The Journal Herald, for the next four decades, The Journal-Herald was the conservative morning paper, and the Dayton Daily News was the liberal evening paper. The papers operated newsrooms on separate floors of the building in downtown Dayton. On September 15,1986, The Journal-Herald and the Daily News were merged to become a morning paper, the Journal-Herald name last appeared on the papers front-page flag on December 31,1987. Cox was the Democratic Partys candidate for U. S. President in the election of 1920, coxs running mate for vice president was Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was elected president in 1932. The paper was led by Jeff Bruce as editor from 1998 to 2008, Bruce replaced Max Jennings, who retired. When Bruce retired in 2007 Kevin Riley,44, a graduate of the University of Dayton, was named editor. Riley spent most of his career with the paper, starting as an editor and later serving as sports editor, Internet general manager. He was promoted from deputy editor and she was soon after named the first female publisher. In 2011, Jana Collier was promoted from managing editor to editor-in-chief of CMG Ohio and is responsible for content, Collier is also the first woman to be editor-in-chief of the Dayton Cox newspaper organization. The following people at some point worked at or wrote for the Dayton Daily News, Erma Bombeck Si Burick Ritter Collett James M. Dayton, Ohio, The Dayton Daily News,1998
