1.
Spider-Man 3
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Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film produced by Marvel Studios, and distributed by Columbia Pictures based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and scripted by Sam Raimi, Ivan Raimi and it is the final film in Raimis Spider-Man film trilogy and the sequel to Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2. Set three years after the events of Spider-Man 2, Peter Parker has become a phenomenon as Spider-Man. Harry Osborn still seeks vengeance for his fathers death, and an escaped Flint Marko falls into an accelerator and is transformed into a shape-shifting sand manipulator. An extraterrestrial symbiote crashes to Earth and bonds with Peter, influencing his behavior for the worse, development of Spider-Man 3 began immediately after the release of Spider-Man 2 for a 2007 release. Principal photography for the film began in January 2006, and took place in Los Angeles and Cleveland, additional pick-up shots were made after August and the film wrapped in October 2006. During post-production, Sony Pictures Imageworks created 900 visual effects shots, Spider-Man 3 premiered on April 16,2007 in Tokyo, and was released in the United States in both conventional and IMAX theaters on May 4,2007. The film grossed $890.9 million worldwide, making it the most successful film of the trilogy financially and the second film in the franchise that was released on IMAX. A fourth film titled Spider-Man 4 was set to be released on May 6,2011, Peter Parker plans to propose to Mary Jane Watson, who has just made her Broadway musical debut. A meteorite lands at Central Park, and an extraterrestrial symbiote follows Peter to his apartment, Harry Osborn, seeking vengeance for his fathers death, attacks Peter with newly-made weapons based on his fathers Green Goblin technology. The battle ends in a stalemate, with Harry receiving amnesia, meanwhile, police pursue escaped prisoner and robber Flint Marko, who is determined to see and save his dying daughter. Marko ends up falling into a particle accelerator that fuses his body with the surrounding sand. During a festival honoring Spider-Man, Peter kisses Gwen Stacy for show, a newly superpowered Marko robs an armored car and Spider-Man confronts him. Initially warning him to leave to battle, Marko easily subdues him. NYPD Captain George Stacy informs Peter and Aunt May that Marko was Uncle Bens true killer, while a vengeance-obsessed Peter sleeps in his Spider-Man costume, the symbiote assimilates his suit. Peter later wakes up and discovers his costume changed and his powers enhanced, however, wearing the new suit, Spider-Man locates Marko and battles him in a subway tunnel. He discovers that water is Markos weakness, so he breaks a water pipe to reduce Marko to mud, washing him away, Peters changed personality alienates Mary Jane, whose career is floundering, and she finds solace with Harry. Harry recovers from his amnesia, and urged by a hallucination of his father, after Mary Jane tells Peter she loves somebody else, Harry meets with Peter and claims to be the other guy
2.
Tribeca Film Festival
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The mission of the festival is to enable the international film community and the general public to experience the power of film by redefining the film festival experience. The Tribeca Film Festival was founded to celebrate New York City as a filmmaking center. In 2006 and 2007, the Festival received over 8600 film submissions, the Festivals program line-up includes a variety of independent films including documentaries, narrative features and shorts, as well as a program of family-friendly films. The Festival also features panel discussions with personalities in the entertainment world, past artists of the Artists Awards program have included Chuck Close, Alex Katz, and Julian Schnabel. The festival now draws an estimated three million people—including often-elusive celebrities from the worlds of art, film, and music—and generates $600 million annually, the inaugural festival launched after 120 days of planning with the help of more than 1,300 volunteers. It was attended by more than 150,000 people and featured several up-and-coming filmmakers, the 2003 festival brought more than 300,000 people. It became one of the venues of the festival, in an effort to serve its mission of bringing independent film to the widest possible audience, in 2006, the Festival expanded its reach in New York City and internationally. In New York City, Tribeca hosted screenings throughout Manhattan as the Festivals 1, internationally, the Festival brought films to the Rome Film Fest. As part of the celebrations in Rome, Tribeca was awarded the first ever Steps and Stars award, presented on the Spanish Steps. A total of 169 feature films and 99 shorts were selected from 4,100 film submissions, the festival featured 90 world premieres, nine international premieres,31 North American premieres,6 U. S. premieres, and 28 New York City premieres. In 2009, Rosenthal, Hatkoff and De Niro were named number 14 on Barrons list of the worlds top 25 philanthropists for their role in regenerating TriBeCas economy after September 11, as of 2010, the festival is run as a business by Tribeca Enterprises. Andrew Essex has been the CEO of Tribeca Enterprises since January,2016, in 2011, L. A. Noire became the first video game to be recognized by the Tribeca Film Festival. com,02.23.2013
3.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
4.
Gossip columnist
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A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine, especially a gossip magazine. Some gossip columnists broadcast segments on radio and television, Gossip columnists have a reciprocal relationship with the celebrities whose private lives are splashed about in the gossip columns pages. Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations, in the mid-1960s, rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the U. S. The court ruled that only occurred in cases where a publication printed falsehoods about a celebrity with “reckless disregard” for the truth. A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must now prove that the published the falsehood with actual malice. Moreover, the court ruled that only factual misrepresentation is libel, thus if a gossip columnist writes that they “. think that Celebrity X is an idiot, ” the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel. He became the most feared journalist of his era, in Hollywoods golden age in the 1930s and 1940s, gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios, so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool. During this period, the film studios had stables of contractually obligated actors. From the 1930s through the 1950s, the two best-known - and competing - Hollywood gossip columnists were Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, well-timed leaks about a stars purported romantic adventures helped the studios to create and sustain the publics interest in the studios star actors. Having fallen into ill-repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons and these mainstream gossip columns provide a light, chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous. Notable gossip columnists include, Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist, along with the source, include, 3am — Daily Mirror. My Lips Are Sealed, Confessions of a Gossip Columnist
5.
Memoir
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A memoir is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private, that took place in the subjects life. The assertions made in the work are understood to be factual, while memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiography since the late 20th century, the genre is differentiated in form, presenting a narrowed focus. A biography or autobiography tells the story of a life, while a memoir often tells a story from a life, such as touchstone events, the author of a memoir may be referred to as a memoirist or a memorialist. Memoirs have been written since the ancient times, as shown by Julius Caesars Commentarii de Bello Gallico, in the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the Gallic Wars. His second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili is an account of the events took place between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate. Over the latter half of the 18th through the mid-20th century and these authors wrote as a way to record and publish their own account of their public exploits. Authors included politicians or people in society and were later joined by military leaders. An exception to these models is Henry David Thoreaus 1854 memoir Walden, twentieth-century war memoirs became a genre of their own, including, from the First World War, Ernst Jünger and Frederic Mannings Her Privates We. With the advent of inexpensive digital book production in the first decade of the 21st century, memoirs written as a way to pass down a personal legacy, rather than as a literary work of art or historical document, are emerging as a personal and family responsibility. With the expressed interest of preserving history through the eyes of those who lived it, the Veterans History Project, for example, compiles the memoirs of those who have served in a branch of the United States Armed Forces – especially those who have seen active combat. Association of Personal Historians Diary Fake memoirs Histoire de ma vie Journal Last will and testament
6.
Joey Adams
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Joey Adams was an American comedian who was inducted into the New York Friars Club in 1977 and wrote the book Borscht Belt in 1973. Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York as Joseph Abramowitz, for many years, he wrote the Strictly for Laughs column in the New York Post. His wife, Cindy Adams, remains a society/gossip columnist for the same paper, Adams career spanned more than 70 years and included appearances in nightclubs and vaudeville shows. He also hosted for a while his own show and wrote 23 books, including From Gags to Riches, Joey Adams Joke Book, Laugh Your Calories Away, On the Road with Uncle Sam. The Yale Book of Quotations cites him as being the first to say, With friends like that, for many years, he hosted a radio talk show on WEVD in New York. He was active in the New York Friars Club and was president of the American Guild of Variety Artists AGVA, governor Nelson Rockefeller also encouraged him to spread his program throughout the entire state, and eventually it moved westward to California. Adams died December 2,1999, at St. Vincents Hospital in Manhattan, aged 88, eulogies were delivered by Adams widow and Mayor Rudy Giuliani. His widow had his remains cremated, smith, Ronald L. Whos Who in Comedy. New York, Facts on File. pp.5,6, Joey Adams at the Internet Movie Database Celebrities at the 80th Birthday Party For Joey Adams. Helmsley Hotel, New York City, New York, United States
7.
Washington Heights, Manhattan
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Washington Heights is a neighborhood in the northern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. In the 18th century, only the portion of the island was settled by Europeans. Among the many unspoiled tracts of land was the highest spot on the island, when the Revolutionary War came to New York, the British had the upper hand. General George Washington and troops from his Continental Army camped on the ground, calling it Fort Washington. The Continental Army retreated from its location after their defeat on November 16,1776, the British took the position and renamed it Fort Knyphausen in honor of Wilhelm von Knyphausen, the leader of the Hessians, who had taken a major part in the British victory. Their location was in the now called Bennett Park. Fort Washington had been established as a position to prevent British vessels from sailing north on the Hudson River. Fort Lee, across the river, was its twin, built to assist in the defense of the Hudson Valley, the progress of the battle is marked by a series of bronze plaques along Broadway. On July 9,1776, when New Yorks Provincial Congress assented to the Declaration of Independence, A rowdy crowd of soldiers, marched down Broadway to Bowling Green, where they toppled the statue of George III erected in 1770. The head was put on a spike at the Blue Bell Tavern, the tavern was later used by Washington and his staff when the British evacuated New York, standing in front of it as they watched the American troops march south to retake New York. By 1856 the first recorded home had been built on the site of Fort Washington, the Moorewood residence was there until the 1880s. The property was purchased by Richard Carman and sold to James Gordon Bennett Sr. for an estate in 1871. Bennetts descendants later gave the land to the city to build a park honoring the Revolutionary War encampment, Bennett Park is a portion of that land. Lucius Chittenden, a New Orleans merchant, built a home on land he bought in 1846 west of what is now Cabrini Boulevard and it was known as the Chittenden estate by 1864. Bucking named his home Pinehurst on land near the Hudson, a title that survives as Pinehurst Avenue, the series of ridges overlooking the Hudson were sites of villas in the 19th century, including the extensive property of John James Audubon. At the turn of the 20th century the woods started being chopped down to make way for homes, the cliffs that are now Fort Tryon Park held the mansion of Cornelius Kingsley Garrison Billings, a retired president of the Chicago Coke and Gas Company. He purchased 25 acres and constructed Tryon Hall, a Louis XIV-style home designed by Gus Lowell and it had a galleried entranceway from the Henry Hudson Parkway that was 50 feet high and made of Maine granite. In 1917, Billings sold the land to John D. Rockefeller Jr. for $35,000 per acre, Tryon Hall was destroyed by fire in 1925
8.
Jamaica Estates, Queens
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Jamaica Estates is an upper middle class neighborhood located in the New York City borough of Queens. Within Queens Community District 8, Jamaica Estates is served by Queens Community Board 8 and it is bounded by Union Turnpike to the north, Hillside Avenue to the south, Utopia Parkway and Homelawn Street to the west, and 188th Street to the east. The main road through the neighborhood is Midland Parkway, the surrounding neighborhoods are Jamaica Hills to the west, Jamaica to the southwest, Hollis to the southeast, Queens Village further to the east, and Fresh Meadows and Hillcrest to the north. The area is characterized by homes and a multitude of trees. Midland Parkway, a boulevard with a wide, landscaped median strip whose renovation was completed in 2007, is the areas main artery. The neighborhood consists of mostly upper-middle-class residents, most houses are single-family detached homes in the Tudor, Craftsman, Cape Cod, or Mediterranean styles. Out of 14,000 residents, 45% are foreign-born, in the 2000 United States Census, 43% of residents were white, Bangladeshis comprise 11% of residents, while Filipinos make up 10%, Haitians 7%, Guyanese 5%, and Russians 4%. A population of over 1,000 Bukharan Jews live in the area, Jamaica Estates was created in 1907 by the Jamaica Estates Corporation, which developed the hilly terminal moraines 503 acres, while preserving many of the trees that had occupied the site. The company was founded by Ernestus Gulick and Felix Isman, both of Philadelphia, Jamaica Estates now has significant Modern Orthodox Jewish American and South Asian American populations. The latter has been affected by the wave of mortgage foreclosures that began in 2008. The only apartments and multi-family housing lie near the border within a few blocks from. The shopping corridors are along Hillside Avenue and Union Turnpike, in 2007, following the damage of the roof of the Historic Gatehouse in Hurricane Isabel, the restoration and beautification of the Gatehouse and Malls was completed. The Jamaica Estates Association, founded in 1929, continues as an active, an Historical Plaque was unveiled April 23,2010, on the Midland Mall by The Aquinas Honor Society of the Immaculate Conception School and by the sponsor of the plaque, Senator Frank Padavan. Immaculate Conception School is on the corner of Midland Parkway and Dalny Road, the Summit School has their High School campus on 188th Street and Grand Central Parkeay. The school first opened in Lake Success, but relocated in 1950 to Parkway Village, from its 1975 founding to around 1980, The Japanese School of New York was located in Jamaica Estates, at 187-30 Grand Central Parkway. The New York City Subways IND Queens Boulevard Line serves the station at the lines Jamaica–179th Street terminal station, as well as the penultimate 169th Street local station. The neighborhood is served by the Q1, Q2, Q3, Q36, Q46 local bus lines on Hillside Avenue, the Q30 and Q31 buses on Utopia Parkway. Numerous express buses to Manhattan also stop on Union Turnpike, in contrast to much of Queens, most streets in Jamaica Estates do not conform to the rectangular street grid and follow topographic lines, the most notable example being Midland Parkway
9.
Valentine's Day
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Valentines Day, also called Saint Valentines Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14. According to legend, during his imprisonment, Saint Valentine healed the daughter of his jailer, Asterius, the day first became associated with romantic love within the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery. In Europe, Saint Valentines Keys are given to lovers as a romantic symbol, Valentines Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards, Saint Valentines Day is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion, as well as in the Lutheran Church. Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine, the Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome and Valentine of Terni. Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Galesius in 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273 and he is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni, oruch states that abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe. The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, Saint Valentines head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated. February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentines Day in various Christian denominations, it has, for example, in addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. J. C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century. The same events are found in Bedes Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century. It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person, Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead, because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the jailers daughter and his forty-six member household came to believe in Jesus and were baptized
10.
New York Post
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New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
11.
Today in New York
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The program is broadcast each weekday morning from 4,30 to 7 a. m. The program maintains a format of news stories, traffic reports and weather forecasts, but also includes sports summaries. The local news cut-ins broadcast during Today are also branded as Today in New York, during the weekday edition, the anchors traditionally sign off with the sentence The Today Show is next. Thats what happening today in New York, Today in New York was launched in 1988. For the first decade or so, the broadcast was anchored from the stations newsroom, the theme music was also different from that used on the stations other newscasts such as Live at Five and News 4 New York. Until the 1990s, the weekday broadcast lasted one-hour long, airing from 6 to 7 a. m and it was then expanded to 65 minutes, starting at 5,55 a. m. It was subsequently expanded to 90 minutes, then 120 minutes, jane Hanson served as the original anchor of the program. After being removed from the desk of Live at Five in 1992, Tony Guida briefly co-anchored the program followed by Matt Lauer from 1992 to 1994. Maurice DuBois followed as a co-anchor until he left for CBS owned-and-operated station WCBS-TV in 2004, Hanson, who remained with the station until November 2006 and later returned to WNBC as host of New York Live, was replaced by Darlene Rodriguez in 2003. After Morrisons departure in June 2008, Michael Gargiulo became co-anchor of the program. A, – a similar morning news and entertainment program on sister station KNBC in Los Angeles, California. NBC News Official website Today in New York at the Internet Movie Database
12.
News broadcasting
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News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom. It may also include additional material such as coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary. Television news refers to disseminating current events via the medium of television, a news bulletin or a newscast are television programs lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on world, national, regional or local news events. In addition to news outlets, there are specialized news outlets, for example about sports. Television channels may provide news bulletins as part of a scheduled news program. Less often, television shows may be interrupted or replaced by breaking news reports to news updates on events of great importance. In January 2000, freelance reporters for the former Pacifica Network News engaged in a strike, citing censorship by Pacificas then Executive Director, the strike lasted twenty-six months until March 2002 when the board was replaced. Free Speech Radio News was formed in 2000 as an independent newscast by the strikers and has remained an independent program since that time, from March 2002 to September 2013, FSRN was aired and distributed by the Pacifica Network, and received major financial support from Pacifica. In September,2013, the board of directors of FSRN issued a notice to all staff. The board cited financial difficulties as the reason for the decision, in most parts of the world, national television networks will have bulletins featuring national and international news. The top-rated shows will air in the evening during prime time. Rolling news channels broadcast news content 24 hours a day, local news may be presented by standalone local television stations, stations affiliated with national networks or by local studios which opt-out of national network programming at specified points. Different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, magazine-style television shows may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates or entertainment content. Public affairs programs provide analysis of and interviews about political, social, there may also be breaking news stories which will present live rolling coverage. Television news organizations employ several anchors and reporters to provide reports, packages will usually be filmed at a relevant location and edited in an editing suite in a newsroom or a remote contribution edit suite in a location some distance from the newsroom. They may also be edited in mobile editing trucks, or satellite trucks, Live coverage will be broadcast from a relevant location and sent back to the newsroom via fixed cable links, microwave radio, production truck, satellite truck or via online streaming. Most news shows are broadcast live, Radio news broadcasts can range from as little as a minute to as much as the stations entire schedule, such as the case of all-news radio, or talk radio
13.
WNBC
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WNBC is the East Coast and main flagship station of the NBC Television Network, located in New York City. WNBCs studios are co-located with NBCs corporate headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown, Manhattan, WNBC also currently rents space on the 90th floor of One World Trade Center. The station is the oldest fully–licensed television station in operation in the United States. It is also carried on cable providers in markets where an NBC affiliate is not available, on LiveTV. DirecTV also allows subscribers in the Los Angeles market to receive WNBC for a monthly fee. What is now WNBC traces its history to experimental station W2XBS, founded by the Radio Corporation of America, in 1928, GE was the parent company of both RCA and NBC, and technical research was done at the Schenectady plant. The station originally broadcast on the frequencies of 2.0 to 2.1 megahertz. In 1929, W2XBS upgraded its transmitter and broadcast facilities to handle transmissions of sixty vertical lines at twenty frames per second, on the frequencies of 2.75 to 2.85 megahertz. In 1928, Felix the Cat was one of the first images ever broadcast by television when RCA chose a papier-mâché Felix doll for an experimental broadcast on W2XBS. The doll remained on the turntable for nearly a decade as RCA fine-tuned the pictures definition, in 1935, the all-electronic CRT system was authorized as a field test project and NBC converted a radio studio in the RCA Building in New York Citys Rockefeller Center for television use. The viewing room often hosted visiting organizations or corporate guests, who saw a live program produced in the many floors below. Viewership of early NBC broadcasts was tightly restricted to those authorized by the company, technical standards for television broadcasting were in flux as well. The sound signal also was changed from AM to FM, in response, NBC ceased all TV broadcasting for several weeks until RCA sets went on sale and regular NBC telecasts commenced the day the fair opened. But in August 1940, W2XBS transmissions were temporarily put on hold, as Channel 1 was reassigned by the FCC to 50-56 MHz and technical adjustments needed to be made for the conversion. The NBC and CBS stations were licensed and instructed to sign on simultaneously on July 1 so that neither of the major broadcast companies could claim exclusively to be first. However, WCBW did not manage to sign on the air until 2,30 p. m. one full hour after WNBT, WNBT originally broadcast on channel 1. On its first day on the air, WNBT broadcast the worlds first official television advertisement before a game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time
14.
Long Island Press
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It is available daily online at www. LongIslandPress. com. Morey Publishing renamed the paper, using the name of a daily newspaper that was forced out of business in 1977. The staff of the Press has included former Newsday columnist Ed Lowe, television columnist Todd Hyman, the paper remained an alternative newsweekly for a decade, re-launching in its current online monthly format on Jan. The Long Island Press ceased printing of its paper to focus solely on their website, the Press reports that on average,850,000 to 1,000,000 visitors come to their flagship website www. LongIslandPress. com per month. The website contains a mix of content from the edition, as well as daily local, national, world, entertainment, sports and human interest news. Several Press staffers maintain blogs as a part of the site, the Long Island Press was also the name of a daily newspaper that lasted for 156 years. It was originally known as the Long Island Farmer which was founded in 1821, the paper changed its name to The Long Island Daily Press in 1921, then shortened it Long Island Press in 1967. The Sunday edition bore the name Long Island Sunday Press, both editions used a broadsheet format. It became known as the only New York paper to report on local government scandals until a strike by the Printing Pressmens union forced the paper to go out of business on March 25,1977. The Archives at the Queens Library has microfilm of the Long Island Daily Press from 1921 to 1977, the Queens Library Archives also has a collection of approximately 3,000 photographs from the Long Island Daily Press photo morgue. The Levittown Public Library in Nassau County has microfilm of the Long Island Daily Press from 1944 to 1977, the Long Island Press has won more than 300 awards throughout its 10 years in existence. The paper was awarded the New York Press Associations top prize, dorman Award for Editorial Excellence, at its 2012 Better Newspaper Contest and spring convention in Saratoga Springs, NY in April 2013. It was the time in three years the Press brought home the top honors of Newspaper of the Year, the first being in 2010. Long Island Press Long Island Press annual Best of Long Island feature
15.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
16.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
17.
Sukarno
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Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia, serving in office from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of his countrys struggle for Independence from the Netherlands and he was a prominent leader of Indonesias nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to support for the Japanese war effort from the population. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945 and he led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch acknowledgment of Indonesian independence in 1949. The early 1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Indonesian Communist Party to the irritation of the military and he also embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China. The 30 September Movement led to the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967 by one of his generals, Suharto, the spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Sukarno himself insisted on a u, not oe, but said that he had told in school to use the Dutch style. He said that it was too difficult to change his signature, official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport which serves near Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had one name. He is sometimes referred to in accounts as Achmad Sukarno. The first name was added by a British journalist, who felt his readers would be confused over someone with just a single name. He was originally named KusnoJavanese pronunciation, following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a primary school in 1912, he was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School in Mojokerto. Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto, in 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminotos daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study engineering at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng. During his study in Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih, the wife of Sanoesi, Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit, Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati
18.
Jolie Gabor
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Jolie Gabor, Countess de Szigethy was a Hungarian-born American socialite known as the mother of actresses and socialites Magda, Zsa Zsa, and Eva Gabor. Jolie Gabor was born Janka Tilleman on September 30,1896, in Budapest and her parents were Jona Hersch Tilleman and Chawe Feige Tilleman, both born of Jewish ancestry in Galicia, then part of the Austrian Empire, near present-day Poland and Ukraine. The Tillemans were jewelers who owned a shop known as The Diamond House. The couple changed their forenames to Josef and Franceska, the Tilleman familys Jewish descent was also cited by a surgeon, Dr. Lazslo Tauber, also Jewish, and a family friend and neighbor of the Gabors in Budapest. Following the death of Josef Tilleman, his widow, Franceska, married a doctor and general physician. Addressing her birthname, usually reserved for Hungarian males, Gabor stated, My parents were so eager to have a son they named me Jancsi and her birth certificate, however, indicates her birth name was Janka. The third of five surviving children, Gabors siblings consisted of three sisters and one brother, Dora, Eugénia, Rozália, and Sebestyén, while there is little information available on Jolies sisters, this extract indicates they survived the war. Her sister, Rozália, emigrated to Australia with her husband in 1956, Jolie Gabor was the aunt of Annette Tilleman, daughter of Jolies brother Sebastian Tilleman and wife of Hungarian-American U. S. Sebastian and his mother, Franceska, were killed during a raid on Budapest during World War II. Although born in 1896, Gabor claimed to have born in 1900. Her obituary in The New York Times gave a birth year of 1900, on a ships passenger manifest dated December 30,1945, Gabor gave her age as 45 years and two months, which would make her year of birth 1900. Her birth certificate, however, confirms her birth year to be 1896, author Dominick Dunne stated, in 1995, that Gabor was believed to be 109, which would mean a birth year of approximately 1886. The 1987 edition of Biographical Dictionary, however, cites Jolie Gabors complete birthdate to be September 29,1896, eventually there were five such shops in the Budapest area. The firms jewels also incorporated semiprecious stones and were admired for their old-fashioned settings, just like Bulgari is known in Rome, thats how well-known I was in Budapest, Jolie once stated. Jolies did so well that at time they were standing outside in line waiting until somebody goes out from the inside. The rise of Nazism in Germany forced her to curtail her retail business, Gabor recalled, Everybody told, Jolie is crazy to go now to Berlin and Leipzig for jewelry. She was forced to close the stores when Hungary was occupied by the Germans, at which time she, an article in Vanity Fair stated in 2001 that it was under Sampaios guidance that the family. Had been spirited out of the country and her brother, Sebestyén, also a jeweler, spent part of the war in labor camps, beginning in 1942, until he and their mother, Franceska, were killed in a Budapest bombing raid during World War II
19.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shāhanshāh on 26 October 1967 and he was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several titles, including that of Āryāmehr. His dream of the Great Civilization in Iran led to an industrial and military expansion as well as economic. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, various additional controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the communist Tudeh Party, and a general suppression of political dissent by Irans intelligence agency, SAVAK. According to official statistics, Iran had as many as 2,200 political prisoners in 1978, by 1979, political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on 17 January, forced him to leave Iran. Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt, whose President, due to his status as the last de facto Shah of Iran, he is often known as simply the Shah. Born in Tehran to Reza Pahlavi and his wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Shah. He was born with a sister, Ashraf Pahlavi. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, nevertheless, Reza Shah was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam. Mohammad Reza described his father in his book Mission for My Country as one of the most frightening men he had ever known, depicting Reza Khan as a dominating man with a violent temper. Reza Khan often impressed on his son his belief that history was made by men such as himself. From women, and apparently from women alone that the future Shah received whatever psychological nourishment he was able to get as a child, traditionally, male children were considered more preferable than females, and as a boy, Mohammed Reza was often spoiled by his mother and sisters. Mohammed Reza was very close to his twin sister Ashraf as she noted, It was this twinship, no matter how I would reach out in the years to come-sometimes even desperately-to find an identity and a purpose of my own, I would remain inextricably tied to my brother. Always, the center of my existence was, and is, in 1973, Mohammad Reza told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, A king who does not need to account to anyone for what he says and does is unavoidably doomed to loneliness. However, I am not entirely alone, because a force others cant perceive accompanies me, I have lived with God besides me since I was 5 years old. Since, that is, God sent me those visions, in his 1961 book Mission for My Country, Mohammad Reza wrote, From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me
20.
Pahlavi dynasty
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The Pahlavi dynasty was the ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, at the death of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi on 27 July 1980, his son Reza Pahlavi became the head of the Pahlavi royal family. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably, Rezā Shāh tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II, Rezā Shāh proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, on 13 September 1943 the Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946. At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran, a communist party that was influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in Tehran were occupied and the Isfahan branch crushed, thus, by November 1945 Azerbaijan had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party. This puppet government of the Soviet Union only lasted until November 1946, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. In 1951, the Majlis named Mohammad Mossadegh as new minister by a vote of 79–12. Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin, the Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953. Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces, the Shahs government suppressed its opponents with the help of Irans security and intelligence secret police, SAVAK. Such opponents included members of the Communist Tudeh party, by the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the White Revolution. But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy, the Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the SAVAMA, Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in Egypt, Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of Anwar Sadat. On his death, his son Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi succeeded him in absentia as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in Potomac, Maryland with three daughters. Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit, the Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Irans nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use of the Azeri language
21.
Imelda Marcos
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Imelda Marcos is the widow of Ferdinand Marcos, the 10th president of the Philippines. She served as First Lady from 1965 to 1986 during the presidency of her husband and she remains one of the richest politicians in the Philippines through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with money in offshore bank accounts under the pseudonym Jane Ryan. As a result, she has called a kleptocrat by her critics who accuse her of plunder. Marcos was born in Manila but moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother and she returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became president of the Philippines in 1965, as first lady, she built developments in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending much of her time abroad on state visits and shopping sprees. The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 caused mass protests that led to the People Power Revolution. The Marcos family were forced into exile, and Aquinos widow Corazon was installed as president, Marcos is infamous for her extravagance. This included owning more than a thousand pairs of shoes, some of which are now housed in a museum in Marikina and she worked as a fashion designer and model. She has sometimes referred to as the Steel Butterfly, by her supporters. Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez was born in the city of San Miguel, Manila and her parents were Vicente Orestes Romualdez, a lawyer, and his second wife, Remedios Romualdez. Vicentes first wife, Juanita, died allegedly of leukemia on August 3,1926, Imelda is the sixth of Vicentes eleven children, and the first of Remedioss. Born into the Romualdez clan, a political dynasty hailing from the province of Leyte. She was immediately baptized after the day of her birth by Monsignor Juan Somera in the church of San Miguel. Her grandmother, Donya Trinidad Lopez de Romualdez, was the matriarch of the Romualdez clan, at the time of her birth, the Romualdezes had the comforts of material prosperity and had the reputation of wealthy Manilans. However, around 1931–1932, the conditions of Imeldas family began to decline. Imeldas parents were separated for a time and Imeldas mother left their home due to differences between Imeldas mother, Remedios, and her fathers first children. During this separation, Remedios worked for the nuns at the Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, to avoid further conflict, Remedios and her children moved to their houses garage. At 1937 after Conchitas birth, Remedioss health began to fail, on April 7,1938, she died due to double pneumonia
22.
President of the Philippines
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The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Filipinos refer to their President as Pangulo or Presidente. The President serves a single, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election, in Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines, the President is referred to as Pangulo. In the other languages of the Philippines such as the Visayan languages. Depending on the chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President of the Katipunan and its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan started a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacios government was known as the Tagalog Republic. Bonifacios revolutionary government never controlled territory for any significant period. Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay, in March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899, Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897, in April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1,1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in the Philippines, aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U. S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a government on May 24,1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12,1898. On June 23,1898, Aguinaldo transformed his government into a revolutionary government. On January 23,1899, he was then elected President of the First Philippine Republic, consequently, this government is also called the Malolos Republic. The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, the Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldos government and his government effectively ceased to exist on April 1,1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U. S. forces in March
23.
Ferdinand Marcos
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Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. was a Filipino politician who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981, while his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments, it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality. United States Army documents described the claim as fraudulent and absurd and he was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, by the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 billion following two years of economic contraction. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at a rate of 5. 8%, or more than tripled. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum,1973 though the referendum was marred with controversy. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil and excesses of human rights led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino. According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government, a government agency created by the Aquino Government, PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle—taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couples kleptocracy made her infamous in her own right, numerous criminal graft charges have been filed against her, some of which are still ongoing, and most have been dismissed by the court due to lack of evidence. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three, in December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. He was not the accused from the Marcos clan, also accused was his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger, in late January 1939, they were finally denied bail and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the universitys swimming, boxing
24.
Columnist
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A columnist is someone who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs and they take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. In some instances, a column has been written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections. In some cases, such as Winchell and Parsons, their programs were quite similar in format to their newspaper columns. Rona Barrett began as a Hollywood gossip columnist in 1957, duplicating her print tactics on television by the mid-1960s, FPA and McIntyre both collected their columns into a series of books, as did other columnists. McIntyres book, The Big Town, New York Day by Day was a bestseller, fPAs The Melancholy Lute collected selections from three decades of his columns. When Smiths column, The Totem Pole, was syndicated by United Features, he told Time, a typewriter can be a pretty formidable contraption when you sit down in front of it and say, All right, now Im going to be funny. The writing of French humor columnist Alain Rémond has been collected in books, the Miami Herald promoted humor columnist Dave Barry with this description, Dave Barry has been at The Miami Herald since 1983. A Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary, he writes about issues ranging from the economy to exploding toilets. Barry has collected his columns into a series of successful books and he stopped writing his nationally syndicated weekly column in 2005, and The Miami Herald now offers on its website a lengthy selection of past columns by Barry. It has had the advantage of high-powered promotion and it is still riding on the crest of the first big wave its own splash sent out. But Mr. Davis did think that in a decade or two the newspapers might be promoting their columns along with their comic strips, the World had started the ball rolling with billboard advertising of Heywood Brouns It Seems to Me. The McNaught Syndicate was sitting pretty with O. O. McIntyre, Will Rogers, the New York Herald Tribune offered Don Marquis and Franklin P. Adams rhymed satirically in The Conning Tower for the New York World Syndicate. A Line o Type Or Two, Bert Leston Taylors verse column in the Chicago Tribune, was now being done by Richard Henry Little. Other offerings, humorous sketches by Damon Runyon, O. Henry stories, editorials by Arthur Brisbane, Ring Lardner letter, Rippling Rhymes, by Walt Mason, in at least one situation, a column expanded to become an entire successful magazine. When Cyrus Curtis founded the Tribune and Farmer in 1879, it was a weekly with an annual subscription rate of 50 cents. With 25,000 subscribers by the end of its first year, it was such a success that Curtis sold Tribune and Farmer to put his energy into the new publication, which became the Ladies Home Journal. Advice columnist Critic Editorial opinion columnist Gossip columnist Humor columnist Food columnist Food columnists of note National Society of Newspaper Columnists
25.
A Current Affair (U.S. TV series)
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A Current Affair is an American television newsmagazine that aired in syndication from July 1986 to 1996 before reappearing briefly in March 2005. The show was produced by 20th Century Fox, and long based at Foxs New York flagship WNYW, maury Povich and WNYW news anchors Maureen OBoyle and Jim Ryan both served as show hosts during its original run. Its creator and producer was Peter Brennan, one of its lead personalities was Steve Dunleavy, a columnist for the New York Post, which like WNYW and Fox Television is part of the News Corporation empire. The logo of the show is a pyramid with a zoom-like sound effect for a theme. While showing some hard news stories, the focus of the show is often entertainment, scandals, gossip and it was popular during the 1990s when magazine-type news shows were common during daytime television. Its main competitors were Hard Copy and Inside Edition, along with the talk shows that dominated daytime TV during the 1990s. On March 21,2005, the series was revived after a nine-year hiatus, former Atlanta Falcons defensive end and lawyer Tim Green hosted the new edition, known unofficially as ACA2. In resurrecting the show, Fox gave the show a serious tone by covering more news and crime. As with the incarnation, overt politicizing was left out of the show. The series aired on all Fox owned and operated stations, a Current Affair at the Internet Movie Database A Current Affair at TV. com
26.
Good Morning America
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Good Morning America is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC. It debuted on November 3,1975, and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3,1993, the Sunday edition was canceled in 1999, weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4,2004. The weekday program airs from 7,00 to 9,00 a. m. in all U. S. time zones, the Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABCs stations live at 7,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although stations in some markets air them at different times, viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports. A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008, the program features news, interviews, weather forecasts, special-interest stories, and feature segments such as Pop News, the GMA Heat Index and Play of the Day. It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York Citys Times Square district, the primary anchors are Robin Roberts, George Stephanopoulos, Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee. Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers, GMA generally placed second in the ratings, behind NBCs Today from 1995 to 2012. Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Morning Program, sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today, on January 6,1975, ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBCs Today. The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards, with Peter Jennings, because the show could not find an audience against Today, ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, WEWS in Cleveland, the Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set, in the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, Good Morning. Which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB-TV, Good Morning. was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. No legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however, the launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to Good Day. ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode, after very positive reviews for the pilot, the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America. The first host of the new program was David Hartman, featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host, Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill. Dave Murray provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABCs early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986, on August 30,1976, Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host. Within a year, Today managed to back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley, featuring art. For the first time, Good Morning America became the morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place
27.
Breakfast television
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Breakfast television or morning show is a type of infotainment television program, which broadcasts live in the morning. Often hosted by a team of hosts, these types of programs are typically targeted at the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school. The first – and longest-running – national breakfast/morning show on television is Today, Breakfast television programs are geared toward popular and demographic appeal. Later in the programme, segments will typically begin to target a dominantly female demographic with a focus on news, such as human-interest, lifestyle. The first morning news programme was Three To Get Ready, a local production hosted by comedian Ernie Kovacs that aired on WPTZ in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1950 to 1952, although the programme was mostly entertainment-oriented, the programme did feature some news and weather segments. Its success prompted NBC to look at producing something similar on a national basis, CBS has had a seemingly endless rotation of failed morning news shows. The network abandoned the show in 1957. From the late 1960s throughout the 1970s, the CBS Morning News aired as a straight one-hour morning newscast that had a rate of turnover among its anchors. It was not until 1982 that Captain Kangaroo ended its run on weekdays, however, the high rate of turnover among anchors returned. An ill-fated comedic revamp of the show, The Morning Programme, after that, however, came This Morning, which has so far had the longest run of any of CBS morning show attempts. This Morning was eventually cancelled 12 years later, being replaced by The Early Show in 1999, The Early Show, in turn, ABC was a latecomer to the morning show competition. Instead of carrying a national show, it adopted the AM franchise introduced by many of its local stations in 1970. KABC-TVs AM Los Angeles launched the career of Regis Philbin and was a direct predecessor to his syndicated talk show Live. AM Chicago on WLS-TV would later evolve into The Oprah Winfrey Show, GMA has traditionally run in second place, but has surpassed Today in the ratings a few times in its history. Since the 1980s, Live. has been produced and distributed by ABCs syndication arm, primarily for ABC stations, a few of the major Spanish language broadcast networks also produce morning shows, which are often more festive in format. ¡Despierta América. is the longest-running Spanish language morning programme on U. S. cable news outlets have adopted the morning show format as well. Fox & Friends on Fox News Channel, Early Start and New Day on CNN respectively follow the networks morning show format. MSNBCs Morning Joe follows a format reminiscent of talk radio and incorporates panel discussions
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
29.
To Tell the Truth
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As of the 2016 version, a total of 26 seasons of the various versions of To Tell the Truth have been produced, surpassing the 25 of Whats My Line. and the 20 of Ive Got a Secret. The show features a panel of four celebrities whose object is the identification of a described contestant who has an unusual occupation or has undergone an unusual experience. This central character is accompanied by two impostors who pretend to be the character, together, the three persons are said to belong to a team of challengers. The celebrity panelists question the three contestants, the impostors are allowed to lie, but the character is sworn to tell the truth. After questioning, the attempts to identify which of the three challengers is telling the truth and is thus the central character. Although there have some variations in the rules over the years. Three challengers are introduced, all claiming to be the central character, the announcer typically asks the challengers, who stand side by side, What is your name, please. Each challenger then states, My name is, the celebrity panelists then read along as the host reads aloud a signed affidavit about the central character. The panelists are given a period of time to question the challengers. Questions are directed to the challengers by number, with the central character sworn to give truthful answers, and the impostors permitted to lie and pretend to be the central character. Any panelist who knows one of the challengers or has another advantage is required to recuse or disqualify himself or herself which. Once the votes are in, the host asks, Will the real please stand up, the central character then stands, often after some brief playful feinting and false starts among all three challengers. Occasionally, the character would be asked to do something else related to their story instead of standing up. The two impostors then reveal their names and their actual occupations. Prize money is awarded and divided among all three of the based on the number of incorrect votes the impostors draw. The series was recorded in New York City, initially at CBS-TV Studio 52, the existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966. Bud Collyer was the shows host, recurring panelists by the 1960s included Tom Poston, Peggy Cass, Orson Bean, and Kitty Carlisle. Earlier regular panelists had included Johnny Carson, Polly Bergen, Jayne Meadows, Don Ameche, Hy Gardner, Dick Van Dyke, Faye Emerson, Hildy Parks, John Cameron Swayze, and Ralph Bellamy
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NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
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Yorkshire Terrier
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The Yorkshire Terrier is a small dog breed of terrier type, developed during the 19th century in Yorkshire, England, to catch rats in clothing mills. The defining feature of the breed is its size of 7 pounds, although some may exceed this. It is placed in the Toy Terrier section of the Terrier Group by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and in the Toy Group or Companion Group by other kennel clubs, including the Kennel Club. A popular companion dog, the Yorkshire Terrier has also been part of the development of other breeds and it has a grey, black, and tan coat, and the breeds nickname is Yorkie. The Yorkshire Terrier originated in Yorkshire, a county in northern England, in the mid-19th century, workers from Scotland came to Yorkshire in search of work and brought with them several different varieties of small terriers. Breeding of the Yorkshire Terrier was principally accomplished by the operatives in cotton. The breed sprang from three different dogs, a male named Old Crab and a female named Kitty, and another whose name is not known. The Paisley Terrier, a version of the Skye Terrier that was bred for a beautiful long silky coat. Some authorities believed that the Maltese was used as well and they were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers and shown as such. the name Yorkshire Terrier was given to them on account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire. Yorkshire Terriers were shown in a dog show category at the time called Rough and Broken-coated, Broken-haired Scotch and Yorkshire Terriers. Hugh Dalziel, writing in 1878, says that the classification of dogs at shows and in the Kennel Club Stud Book is confusing. Huddersfield Ben was a famous dog, a show winner, Huddersfield Ben quickly became the type of dog everyone wanted, and through his puppies has defined the breed as we know it today. He is still referred to as father of the breed, the Yorkshire Terrier was introduced in North America in 1872 and the first Yorkshire Terrier was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1885. During the Victorian era, the Yorkshire Terrier was a pet and show dog in England. The breeds popularity dipped in the 1940s, when the percentage of small breed dogs registered fell to a low of 18% of total registrations. Smoky, a Yorkshire Terrier and famous war dog from World War II, is credited with beginning a renewal of interest in the breed, the American Kennel Club ranked the Yorkshire Terrier as the 6th most popular pure-breed in the United States of America in 2012 and 2013. For adult Yorkshire Terriers, importance is placed on colour, quality. The hair must be glossy, fine, straight, and silky, traditionally the coat is grown out very long and is parted down the middle of the back, but must never impede movement
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Kennel
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A kennel is a structure or shelter for dogs or cats. Used in the plural, the kennels, the term means any building, collection of buildings or a property in which dogs or cats are housed, maintained, a kennel can be made out of various materials, the most popular being wood and canvas. This is an establishment for the propagation of animals, whether or not they are actually housed in a separate shed, the garage. Licensed breeding kennels are heavily regulated and must follow relevant government legislation, breed club members are expected to comply with general Code of Ethics and guidelines applicable to the breed concerned. Kennel councils may also stipulate criteria to be met before issuing registration papers for puppies bred, a kennel name or kennel prefix is a name associated with each breeding kennel, it is the first part of the registered name of a pedigreed dog which was bred there. Likewise, a cat registry is an organization that registers cats for exhibition, a cat registry is not the same as a cat club or breed society. This is a place where dogs or cats are housed temporarily for a fee, although many people worry about the stress placed on the animal by being put in an unfamiliar and most likely crowded environment, the majority of boarding kennels work to reduce stress. Many kennels offer one-on-one play times in order to get the out of the kennel environment. Familiar objects, such as blankets and toys from home, are permitted at many kennels. Similarly, many kennels nowadays also offer grooming and training services in addition to boarding and it is estimated that in 2008 people in the US will spend $3.29 billion on boarding and grooming services. In 2007 actual market surveys showed that $3.0 billion was spent on these services, annual kennel boarding expenses for dog owners was $225, and for cat owners was $149 according to a 2007-2008 survey. Animal shelter Dog camp Doghouse Kennel club
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Escherichia coli
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Escherichia coli is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause food poisoning in their hosts. The harmless strains are part of the flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter, the bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards. E. coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0. 1% of gut flora, cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. A growing body of research, though, has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for extended periods outside of a host, the bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. E. coli is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon, under favorable conditions, it takes only 20 minutes to reproduce. E. coli is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic and nonsporulating bacterium, cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0. 25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0. 6–0.7 μm3. E. coli stains Gram-negative because its cell wall is composed of a peptidoglycan layer. During the staining process, E. coli picks up the color of the counterstain safranin, the outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that E. coli is not damaged by penicillin. Strains that possess flagella are motile, the flagella have a peritrichous arrangement. E. coli can live on a variety of substrates and uses mixed-acid fermentation in anaerobic conditions, producing lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate. Optimum growth of E. coli occurs at 37 °C, and it uses oxygen when it is present and available. It can, however, continue to grow in the absence of oxygen using fermentation or anaerobic respiration, the ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen is an advantage to bacteria because their survival is increased in environments where water predominates. The bacterial cell cycle is divided into three stages, the B period occurs between the completion of cell division and the beginning of DNA replication. The C period encompasses the time it takes to replicate the chromosomal DNA, the D period refers to the stage between the conclusion of DNA replication and the end of cell division. The doubling rate of E. coli is higher when more nutrients are available, However, the length of the C and D periods do not change, even when the doubling time becomes less than the sum of the C and D periods. At the fastest growth rates, replication begins before the round of replication has completed, resulting in multiple replication forks along the DNA
34.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
35.
Kashrut
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Kashrut is a set of Jewish religious dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakha is termed kosher /ˈkoʊʃər/ in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, there are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption. Most of the laws of kashrut are derived from the Torahs Books of Leviticus. Their details and practical application, however, are set down in the oral law, while the Torah does not state the rationale for most kashrut laws, many reasons have been suggested, including philosophical, practical and hygienic. Over the past century, there have developed numerous rabbinical organizations that certify products, manufacturers, currently, about a sixth of American Jews or 0. 3% of the American population fully keep kosher, and many more abstain from some non-kosher foods, especially pork. Some Jewish scholars say that kashrut should be categorized as laws for which there is no particular explanation, in this line of thinking, the dietary laws were given as a demonstration of Gods authority, and man must obey without asking why. However, Maimonides believed that Jews were permitted to seek out reasons for the laws of the Torah, some theologians have said that the laws of kashrut are symbolic in character, Kosher animals represent virtues, while non-kosher animals represent vices. The 1st century BCE Letter of Aristeas argues that the laws have been given, to awake pious thoughts and to form the character. This view reappears in the work of the 19th century Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, the Torah prohibits seething the kid in its mothers milk. While the Bible does not provide a reason, it has suggested that the practice was perceived as cruel. These sparks of Holiness are released whenever a Jew manipulates any object for a reason, however. The Hasidic argument is that animals are imbued with signs that reveal the release of these sparks, in 1953, David Macht, an Orthodox Jew and proponent of the theory of biblical scientific foresight, conducted toxicity experiments on many kinds of animals and fish. At the same time, these explanations are controversial, scholar Lester L. Grabbe, writing in the Oxford Bible Commentary on Leviticus, says n explanation now almost universally rejected is that the laws in this section have hygiene as their basis. Although some of the laws of ritual purity roughly correspond to ideas of physical cleanliness. For example, there is no evidence that the animals are intrinsically bad to eat or to be avoided in a Mediterranean climate. The laws of kashrut can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition, biblically prohibited foods include, Non-kosher animals and birds, mammals require certain identifying characteristics, while birds require a tradition that they can be consumed. All invertebrates are non-kosher apart from certain types of locust, on which most communities lack a clear tradition, no reptiles or amphibians are kosher. Carrion, meat from an animal that has not been slaughtered according to the laws of shechita
36.
Limoges
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Limoges is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin in west-central France. Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac, some are even exported to wineries in California. Scarce remains of settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The city proper was founded as Augustoritum by the Romans, around 10 BC, the foundation was part of the reorganization of the province by the emperor Augustus, hence the new name. The Roman city included an amphitheatre measuring 136 x 115 metres, a theatre, according to tradition, a temple consecrated to Venus, Diana, Minerva and Jupiter was located near the modern cathedral. The city was on the typical Roman square plan, with two main crossing in the centre. It had a Senate and a currency of its own, a sign of its importance in the imperial age, Limoges was evangelized by Saint Martial, who came to the city around 250 with two companions, Alpinianus and Austriclinienus. However, in the late 3rd century it was increasingly abandoned, the population was concentrated instead in a more easily fortifiable site, the modern Puy Saint-Étienne, which is the centre of the modern Limoges. Starting from the 11th century, thanks to the presence of the Abbey of St. Martial and its large library, Limoges became a flourishing artistic centre. It was home to an important school of music composition. In the 13th century, at the peak of its splendour, the town proper, with a new line of walls encompassing the Vienne River, inhabited mainly by clerks and workers. It has a bridge on the Vienne river named after Saint-Étienne, built by the bishops, sacked in 1370, it never recovered entirely. The castle, with 12 meter-high walls, including the abbey and controlled by the abbot, traces of the walls can still be seen in the city centre. Outside the lines of walls were the popular quarters, in 1370, Limoges was occupied by Edward, the Black Prince, who massacred some 300 residents, perhaps a sixth of the normal population, with another 60 members of the garrison of 140 dead as well. The city and castle were united in 1792 to form the city of Limoges. During the French Revolution several religious edifices, considered symbols of the Ancien Régime, were destroyed by the population, some years later the porcelain industry started to develop, favoured by the presence of kaolinite which was discovered near Limoges in 1768. Factories in Limoges and St Junien still produce luxury leather shoes, gloves, in the 19th century Limoges saw strong construction activity, which included the destruction and rebuilding of much of the city centre. The unsafe conditions of the population is highlighted by the outbreak of several riots, including that of July–November 1830
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Broadcast journalism
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Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are broadcast, that is, published by electrical methods instead of the older methods, such as printed newspapers and posters. Broadcast methods include radio, television and the World Wide Web, such media disperse pictures, visual text and sounds. Scripts for broadcast tend to be written differently from text to be read by the public, for instance, the former is generally less complex and more conversational. Radio and television are designed to be seen and heard sooner, Broadcast articles can be written as packages, readers, voice-overs and sound on tape. A sack is a set of video clips for a news story and is common on television. It is typically narrated by a reporter and it is a story with audio, video, graphics and video effects. The news anchor, or presenter, usually reads a lead-in before the package is aired and may conclude the story with additional information, a reader is an article read without accompanying video or sound. Sometimes an over the shoulder digital on-screen graphic is added, a voice-over, or VO, is a video article narrated by the anchor. Sound on tape, or SOT, is sound or video usually recorded in the field and it is usually an interview or soundbite. Radio was the first medium for broadcast journalism, many of the first radio stations were co-operative community radio ventures not making a profit. Later, radio advertising to pay for programs was pioneered in radio, later still, television displaced radio and newspapers as the main news sources for most of the public in industrialized countries. Some of the programming on radio is locally produced and some is broadcast by a network, for example. The talent talk to the audience, including reading the news, people tune in to hear engaging radio personalities, music, and information. In radio news, stories include speech soundbites, the sounds of events themselves. Some radio news might run for just four minutes, but contain 12–15 stories and these new bulletins must balance the desire for a broad overview of current events with the audiences limited capacity to focus on a large number of different stories. The radio industry has undergone a radical consolidation of ownership, with companies owning the thousands of stations. Large media conglomerates such as Clear Channel Communications own most of the stations in the United States. That has resulted in more niche formats and the sharing of resources within clusters of stations, de-emphasizing local news, there has been concern over whether this concentration serves the public
38.
Barbara Walters
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Barbara Jill Walters is an American broadcast journalist, author, and television personality. Walters is known for having hosted a variety of programs, including Today, The View, 20/20. Since retirement as a full-time host and contributor, she has continued to report for ABC News. As a result of her outstanding interviewing ability and her popularity with viewers, even though her production duties made her a significant contributor to the program, she had no input in choosing a successor for Downs when he left in 1971, and Frank McGee was hired. In 1974, at the time of McGees death, Walters acquired the co-host position on the program, from 1979 to 2004, she worked as co-host and a producer for the ABC newsmagazine 20/20. In 1997, Walters created and debuted as a co-host on The View and she retired as a co-host of The View in 2014 after 16 seasons. Walters initially retired as a producer of the program in 2015. Since her retirement from The View, she has hosted a number of reports for 20/20. Additionally, Walters has continued to host her annual 10 Most Fascinating People special on ABC. In 1996, Walters was ranked #34 on the TV Guide 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list, Barbara Walters was born in 1929 in Boston to Dena and Louis Lou Walters. Her parents were both Jewish, and descendants of refugees from the former Russian Empire, Walters paternal grandfather, Isaac Abrahams, was born in Łódź, Poland, and emigrated to the United Kingdom, changing his name to Abraham Walters. Walters father, Lou, was born in London c.1896 and moved to New York with his father and his mother and four sisters arrived in 1910. In 1949 her father opened the New York version of the Latin Quarter and he also worked as a Broadway producer. He also was the Entertainment Director for the Tropicana Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, Walters brother, Burton, died in 1944 of pneumonia. Walters elder sister, Jacqueline, was mentally disabled and died of ovarian cancer in 1985. According to Walters, her father made and lost several fortunes throughout his life in show business and he was a booking agent, and unlike her uncles who were in the shoe and dress business, his job was not very safe. During the good times, Walters recalls her father taking her to the rehearsals of the club shows he directed and produced. The actresses and dancers would make a fuss over her
39.
Ivana Trump
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Ivana Marie Trump is a Czech-American businesswoman, author, socialite, and former fashion model. She was the first wife of U. S. President Donald Trump from 1977 until 1992, Ivana Zelníčková was born in the Moravian town of Zlín, Czechoslovakia, the daughter of Miloš Zelníček, who was Czech, and Marie Francová. From a very young age, her father nurtured and encouraged her skiing talent, in the early 1970s, she attended Charles University in Prague. It is sometimes said that Zelníčková was selected as an alternate on the Czechoslovak ski team during the 1972 Winter Olympics, her specialties being the downhill and slalom. However, in 1989, Petr Pomezný, Secretary General of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, said, Who is this Ivana woman and we have searched so many times and have consulted many, many people, and there is no such girl in our records. In 1971, Zelníčková married real estate agent Alfred Winklmayr and she left Czechoslovakia for Canada to be with a childhood friend, George Syrovatka, who owned a ski boutique there. For the following two years, she lived in Montreal, improved her English by taking courses at McGill University. Zelníčková then left Syrovatka and moved to New York to promote the Montreal Olympics, in New York, Zelníčková met Donald Trump, son of real estate developer Fred Trump. On April 7,1977, they married in a lavish wedding, Donald and Ivana Trump became leading figures in New York society during the 1980s. They had three children, Donald John Jr. Ivanka Marie, and Eric Fredrick, Donald Jr. Ivana has eight grandchildren. Ivana took a role in The Trump Organization. She became the Vice President of Interior Design for the company, afterwards, her then-husband appointed her to head up the Trump Castle Hotel and Casino as president. She became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1988, in the late 1980s, she left Atlantic City to devote more time to her family. Her husband asked her to oversee the restoration of the landmark Plaza Hotel and she was named Hotelier of the Year in 1990. Toward the end of year, rumors began to circulate that Donald Trump was having an affair with a former beauty queen from Georgia. While the family was on vacation in Aspen, Colorado, that Christmas, in 1991, she retained entertainment attorney Neil Papiano and filed for divorce, seeking a greater amount of the family fortune than had been set out in her prenuptial agreement. Her husband fought back in court, protesting her claims that she had contributed to the Trump Organization, the divorce proceedings led to extensive pieces in the gossip columns. In October 1990, Ivana Trumps 63-year-old father died suddenly from a heart attack, the Trumps stood side-by-side at the funeral
40.
Tama Janowitz
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Tama Janowitz is an American novelist and a short story writer. She is often referenced as one of the brat pack authors, along with Bret Easton Ellis, Mark Lindquist. Her parents, a psychiatrist father, Julian Janowitz, and literature professor mother, Phyllis Janowitz and she and her brother David grew up with her mother in Massachusetts. And for two years in the late 1960s, in Israel and she graduated from Barnard College with a B. A. in 1977, and from Hollins College with a M. A. in 1979. She studied at the Columbia University School of the Arts and started writing about life in New York City and she socialized with Andy Warhol and became well known in New Yorks literary and social circles. Her 1986 collection of stories, Slaves of New York brought her wider fame. Slaves of New York was adapted into a 1989 film directed by James Ivory, Janowitz wrote the screenplay and also appeared, playing Peters friend. Janowitz has been an icon of success to at least one generation of writers. She has published seven novels, one collection of stories and one work of non-fiction and she left Manhattan to live in Brooklyn with her British husband and art-gallery owner, Tim Hunt, and their daughter. She now lives near Ithaca, New York and her memoir, Scream, A Memoir of Glamour and Dysfunction, was published in August 2016 to widespread interest and reviews both positive and negative. Writing in The New York Times Book Review, Ada Calhoun noted Janowitzs deadpan, almost careless way of looking at her own life and the glamor of hanging out with Andy Warhol and dancing at Studio 54. The review also addressed the concern with material goods and financial security that many of Janowitzs novels and led her to appear in ads for Amaretto. In her fifties, Janowitz discovered a love of horseback riding, buchwald Shell Take Manhattan, New York Magazine, July 14,1986 Audio Interview with Tama Janowitz My Little Pony, A Memoir by Tama Janowitz
