1.
Tbilisi
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Tbilisi, commonly known by its former name Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of roughly 1.5 million inhabitants. Founded in the 5th century by the monarch of Georgias ancient precursor the Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has since served, with intermissions, as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Under Russian rule, from 1801 to 1917 Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy governing both sides of the entire Caucasus. Tbilisis varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, Middle Eastern, Art Nouveau, historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of diverse cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Archaeological studies of the region have indicated human settlement in the territory of Tbilisi as early as the 4th millennium BC, according to an old legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely accepted variant of the legend of Tbilisis founding states that King Vakhtang I Gorgasali of Georgia went hunting in the wooded region with a falcon. The Kings falcon allegedly caught or injured a pheasant during the hunt, King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to cut down the forest and build a city on the location. The name Tbilisi derives from Old Georgian Tbilisi, and further from Tpili, the name Tbili or Tbilisi was therefore given to the city because of the areas numerous sulphuric hot springs that came out of the ground. King Dachi I Ujarmeli, who was the successor of Vakhtang I Gorgasali, Tbilisi was not the capital of a unified Georgian state at that time and did not include the territory of Colchis. It was, however, the city of Eastern Georgia/Iberia. During his reign, King Dachi I oversaw the construction of the wall that lined the citys new boundaries. From the 6th century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the favourable and strategic location which placed the city along important trade. Tbilisis favourable and strategic location did not necessarily bode well for its existence as Eastern Georgias/Iberias capital, in the year 627, Tbilisi was sacked by the Byzantine/Khazar armies and later, in 736–738, Arab armies entered the town under Marwan II Ibn-Muhammad. After this point, the Arabs established an emirate centered in Tbilisi, in 764, Tbilisi, still under Arab control was once again sacked by the Khazars. In 853, the armies of Arab leader Bugha Al-Turki invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to Abbasid allegiance, the Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1068, the city was again sacked, only this time by the Seljuk Turks under Sultan Alp Arslan. In 1122, after fighting with the Seljuks that involved at least 60,000 Georgians and up to 300,000 Turks. After the battles for Tbilisi concluded, David moved his residence from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified Georgian State, from 12–13th centuries, Tbilisi became a dominant regional power with a thriving economy and a well-established social system/structure
2.
Projection screen
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A projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience. Projection screens may be installed, as in a movie theater, painted on the wall. As in a room or other non-dedicated viewing space. Another popular type of portable screens are inflatable screens for movie screening. Flat or curved screens may be used depending on the used to project the image. Screens can be designed for front or back projection, the more common being front projection systems. In commercial movie theaters, the screen is a surface that may be either aluminized or a white surface with small glass beads. The screen also has hundreds of small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and from the speakers and subwoofer, rigid wall-mounted screens maintain their geometry perfectly just like the big movie screens, which makes them suitable for applications that demand exact reproduction of image geometry. Such screens are used in home theaters, along with the pull-down screens. Pull-down screens are used in spaces where a permanently installed screen would require too much space. These commonly use painted fabric that is rolled in the case when not used. Fixed-frame screens provide the greatest level of tension on the screens surface. They are often used in theater and professional environments where the screen does not need to be recessed into the case. Electric screens can be mounted, ceiling mounted or ceiling recessed. These are often larger screens, though electric screens are available for theater use as well. Electric screens are similar to pull-down screens, but instead of the screen being pulled down manually, switchable projection screens can be switched between opaque and clear. In the opaque state, projected image on the screen can be viewed from both sides and it is very good for advertising on store windows. Mobile screens usually use either a pull-down screen on a free stand and these can be used when it is impossible or impractical to mount the screen to a wall or a ceiling
3.
Georgian lari
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The lari is the currency of Georgia. It is divided into 100 tetri, the name lari is an old Georgian word denoting a hoard, property, while tetri is an old Georgian monetary term used in ancient Colchis from the 6th century BC. Earlier Georgian currencies include the maneti and abazi, Georgia replaced the Russian ruble on 5 April 1993, with Kuponi at par. This currency consisted only of banknotes, had no subdivisions and suffered from hyperinflation, notes were issued in denominations between 1 and 1 million Kuponi, including the somewhat unusual 3,3000,30,000 and 150,000 Kuponi. On 2 October 1995, the government of Eduard Shevardnadze replaced the provisional coupon currency with the Lari and it has remained fairly stable since then. On 8 July 2014, Giorgi Kadagidze, Governor of the National Bank of Georgia, introduced the proposal for the sign of the national currency to the public. The Georgian lari had its own sign, the NBG announced the Lari sign competition in December 2013. The Lari sign is based on an arched letter ლ of the Georgian script and it is common in international common practice for a currency sign to consist of a letter, crossed by one or two parallel lines. Two parallel lines crossing the letter Lasi are the components of the Lari sign. The so-called “leg” of the letter, represented by a line, is a necessary attribute of the sign. The form of the letter is transformed in order to simplify its perception and implementation as a Lari sign, ten lari notes are produced by Polish Security Printing Works. Economy of Georgia Georgian money, National Bank of Georgia Banknotes of Georgia, Georgian Lari Catalog Coins of Georgia at CISCoins. net
4.
Cinematography
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Typically, a lens is used to repeatedly focus the light reflected from objects into real images on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a questioned exposure, creating multiple images. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. The result with photographic emulsion is a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, the images on the film stock are played back at a rapid speed and projected onto a screen, creating the illusion of motion. Cinematography finds uses in fields of science and business as well as for entertainment purposes. The word cinematography was created from the Greek words κίνημα, meaning movement, motion and γράφειν meaning to record, the word used to refer to the art, process, or job of filming movies, but later its meaning was restricted to motion picture photography. In the 1830s, moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks, with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make recordings of the varying indications of meteorological. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope, in it, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit. On 19 June 1873, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The cameras were arranged along a parallel to the horses. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, although it was never played back at speed to create motion, this was the first step towards motion pictures. The late nineteenth to the twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes. The experimental film Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October 1888, in Roundhay, Leeds and this movie was shot on paper film. W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, was the first to design a successful apparatus and this camera took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated onto a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The results of work were first shown in public in 1893, using the viewing apparatus also designed by Dickson. Contained within a box, only one person at a time looking into it through a peephole could view the movie. The Lumière brothers were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, in 1896, movie theaters were open in France, Italy, Brussels, and London
5.
Cinema of Italy
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The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes dOr, early Italian films were typically adaptations of books or stage plays. One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s, after a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement, which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio De Sica. Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favor of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia allitaliana genre and important directors like Federico Fellini, actresses such as Sophia Loren, Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leones Dollars Trilogy, erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, lumière trainees produced short films documenting everyday life and comic strips in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Pioneering Italian cinematographer Filoteo Alberini patented his Kinetograph during this period, the Italian film industry took shape between 1903 and 1908, led by three major organizations, Cines, based in Rome, and the Turin-based companies Ambrosio Film and Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and Naples, and these early companies quickly attained a respectable production quality and were able to market their products both within Italy and abroad. Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserinis Otello and Arturo Ambrosios 1908 adaptation of the novel, also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserinis Beatrice Cenci and Ugo Falenas Lucrezia Borgia. LInferno, produced by Milano Films in 1911, was the first full-length Italian feature film ever made, popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione, Alberto Collo, Bartolomeo Pagano, Amleto Novelli, Lyda Borelli, Ida Carloni Talli, Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini. Enrico Guazzones 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the earliest blockbusters in history, utilizing thousands of extras. Giovanni Pastrones 1914 film Cabiria was a larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce. Nino Martoglios Lost in Darkness, also produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples, between 1911 and 1919, Italy was home to the first avant-garde movement in cinema, inspired by the countrys Futurism movement. The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla, to the Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in the years following World War I, several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition. Among the notable Italian films of the silent era were Mario Camerinis Rotaio
6.
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
7.
The Sun of the Sleepless
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The Sun of the Sleepless is a 1992 Georgian drama film directed by Temur Babluani. It was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear for an artistic contribution. The film had been directed since 1985 till 1992, the film was translated into several languages using voice-over technique as well as subtitles. Catchphrases and a soundtrack of the film are very widespread among Georgian people, occasionally vulgar words occur in the film. The director has dedicated the work to his father, who is also a doctor, the film is about a doctor named Gela Bendeliani and his wealthless family in Tbilisi in Soviet Georgia. In the film Gela Bendeliani has a capacity for generosity. He has been working in a government institution, privately experimenting on white mice for 23 years to find a cure for cancer, the authorities disapprove of his work and he has already been thrown out of his job many times. Dato, his son, has been in constant trouble with the law and he apparently loves his father but it is clear that neither father nor son understand each other. Dato is involved in criminal dealings although he and his criminal friends spend their hours together in an automobile workshop. The rest of the film is about Dato’s doings with and without his father, Dato’s success at crime, in the end, Dato is the only one that believes in his father
8.
Iavnana
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Iavnana is a genre of Georgian folk song, traditionally intended as a lullaby, but historically sung also as healing songs for the sick children. Some of the Iavnana lyrics are, however, of didactical or heroic character, the name of the genre comes from its refrain iavnana, which contains the vocable nana, purportedly derived from the name of a pagan mother goddess. Over sixty versions of Iavnanas have been recorded, most of these lullabies are sung directly to the child, and are largely preserved in modern-day Georgia. The Iavnana motifs have been exploited in their poetry by several Georgian poets such as Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Galaktion Tabidze
9.
A Chef in Love
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A Chef in Love, is a 1996 Georgian film directed by Nana Dzhordzhadze. It stars Pierre Richard and Nino Kirtadze, the film tells the story of Pascal Ichak, a French opera singer and chef living in Georgia, who opens a restaurant. It also shows the life in Georgia in the beginning of the 20th century, after the Bolshevik coup attempt of Georgia, the chef refuses to emigrate and endures the brutalities of the new regime. The film was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards in 1997, a Chef in Love was among the final nominees for the award, but did not win
10.
Keep Smiling (2012 film)
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Keep Smiling is a 2012 Georgian-French-Luxemburg produced black comedy-drama written and directed by Rusudan Chkonia. The film was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final list. A group of ten very different women are selected for the televised Georgian Mothers Contest, a thinly veiled beauty pageant incorporating a talent round, cooking skills, all are there with mixed agendas. Five of them, living in poverty are eyeing the prize, USD$25,000. Elene has been living in a hospital for years with her family. Unfortunately, Gvantsa and fellow contestant Tamuna share a friend that complicates rivalries even further. As conflicts heighten, the competition gradually turns sour behind the scenes with Otar eager to complete control by bullying and humiliating anyone failing to fall in line. Early drafts of the screenplay had different lead protagonists before she settled on Gvantsa as the character as she was the most rebellious in nature of the women. The main location for the beauty contest scenes was a working theater, the films financing was assisted by a Georgian state subsidy, which allocated 500,000 Georgian lari to finance the film. Also, the film was created with the support of Georgian Ministry of Culture and Protection of Monuments
11.
Tangerines (film)
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Tangerines is a 2013 Estonian-Georgian film directed, produced and written by Zaza Urushadze. Set during the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia, the film is a morality tale addressing issues of conflict, reconciliation and it was filmed in Guria, Georgia. It was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards and was among the five nominated films at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for best foreign language film, Margus has delayed leaving until he can harvest his lucrative tangerine crop. Ivo, a carpenter, is attempting to make enough wooden crates to hold all the unpicked tangerines, two Chechen mercenaries fighting with the Abkhaz separatists show up and demand food from Ivo before leaving peacefully. However, they get into a firefight with Georgian soldiers in front of Margus house, Ahmed, the surviving Chechen, and Nika, a Georgian volunteer, are both gravely wounded, and Ivo brings them into his home to nurse them back to health. While both vow to each other once they have the strength, Ivo secures a pledge from each to not enact any vengeance under his roof. A great deal of tension ensues between the two enemies as they begin to recover over many days in the tiny house. Slowly, the two begin to recognize the humanity and honor in each other, under the moral tutelage of the senior and wise Ivo, the two move from hatred and antagonism, to respect and camaraderie. When Abkhaz soldiers come to the house, Ivo convinces Ahmed to tell them that Nika is also a fellow Chechen, after a local military fails to show to harvest the tangerines, Margus is desperate. The Abkhaz soldiers, having set up nearby, promises to help harvest the tangerines in two days. That night, however, shelling hits the village, destroying Margus property, Ahmed offers Margus a large wad of cash that he has made from being a mercenary, but Margus refuses money made like that. Russian army troops allied to the Abkhaz and Chechens later drive up to Ivos house, finding Ahmed outside and they are about to execute him when Nika shoots them from the house with a machine gun. In the firefight Margus is killed, Ahmed and Nika partner to fight the Russians, but Nika is shot dead by a wounded Russian before Ahmed finishes off Nikas killer. Ivo and Ahmed bury Margus and Nika, Ivo reveals that the Nikas body lies next to that of his own son, who was killed when the war broke out in August 1992. Ivo tells Ahmed had died instead of Nika, Ivo would have buried Ahmed next to his son as well. Ahmed tells Ivo that he misses his own family, and begins his drive home to a Chechnya that will be plunged into a bloody war less than two years later. Lembit Ulfsak as Ivo, an elderly Estonian farmer living in Abkhazia and he is a hawk-faced older fellow, who never hesitates, he instantly helps others, regardless of their side in this misery. Giorgi Nakashidze as Ahmed, a wounded Chechen soldier, slightly wounded, Ivo eventually gets him to promise not to kill Nika unless he steps outside the house
12.
In Bloom (2013 film)
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In Bloom is a 2013 Georgian drama film directed by Nana Ekvtimishvili and Simon Groß. It is a focused on the friendship between two teenage girls in 1992, after the independence from the Soviet Union. The film premiered at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, winning the C. I. C. A. E and it was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards. The artistic style is influenced by post-communist Romanian cinema, particularly by cameraman Oleg Mutu, Eka and Natia are two fourteen year old best friends living in Tbilisi in 1992 after Zviad Gamsakhurdia was deposed of and during the Georgian Civil War. Natia is the more vivacious of the two girls, though she has a home life due to her alcoholic abusive father. Eka lives with her sister and mother while her father is in prison. Natia has two boys who are interested in her, Kote, and Lado, Lado tells her that he is going to Moscow to visit his uncle but before he leaves he gifts her a gun with a single bullet. Natia is impressed with the gift, believing it is Lados way of taking care of her. After witnessing Eka being bullied on her way home by two boys, Natia forces the gun on her and tells her to use it to intimidate the boys as violence is the language they understand. However walking home Eka sees two boys beating up Kopla, the boy that bullies her. Initially intending to ignore the situation she ends up pulling out the gun, standing in line waiting for bread some time later, Natia is grabbed by Kote and pulled into a car with his friends. Though Eka tries to help her she is ultimately unsuccessful and she then turns on the adults in the line who have done nothing to stop Natias kidnapping and swears at them until one of the men strikes her down. Eka attends Natias wedding, though she is unhappy for her friend and she gives the gun back to Natia without telling her about her interaction with Kopla. Natias initial hesitant happiness in her marriage quickly dissolves, visited by Eka she confesses to missing school and being disappointed at living with her husbands family, who are restrictive and dont want her to see her old friends. After they quash plans for a party, Natia ends up sneaking out and spending the day with Eka at her grandmothers house. She is caught by her husband, Kote, who takes her away. Later he fathers up a group of his friends and attacks Lado, culminating in Lado being stabbed and killed. Hearing of the murder Natia becomes incensed and goes to get the gun but Eka beats her to her house and keeps it from her long enough to calm her down, the two end up going to a pond, where Eka throws the gun in the water
13.
Corn Island (film)
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Corn Island is a 2014 Georgian drama film directed by Giorgi Ovashvili. It was selected as the Georgian entry for consideration for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, the film won the Crystal Globe prize at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Spring flooding forms an island with rich soil in the middle of a river. An old man, assisted by his teenage granddaughter, takes possession of the island, builds a simple hut. They are ethnic Abkhaz and exchange nods with passing Georgian soldiers, the old man shelters a wounded soldier who takes refuge on the island and protects him from his pursuers for a time. At the end of the summer, flooding destroys the island
14.
Brides (2014 film)
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Brides is a 2014 Georgian-French film directed by Tinatin Kajrishvili. and produced by Gemini, Millimeter Films and ADASTRA Films. In her feature film debut Tinatin Kajrishvili shows the daily routine of a woman wose partner is in prison, the film is about human dignity and the repressive judicial system in Georgia. The film had its premiere at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival in the Panorama section and won the 3rd Place Panorama Audience Award – Fiction Film 2014. It has also selected for the official competition of Tribeca Film Festival. The film was supported by the Georgian National Film Center and the French National Center of Cinematography, Nutsa, a young mother, lives with her two children in a suburbs of Tblisi in Georgia. Her partner Goga is in prison and they get married, so she gains the right to talk to him once a month in the visiting room on the other side of the glass. The ceremony is quick with a strange ambiance, Goga in prison, Nutsa with children outside, a routine sets in. Mari Kitia Giorgi Maskharashvili Giorgi Makharadze Darejan Khachidze Tamar Mamulashvili Anuka Grigolia
