1.
Tbilisi
–
Tbilisi, commonly known by its former name Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of roughly 1.5 million inhabitants. Founded in the 5th century by the monarch of Georgias ancient precursor the Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has since served, with intermissions, as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Under Russian rule, from 1801 to 1917 Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy governing both sides of the entire Caucasus. Tbilisis varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, Middle Eastern, Art Nouveau, historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of diverse cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Archaeological studies of the region have indicated human settlement in the territory of Tbilisi as early as the 4th millennium BC, according to an old legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely accepted variant of the legend of Tbilisis founding states that King Vakhtang I Gorgasali of Georgia went hunting in the wooded region with a falcon. The Kings falcon allegedly caught or injured a pheasant during the hunt, King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to cut down the forest and build a city on the location. The name Tbilisi derives from Old Georgian Tbilisi, and further from Tpili, the name Tbili or Tbilisi was therefore given to the city because of the areas numerous sulphuric hot springs that came out of the ground. King Dachi I Ujarmeli, who was the successor of Vakhtang I Gorgasali, Tbilisi was not the capital of a unified Georgian state at that time and did not include the territory of Colchis. It was, however, the city of Eastern Georgia/Iberia. During his reign, King Dachi I oversaw the construction of the wall that lined the citys new boundaries. From the 6th century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the favourable and strategic location which placed the city along important trade. Tbilisis favourable and strategic location did not necessarily bode well for its existence as Eastern Georgias/Iberias capital, in the year 627, Tbilisi was sacked by the Byzantine/Khazar armies and later, in 736–738, Arab armies entered the town under Marwan II Ibn-Muhammad. After this point, the Arabs established an emirate centered in Tbilisi, in 764, Tbilisi, still under Arab control was once again sacked by the Khazars. In 853, the armies of Arab leader Bugha Al-Turki invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to Abbasid allegiance, the Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1068, the city was again sacked, only this time by the Seljuk Turks under Sultan Alp Arslan. In 1122, after fighting with the Seljuks that involved at least 60,000 Georgians and up to 300,000 Turks. After the battles for Tbilisi concluded, David moved his residence from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified Georgian State, from 12–13th centuries, Tbilisi became a dominant regional power with a thriving economy and a well-established social system/structure
Tbilisi
–
Historical center of Tbilisi
Tbilisi
–
Detail from the Nautical chart by
Angelino Dulcert, depicting Georgian Black Sea coast and Tiflis, 1339.
Tbilisi
–
View of Tbilisi by French traveler
Jean Chardin, 1671.
Tbilisi
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Mikhail Lermontov, Tiflis, 1837.
2.
Projection screen
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A projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience. Projection screens may be installed, as in a movie theater, painted on the wall. As in a room or other non-dedicated viewing space. Another popular type of portable screens are inflatable screens for movie screening. Flat or curved screens may be used depending on the used to project the image. Screens can be designed for front or back projection, the more common being front projection systems. In commercial movie theaters, the screen is a surface that may be either aluminized or a white surface with small glass beads. The screen also has hundreds of small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and from the speakers and subwoofer, rigid wall-mounted screens maintain their geometry perfectly just like the big movie screens, which makes them suitable for applications that demand exact reproduction of image geometry. Such screens are used in home theaters, along with the pull-down screens. Pull-down screens are used in spaces where a permanently installed screen would require too much space. These commonly use painted fabric that is rolled in the case when not used. Fixed-frame screens provide the greatest level of tension on the screens surface. They are often used in theater and professional environments where the screen does not need to be recessed into the case. Electric screens can be mounted, ceiling mounted or ceiling recessed. These are often larger screens, though electric screens are available for theater use as well. Electric screens are similar to pull-down screens, but instead of the screen being pulled down manually, switchable projection screens can be switched between opaque and clear. In the opaque state, projected image on the screen can be viewed from both sides and it is very good for advertising on store windows. Mobile screens usually use either a pull-down screen on a free stand and these can be used when it is impossible or impractical to mount the screen to a wall or a ceiling
Projection screen
–
Home theater projection screen displaying a
high-definition television image
Projection screen
–
An
overhead projector projecting onto a pull-down screen
Projection screen
–
Inflatable movie screen
3.
Georgian lari
–
The lari is the currency of Georgia. It is divided into 100 tetri, the name lari is an old Georgian word denoting a hoard, property, while tetri is an old Georgian monetary term used in ancient Colchis from the 6th century BC. Earlier Georgian currencies include the maneti and abazi, Georgia replaced the Russian ruble on 5 April 1993, with Kuponi at par. This currency consisted only of banknotes, had no subdivisions and suffered from hyperinflation, notes were issued in denominations between 1 and 1 million Kuponi, including the somewhat unusual 3,3000,30,000 and 150,000 Kuponi. On 2 October 1995, the government of Eduard Shevardnadze replaced the provisional coupon currency with the Lari and it has remained fairly stable since then. On 8 July 2014, Giorgi Kadagidze, Governor of the National Bank of Georgia, introduced the proposal for the sign of the national currency to the public. The Georgian lari had its own sign, the NBG announced the Lari sign competition in December 2013. The Lari sign is based on an arched letter ლ of the Georgian script and it is common in international common practice for a currency sign to consist of a letter, crossed by one or two parallel lines. Two parallel lines crossing the letter Lasi are the components of the Lari sign. The so-called “leg” of the letter, represented by a line, is a necessary attribute of the sign. The form of the letter is transformed in order to simplify its perception and implementation as a Lari sign, ten lari notes are produced by Polish Security Printing Works. Economy of Georgia Georgian money, National Bank of Georgia Banknotes of Georgia, Georgian Lari Catalog Coins of Georgia at CISCoins. net
Georgian lari
–
The Georgian Lari currency sign, introduced on 8 July 2014
Georgian lari
Georgian lari
–
1 GEL (Erti GEL)
Georgian lari
4.
Cinematography
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Typically, a lens is used to repeatedly focus the light reflected from objects into real images on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a questioned exposure, creating multiple images. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. The result with photographic emulsion is a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, the images on the film stock are played back at a rapid speed and projected onto a screen, creating the illusion of motion. Cinematography finds uses in fields of science and business as well as for entertainment purposes. The word cinematography was created from the Greek words κίνημα, meaning movement, motion and γράφειν meaning to record, the word used to refer to the art, process, or job of filming movies, but later its meaning was restricted to motion picture photography. In the 1830s, moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks, with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make recordings of the varying indications of meteorological. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope, in it, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit. On 19 June 1873, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The cameras were arranged along a parallel to the horses. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, although it was never played back at speed to create motion, this was the first step towards motion pictures. The late nineteenth to the twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes. The experimental film Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October 1888, in Roundhay, Leeds and this movie was shot on paper film. W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, was the first to design a successful apparatus and this camera took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated onto a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The results of work were first shown in public in 1893, using the viewing apparatus also designed by Dickson. Contained within a box, only one person at a time looking into it through a peephole could view the movie. The Lumière brothers were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, in 1896, movie theaters were open in France, Italy, Brussels, and London
Cinematography
–
Arri Alexa, a digital movie camera.
Cinematography
–
A
deep focus shot from
Citizen Kane (1941): everything, including the hat in the foreground and the boy (young
Charles Foster Kane) in the distance, is in sharp focus.
Cinematography
–
A camera crew from the
First Motion Picture Unit
5.
Cinema of Italy
–
The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes dOr, early Italian films were typically adaptations of books or stage plays. One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s, after a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement, which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio De Sica. Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favor of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia allitaliana genre and important directors like Federico Fellini, actresses such as Sophia Loren, Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leones Dollars Trilogy, erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, lumière trainees produced short films documenting everyday life and comic strips in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Pioneering Italian cinematographer Filoteo Alberini patented his Kinetograph during this period, the Italian film industry took shape between 1903 and 1908, led by three major organizations, Cines, based in Rome, and the Turin-based companies Ambrosio Film and Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and Naples, and these early companies quickly attained a respectable production quality and were able to market their products both within Italy and abroad. Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserinis Otello and Arturo Ambrosios 1908 adaptation of the novel, also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserinis Beatrice Cenci and Ugo Falenas Lucrezia Borgia. LInferno, produced by Milano Films in 1911, was the first full-length Italian feature film ever made, popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione, Alberto Collo, Bartolomeo Pagano, Amleto Novelli, Lyda Borelli, Ida Carloni Talli, Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini. Enrico Guazzones 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the earliest blockbusters in history, utilizing thousands of extras. Giovanni Pastrones 1914 film Cabiria was a larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce. Nino Martoglios Lost in Darkness, also produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples, between 1911 and 1919, Italy was home to the first avant-garde movement in cinema, inspired by the countrys Futurism movement. The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla, to the Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in the years following World War I, several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition. Among the notable Italian films of the silent era were Mario Camerinis Rotaio
Cinema of Italy
–
Thaïs (1917)
Cinema of Italy
–
Some of the notable actors and filmmakers
Cinema of Italy
–
Enzo Staiola in
Bicycle Thieves (1948)
Cinema of Italy
–
Bartolomeo Pagano as
Maciste
6.
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini
–
Federico Fellini during the 1950s
Federico Fellini
–
Fellini, Masina, Carla del Poggio and Alberto Lattuada, 1952
Federico Fellini
–
Cinecittà - Teatro 5, Fellini's favorite studio
7.
In Bloom (2013 film)
–
In Bloom is a 2013 Georgian drama film directed by Nana Ekvtimishvili and Simon Groß. It is a focused on the friendship between two teenage girls in 1992, after the independence from the Soviet Union. The film premiered at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, winning the C. I. C. A. E and it was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards. The artistic style is influenced by post-communist Romanian cinema, particularly by cameraman Oleg Mutu, Eka and Natia are two fourteen year old best friends living in Tbilisi in 1992 after Zviad Gamsakhurdia was deposed of and during the Georgian Civil War. Natia is the more vivacious of the two girls, though she has a home life due to her alcoholic abusive father. Eka lives with her sister and mother while her father is in prison. Natia has two boys who are interested in her, Kote, and Lado, Lado tells her that he is going to Moscow to visit his uncle but before he leaves he gifts her a gun with a single bullet. Natia is impressed with the gift, believing it is Lados way of taking care of her. After witnessing Eka being bullied on her way home by two boys, Natia forces the gun on her and tells her to use it to intimidate the boys as violence is the language they understand. However walking home Eka sees two boys beating up Kopla, the boy that bullies her. Initially intending to ignore the situation she ends up pulling out the gun, standing in line waiting for bread some time later, Natia is grabbed by Kote and pulled into a car with his friends. Though Eka tries to help her she is ultimately unsuccessful and she then turns on the adults in the line who have done nothing to stop Natias kidnapping and swears at them until one of the men strikes her down. Eka attends Natias wedding, though she is unhappy for her friend and she gives the gun back to Natia without telling her about her interaction with Kopla. Natias initial hesitant happiness in her marriage quickly dissolves, visited by Eka she confesses to missing school and being disappointed at living with her husbands family, who are restrictive and dont want her to see her old friends. After they quash plans for a party, Natia ends up sneaking out and spending the day with Eka at her grandmothers house. She is caught by her husband, Kote, who takes her away. Later he fathers up a group of his friends and attacks Lado, culminating in Lado being stabbed and killed. Hearing of the murder Natia becomes incensed and goes to get the gun but Eka beats her to her house and keeps it from her long enough to calm her down, the two end up going to a pond, where Eka throws the gun in the water
In Bloom (2013 film)
–
Film festival poster
In Bloom (2013 film)
–
Nana Ekvtimishvili and Simon Groß
8.
The Sun of the Sleepless
–
The Sun of the Sleepless is a 1992 Georgian drama film directed by Temur Babluani. It was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear for an artistic contribution. The film had been directed since 1985 till 1992, the film was translated into several languages using voice-over technique as well as subtitles. Catchphrases and a soundtrack of the film are very widespread among Georgian people, occasionally vulgar words occur in the film. The director has dedicated the work to his father, who is also a doctor, the film is about a doctor named Gela Bendeliani and his wealthless family in Tbilisi in Soviet Georgia. In the film Gela Bendeliani has a capacity for generosity. He has been working in a government institution, privately experimenting on white mice for 23 years to find a cure for cancer, the authorities disapprove of his work and he has already been thrown out of his job many times. Dato, his son, has been in constant trouble with the law and he apparently loves his father but it is clear that neither father nor son understand each other. Dato is involved in criminal dealings although he and his criminal friends spend their hours together in an automobile workshop. The rest of the film is about Dato’s doings with and without his father, Dato’s success at crime, in the end, Dato is the only one that believes in his father
The Sun of the Sleepless
–
DVD cover
9.
Iavnana
–
Iavnana is a genre of Georgian folk song, traditionally intended as a lullaby, but historically sung also as healing songs for the sick children. Some of the Iavnana lyrics are, however, of didactical or heroic character, the name of the genre comes from its refrain iavnana, which contains the vocable nana, purportedly derived from the name of a pagan mother goddess. Over sixty versions of Iavnanas have been recorded, most of these lullabies are sung directly to the child, and are largely preserved in modern-day Georgia. The Iavnana motifs have been exploited in their poetry by several Georgian poets such as Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Galaktion Tabidze
Iavnana
–
"Georgian woman singing an Iavnana ", by
Henryk Hryniewski.
10.
A Chef in Love
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A Chef in Love, is a 1996 Georgian film directed by Nana Dzhordzhadze. It stars Pierre Richard and Nino Kirtadze, the film tells the story of Pascal Ichak, a French opera singer and chef living in Georgia, who opens a restaurant. It also shows the life in Georgia in the beginning of the 20th century, after the Bolshevik coup attempt of Georgia, the chef refuses to emigrate and endures the brutalities of the new regime. The film was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards in 1997, a Chef in Love was among the final nominees for the award, but did not win
A Chef in Love
–
A Chef in Love
11.
13 Tzameti
–
13 Tzameti is a 2005 suspense thriller film written, produced, and directed by Georgian filmmaker Géla Babluani. Tzameti is the Georgian word for thirteen,13 Tzameti is the feature length directorial debut for Babluani. It also marks the debut of his younger brother Georges. The music was composed by East from the French band Troublemakers, the film tells the story of a destitute immigrant worker who steals an envelope containing instructions for a mysterious job that could pay out a fortune. Following the instructions, the young man unwittingly becomes trapped in a dark, the film follows 22-year-old Sébastien, a Georgian immigrant living in France and working construction jobs to support his poor family. Sébastien works on the home of Godon, a feeble morphine-addict who is under police surveillance, after Godon dies of an overdose, his widow informs Sébastien that she is unable to pay him. Sébastien then overhears the widow talking with one of Godons friends, the destitute Sébastien steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. The police begin following Sébastien as he uses the ticket contained in the envelope. The police lose track of Sébastien as he follows the instructions and is brought to a house in a forest. At the house, a deadly gambling event is being organized by a powerful criminal, though Sébastiens contacts immediately recognize that he is not Godon and has no idea what he is getting into, they force him to participate in the game. Thirteen men identified by number must undergo a series of Russian roulette games, arranging themselves into a circle, spectators place bets on who will survive. Sébastien, as #13, survives the first round and fires his gun only after threatened with death, on the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, Sébastien survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire. On the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Sebastien survives along with three other men, though he believes that he is finished, Sébastien is selected for the final duel game against #6, a cruel man who is managed by his own brother. Sébastien wins the duel and survives the game and he collects €850,000 out of the winnings his handlers have made from him, then flees the house. Fearing for his life, he sends the money home in a parcel before the catch up with him. He tells the detective that he was turned away from the game and received no money, the police release him, but the brother of #6 spots him as he boards a train. The brother shoots Sébastien and steals his empty satchel, Sébastien collapses into a seat as the train begins to move. George Babluani - Sébastien Aurélien Recoing - Jacky Pascal Bongard - Le maître de cérémonie Fred Ulysse - Alain Nicolas Pignon - Le parrain Vania Vilers - Mr, the film won the World Cinema Jury Prize at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival
13 Tzameti
–
Theatrical release poster
12.
Keep Smiling (2011 film)
–
Keep Smiling is a 2012 Georgian-French-Luxemburg produced black comedy-drama written and directed by Rusudan Chkonia. The film was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final list. A group of ten very different women are selected for the televised Georgian Mothers Contest, a thinly veiled beauty pageant incorporating a talent round, cooking skills, all are there with mixed agendas. Five of them, living in poverty are eyeing the prize, USD$25,000. Elene has been living in a hospital for years with her family. Unfortunately, Gvantsa and fellow contestant Tamuna share a friend that complicates rivalries even further. As conflicts heighten, the competition gradually turns sour behind the scenes with Otar eager to complete control by bullying and humiliating anyone failing to fall in line. Early drafts of the screenplay had different lead protagonists before she settled on Gvantsa as the character as she was the most rebellious in nature of the women. The main location for the beauty contest scenes was a working theater, the films financing was assisted by a Georgian state subsidy, which allocated 500,000 Georgian lari to finance the film. Also, the film was created with the support of Georgian Ministry of Culture and Protection of Monuments
Keep Smiling (2011 film)
–
Georgian theatrical poster
13.
Corn Island (film)
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Corn Island is a 2014 Georgian drama film directed by Giorgi Ovashvili. It was selected as the Georgian entry for consideration for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, the film won the Crystal Globe prize at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Spring flooding forms an island with rich soil in the middle of a river. An old man, assisted by his teenage granddaughter, takes possession of the island, builds a simple hut. They are ethnic Abkhaz and exchange nods with passing Georgian soldiers, the old man shelters a wounded soldier who takes refuge on the island and protects him from his pursuers for a time. At the end of the summer, flooding destroys the island
Corn Island (film)
–
Film poster
14.
Georgians
–
The Georgians or Kartvelians are a nation and ethnic group who constitute a majority of the population in Georgia. Large Georgian communities are present throughout Russia, Turkey, Greece, Iran, Ukraine, United States. Georgians arose from the ancient Colchian and Iberian civilizations, there are also small Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities in Tbilisi and Adjara, as well as a significant number of irreligious Georgians. By the early 11th century they formed a unified Kingdom of Georgia and inaugurated the Georgian Golden Age and this lasted until being weakened by Mongol invasions, as well as internal divisions following the death of George V the Brilliant, the last of the great kings of Georgia. To ensure Georgias survival, in 1783 Heraclius II of Georgia forged an alliance with the Russian Empire, the Russo-Georgian alliance, however, backfired as Russia was unwilling to fulfill the terms of the treaty, proceeding to annex the troubled kingdom in 1801. Georgians briefly reasserted their independence from Russia under the First Georgian Republic from 1918-1921, Georgians call themselves Kartvelebi, their land Sakartvelo, and their language Kartuli. According to The Georgian Chronicles, the ancestor of the Kartvelian people was Kartlos, however, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, the latter being one of the proto-Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times. Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians, the term Georgians is derived from the country of Georgia. Starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān, the word was adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic. This term itself might have established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region. Scholars usually refer to them as Proto-Kartvelian tribes, the Georgian people in antiquity have been known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Colchians and Iberians. East Georgian tribes of Tibarenians-Iberians formed their kingdom in 7th century BCE, however, western Georgian tribes established the first Georgian state of Colchis before the foundation of the Iberian Kingdom in the east. According to the scholars of Georgia, the formations of these two early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, resulted in the consolidation and uniformity of the Georgian nation. The ancient Jewish chronicle by Josephus mentions Georgians as Iberes who were also called Thobel, diauehi in Assyrian sources and Taochi in Greek lived in the northeastern part of Anatolia, a region that was part of Georgia. This ancient tribe is considered by scholars as ancestors of the Georgians. Modern Georgians still refer to this region, which now belongs to present-day Turkey, as Tao-Klarjeti, some people there still speak the Georgian language. Colchians in the ancient western Georgian Kingdom of Colchis were another proto-Georgian tribed and they are first mentioned in the Assyrian annals of Tiglath-Pileser I and in the annals of Urartian king Sarduri II, and are also included western Georgian tribe of the Meskhetians. Iberians, also known as Tiberians or Tiberanians, lived in the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Iberia, both Colchians and Iberians played an important role in the ethnic and cultural formation of the modern Georgian nation
Georgians
–
The Kartvelian people
Georgians
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Alpine type of Georgian, Svan.
Mestia (1888 -1900)
Georgians
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The
Bagrati Cathedral, The Cathedral of the Dormition, built during the reign of King
Bagrat III, one of Georgia's most significant medieval religious buildings returned to its original state in 2012.
Georgians
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Georgians having a feast at
Supra and
Tamada making a toast. Painting by
Niko Pirosmani.
15.
Georgia (country)
–
Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi, Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres, and its 2016 population is about 3.72 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy, during the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century, a unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under hegemony of various powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire. Russian rule over Georgia was eventually acknowledged in various treaties with Iran. Since the establishment of the modern Georgian republic in April 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil, the countrys Western orientation soon led to the worsening of relations with Russia, culminating in the brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008. Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and it contains two de facto independent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Georgia and a part of the international community consider the regions to be part of Georgias sovereign territory under Russian military occupation. Georgia probably stems from the Persian designation of the Georgians – gurğān, in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted via Syriac gurz-ān/gurz-iyān, starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. This term itself might have established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region. The self-designation used by ethnic Georgians is Kartvelebi, the medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, Kartlos, a great-grandson of Japheth. However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, the name Sakartvelo consists of two parts. Its root, kartvel-i, specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of Kartli, ancient Greeks and Romans referred to early western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians. Today the full, official name of the country is Georgia, before the 1995 constitution came into force the countrys name was the Republic of Georgia. The territory of modern-day Georgia was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era, the proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. The earliest evidence of wine to date has found in Georgia. In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, the classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states, the principal of which was Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east
Georgia (country)
–
It is said that
Georgians were so named because they revered
Saint George.
Georgia (country)
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Flag
Georgia (country)
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Ancient Georgian states of
Colchis and
Iberia, 500-400 BC
Georgia (country)
–
Queen
Tamar of Georgia presided over the "Golden Age" of the medieval Georgian monarchy. Her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title "Mepe mepeta" ("King of Kings").
16.
Colchians
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Colchis was an ancient kingdom and region on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Internationally, Colchis is perhaps best known for its role in Greek mythology, most notably as the destination of the Argonauts, as well as the home to Medea and the Golden fleece. Colchis was populated by Colchians, an early Kartvelian-speaking tribe, ancestral to the contemporary Western Georgians, namely Svans and Mingrelians, the kingdom of Colchis, Kolkhis or Qulha which existed from the c. According to the scholar of Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff, Colchis appears as the first Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer. Colchis can be regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian kingdom. It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis. A second South Caucasian tribal union emerged in the 13th century BC on the Black Sea coast. There is some difference in authors as to the extent of the country westward, thus Strabo makes Colchis begin at Trabzon, while Ptolemy, on the other hand. The name of Colchis first appears in Aeschylus and Pindar, the earlier writers only speak about it under the name of Aea, the residence of the mythical king Aeëtes, Kolchian Aia lies at the furthest limits of sea and earth, wrote Apollonius of Rhodes. Scylax mentions also Mala or Male, which he, in contradiction to other writers, the central part of the region is Colchis Plain, stretching between Sokhumi and Kobuleti, most of that lies on the elevation below 20 m above sea level. Marginal parts of the region are mountains of the Great and the Lesser Caucasus, the climate is mild humid, near Batumi, annual rainfall level reaches 4,000 mm, which is the absolute maximum for the continental western Eurasia. The dominating natural landscapes of Colchis are temperate rainforests, yet degraded in the part of the region, wetlands. In at least some parts of Colchis, the process of urbanization seems to have been advanced by the end of the 2nd millennium BC. The Colchian Late Bronze Age saw the development of significant skill in the smelting and casting of metals, sophisticated farming implements were made, and fertile, well-watered lowlands and a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques. Colchis was inhabited by a number of related but distinct tribes whose settlements lay along the shore of the Black Sea and these Colchian tribes differed so completely in language and appearance from the surrounding Indo-European nations that the ancients provided various wild theories to account for the phenomenon. Herodotus regarded the Colchians as Ancient Egyptian race, Apollonius of Rhodes states that the Egyptians of Colchis preserved as heirlooms a number of wooden tablets, which show, with considerable accuracy, seas and highways. Detlev Fehling regards the link between Colchis and Egypt as a clear example of the way Herodotus used spurious sources to back up stories he had made up himself. In the 13th century BC, the Kingdom of Colchis was formed as a result of the consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the region. This power, celebrated in Greek mythology as the destination of the Argonauts, the home of Medea, the kingdom of Tabal was conquered by the Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser III in the 830s BC
Colchians
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Colchis and
Iberia in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC
Colchians
–
Colchis and Iberia
Colchians
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Central and southern parts of Colchis, 3rd to 1st centuries BC - 1st century AD
Colchians
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Colchis between the
Black and
Caspian Seas. London, 1529
17.
Caucasian Iberians
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Caucasian Iberians is a Greco-Roman designation for the population of Caucasian Iberia, a Kartvelian speaking people in the east and southeast Transcaucasus region in Antiquity and Middle Ages. In the southwest, Iberians extended into Anatolia, inhabiting interior lands beside Colchians, ancient Caucasian Iberians are considered to be the ancestors of modern eastern Georgians as well the Laz people, another Kartvelian-speaking group. The area was inhabited in earliest times by several related tribes collectively called Iberians by ancient Greek, Iberians called their country Kartli after a mythic chief, Kartlos. One of the Iberian tribes of Mtskheta dominated the early Kingdom, the Mtskheta tribe was later ruled by a prince locally known as mamasakhlisi. The Roman general Pompey invaded Iberia in 65 BC, during his war with Mithridates VI of Pontus, and Armenia, nineteen years later, the Romans again marched on Iberia, forcing King Pharnavaz II to join their campaign against Albania as their ally. While another kingdom of Colchis was administered as a Roman province, Iberia freely accepted the Roman Imperial protection, the Iberian king Mirian III adopted Christianity as a state religion in AD327, and Iberia allied itself with the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. The religion would become a strong tie between Iberia and Rome, and would have a large impact on the states culture. The early reign of the Iberian king Vakhtang I dubbed Gorgasali was marked by relative revival of the kingdom, formally a vassal of the Persians, he secured the northern borders by subjugating the Caucasian mountaineers, and brought the adjacent western and southern Iberian lands under his control. He established an autocephalic patriarchate at Mtskheta, and made Tbilisi his capital, in 482, he led a general uprising against Persia. A desperate war for independence lasted for twenty years, but he could not get Byzantine support, Pharnavaz, victorious in the power struggle, became the first king of Iberia. Driving back an invasion, he subjugated the areas, including a significant part of the western state of Colchis. Pharnavaz then focused on projects, including the citadel of the capitol, the Armaztsikhe. He also reformed the Georgian written language and created a new system of administration and his successors managed to gain control over the mountainous passes of the Caucasus, with the Daryal being the most important of them. It may be possible to trace the presence of Caucasian Iberians in the region for several millennia, the Iberian tribes were an indigenous people of the Caucasus region, united by a common language, the ancestor of the Ibero-Caucasian language group. The name Iberian in its own appears in ancient Greek authors who identified early Georgian tribes as Iberoi. The Iberians called their kingdom Kartli, and their nation Kartlians, some theories have proposed common ethnic and linguistic origins of ancient Caucasian Iberians with the Iberians of the Iberian Peninsula, or the modern Basques in Spain
Caucasian Iberians
–
Ancient Georgian kingdoms of
Colchis and
Iberia
18.
Svans
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The Svans are an ethnic subgroup of the Georgians living mostly in Svaneti, a region in northwest Georgia. They speak the Svan language and are mostly bilingual also in Georgian, both these languages belong to the Kartvelian language family. In the pre-1930 Soviet census, the Svans were afforded their own ethnic group category, the self-designation of the Svan is Mushüan, which is probably reflected in the ethnonym Misimian of the Classical authors. The Svans are usually identified with the Sanni mentioned by Greek geographer Strabo, in the Russian Empire and early Soviet Union Mingrelians and Svans had their own census grouping, but were classified under the broader category of Georgian thereafter in the 1930s. They are Georgian Orthodox Christians, and were Christianized in the 4th–6th centuries, however, some remnants of pre-Christian beliefs have been maintained. Saint George, a saint of Georgia, is the most respected saint. The Svans have retained many of their old traditions, including blood revenge and their families are small, and the husband is the head of his family. The Svan strongly respect the women in families. Typically bilingual, they use both Georgian and their own, unwritten Svan language, however, Svan is being largely replaced by Georgian, which is the language of culture and education in Georgia. Temur Babluani Géla Babluani Mikheil Gelovani Otar Ioseliani Mikheil Kurdiani Sopho Gelovani Tariel Oniani
Svans
–
Svans
Svan: შვანარ shvanar
Georgian: სვანი svani
Svans
–
The Kartvelian people
Svans
–
Svan with dagger and long smoking pipe.
Mestia (~1888–1900)
19.
Culture of Georgia (country)
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The culture of Georgia has evolved over the countrys long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian language and alphabet. This has provided a sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation. The Georgian alphabet is traditionally said to have invented in the 3rd century BC. Most modern scholarship puts its date at some time in the 5th century AD. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons, in addition, many secular works of national history, mythology, and hagiography were also written. Medieval Georgian icons are renowned as being among the finest creations of Orthodox religious art, george of the 11th century from Labechina The Icon of St. The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, Beka and Beshken Opizari, are outstanding contributions to world art, important Georgian literary works of the pre-Christian period are, Amiraniani, ancient Georgian folk epos. Though notably more visibly amongst the classes, Persian cultural aspects were incorporated amongst the already existing Georgian columns, especially painting, architecture. The French traveller Jean Chardin who visited Georgia in 1672 noted that the Georgians followed Persian customs, since many Georgian kings, princes, and nobles were either born or raised in mainland Iran, it is not susprising that Persian cultural aspects spread in Georgia. During the modern period, from about the 17th century onwards, the first Georgian-language printing house was established in the 1620s in Italy, and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in 1709 in Tbilisi. Georgian theatre has a history, its oldest national form was the Sakhioba. The Georgian National Theatre was founded in 1791 in Tbilisi, by the writer, dramatist and its leading actors were Dimitri Aleksi-Meskhishvili, David Machabeli, David Bagrationi, Dimitri Cholokashvili, and others. In Tbilisi, the Museum of the Caucasus was founded in 1845, in the 1920s, it became the State Museum of Georgia. The Tbilisi State Theatre of Opera and Ballet was established in 1851, the first cinema in Georgia was established in Tbilisi on November 16,1896. The first Georgian cinema documentary was shot in 1912 by Vasil Amashukeli, the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts was founded in 1917. Georgian culture suffered under the rule of the Soviet Union during the 20th century, since the independence of Georgia in 1991, a cultural resurgence has taken place, albeit somewhat hampered by the countrys economic and political difficulties in the post-Soviet era. Georgian cuisine is considered one of the attractions for tourists in Georgia. The Georgian cuisine is specific to the country, but also contains some influences from the Middle Eastern
Culture of Georgia (country)
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A page from a rare 12th century Gelati Gospel depicting the Nativity from the
Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi.
Culture of Georgia (country)
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The Icon from
Martvili (10th century)
Culture of Georgia (country)
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The Manuscript of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (16th century)
Culture of Georgia (country)
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Wall Painting in Georgia's ancient monastery, Shio-Mghvime
20.
Music of Georgia (country)
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Georgia has rich and still vibrant traditional music, which is primarily known as arguably the earliest polyphonic tradition of the Christian world. Georgian performers are well represented in the leading opera troupes. The folk music of Georgia consists of at least fifteen regional styles, according to Edisher Garaqanidze, there are sixteen regional styles in Georgia. These sixteen regions are grouped into two, eastern and western Georgian groups. Table songs from Kakheti in eastern Georgia usually feature a long drone bass with two soloists singing the top two parts, perhaps the most well-known example of music in Kakhetian style is the patriotic Chakrulo, which was chosen to accompany the Voyager spacecraft in 1977. Known performers from the north-eastern region Khevsureti are the singers Dato Kenchiashvili, Georgian regional styles of music are sometimes also grouped into mountain and plain groups. Two more regions, Saingilo and Lazeti are sometimes included in the characteristics of Georgian traditional music. Georgian folk music is vocal and is widely known for its rich traditions of vocal polyphony. It is widely accepted in contemporary musicology that polyphony in Georgian music predates the introduction of Christianity in Georgia, vocal polyphony based on ostinato formulas and rhythmic drone are widely distributed in all Georgian regional styles. Western Georgian contrapuntal polyphony features the local variety of the yodel, both east and west Georgian polyphony is based on wide use of sharp dissonant harmonies. Georgian music is known for colorful modulations and unusual key changes. Georgian polyphonic singing was among the first on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral, Georgian polyphonic singing was relisted on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. There are different, sometimes conflicting views on the nature of Georgian scales, the most prevalent is the view expressed by Vladimer Gogotishvili, who suggested distinguishing diatonic scales based on a system of perfect fourths and those based on a system of perfect fifths. In East Georgian table songs the scale system is based on a combination of the systems of fourth and fifth diatonic scales. In such songs the principle of the diatonic scale is working above the pedal drone. Because of the peculiarity of the system based on perfect fifths. As in many traditional musical systems, tuning of Georgian scales is not based on the European equally tempered 12-tone tuning system. The fifth is usually perfect, but the second, third and fourth are different from European intervals, producing a slightly compressed major second, a third
Music of Georgia (country)
–
The Kartvelian people
Music of Georgia (country)
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Phanduri Georgian traditional instrument.
Music of Georgia (country)
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Soviet postage stamp depicting traditional musical instruments of Georgia.
21.
Media of Georgia
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The media of Georgia refers to mass media outlets based in the Republic of Georgia. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues, the Constitution of Georgia guarantees freedom of speech. Georgia is the country in its immediate neighborhood where the press is not deemed unfree. As a country in transition, the Georgian media system is under transformation, the media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the South Caucasus, despite the long-term politicisation and polarisation affecting the sector. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster have left it without a direction in 2014 too, a large percentage of Georgian households have a television, and most have at least one radio. Most of Georgias media companies are headquartered in its capital and largest city, Independent media blossomed in Georgia in the post-Soviet period, with 600 newspapers registered between 1990 and 2000, starting with 7 Days and Resonance. The TV channel Rustavi 2, established in 1994, brought editorial freedom on air, Media soon become one of the most trusted institutions in the country. Government pressures on the free media increased together with their criticism of corruption, Rustavi 2 was twice threatened with closure, the prominent TV anchor Giorgi Sanaia was killed, and several other journalists were attacked. The media had a big role in the coverage of the rigged Georgian parliamentary election,2003, the numbers released by the Central Election Commission were openly contradicted by exit polls and parallel vote tabulations reported by the Georgian media. After the Rose Revolution a new legislation was introduced that guaranteed free speech, with the coming to power of Mikhail Saakashvili, the government took on the news agenda. Two TV stations and several newspapers closed down, while other channels were taken over by private business groups. Media/government relations worsened in the years, with the 2007 closure of the critical Imedi TV station among political protests. Saakashvili later pledged to move toward an open and unbiased” media landscape. The media legislation of Georgia is deemed progressive and liberal, the Constitution of Georgia protects press freedom. And at Article 24, Everyone has the right to receive and impart information, to express and impart his/her opinion orally. The Law on Freedom of Speech and Expression recognises and protects the right to freedom of expression as an inherent and supreme human value and it guarantees the rights of Georgia residents as well as media institutions. It includes sources confidentiality and court guarantees, anyone can apply to a court “to prevent a violation of a right guaranteed and protected under this law” or “to eradicate the consequences of the violation”. The burden of proof lies with the initiator of the restriction, defamation in Georgia is decriminalised since 2004 - the first country in the Caucasus region to do so
Media of Georgia
–
The Kartvelian people
22.
Sport in Georgia
–
Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education, it is known that the Romans were fascinated with Georgians physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia. Among the most popular sports in Georgia are football, basketball, rugby union, wrestling, judo, other famous sports in 19th century Georgia were horse polo and lelo, a traditional Georgian game later replaced by rugby union. Rugby union is a team sport played in Georgia. Rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia, wrestling remains a historically important sport of Georgia and some historians think that the Greco-Roman style of wrestling incorporates many Georgian elements. Within Georgia, one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style, however, there have been a number of other styles that are not as widely used today. For example, the Khevsureti region of Georgia has three different styles of wrestling, despite the countrys small size, it has produced several world elite basketball players including Tornike Shengelia, Vladimir Stepania, Nikoloz Tskitishvili and most notably Zaza Pachulia. The people of Georgia have shown support for their national team. Mikheil Saakashvili, former president of the traveled to Lithuania, to support his team at the 2011 EuroBasket. The first and only race circuit in the Caucasian region is located in Georgia, rustavi International Motorpark originally built in 1978 was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction costing $20 million. The track satisfies the FIA Grade 2 requirements and currently hosts the Legends car racing series, nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during a training run prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics competition in Vancouver, Canada. He was the athlete to die during Winter Olympics preparations in history. The opening ceremonies of the Games, led by IOC President Jacques Rogge, ministry of Sport & Youth Affairs of Georgia Sport in Abkhazia
Sport in Georgia
–
Ancient Georgian
iconic art depicting wrestling.
Sport in Georgia
–
The Kartvelian people
Sport in Georgia
–
Ireland playing
Georgia at the
2007 Rugby World Cup.
23.
Georgian calligraphy
–
Georgian calligraphy is a form of calligraphy, or artistic writing of the Georgian language using its three Georgian scripts. Georgia has a tradition of a calligraphic school. Hand-written books from the early centuries became a cultural and a phenomenon in Georgia. Every year on April 14, Georgia celebrates the Day of Georgian language, on this day the calligraphy contests are held, the winners are named and awards are given to the best calligraphers at the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts. Georgian calligraphy was created outside of Georgia as well. ვის აქვს ყველაზე ლამაზი ხელწერა საქართველოში და როგორ გადახატეს „ვეფხისტყაოსნის” აფორიზმები კონკურსანტებმა
Georgian calligraphy
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Calligraphy
Georgian calligraphy
–
"წყალობითა მღუთისათა ჩვენ იესიან დავითიან სოლომანიან ბაგრატოვანმან ძემან ცხებულის მეფის თეიმურაზისამან მეორე ირაკლი მეფემან საქართველოისამან ქართლისა კახეთისა.." "With mercy of God we of
Jesse,
David,
Solomon,
Bagrationi son of
Teimuraz II and
Erekle II King of Georgia, Kartli, Kakheti.."
Georgian calligraphy
Georgian calligraphy
24.
Georgian cuisine
–
Georgian cuisine refers to the cooking styles and dishes created by Georgian people. The Georgian cuisine is unique to the country, but also carries some influences from other European, each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, with variations such as Megrelian, Kakhetian, and Imeretian cuisines. Rich with meat dishes, the Georgian cuisine also offers a variety of vegetarian dishes, Georgian cuisine is the result of the broad interplay of culinary ideas carried along the trade routes by merchants and travelers alike. In a Georgian feast, the role of the tamada is an important, Georgian restaurants were prevalent in Russia throughout the 20th century, influenced in part by Joseph Stalins Georgian ethnicity. In Russia, all cities have many Georgian restaurants. Georgian breads are baked in a large, round, well-shaped oven called tone. Some of the most well-known Georgian wines include Pirosmani, Alazani, Akhasheni, Saperavi, wine culture in Georgia dates back thousands of years, and many Georgian wines are made from traditional Georgian grape varieties that are little known in the West, such as Saperavi and Rkatsiteli. Georgian wine is known throughout Eastern Europe, and is a significant national export. Georgia is also home to many beer brands, including Natakhtari, Kazbegi, Argo, Kasri, lagidze water is a Georgian flavored soda drink, made with a variety of natural syrups, sold bottled or mixed directly in a glass from a soda fountain. Common types of water from Georgia include Borjomi, Nabeghlavi, Likani. Caucasian cuisine European cuisine Soviet cuisine Georgian Recipes by Georgia About Hvino News - wine news from Republic of Georgia Georgian Food and this book discusses the cuisine and festive traditions of Georgia in the context of world culinary culture
Georgian cuisine
–
The Kartvelian people
Georgian cuisine
–
Badrijnis khizilala
Georgian cuisine
–
Kuchmachi
25.
Georgian dance
–
There are a number of Georgian dances, these folk dances of the Georgian people have a number of purposes. Kartuli - The dance Kartuli many times reminds the audience of a wedding, Kartuli is a truly romantic dance. It is performed by a couple and incorporates the softness and gracefulness of a woman and dignity. It shows that even in love, men uphold their respect and manners by not touching the woman, the man focuses his eyes on his partner as if she were the only woman in the whole world. He keeps his upper body motionless at all times, the woman keeps her eyes downcast at all times and glides on the rough floor as a swan on the smooth surface of a lake. The utmost skill, which is necessary to perform Kartuli, has earned the dance a reputation of one of the most difficult dances, there were only a few great performers of Kartuli. Some of these are Nino Ramishvili, Iliko Sukhishvili, Iamze Dolaberidze, Khorumi – This war dance has originated in the region of Achara, which is located in the southwestern region of Georgia. The dance was performed by only a few man. However, over time it has grown in scale, in today’s version of Khorumi, thirty or forty dancers can participate. Although the number of changed, the content of the dance is still the same. The dance brings to life Georgian army of the past centuries, a few men who are searching the area for a campsite and enemy camps perform the initial prelude to the dance. Afterwards, they call the army onto the battlefield and its strength, simple but distinctive movements and the exactness of lines create a sense of awe on stage. The dance incorporates in itself the themes of search, war, since Georgia has seen many wars throughout its history, Khorumi is a call from the past and reminds us that in order to have peace, we must have war. Acharuli – Acharuli has also originated in the region of Achara and it is where the dance gets its name from. Acharuli is distinguished from other dances with its colorful costumes and the mood that simple. The dance is characterized with graceful, soft, and playful flirtation between the males and females, unlike Kartuli, the relationship between men and women in this dance is more informal and lighthearted. Acharuli instills the sense of happiness in both the dancer and the audience, Partsa – Partsa has its origins in Guria and is characterized by its fast pace, rhythm, festive mood, and colorfulness. As a performer, I can say that during a partsa performance, Partsa mesmerizes the audience with not only speed and gracefulness, but also with live towers
Georgian dance
–
The Kartvelian people
Georgian dance
–
"Acharuli" redirects here. For the Georgian dialect primarily spoken within the borders of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, see
Acharuli dialect.
Georgian dance
–
Svanuri
Georgian dance
26.
Chokha
–
The Chokha is a wool coat with a high neck that is part of the traditional male dress of the peoples of the Caucasus. France may be known for its berets, and Spain for its mantillas, nearly every Georgian household has photos of ancestors adorned in chokhas. Once a symbol of resistance to Bolshevik Russia’s 1921 takeover of an independent Georgia, the chokha has now come to represent a Georgia reborn, increasingly worn by Georgian men at weddings and official functions, the eye-catching garb is finally experiencing a comeback in Georgia. The Chokha revival is taking place in parallel with a resurgence of interest in other mainstays of Georgian culture – the Georgian Orthodox Church, Georgian folk dancing, “When you love your Chokha, you love your country. When you love your country, you love your traditions, the Chokha emphasizes I am a Georgian. A leader of the All-Georgia Chokha Society said, the Chokha is truly a strong representation of Georgian national pride. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili ordered high-ranking Georgian officials working abroad to present themselves in national costumes at the official meetings. There are Four types of Chokha, Kartl-Kakheti chokha, Khevsur Chokha, Adjarian chokha, Caucasian Chokha originated in Caucasus in mountainous sites of Georgia, though the word Chokha isnt in Georgian language but from Persian. Originally the cloth in Georgia was referred as Talavari but later on after Persian invasions in Georgia, the name of the cloth mostly known as chokha, the Russians who came to the Caucasus through Circassia called it Cherkeska, and the Cossacks adopted it as their national cloth. In Circassian Language Chokha is known as Shwakh-Tsia which means covers the horseman or simply Tsia which means from fabric, the authentic Caucasian Chokha became instantly popular in entire Caucasus, it derived from caucasus and has been commonly used in Southern and Northern slopes of it. In earlier Georgian records Chokha was mostly referred as Talavari, in Georgia, the Black chokha was reserved to the Order of Chokhosani who represented the elite society of the citizens. These were people with special dedications such as, Great generals, heroes or some of the famous poets, not even all of Lords were allowed in Chokhosani Order and those who did proudly represented this rank in their Garbs. Chokha is sewn of thick fabric and flares out at the bottom, in some parts of the Caucasus there are also female chokhas. In the late 19th century and early 20th century there were three types of chokhas, the Khevsur chokha, the Kartl-Kakheti chokha and general Caucasian chokha, the Khevsur chokha was worn in the Khevsureti province of Georgia in the Greater Caucasus mountains. Khevsur chokha is considered to be the closest to the version of chokha. It is mostly short with trapezoid shapes, the front side of the chokha has rich decorations and cuts on the sides, which extend to the waist. The Khevsur chokha has rich decorations made up of crosses and icons, the Kartl-Kakheti chokha is longer than the Khevsur chokha and has triangle-like shapes on the chest exposing the inner cloth called arkhalukhi. It tends to have bandoliers on both sides of the chest, spaces filled with bullet-like decorations called Masri, the bottom sides usually had cuts on the sides and people wore it usually without belts
Chokha
–
The Kartvelian people
Chokha
–
Georgian King
Luarsab II of Kartli in Chokha.
Chokha
–
Georgian King
Solomon I of Imereti in Chokha.
Chokha
–
The British hard-rock legend
Ian Gillan and his wife Bron, dressed in Georgian national costumes, in
Tbilisi during Gillan's 1990 visit to the
Soviet Union.
_festival_poster.jpg)
