1.
Cinque Ports (1703 ship)
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Cinque Ports is also the name for a group of five English port towns, the namesake of this ship. Cinque Ports was an English ship whose sailing master was Alexander Selkirk, the ship was part of a 1703 expedition commanded by William Dampier, who captained an accompanying ship, the 26-gun St George with a complement of 120 men. When the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1701, English privateers were recruited to act against French, William Dampiers original companions dropped out of the scheme and a new agreement was made with Captain Charles Pickering of Cinque Ports. Cinque Ports was fitted out with 16 guns and a crew of 63, the two ships left Kinsale on 11 September 1703 with the intention of attacking Spanish galleons returning from Buenos Aires. When this plan fell through the privateers decided to make for the South Sea by way of Cape Horn, after rounding the Horn and cruising up the South American coast as far as Panama, capturing several Spanish ships on the way, the two captains decided to separate. Captain Stradling stopped at one of the islands of the Juan Fernández Archipelago off the Chilean coast in September 1704 to resupply, there was a dispute between Stradling and Alexander Selkirk regarding Cinque Ports seaworthiness, and Selkirk impetuously chose to be put ashore on the uninhabited island. Selkirk remained on Juan Fernández in solitude for four years and four months and his experience was one of the likely sources of inspiration for the character Robinson Crusoe in the novel by Daniel Defoe. The owners of Cinque Ports subsequently took legal action against Dampier over the loss of their ship, the shipowners would be disappointed, however, as Dampier died in 1715, leaving nothing but debts. Leslie in Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls, True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors
2.
Kent
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Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
3.
Sussex
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Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Brighton and Hove was created as an authority in 1997. Until then, Chichester was Sussexs only city, Sussex has three main geographic sub-regions, each oriented approximately east to west. In the south-west is the fertile and densely populated coastal plain, North of this are the rolling chalk hills of the South Downs, beyond which is the well-wooded Sussex Weald. The name derives from the Kingdom of Sussex, which was founded, according to legend, in 825, it was absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex and subsequently into the kingdom of England. It was the home of some of Europes earliest hominids, whose remains have been found at Boxgrove, in 1974, the Lord-Lieutenant of Sussex was replaced with one each for East and West Sussex, which became separate ceremonial counties. Sussex continues to be recognised as a territory and cultural region. It has had a police force since 1968 and its name is in common use in the media. In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the rich culture. Based on the emblem of Sussex, a blue shield with six gold martlets. In 2013, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles formally recognised and acknowledged the existence of Englands 39 historic counties. The name Sussex is derived from the Middle English Suth-sæxe, which is in turn derived from the Old English Suth-Seaxe which means of the South Saxons, the South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest known usage of the term South Saxons is in a charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong, the New Latin word Suthsexia was used for Sussex by Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in his 1645 map. Three United States counties, and a former division of Western Australia, are named after Sussex. The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets, or heraldic swallows, on a background, blazoned as Azure. Officially recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the shield of Sussex. The first known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons
4.
English Channel
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The English Channel, also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 560 km long and varies in width from 240 km at its widest to 33.3 km in the Strait of Dover and it is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows, a line joining Isle Vierge to Lands End. The southwestern limit of the North Sea, the IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as a line joining the Walde Lighthouse and Leathercoat Point. The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais, and Leathercoat Point is at the end of St Margarets Bay. The Strait of Dover, at the Channels eastern end, is its narrowest point and it is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reaches a depth of 180 m in the submerged valley of Hurds Deep,48 km west-northwest of Guernsey. The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine. There are several islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is indented, several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel, the time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance. It was never defined as a border and the names were more or less descriptive. It was not considered as the property of a nation, strangely, before the development of the modern nations, British scholars very often referred to it as Gaulish and the French one as British or English. The name English Channel has been used since the early 18th century. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal, later, it has also been known as the British Channel or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, the Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ as opposed to Norð-sǣ
5.
Norman French
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Norman is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with Picard and Walloon. The name Norman-French is sometimes used to not only the Norman language. For the most part, the forms of Norman and modern French are intercomprehensible. Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France where it has no official status and it is taught in a few colleges near Cherbourg-Octeville. In the Channel Islands, the Norman language has developed separately, Jèrriais and Guernésiais are recognized as regional languages by the British and Irish governments within the framework of the British–Irish Council. Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th century Jèrriais used by the colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island. The last first language speakers of Auregnais, the dialect of Norman spoken on Alderney, died during the 20th century, the dialect of Herm also lapsed, at an unknown date. An isogloss termed the Joret line separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language, there are also dialectal differences between western and eastern dialects. Three different standardized spellings are used, continental Norman, Jèrriais and these represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman. Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language, the Anglo-Norman dialect of Norman was a language of administration in England following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts, in Ireland, Norman remained strongest in the area of south-east Ireland, where the Hiberno-Normans invaded in 1169. Norman is still in use for very formal legal purposes in the UK, such as when the monarch gives Royal Assent to an Act of Parliament using the phrase. The Norman conquest of southern Italy also brought the language to Sicily and the part of the Italian Peninsula. See, Norman French and French influence on Sicilian, literature in Norman ranges from early Anglo-Norman literature through the 19th-century Norman literary renaissance to modern writers. Today, the Norman language is strongest in the accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy, the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula in the west. In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Normans became assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, later when conquering England, the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate, thereby adopting the speech of the local English. However, in cases, the élites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories. In Normandy, the new Norman language inherited vocabulary from Old Norse, the influence on phonology is more disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated /h/ and /k/ in Norman is due to Norse influence
6.
Hastings
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Hastings /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ is a town and borough in the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex, on the south coast of England. The town is located 24 mi east of the county town of Lewes and 53 mi south east of London, and has an population of 90,254. Hastings gives its name to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and it later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports. The town became a seaside resort in the 19th century with the coming of the railway. Hastings is a port with a beach based fishing fleet. The first mention of Hastings is found in the late 8th century in the form Hastingas and this is derived from the Old English tribal name Hæstingas, meaning the constituency/followers of Hæsta. Symeon of Durham records the victory of Offa in 771 over the Hestingorum gens, that is, hastingleigh in Kent was named after that tribe. The place name Hæstingaceaster is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for 1050, evidence of prehistoric settlements have been found at the town site, flint arrowheads and Bronze Age artefacts have been found, Iron Age forts have been excavated on both the East and West Hills. This suggests that the inhabitants moved early to the safety of the valley in between the forts, the settlement was already based on the port when the Romans arrived in Britain for the first time in 55 BC. At this time, they began to exploit the iron, Iron was worked locally at Beauport Park, to the north of the town, which employed up to one thousand men and is considered to have been the third largest mine in the Roman Empire. With the departure of the Romans, the town suffered setbacks, the Beauport site had been abandoned, and natural and man-made attacks began. The Sussex coast has suffered from occasional violent storms, with the additional hazard of longshore drift. The original Roman port could well now be under the sea, Bulverhythe was probably a harbour used by Danish invaders, which suggests that -hythe or hithe means a port or small haven. It worked to retain its cultural identity until the 11th century. In 771 King Offa of Mercia invaded Southern England, and over the next decade gradually seized control of Sussex and Kent. Symeon of Durham records a battle fought at a location near Hastings in 771, at which Offa defeated the Haestingas tribe. By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the Abbey of St Denis, during the reign of Athelstan, he established a royal mint in Hastings in AD928. It is thought that the Norman encampment was on the outskirts, where there was open ground
7.
New Romney
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New Romney is a small town in Kent, England, on the edge of Romney Marsh, an area of flat, rich agricultural land reclaimed from the sea after the harbour began to silt up. New Romney, one of the original Cinque Ports, was once a sea port, with the adjacent to the church. A mooring ring can still be seen in front of the church and it is the headquarters of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. New Romney is not significantly different in age from the village of Old Romney. However New Romney, now about a mile and a half from the seafront, was originally a town at the mouth of the River Rother. The Rother estuary was always difficult to navigate, with many shallow channels, to make navigation easier two large rocks, one bigger than the other, were placed at the entrance to the main channel. The names of two settlements, Greatstone and Littlestone, are a reminder of these aids. Very fine sand is found further east at neighbouring St Marys Bay, the harbour and town were filled with sand, silt, mud and debris, and the River Rother changed course to run out into the sea near Rye, Sussex. The mud, silt and sand were never removed from the town. New Romney is one of the original Cinque Ports of England, archaeological investigations in 2007 during replacement of the towns main drainage have cast new light on the medieval origins and development of the town. During World War II a fleet of floating concrete harbour sections were towed across the English Channel to France to aid the Allied landings, one of these harbour pieces remains, embedded in a sandbank just off the coast by Littlestone-on-Sea, and is clearly visible at low tide. Further up the coast during the Pipe Line Under The Ocean, or PLUTO, New Romney is the main centre of population on the Romney Marsh. Like many towns on the marsh it has an impressive Norman church in the centre of town and this church originally stood at the harbourside, and its entrances are several feet below ground level. The church is notable for the boat hooks still evident on the side walls. New Romneys historic high street has small and interesting shops. A few businesses closed after the opening of a branch of supermarket chain Sainsburys, the former almshouses in West Street are noted historic buildings of Kent, they were founded in 1610 by John Southland, an important local magnate, and rebuilt in 1734. Adjacent to these is Plantagenet House and No 3 Old Stone Cottage, researchers think it was originally the home of the Master of The Hospital of St John the Baptist, a large secular establishment. The hospital was operating by c.1260 and flourished until the close of the fifteenth century, 3/4-mile north of the town is the links golf course at Littlestone-on-Sea
8.
Hythe, Kent
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Hythe /ˈhaɪð/, is a small coastal market town on the edge of Romney Marsh, in the District of Shepway on the south coast of Kent. The word Hythe or Hithe is an Old English word meaning haven or landing place, the town has medieval and Georgian buildings, as well as a Saxon/Norman church on the hill and a Victorian seafront promenade. Hythe was once defended by two castles, Saltwood and Lympne, the town hall, a former guildhall, was built in 1794, its fireplace designed by the Adam Brothers. Hythes market once took place in Market Square close to where there is now a market every second. Hythe has gardening, horse riding, bowling, tennis, cricket, football, squash, Lord Deedes was patron of Hythe Civic Society, and the hounds of the East Kent Hunt are kennelled in nearby Elham. As an important Cinque Port Hythe once possessed a harbour which. Hythe was the central Cinque Port, sitting between Hastings and New Romney to the west and Dover and Sandwich to the east, in 1348 the Black Death afflicted Hythe, and in 1400 the plague further reduced the population. Hythe has no coat of arms, but the seal represents an antique vessel, with one mast. Hythe is also the birthplace of Mackeson Stout, a type of beer, Hythe Ranges is a military training ground that takes up a large section of the Hythe shoreline. Access to this section of the shore is restricted when red flags are showing, the Royal Military Canal runs across the northern edge of the marsh, to Winchelsea. Running under Stade Street, the canal, intended to repel invasion during the Napoleonic wars of 1804 to 1815, now shaded by trees, the canal,10 yards wide, passes into the marsh from the middle of the town. The canal begins at Seabrook and runs through Hythe and it follows the original haven that was once Hythes harbour as far as the light railway thence across Romney Marsh to Winchelsea. Its 26-mile length can be walked, also built around the same time as a defence against possible invasion by Napoleon were the Martello Towers. In total 74 of these towers were built between Folkestone and Seaford, the walls were up to 13 ft thick, and each tower held 24 men and had a huge cannon mounted on the top. They were named after a tower at Mortella Point in Corsica which the Navy had captured from the French. Although never needed for their purpose they were later used to combat smuggling and also as signalling stations. Three of the towers survive at Hythe, one was converted to a house in the 1930s and can be seen along West Parade, from the High Street, alleys lead up to the steeper levels of the town. This publication may show the canal named as the royal military canal because that was its previous name
9.
Dover
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Dover is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. The town is the centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover and its strategic position has been evident throughout its history, archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name of the town derives from the name of the river flows through it. There was a barracks in Dover, which was closed in 2007. Although many of the ferry services have declined, services related to the Port of Dover provide a great deal of the town’s employment. Local residents had clubbed together to propose buying it for the community, first recorded in its Latinised form of Portus Dubris, the name derives from the Brythonic word for waters. The same element is present in the towns French and Modern Welsh forms, subsequent name forms included Doverre, The current name was in use at least by the time of Shakespeares King Lear, in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role. The sight of the cliffs when approaching Dover may have given the island of Britain its ancient name of Albion. Dover’s history, because of its proximity to France, has always been of strategic importance to Britain. Archaeological finds have shown there were Stone Age people in the area. Some Iron Age finds exist also, but the coming of the Romans made Dover part of their communications network, like Lemanis and Rutupiae Dover was connected by road to Canterbury and Watling Street, and it became Portus Dubris, a fortified port. Forts were built above the port, lighthouses were constructed to guide passing ships, Dover figured largely in the Domesday Book as an important borough. It also served as a bastion against various attackers, notably the French during the Napoleonic Wars and it was one of the Cinque Ports during medieval times. Dover is near the extreme south-east corner of Britain between Deal and Folkestone and this led to the silting up of the river mouth by the action of longshore drift, the town was then forced into making artificial breakwaters to keep the port in being. These breakwaters have been extended and adapted so that the port lies almost entirely on reclaimed land. The higher land on either side of the valley – the Western Heights, the town has gradually extended up the river valley, encompassing several villages in doing so. Little growth is possible along the coast, since the cliffs are on the sea’s edge, the railway, being tunnelled and embanked, skirts the foot of the cliffs
10.
Sandwich, Kent
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Sandwich /ˈsændwᵻdʒ/ is a historic town and civil parish on the River Stour in the non-metropolitan district of Dover, within the ceremonial county of Kent, south-east England. It has a population of 4,985, Sandwich gave its name to the bread snack by way of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, as described below. The word sandwich is now found in many languages, Sandwich was one of the Cinque Ports and still has many original medieval buildings, including several listed public houses and gates in the old town walls, churches, almshouses and the White Mill. While once a port, it is now two miles from the sea due to the disappearance of the Wantsum Channel. Its historic centre has been preserved, Sandwich Bay is home to nature reserves and two world-class golf courses, Royal St Georges and Princes. The town is home to educational and cultural events. The place-name Sandwich is first attested in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where it appears as Sondwic in 851, in the Domesday Book of 1086 it appears as Sandwice. The name means town on sandy soil. In 1028 King Canute granted a charter to the monks of Christ Church, Canterbury to operate a ferry across the river, in 1192, returning from the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart was jailed by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. Henry released Richard in February 1194. On 13 March 1194, Richard landed at the port of Sandwich, the coat of arms of Sandwich is Per pale Gules and Azure three demi-Lions passant guardant in pale Or conjoined with as many sterns of demi-Ships Argent. Before Sandwich became a Cinque Port, the ancient Saxon town of Stonar on the bank of the Wantsum estuary and it remained a place of considerable importance but it disappeared almost without trace in the 14th century. The ruins of the major Roman fort of Richborough are close by and it was the landing place of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43. In 2008, an archaeological dig proved that this was a site of a Roman beachhead. On 21 May 1216, Prince Louis of France landed at Sandwich in support of the war against King John of England. The Port of Sandwich is no stranger to odd events in English history and it was here in 1255 that the first captive elephant was landed in England. The prize beast arrived at Sandwich quayside, delivered as a gift to the English monarch Henry III from the French king, and was then taken on foot to the kings menagerie in the Tower of London. The journey through Kent is reported to have proceeded without incident, except when a bull in a field by the roadside took umbrage at the great beast passing, in one move, the animal was thrown by the elephant and killed outright. The Fisher Gate on the dates from 1384, and has been scheduled as an Ancient Monument
11.
Rye, East Sussex
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In medieval times, however, as an important member of the Cinque Ports confederation, it was at the head of an embayment of the English Channel and almost entirely surrounded by the sea. Rye is officially a parish but with its historic roots has the status of a town. There is a fishing fleet, and Rye Harbour has facilities for yachts. The name of Rye is believed to come from rie meaning a bank, medieval maps show that Rye was originally located on a huge embayment of the English Channel called the Rye Camber, which provided a safe anchorage and harbour. Probably as early as Roman times, Rye was important as a place of shipment, the Mermaid Inn originally dates to 1156. Rye, as part of the Saxon Manor of Rameslie, was given to the Benedictine Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy by King Æthelred, it was to remain in Norman hands until 1247. As one of the two Antient Townes, Rye was to become a limb of the Cinque Ports Confederation by 1189, the protection of the town as one of the Cinque Ports was very important, due to the commerce that trading brought. One of the oldest buildings in Rye is Ypres Tower, which was built in 1249 as Baddings Tower, to defend the town from the French and it is now part of the Rye Museum. Rye received its charter from King Edward I in 1289, and acquired privileges, the Landgate dates from 1329 in the early years of the reign of King Edward III. It is still the only route into the medieval centre of Rye and is suitable only for light vehicles. In 2015, some 25 tonnes of pigeon excrement that had built up had to be removed from Landgate Arch for fear of damaging the ancient structure, the River Rother originally took an easterly course to flow into the sea near what is now New Romney. However, the violent storms in the 13th century cut the town off from the sea, destroyed Old Winchelsea, then the sea and the river combined in about 1375 to destroy the eastern part of the town and ships began use the current area to unload their cargoes. Two years later the town was sacked and burnt by the French, Rye was considered one of the finest of the Cinque Ports even though constant work had to be done to stop the gradual silting-up of the river and the harbour. Acts of Parliament had to be passed to enable the Rother to be kept navigable at all, with the coming of bigger ships and larger deepwater ports, Ryes economy began to decline, and fishing and particularly smuggling became more important. Imposition of taxes on goods had encouraged smuggling since 1301, but by the end of the 17th century it became widespread throughout Kent and Sussex, with wool being the largest commodity. When luxury goods were added, smuggling became a criminal pursuit. Since 1803 there have been stationed at Rye although the lifeboat station is now at Rye Harbour approx 2 miles down-river from the town. The worst disaster in its history occurred in 1928, when the Mary Stanford Lifeboat sank with all hands, the incident is recorded by a tablet at Winchelsea church, by the imposing memorial at Rye Harbour Church and by the folk-song The Mary Stanford of Rye
12.
Silt
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Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. Silt may occur as a soil or as sediment mixed in suspension with water in a body of such as a river. It may also exist as soil deposited at the bottom of a water body, Silt has a moderate specific area with a typically non-sticky, plastic feel. Silt usually has a floury feel when dry, and a slippery feel when wet, Silt can be visually observed with a hand lens. Silt is created by a variety of physical processes capable of splitting the generally sand-sized quartz crystals of primary rocks by exploiting deficiencies in their lattice and these involve chemical weathering of rock and regolith, and a number of physical weathering processes such as frost shattering and haloclasty. The main process is abrasion through transport, including fluvial comminution, aeolian attrition and it is in semi-arid environments that substantial quantities of silt are produced. Silt is sometimes known as rock flour or stone dust, especially produced by glacial action. Mineralogically, silt is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar, sedimentary rock composed mainly of silt is known as siltstone. Liquefaction created by an earthquake is silt suspended in water that is hydrodynamically forced up from below ground level. In the Udden–Wentworth scale, silt particles range between 0.0039 and 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles, ISO14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the size in all dimensions, furthermore. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization, in the Unified Soil Classification System and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size. Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity, Silt is easily transported in water or other liquid and is fine enough to be carried long distances by air in the form of dust. Thick deposits of silty material resulting from deposition by aeolian processes are called loess. Silt and clay contribute to turbidity in water, Silt is transported by streams or by water currents in the ocean. When silt appears as a pollutant in water the phenomenon is known as siltation, Silt, deposited by annual floods along the Nile River, created the rich, fertile soil that sustained the Ancient Egyptian civilization. In south east Bangladesh, in the Noakhali district, cross dams were built in the 1960s whereby silt gradually started forming new land called chars, the district of Noakhali has gained more than 28 square miles of land in the past 50 years
13.
Winchelsea
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The town stands on the site of a medieval town, founded in 1288, to replace an earlier town of the same name, sometimes known as Old Winchelsea, which was lost to the sea. The town is part of the parish of Icklesham. It is claimed by residents that the town is in fact the smallest town in Britain, as there is a mayor and corporation in Winchelsea. The mayor of Winchelsea is chosen each year from amongst the members of the corporation, New freemen are themselves chosen by existing members of the corporation. Thus, in its current form, the corporation is effectively a relic of Winchelseas days as a rotten borough. The corporation lost its civil and judicial powers in 1886 but was preserved as a charity by an Act of Parliament to maintain the membership of the Cinque Port Confederation. Winchelsea constitutes neither a government district, civil parish nor charter trustees area. Old Winchelsea was on a shingle bank that protected the confluence of the estuaries of the Rivers Brede, Rother and Tillingham. The old town was recorded as Winceleseia in 1130 and Old Wynchchelse in 1321, after the Norman Conquest, Winchelsea was of great importance in cross-Channel trade and as a naval base. In the 13th century, it became famous in the trade from Gascony. There may have been, in the 1260s, over 700 houses, prior to 1280 incursions by the sea destroyed much of the town until a massive flood completely destroyed it in 1287. The names of the town planners are recorded as Henry le Waleys, the new town inherited the title of Antient Town from Old Winchelsea and retained its affiliation to the Cinque Ports confederation together with Rye and the five head-ports. Winchelsea was greatly involved in the trade with Guyenne and the extensive wine cellars under the town may still be visited on open days. The town had a harbour on the River Brede. It flourished until the middle of the 14th century and it then suffered French and Spanish raids during the Hundred Years War until the 15th century and was hit by the Black Death. In 1350, the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer was fought nearby, in 1360 the town was sacked and burnt by a French expeditionary force, sent in an unsuccessful attempt to retrieve their King John II of France captured at the Battle of Poitiers four years earlier. The town remained prosperous, although reduced in size until the 1520s, the silting of the harbour ultimately destroyed its prosperity. Camber Castle was built by Henry VIII in the early 16th century halfway between Winchelsea and Rye to guard the approach to the Camber, much of the stone used in its construction may have been taken from the demolition of the Franciscan monastery of Greyfriars
14.
Lydd
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Lydd is a town and electoral ward in Kent, England, lying on the Romney Marsh. It is one of the settlements on the marsh. Lydd reached the height of its prosperity during the 13th century, when it was a member of the Cinque Ports. Actually located on Denge Marsh, Lydd was one of the first sandy islands to form as the bay evolved into what is now called the Romney Marsh. The name Hlyda, which derives from the Latin word for shore, was found in a Saxon charter dating from the 8th century, the parish of Lydd comprises the town of Lydd, Dungeness, Lydd-on-Sea and parts of Greatstone. Notable buildings in Lydd include the Gordon house longhall, a guildhall, chamberlains and churchwardens accounts of the 15th century survive alongside the town charters. Lydd developed as a settlement during the Romano-British period on an island when the coast at the time cut off Lydd from the mainland. The settlement continued into the Saxon period, with the Saxon church using Roman materials as part of its early construction, the town reached the height of its prosperity during the 13th century, when it was a corporate member of the Cinque Ports, a limb of Romney. As with much of the marsh, the town was a base for smuggling in the 18th and 19th centuries, before the First World War Lydd became an important artillery practice camp. Experiments with high explosives carried out on the shingle wastes around 1888 led to the invention of the explosive Lyddite. Lydd was at one time a town and the area is still an important training ground for the armed forces. In September 1940, one of four young Dutch men who had landed on the coast between Hythe and Dungeness in a boat was arrested for spying shortly after drinking at the Rising Sun pub. Three of the four were hanged at Pentonville Prison, the Dornier was the first example of this new type of bomber to fall into the hands of British Intelligence. Lydds wartime airfield was situated north of the town – only one Nissen hut now remains, a Wellington bomber had the misfortune to crash-land on 26 June on returning from a 1, 500-plane attack on Bremen. The 19-year-old pilot managed to get the plane down safely near Lydd, and the crew survived the crash, on 27 November, a train came under attack by two Focke-Wulf 190s. The train, hauled by Southern Railway D3 number 2365 which was just departing from Lydd Town railway station, had its boiler hit. The resulting jet of high pressure steam from the hit the plane, causing it to crash-land nearby, the pilot was found dead. The two planes had been heading over the coast after a raid on Ashford, all Saints Church, also known as Lydd Church or The Cathedral on the Marsh, belongs to the Diocese of Canterbury
15.
Folkestone
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Folkestone /ˈfoʊkstən/ is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England. The town lies on the edge of the North Downs at a valley between two cliffs. It was an important harbour and shipping port for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, there has been a settlement in this location since the Mesolithic era. A nunnery was founded by Eanswith, daughter of Æthelberht of Kent in the 7th century, the harbours use has diminished since the opening of the nearby Channel Tunnel and stopping of local ferry services, but still remains in active use. The area of Folkestone has been occupied since at least the Mesolithic era, in 2010, worked flints were discovered below the remains of the Folkestone Roman Villa. The East Cliff area was excavated in 1924 and most recently from 2010 -2011, on the East Cliff, an extensive Iron Age oppidum existed, which produced quern-stones on an almost industrial scale. These querns, or stones used for grinding cereals into flour, were traded for continental exports such as pottery, a modest Roman style villa was constructed over the Iron Age settlement sometime during the first century AD, followed by a more luxurious one in about 200 AD. The villa was abandoned sometime during the third or fourth century for unknown reasons, in 597 AD, monks led by St Augustine arrived at Ebbsfleet on the Isle of Thanet, on a mission from Pope Gregory to re-Christianise Britain. He was greeted by the Anglo Saxon pagan King of Kent, Ethelbert and his Christian Queen, Augustine was granted land in Canterbury where he built his church and outside the walls founded the monastery of St Peter & St Paul - now known as St Augustines. Ethelbert was succeeded as Anglo-Saxon king of Kent by his son Eadbald, in 630 AD, Eanswythe founded a nunnery on the site of her fathers castle near Folkestone by the present parish Church of St Mary & St Eanswythe. Eanswythe died c 640 AD and was made a saint. Her remains were moved into the chancel of the current church in the 12th century and they became the focus of prayer and pilgrimage such that Eanswythe was quickly adopted as the towns patron. The community grew and developed into a monastery until it was dissolved by Henry VIII and they were rediscovered in June 1885 when workmen, carrying out alterations to the high altar, found a battered lead casket immured in a niche in the north wall of the chancel. Examination by archaeologists at the time and again in 1981 confirmed that the casket was of Anglo-Saxon origin and these relics are still housed in the church close to where they were discovered in the north wall of the chancel flanked by a pair of small brass candlesticks. St Eanswythe is celebrated on 12 September each year - the date on which her relics were moved to the present chancel and she also appears on the towns seal with William Harvey, the Folkestone-born, 17th-century physician who discovered the circulation of the blood. A Norman knight held a Barony of Folkestone, which led to its entry as a part of the Cinque Ports in the thirteenth century, at the start of the Tudor period it had become a town in its own right. Wars with France meant that defences had to be built here, at the beginning of the 1800s a harbour was developed, but it was the coming of the railways in 1843 that would have the bigger impact. Until the 19th century Folkestone remained a fishing community with a seafront that was continually battered by storms
16.
Faversham
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Faversham /ˈfævərʃəm/ is a market town and civil parish in the Swale district of Kent, England. The town is 48 miles from London and 10 miles from Canterbury and lies next to the Swale and it is close to the A2, which follows an ancient British trackway which was used by the Romans and the Anglo-Saxons, and known as Watling Street. The Faversham name is of Latin via Old English origin, meaning the metal-workers village, there has been a settlement at Faversham since pre-Roman times, next to the ancient sea port on Faversham Creek, and archaeological evidence has shown a Roman theatre was based in the town. It was inhabited by the Saxons and mentioned in the Domesday book as Favreshant, the town was favoured by King Stephen who established Faversham Abbey, which survived until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538. Subsequently, the became an important seaport and established itself as a centre for brewing. The town was also the centre of the industry between the 17th and early 20th century, before a decline following an accident in 1916 which killed over 100 workers. This coincided with a revival of the industry in the town. Faversham has a number of landmarks, with several churches including St Mary of Charity, Faversham Parish Church. Faversham Market has been established for over 900 years and is based in the town centre. There are good road and rail links, including a Southeastern service to the High Speed 1 line at Ebbsfleet International, Faversham was established as a settlement before the Roman conquest. The town was less than 10 miles from Canterbury, and consequently Faversham had become established on this road network by 50 AD following the initial conquest by Claudius in 43 AD. In 2013, the remains of a 2, 000-year-old Roman theatre, the cockpit-style outdoor auditorium, the first of its kind found in Britain, was a style the Romans used elsewhere in their empire on the Continent. There is archaeological evidence to suggest that Faversham was a capital for the Saxon kings of Kent. It was held in royal demesne in 811, and is cited in a charter granted by Coenwulf. Coenwulf described the town as the Kings little town of Fefresham, the name has been documented as meaning the metal-workers village, which may derive from the Old English fæfere, which in turn comes from the Latin faber meaning craftsman or forger. The town had established itself as a seaport by the Middle Ages, the Gough Map of Britain, printed in 1360, shows the Swale as an important shipping channel for trade. The manor was recorded as Terra Regis, meaning it was part of the ancient royal estates. King Stephen gave it to his lieutenant, William of Ypres
17.
Margate
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Margate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in Kent, England. It lies 38.1 miles east-north-east of Maidstone, on the coast along the North Foreland and contains the areas of Cliftonville, Garlinge, Palm Bay, Margate was recorded as Meregate in 1264 and as Margate in 1299, but the spelling continued to vary into modern times. The name is thought to refer to a gate or gap in a cliff where pools of water are found. The cliffs of the Isle of Thanet are composed of chalk, the towns history is tied closely to the sea and it has a proud maritime tradition. Margate was a limb of Dover in the ancient confederation of the Cinque ports and it was added to the confederation in the 15th century. Margate has been a seaside resort for at least 250 years. Like its neighbour Ramsgate, it has been a holiday destination for Londoners drawn to its sandy beaches. Margate had a Victorian pier which was destroyed by a storm in 1978. Like Brighton and Southend, Margate was infamous for violence between mods and rockers in the 1960s, and mods and skinheads in the 1980s. The Turner Contemporary art gallery occupies a prominent position next to the harbour, the Thanet Offshore Wind Project, completed in 2010, is visible from the seafront. Since 1983, the Member of Parliament for North Thanet, covering northern Thanet and Herne Bay, has been the Conservative, at the 2010 General Election, in North Thanet the Conservatives won a majority of 13,528 and 52. 7% of the vote. Labour won 21. 5% of the vote, Liberal Democrats 19. 4%, Margate was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1857. This was abolished in 1974, since which date Margate has been part of the Thanet district of Kent, the town contains the seven electoral wards of Margate Central, Cliftonville West, Cliftonville East, Westbrook, Garlinge, Dane Valley and Salmestone. These wards have seventeen of the fifty six seats on the Thanet District Council, at the 2007 Local Elections, nine of those seats were held by the Conservatives, seven by Labour and one by an Independent. Margate experiences a climate similar to much of the United Kingdom. Like almost all of southern Britain, Margate experiences mild temperatures, which is complimented by a large amount of sunshine, higher than London. Rainfall is quite low, Margate being one of the drier Kentish towns, at the 2001 UK census, Margate had a population of 40,386. The urban area had a population of 46,980 at the 2001 census, the ethnicity of the town was 97. 1% white,1. 0% mixed race,0. 5% black,0. 8% Asian,0. 6% Chinese or other ethnicity
18.
Deal, Kent
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Deal is a town in Kent, England which lies on the English Channel, eight miles north-east of Dover and eight miles south of Ramsgate. It is a fishing, mining and garrison town. Close to Deal is Walmer, a location for Julius Caesars first arrival in Britain. In 1968, Middle Street was the first Conservation Area in Kent, the coast of France is approximately twenty-five miles from the town and is visible on clear days. The Tudor Deal Castle, commissioned by King Henry VIII, has a floor plan. Deal is first mentioned as a village in the Domesday Book of 1086 and it is referred to as Dela in 1158, and Dale in 1275. The name is the Old English dael meaning valley, cognate with the modern English dale, Deal developed into a port by the end of the 13th century. Sandown, Deal and Walmer castles were constructed around the town by Henry VIII to protect against foreign naval attack, in 1861 a Royal Marines Depot was established in the town. The proximity of Deals shoreline to the notorious Goodwin Sands has made its coastal waters a source of shelter and danger through the history of sea travel in British waters. The Downs, the water between the town and the sands, provides a sheltered anchorage. This meant that, despite the absence of a harbour, the became a significant port with transit of goods. Deal was, for example, visited by Nelson and was the first English soil on which James Cook set foot in 1771 on returning from his first voyage to Australia. The anchorage is used today by international and regional shipping. In 1672, a small Naval Yard was established at Deal, providing stores, the Deal Maritime and Local History Museum is housed in an historic complex of light-industrial buildings in St Georges Road, dating from 1803. It contains a series of displays and artefacts, narrating the towns maritime, industrial, domestic and leisure history. Pitt had awaited an opportunity that January, when the boats were all hoved up on the beach on account of bad weather, to send a regiment of soldiers to smash, a naval cutter was positioned offshore to prevent any of the boatmen escaping. These men continued to risk their lives and their boats, in saving the lives of shipwreck victims, the irrepressible spirit of the Deal boatmen remained undaunted by these events throughout the Napoleonic Wars, and they continued to assert their hard-earned right to trade. From these activities news of the events unfolding in France would reach England quickly and regularly, the war only made the boatmen’s efforts more profitable, so that afterwards the Government immediately turned a part of its naval blockade into a coastal blockade, which lasted from 1818 to 1831
19.
Ramsgate
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Ramsgate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in east Kent, England. It was one of the great English seaside towns of the 19th century, in 2001 it had a population of around 40,000. Ramsgate’s main attraction is its coastline, and its industries are tourism. The town has one of the largest marinas on the English south coast, Ramsgate began as a fishing and farming hamlet. The Christian missionary St Augustine, sent by Pope Gregory the Great, the town is home to the Shrine of St Augustine. The earliest reference to the town is in the Kent Hundred Rolls of 1274-5, the names Ramisgate and Raunsgate appear in the parish of St. Laurence records circa 1290. These are all derived from late Anglo-Saxon ‘Hremmes’ from earlier ‘Hræfnes’ and ‘geat’, in 1357, the area became known as Ramesgate. Ramsgate was a member of the Confederation of Cinque Ports, under the Limb of Sandwich, the construction of Ramsgate Harbour began in 1749 and was completed in about 1850. The harbour has the distinction of being the only Royal Harbour in the United Kingdom, because of its proximity to mainland Europe, Ramsgate was a chief embarkation point both during the Napoleonic Wars and for the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. Etc. not forgetting its bracing climate. The streets of Ramsgate are well paved or macadamed and brilliantly lighted with gas. The architect A W Pugin and his sons lived in Ramsgate and built several important buildings there, including St Augustines Church, The Grange, St Augustines Abbey, the artist Vincent Van Gogh moved to Ramsgate in April 1876, at age 23. He boarded at 11 Spencer Square, which is identified by a blue plaque and he obtained work as a teacher at a local school in Royal Road, where he received his post. In one of his letters to his brother Theo, he described his surroundings, There’s a harbour full of all kinds of ships, and further out one sees the sea in its natural state, and that’s beautiful. In 1901, a tram service, one of the few inter-urban tramways in Britain, was introduced on the Isle of Thanet. The towns of Ramsgate, Margate and Broadstairs were linked by 11 miles of track, in 1915–1916, early aircraft began to use the open farmland at Manston as a site for emergency landings. The location near the Kent coast gave Manston some advantages over the previously established aerodromes. During the First World War, Ramsgate was the target of bombing raids by Zeppelin airships, by 1917 the Royal Flying Corps was well established and taking an active part in the defence of Britain. As RAF Manston, the played a important role in the Second World War
20.
Tenterden
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Tenterden is a town with a large conservation area in the Ashford District of Kent, England. It stands on the edge of the remnant forest The Weald and it was a member of the Cinque Ports Confederation. Its riverside today is not navigable to large vessels and its status as a manufacturing centre has been lost. The towns name is derived from the Old English Tenet Waraden, the first record of dwellings in Tenterden can be found in a charter which mentions that it, as Heronden, began to grow from the 14th century around the strong local wool industry. Unlike other such centres in the Weald it had the advantage of access to the sea, much of what is now Romney Marsh was under water, and ships docked at nearby Smallhythe. Timber from the Wealden forests was used to ships. Ships built in the town were used to help Rye fulfil its quota for the Crown. A school was in here in 1521, later it was referred to as a grammar school. Today Homewood School and Sixth Form Centre, a secondary school catering for the Weald. In 1903, Tenterden Town railway station was opened and it closed in 1954, but half of it reopened in 1974 as the Kent and East Sussex Railway. The route starts at Tenterden Town Station and finishes at Bodiam station, the main line track is being extended to Robertsbridge in East Sussex. At this time Tenterden Borough Council resolved to continue as a Town Council, essential services such as education, transportation, social services and public safety are the responsibility of Kent County Council. The Town Council also supports local sports clubs, providing a green and football pitch. For administrative purposes the town is divided into four wards, North, South, West and St. Michaels, There are two parish churches, as well as a number of other chapels and religious meeting spaces, St Mildreds is in the main part of the town. The church dates from the 12th century, and was enlarged until 1461. It was one of the churches in the 1588 system of warning beacons and it was a major surveying point in the Anglo-French Survey to calculate the precise distance between the Paris Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory, overseen by General William Roy. The suburb now called St Michaels was known as Boresisle until Victorian times, the church was consecrated in 1863, but construction of the steeple took a further 12 years. The Unitarian Chapel, originally called the Old Meeting House, was built c, a plaque on the wall records that Dr Benjamin Franklin worshipped here in 1783, where he was to hear Joseph Priestley preach
21.
Gillingham, Kent
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Gillingham /ˈdʒɪlɪŋəm/ is a town in the county of Kent in South East England. For local government purposes it is also in the authority of Medway. The town includes the settlements of Brompton, Hempstead, Wigmore, Parkwood, Rainham, Rainham Mark, Gillingham means a homestead of Gyllas family, from Old English ham and ingas, and was first recorded in the 10th century as Gyllingeham. Also referred to in old texts as Jillyingham Water, hence the pronunciation being Gillingham, Gillingham became an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, gaining municipal borough status in 1903. John Robert Featherby was the first mayor of the Borough of Gillingham, in 1928 Rainham was added to the Gillingham Borough. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a non-metropolitan district and it merged with the other Medway Towns in 1998 under the 1990s UK local government reform, to become part of the Medway unitary authority. The Municipal Buildings in Canterbury Street were built as offices for Gillingham Borough Council. They were opened by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir George Broadbridge, the Lord Mayor was received at Gillingham Railway Station by a guard of honour of boys of HMS Arethusa. Before the Second World War, air raid sirens were placed on the Municipal Buildings, in about 1953, Gillingham Borough Control was built underground, beneath part of the car park. Medway Council then moved into the former Lloyds of London headquarters at Chatham Gun Wharf, and they were sold off in 2008 under a contract which turned them into a residential care home. The town grew along the road from Brompton on the great lines, as such it was a linear development. Close by was the road along the line, linking The Strand. Later, communiites developed along the top road- Watling street – turnpike linking Chatham with Dover, all these communities merged into the town that is called today Gillingham. Gillingham experiences a climate similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Due to its southerly, sheltered, marine position near the European continent the climate is among the warmest in the whole of England, the name Gillingham is recorded in the Domesday book of 1086. It is said to have named after a warlord, Gyllingas—from the old English gyllan. He was a man in Kent history as he led his warriors into battle screaming and shouting. At the time of the Norman Conquest, Gillingham was a small hamlet, Gillingham itself, at the time, was a small hamlet, built around the parish church and surrounded by large farm-holdings, of which St
22.
Bekesbourne
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Bekesbourne is a village near Canterbury in Kent, South East England. The village is centred 2.9 miles ESE of the citys cathedral, the parish church is dedicated to Saint Peter and has a Norman doorway, a 13th-century chancel and the first recorded example of brick mathematical tiles. Howletts Wild Animal Park is in Bekesbourne, the home of endangered species. Bekesbourne railway station serves the area, on the line between Canterbury East and Dover Priory railway stations, the A2 is a route bordering the south of the villages formal area. Bekesbourne was the site of an aerodrome, built during World War I, and which thrived as the home of the Kent Flying Club until World War II and it was severely damaged by and rebuilt after the Great Storm of 1987. Developed reuse took place in 1997 to build 10 detached houses on a new road, Bekesbourne was the birthplace of the film director Michael Powell and of Stephen Hales, the physiologist, chemist and inventor. Notes References Media related to Bekesbourne at Wikimedia Commons
23.
Bulverhythe
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Bulverhythe, also known as West St Leonards, Bo Peep, Filsham, West Marina, or Harley Shute, is a suburb of Hastings, East Sussex, England with its Esplanade and 15 ft thick sea wall. Bulverhythe is translated as Burghers landing place and it used to be under a small headland called Gallows Head, which was washed away by flooding. Bulverhythe village is located to the southwest of the area, the ancient village had a small harbour and pier, and is where the remains of the Amsterdam can be seen. The village was once in the confederation of the Cinque Ports and it helped supply one ship together with Petit Ihamme. Filsham Manor was a house on Harley Shute Road dating back to Saxon times, the house was rebuilt in 1682, and part of this remains today. In the east of the area lie West Marina Gardens which were designed by James Burton and are in between the West St Leonards and Burtons town of St Leonards, the land was purchased in 1886 and laid out as a pleasure garden by 1891. The site is well-used and includes a green, putting course. It is at the extreme of the frontline garden displays. Decorative lighting has recently been installed, the Bulverhythe Salts was a site of a racecourse that was moved to the Saxon shoreway. In January 1921 a British tug was towing a German submarine in the English Channel when it broke adrift in a gale and was washed ashore at Bulverhythe, the U-boat was of a smaller type than the other that came ashore at Hastings in April 1919. The event was reported in the Hastings Observer with the headline, three tugs tried to refloat the submarine without success and after the hull was badly damaged by stormy seas, it was eventually dismantled. Another boat that washed up was the Amsterdam that set sail to Java, the remains can still be seen today at very low tide, just opposite the footbridge over the railway line at Bulverhythe. Bulverhythe was only served by a station until the line extended to West Marina. The junction for the two routes, called Bo-Peep junction, was named after a public house, which in turn came from the activities of smugglers. West Marina is now closed and, although both platforms and lights still remain, West St Leonards station is the remaining station in this area. Media related to Bulverhythe at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Eastbourne
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Eastbourne is a large town, seaside resort and borough in the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex on the south coast of England,19 miles east of Brighton. Eastbourne is immediately to the east of Beachy Head, the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain. With a seafront consisting largely of Victorian hotels, a pier and it has a growing population, a broad economic base and is home to companies in a wide range of industries. Though Eastbourne is a new town, there is evidence of human occupation in the area from the Stone Age. The town grew as a fashionable tourist resort largely thanks to prominent landowner, William Cavendish, Cavendish appointed architect Henry Currey to design a street plan for the town, but not before sending him to Europe to draw inspiration. The resulting mix of architecture is typically Victorian and remains a key feature of Eastbourne, as a seaside resort, Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism, with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences, public events and cultural sightseeing. The other main industries in Eastbourne include trade and retail, healthcare, education, construction, manufacturing, professional scientific, Eastbournes population is growing, between 2001 and 2011 it increased from 89,800 to 99,412. The 2011 census shows that the age of residents has decreased as the town has attracted students, families. An Anglo-Saxon charter, circa 963 AD, describes a landing stage, in 2014 local metal-detectorist Darrin Simpson found a coin minted during the reign of Æthelberht II of East Anglia, in a field near the town. It is believed that the coin may have led to Æthelberhts beheading by Offa of Mercia, as it had been struck as a sign of independence. Describing the coin, Christopher Webb, head of coins at auctioneers Dix Noonan Webb, said, This new discovery is an important and it sold at auction on 11 June for £78,000 (estimate £15,000 to £20,000. Following the Norman conquest, the Hundred of what is now Eastbourne, was held by Robert, Count of Mortain, the Domesday Book lists 28 ploughlands, a church, a watermill, fisheries and salt pans. A charter for a market was granted to Bartholomew de Badlesmere in 1315–16. During the Middle Ages the town was visited by King Henry I, evidence of Eastbournes medieval past can seen in the 12th century Church of St Mary, and the manor house called Bourne Place. In the mid-16th century the house was home to the Burton family and this manor house is owned by the Duke of Devonshire and was extensively remodelled in the early Georgian era when it was renamed Compton Place. It is one of the two Grade I listed buildings in the town, Eastbournes earliest claim as a seaside resort came about following a summer holiday visit by four of King George IIIs children in 1780. Fourteen Martello Towers were constructed along the shore of Pevensey Bay, continuing as far as Tower 73. Between 1805 and 1807, the took place of a fortress known as the Eastbourne Redoubt, which was built as a barracks and storage depot
25.
Bexhill-on-Sea
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Bexhill-on-Sea is a seaside town situated in the county of East Sussex in South East England. The first reference to Bexhill, or Bexelei as it was called, was in a charter granted by King Offa of Mercia in 772 AD. It is recorded that King Offa had defeated the men of Hastings in 771 AD, at this time, the term Hastings would have referred to this whole area rather than the town itself as it does today. In the charter, King Offa established a church and religious community in Bexhill, norman Conquest of 1066 it appears that Bexhill was largely destroyed. The Domesday survey of 1086 records that the manor was worth £20 before the conquest, was waste in 1066 and was worth £18 10s in 1086. King William I used the lands he had conquered to reward his knights and gave Bexhill manor to Robert, Count of Eu, with most of the Hastings area. Roberts grandson, John, Count of Eu, gave back the manor to the bishops of Chichester in 1148 and it is probable that the first manor house was built by the bishops at this time. The later manor house, the ruins of which can still be seen at the Manor Gardens in Bexhill Old Town, was built about 1250, probably on the instructions of St. Richard, Bishop of Chichester. The Manor House was the easternmost residence owned by the bishops, there were often disputes between the Bishops of Chichester and the Abbots of Battle Abbey, usually about land ownership in this area. In 1276 a large portion of Bexhill was made into a park for hunting, in 1561 Queen Elizabeth I took possession of Bexhill Manor and three years later she gave it to Sir Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset. The Earls, later Dukes, of Dorset owned Bexhill until the mid 19th century and their main residences were Buckhurst Place in Sussex and Knole House in Kent. In 1804 soldiers of the Kings German Legion were stationed in barracks at Bexhill and these troops were Hanoverians who had escaped when their country was overrun by Napoleons French Army. As King George III was also the Elector of Hanover, he welcomed them, at about this time, defensive Martello Towers were built along the south east coast, some near Bexhill, in order to repel any French invasion. In 1814 the soldiers of the Kings German Legion left Bexhill, the German troops had been here to protect Bexhill from the French. However, many of the people were actively trading with the enemy by way of smuggling. The best known of the smugglers were in the Little Common Gang. In 1813 Elizabeth Sackville had married the 5th Earl De La Warr, and it was the 7th Earl De La Warr who decided to transform the small rural village of Bexhill into an exclusive seaside resort. He contracted the builder, John Webb, to construct the first sea wall, Webb, in part payment for his work, was given all the land extending from Sea Road to the Polegrove, south of the railway line
26.
Pevensey
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Pevensey is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located 5 miles north-east of Eastbourne, one mile inland from Pevensey Bay, the settlement of Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror made the landing in his invasion of England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy, Pevensey is situated on a spur of sand and clay, about 10 metres above sea level. In Roman times this spur was a peninsula that projected into a tidal lagoon, a small river, Pevensey Haven, runs along the north side of the peninsula and would originally have discharged into the lagoon, but is now largely silted up. The lagoon extended inland as far north as Hailsham and eastwards to Hooe, with the effect of longshore drift this large bay was gradually cut off from the sea by shingle, so that todays marshes are all that remain behind the shingle beach. The marshes, known as the Pevensey Levels, cover an area of around 47 miles² and they are a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a large nature reserve, jointly owned by Natural England and the Sussex Wildlife Trust. There are many rare plants and invertebrates, including the fen raft spider. The site is very fragile and general access is not permitted, the settlement of Pevensey Bay lies behind and on the shingle beach. Although small, it is nevertheless a seaside resort in miniature, the name Pevensey was first recorded in 947 as Pefenesea, meaning River of Pefen. It derives from the Anglo-Saxon personal name Pefen plus eã, river, by the 4th century the south and east of the province of Britannia was under frequent attack from marauding barbarian tribes, including the Jutes and Saxons. To counter these attacks the Romans built a total of eleven forts between Essex and the Isle of Wight, now known as the Saxon Shore Forts, the fort at Pevensey, built between AD300 and 340, was named Anderitum. The earliest stone remains on the date from the Roman period. The sea washed over what is now Pevensey Marshes, surrounding the fort on three sides. When the Roman army left Britain, the province was vulnerable to attack, first by the Jutes in east Kent. Following the Jutish example the Saxons began invading Britain in earnest, around 491, Saxons, possibly led by Ælle of Sussex began to colonise the south coast and besieged Anderitum over a number of years. After a long struggle the British defences were overrun, some remaining Britons on the south coast fled north, others emigrated by boat to what is now called Brittany and the area became the Kingdom of the South Saxons, later called Sussex. The old Roman fort of Anderida was burned and left derelict, the English army remained at the fort during the summer of 1066 before abandoning it to meet the invading Norwegians further north. When William the Conqueror invaded Sussex in September 1066 there were no defenders at Pevensey and the bay provided a safe haven for the invading fleet
27.
Seaford, East Sussex
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Seaford is a coastal town in East Sussex, on the south coast of England. Lying east of Newhaven and Brighton and west of Eastbourne, it is the largest town in Lewes district, the coastal confederation of Cinque Ports in the mediaeval period consisted of forty-two towns and villages, Seaford was included under the Limb of Hastings. Between 1350 and 1550, the French burned down the town several times, in the 16th century, the people of Seaford were known as the cormorants or shags because of their enthusiasm for looting ships wrecked in the bay. Local legend has it that Seaford residents would, on occasion, seafords fortunes revived in the 19th century with the arrival of the railway connecting the town to Lewes and London. It became a seaside resort town, and more recently a dormitory town for the nearby larger settlements of Eastbourne and Brighton. The traditional Sussex pronunciation of the name has a vowel in each syllable. However, outside Sussex, and increasingly within, it is pronounced with a reduced vowel on the second syllable. The town lies on the coast near Seaford Head, roughly equidistant between the mouths of the River Ouse and the Cuckmere. The Ouse valley was a tidal estuary with its mouth nearly closed by a shingle bar. To the north the town faces the chalk downland of the South Downs, and along the coast to the east are the Seven Sisters chalk cliffs and this stretch of coast is notified for its geological and ecological features as Seaford to Beachy Head Site of Special Scientific Interest. The River Ouse used to run parallel to the shore behind the shingle bar, however, a major storm in the 16th century broke through the bar at its western end, creating a new river mouth close to the village then called Meeching but renamed Newhaven. Part of the channel of the river remains as a brackish lagoon. The town formerly had excellent beaches, which were supplied by longshore drift constantly moving sand along the coast from west to east, however, in the early 20th century a large breakwater was constructed at Newhaven Harbour and the harbour entrance was regularly dredged. These works cut off the supply of sand to the beach. By the 1980s the beach at Seaford had all but vanished and this made Seaford attractive to watersports enthusiasts but it discouraged more general seaside visitors. So in 1987 a massive beach replenishment operation was carried out, in which around 1 million tonnes of material was dredged from sandbanks out to sea, the beach has been topped up several times since then, giving the town a broad beach of sand and shingle. The towns publicity website states, For many, the attraction in Seaford is the beach. This has an attraction in the summer, when the sea reaches temperatures up to 20° Celsius
28.
Reculver
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Reculver is a village and coastal resort about 3 miles east of Herne Bay in south-east England, in a ward of the same name, in the City of Canterbury district of Kent. It once occupied a location at the north-western end of the Wantsum Channel, a sea lane that separated the Isle of Thanet. The military connection resumed in the Second World War, when the sea off Reculver was used for testing Barnes Walliss bouncing bombs, by the 7th century Reculver had become a landed estate of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Kent. The site of the Roman fort was given over for the establishment of a dedicated to St Mary in 669 AD. During the Middle Ages Reculver was a township with a weekly market and a yearly fair. The settlement declined as the Wantsum Channel silted up, and coastal erosion claimed many buildings constructed on the sandy cliffs. The village was abandoned in the late 18th century. Protecting the ruins and the rest of Reculver from erosion is an ongoing challenge, the 20th century saw a revival as local tourism developed and there are now two caravan parks. The census of 2001 recorded 135 people in the Reculver area, while nationally scarce plants and insects are found there, the location is also important for migrating birds and is of significant geological interest. The form Raculfceastre includes the Old English place-name element ceaster, which relates to a city or walled town. Stone Age flint tools have been washed out from the cliffs to the west of Reculver, and this was probably an accidental loss, rather than suggesting a human settlement, evidence for which begins with late Bronze Age and Iron Age ditches. These indicate a settlement, where a Bronze Age palstave. A full-size fort, or castrum, was started late in the 2nd century and this date is derived in part from a reconstruction of a uniquely detailed plaque, fragments of which were found by archaeologists in the 1960s. Identified with the shrine of headquarters building, hitherto unmentioned in any inscription. Application of the basilica to. These structures were found by archaeologists, together with probable officers quarters, barracks, a Roman oven found 200 feet south-east of the fort was probably used for drying food such as corn and fish, its main chamber measured about 16 feet by 15 feet overall. The Notitia Dignitatum, a Roman administrative document from the early 5th century, also records the presence of the Cohors I Baetasiorum at Reculver, then known as Regulbium. There must also have been a harbour nearby in Roman times, the walls of the fort originally stood about 14.8 feet high and were 10 feet thick at their base, reducing to 8 feet at the top, they were reinforced internally by an earthen bank
29.
Sarre, Kent
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Sarre is a village and civil parish in Thanet District in Kent, England. The village is a part of St. Nicholas-at-Wade ecclesiastical parish, after having lost the church of St. Giles in Elizabethan times. In its own right Sarre is an Ancient Parish and it has a population of 130, increasing to 222 at the 2011 Census. Sarre is located at the point where the old Island Road from Margate to Canterbury crossed the Wantsum Channel initially by a ferry, the route of this bridge is followed by a short section of the modern A28 and is still marked on some maps as Sarre Wall. The coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediæval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns, which included Sarre, under the limb of Sandwich, Kent. In July 1940 the village was turned into a strong point by the 1st Canadian Pioneer Battalion. Within three weeks the village bristled with defences including fifteen casemates and a variety of traps, flame fougasses. The Canadian commander Andrew McNaughton later recalled, I turned a pioneer battalion loose to fortify Sarre in every possible way and they took ladies boudoirs and turned them into machine-gun posts without showing anything from the outside, Im sure they never got the concrete out. There was a big building inside the village that had a hoist for casks, the boys arranged a big barrel of petroleum, with phosphorus bombs inside, that was all poised ready to swing. When a tank came through the village and slowed to make the turn they would just pull a catch, while McNaughton was inspecting the defences in August 1940, the village was attacked from the air and three bombs were dropped. A cottage was hit killing one adult and two or three children, the village has one public house, The Crown Inn – this being known locally as the Cherry Brandy House. A special recipe of Cherry Brandy can be purchased from behind the bar, a second public house, the Kings Head, recently closed and was sold privately. The village mill was open to the public as a working windmill. Recently, the mill has closed and is not open to the public except for the floor which is a holiday cottage for two. The mill shop is now also a holiday cottage, the surrounding buildings, including the Old Bakery and the Old Granary, have been sold privately and are now subdivided properties. Nearest Stations, Birchington and Sturry from which regular buses operating on the Margate/Ramsgate to Canterbury route can be obtained, footnotes Notes Bibliography Media related to Sarre, Kent at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Fordwich
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Fordwich /ˈfɔːrdwɪtʃ/ is a very small town and a civil parish in east Kent, England, on the River Stour, northeast of Canterbury. It is the smallest community by population in Britain with a town council and its population increased by 30 between 2001 and 2011. The town grew in the Middle Ages as a port for boats on their way upriver to Canterbury, all of the Caen stone used by the Normans to rebuild Canterbury Cathedral in the 12th and 13th centuries was landed at Fordwich. It later became a limb of the Cinque Ports and it lost its status as a town in 1880 when it no longer had a Mayor and Corporation. However, in a reorganisation in 1972, Fordwich was again made a town as much as anything because of its importance in what is now a rather sleepy corner of Kent. Fordwich Town Hall, supposedly the smallest in England, dates from the earlier period, the 16th-century building next the Town Hall, now known as Watergate House, was the family home of John and Gregory Blaxland, early 19th-century pioneers of Australia. There are two pubs in the town, the George & Dragon and Fordwich Arms, Fordwich gained angling and fishing repute for its Fordwich trout, one of the largest types found. Fordwich has been the subject for a series of books by author F. J. Beerling
31.
Walmer
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Walmer is a town in the district of Dover, Kent in England, located on the coast, the parish of Walmer is six miles north-east of Dover. Largely residential, its coastline and castle attract many visitors and it has a population of 6,693, increasing to 8,178 at the 2011 Census. Walmer is closely associated with its neighbour, the town of Deal - sharing many amenities and services. Walmer railway station is on the Kent Coast Line, julius Caesar reputedly landed on the beach here in 55 BC and 54 BC. It is only one possible landing place, but it is the most probable, the coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediæval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. This includes Walmer, as a Limb of Sandwich, Kent, Walmer Castle and its beautiful formal gardens are a major attraction for visitors. The official residence of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports since the 18th Century, famous Lords Warden have included Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Sir Winston Churchill, William Pitt the Younger, and the Duke of Wellington. Wellington lived there for 23 years and the houses not only a collection of Wellington memorabilia. The Castle was built in 1540 as one of three on this part of the Kent coast by orders of Henry VIII, the others were nearby at Deal and Sandown - the Deal one survives, the Sandown one has been lost to coastal erosion. It is believed that Upper Walmer was home to a brewery from Tudor times, in 1816 a small brewery on the Dover Road just south of the old Walmer Village was acquired by Edmund Thompson who then operated it as Thompson & Sons. In 1867 John Matthews bought the business and greatly expanded and modernised it, the development of maltings, bottling plants, brew house, stables and blacksmiths eventually made it an important local employer. Further houses were bought in Dover Road for use as offices and to staff. During the 1950s, the became part of the Charringtons company and its role was reduced to a bottling. It eventually closed in 1972 and was demolished in 1978 to make way for a development called Downlands. An old bell, once housed in the belfry at the brewery, was re-sited at The Thompson Bell, an electoral ward in the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 7,434, S. Elvin Walmer Parish Council Walmer community website
32.
Richborough
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Richborough /ˈrɪtʃbrə, -bərə/ is a settlement north of Sandwich on the east coast of the county of Kent, England. Richborough lies close to the Isle of Thanet, the population of the settlement is included in the civil parish of Ash. Although now some distance from the sea, Richborough stood at the end of the Wantsum Channel from prehistory to the early mediaeval period. The channel provided a safe searoute from the continent to the Thames estuary, the channel has now silted up, prior to this, Richborough was an important natural harbour and was the landing place of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43. The 2008 discovery proved that this was a site of a Roman beachhead. The suffragan bishop of Richborough, in the Diocese of Canterbury, was created in 1995 to provide a provincial episcopal visitor for the Province of Canterbury. The Romans founded the site and, after their withdrawal, the site was occupied by a Saxon religious settlement, the site is managed by English Heritage who run historical events on the site throughout the summer. During the First World War the capacity of Dover and other ports was found to be inadequate. Its purpose was to provide the BEF with its heavy equipment and this was the first time that sea-going Roll-on/roll-off ferries had been used from Britain. Three new train-ferries were built SS Train Ferry No,1, SS Train Ferry No.2 and SS Train Ferry No.3 and operations began on 10 February 1918, conveying nearly 900 tons of cargo at a time between Richborough and Calais and Dunkirk. Although existing barge services were still in operation across the Channel from Richborough, the use of train-ferries greatly reduced the amount of labour required in the transport of these items. It took only 30 to 40 minutes to load or unload the 54 railway wagons, to accommodate for train-ferries, a new type of terminal had to be designed and built at Richbrough, Calais and Dunkirk. By mid-1918 it had become a large site, occupying 2000 acres. After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front, indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry from Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries had space for motor transport as well as rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars. The Richborough Power Station was opened, within the port, in 1962 burning coal as its fuel, then in 1971 it was converted to run on oil before it was finally converted again to burn the controversial fuel Orimulsion during the final years of operation. Orimulsion is an emulsion originating from the Orinoco Basin, which was offloaded here, the plant closed down in 1996, but much of it remained in situ until the demolition of the three cooling towers on 11 March 2012. A new Energy Park is planned for the site, including a Diesel Peak Generator, the Saxon Shore, London, Council for British Archaeology, CBA Research Report 18,1977 Pratt Edwin A
33.
Brightlingsea
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Brightlingsea is a coastal town and an electoral ward in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It is situated between Colchester and Clacton-on-Sea, at the mouth of the River Colne, on Brightlingsea Creek, at the 2011 Census, it had a population of 8,076. Its traditional industries included fishery and shipbuilding, with the decline of these industries, the town is largely a dormitory town for Colchester. Brightlingsea is a limb of Sandwich, one of the Cinque Ports, the town retains an active ceremonial connection with the Cinque Ports, electing a Deputy from a guild of Freemen. Brightlingsea was for many years twinned with French oyster fishery port Marennes, Charente-Maritime, in the mid-1990s, the port of Brightlingsea was used for the export of live animals for slaughter, leading to a protest campaign dubbed The Battle of Brightlingsea. In the centre of the town is Jacobs Hall, reputedly the oldest timber-framed building in England, also in the town centre is Victoria Place, where many local businesses are based. To the west, on the creek is Western Promenade and it has lines of beach huts, a skate park, swimming pool, boating lake, and paddling pool. It is a destination for tourists and Londoners. Batemans Tower, a landmark by the sea, has recently been renovated by the Colne Yacht Club with help from a Lottery Fund grant. Brightlingsea sits on a promontory surrounded by the River Colne and its marshes and creeks. In 1995, an Early Neolithic pot, dated 4,000 to 3,100 BC, was found in a D-shaped enclosure with a ditch on a farm near Brightlingsea, other early remains in the area date from the Bronze Age, Roman and Saxon periods. In the Domesday Book of 1087, the population of Brightlingsea was given as 24 villagers,26 smallholders and 5 slaves, the lord of the manor had been King Harold Godwinson, but the title had passed to King William I. The medieval town grew up two centres, firstly around the parish church and secondly close to the shore where a port had developed. Trade was in oysters, fish, copperas and locally made bricks, the Cinque Ports were a confederation of the five most important ports on the coast of the English Channel. They had obligations to provide ships and men to fight for the king in time of war but were compensated by exemptions from taxation. All of the Cinque Ports acquired Limbs or subsidiary ports that would ease the burden of their wartime obligations, Brightlingsea became a Limb of the Head Port of Sandwich, and is the only community outside Kent and Sussex which has any connection with the Confederation of the Cinque Ports. In 1867 the yacht Mignonette was built by Aldhous Successors in Brightlingsea, the Marionette foundered on its way to Australia in 1884. In desperation, three of the four shipwrecked crew killed and ate the sickest member, the subsequent trial, R. v. Dudley and Stephens, established the common law principle that necessity is not a valid defence against a charge of murder
34.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
35.
Birchington-on-Sea
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Birchington-on-Sea is a village in north east Kent, England, with a population of around 10,000. It is part of the Thanet district and forms part of the parish of Birchington. It lies on the coast facing the North Sea, east of the Thames Estuary, as a seaside resort, the village is a tourist and retirement destination. The villages Minnis Bay is a beach with attractions such as sailing, windsurfing. Its three smaller beaches are surrounded by cliffs, cliff stacks and caves. The village was first recorded in 1240 and its parish church, All Saints, dates to the 13th century and its churchyard is the burial place of the 19th century Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Quex Park, a local 19th century manor house, is home to the Powell-Cotton Museum, Birchington was first recorded in 1240 as Birchenton, a name derived from the Old English words bircen tun, meaning a farm where birch trees grow. Archives show the villages All Saints Church dates to around 1350, in the early 15th century, Quex Park manor house—named after the parks second owner, John Quek—was built just south of the village. The ownership of the passed to various families until 1770 when it was acquired by the present owners. In the late 17th century, the house was visited by King William III, in 1565, a report on the coast of Thanet by the commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I stated that Birchington had 42 houses and did not have an active port. Before the 19th century, the coastline was frequented by smugglers. Several of the houses in the village contain cellars and bricked up tunnels. The 1801 census recorded the population as 537. In the early 19th century, the Tudor Quex House had to be demolished, in 1818, the Waterloo Tower was built on the grounds of Quex Park. It is a tower built by the owner of Quex Park, John Powell Powell. Waterloo Tower was the first twelve-bell tower in Kent, the village was a farming community until the late 19th century, when it began to develop into a coastal resort. Birchington railway station was opened in 1863 and the Railway Hotel, station Road was subsequently built to serve as Birchingtons main shopping street. Coast Guard cottages were built at Minnis Bay in the 1870s, Birchington-on-Sea is located at 51°22′37″N 1°18′18″E in northeast Kent, on the coast of the Thames Estuary
36.
St Peter's, Kent
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St Peters is an area of Broadstairs, a town on the Isle of Thanet in Kent. Historically a village, it was outgrown by the long-dominant settlement of the two, Broadstairs, after 1841. Originally the borough or manor of the church of St. Peter-in-Thanet, it was said to be the largest parish east of London, the two settlements were formally merged administratively in 1895. The church has the right to fly the white ensign dating from when the tower was used as a signalling station in the Napoleonic wars. The village sign won first prize in a competition in 1920. Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975 was born there in 1916, on 27 April 1952 a USAF Republic F-84 Thunderjet from RAF Manston crashed in the main street with loss of life. At the 2001 UK census, the St Peters electoral ward had a population of 6,761, the ethnicity was 97. 8% white,0. 7% mixed race,1. 2% Asian,0. 2% black and 0. 1% other. The place of birth of residents was 95. 7% United Kingdom,0. 7% Republic of Ireland,0. 9% other Western European countries, and 2. 7% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 75. 7% Christian,0. 5% Buddhist,0. 3% Hindu, 0% Sikh,0. 1% Jewish, 14% were recorded as having no religion,0. 4% had an alternative religion and 8. 6% did not state their religion. Compared with national figures, the ward had a high proportion of workers in education and health. There were a low proportion in agriculture, real estate. Of the wards residents aged 16–74,15. 5% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, media related to St Peters, Kent at Wikimedia Commons Broadstairs and St. Peters Town Council
37.
Ringwould
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Ringwould is a village and electoral ward near Deal in Kent, England. The coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediaeval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and this included Ringwould, as a limb of Dover. Ripple Windmill, which is being restored, lies within the parish, the village also has one Grade II listed building, in its district. As well as the Grade I listed church of St Nicholas, frederick Ernest Cleary CBE, who was originally a Chartered Surveyor from Crouch End, London. Later, he formed a successful company Haslemere Estates, who refurbished many of the City of Londons fine old buildings during the 1970s and 80s. In 1975 Fred purchased and refurbished an old building in Ringwould. This became an education centre for children. It later merged with the Bay Trust in St Margerets Bay, who manage and operate the Pines Garden. Media related to Ringwould at Wikimedia Commons
38.
Woodchurch
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Woodchurch is an area of Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula, in England. Administratively, Woodchurch is within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, its constituency is Wirral West. At the 2001 Census, it had a population of 8,400, Woodchurch is dominated by a large housing development, known as the Woodchurch Estate. The district is served by schools and has the major Arrowe Park Hospital just outside its boundary. Woodchurch was originally an area and ancient village of the Wirral Hundred, known mainly for its parish church. The first recorded owner of the land was an Anglo-Saxon chief called Aescwulf who claimed ownership of Woodchurch, Arrowe, although not recorded in the Domesday Book, Woodchurch was recorded as Wude Church in 1093. The population was 52 in 1801,96 in 1851 and 140 in 1901, the area was purchased by Birkenhead Corporation in 1926, becoming part of Birkenhead civil parish. Construction of a new housing estate complete with shops, schools, industry, of the old village, only the church and its adjoining school remain. From 1968, the Champion Spark Plug Company operated an automotive components factory on Arrowe Brook Road and it was closed in 2006 with production transferred to Italy. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the CO-OP operated a factory and industrial laundry on Woodchurch Road and its water-tower. This business had become a Leos superstore by 1986, and is currently a branch of Asda, the village of Woodchurch is situated on a lower prominence between Bidston Hill and Thurstaston Hill, with the centre of the village at an elevation of approximately 41 m above sea level. The River Fender bounds Woodchurch to the east, the Fender joins the Birket, before discharging into West Float and then into the River Mersey. The housing estate was planned in 1944 by Sir Charles Reilly, although this scheme was replaced by that of his student, building commenced in 1946, with the first house being officially opened on 6 May 1949. The housing estate itself is populated by mainly low income residents, during the late 1960s and 1970s, youths from Woodchurch were periodically involved in gang violence with youths from neighbouring estates. In the early 1980s, during a period of high national unemployment. In the late 1980s the estate was given a facelift, along some of its neighbours. Today its social problems are largely a thing of the past, holy Cross Church is the Church of England church, dating from the 12th century. The distinctive Roman Catholic St. Michael and All Angels church was designed by the F. X. Velarde Partnership, Woodchurch Methodist Chapel was built in 1963
39.
Kingsdown, Kent
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Kingsdown is a village immediately to the south of Walmer, itself south of Deal, on the English Channel coast of Kent. Parts of the village are built on or behind the beach that runs north to Deal and beyond, while other parts are on the cliffs. The village church of St John the Evangelist was built by local landowner William Curling in 1848, at the 2011 Census the village population was included in the civil parish of Ringwould with Kingsdown. A settlement or hamlet at Kingsdown is described in antiquity, during the Middle Ages, the coastal confederation of Cinque Ports consisted of 42 towns and villages. This included Kingsdown, under the limb of Dover, while the inland areas are devoted to farming, the modern village expanded in the 19th century as a fishing community. Many of the sheds and houses on the beach date from this period. Kingsdown was also at the end of the important anchorage known as The Downs. In the late 19th century, The Downs was widely used by hundreds of sailing ships that needed to ride out bad weather, a lifeboat station was built at Kingsdown in 1866 and was in operation until 1927. The nearest lifeboat is now based at Walmer to the north, from 1863, Oldstairs Bay at the south of Kingsdown Beach was also the location for an important Coastguard station and the substantial coastguard houses that remain. In 1926, the first woman to swim the English Channel, 19-year-old Gertrude Ederle, made landfall at Kingsdown, kingsdowns proximity to France placed it on the front line of several wars. During World War I, an airfield operated from Hawkshill Freedown between Kingsdown and Walmer. The chalk, which dates from the Cretaceous period, is an aquifer that forms the source for Kingsdown Water. The Kingsdown foreshore is the most southerly point of a shingle bank, the beach and downs around the village are important for migrating birds and insects, and for rare plants. The beach and cliffs are part of the Site of Special Scientific Interest that stretches south to Folkestone, the beach is largely shingle but low tide exposes some sandy areas and a chalk shelf stretching out to sea, particularly in the area of Oldstairs Bay at the southern end. There are no stations in the village itself, but a bus service run by Stagecoach connects the village to Walmer railway station. Kingsdown has numerous public footpaths and lies on both the Saxon Shore Way and the White Cliffs Country Trail. The section of National Cycle Route 1 known as the Cliffs, a flat, purpose-built cycleway leads north from the outskirts of the village along the beach to Deal. In Kingsdown itself, part of the route follows quiet public roads or footpaths
40.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown
41.
Pillory
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The pillory is related to the stocks. The word is documented in English since 1274, and stems from Old French pellori, itself from medieval Latin pilloria, of origin, perhaps a diminutive of Latin pila pillar. Pillories were set up to people in marketplaces, crossroads. They were often placed on platforms to increase visibility of the person. Often a placard detailing the crime was placed nearby, these punishments generally lasted only a few hours, in being forced to bend forward and stick their head and hands out in front of them, offenders in the pillory would have been extremely uncomfortable during their punishment. However, the purpose in putting criminals in the pillory was to publicly humiliate them. On discovering that the pillory was occupied, people would gather in the marketplace to taunt, tease. Those who gathered to watch the punishment typically wanted to make the experience as unpleasant as possible. In addition to being jeered and mocked, those in the pillory might be pelted with food, mud, offal, dead animals. As a result, criminals were often very dirty by the end of their punishment, their faces, sometimes people were killed or maimed in the pillory because crowds could get too violent and pelt the offender with stones, bricks and other dangerous objects. However, when Daniel Defoe was sentenced to the pillory in 1703 for Seditious libel, after 1816, use of the pillory was restricted in England to punishment for perjury or subornation. The pillory was formally abolished as a form of punishment in England and Wales in 1837, the last person to be pilloried in England was Peter James Bossy, who was convicted of wilful and corrupt perjury in 1830. He was offered the choice of seven years penal transportation or one hour in the pillory, in France, time in the pilori was usually limited to two hours. It was replaced in 1789 by exposition, and abolished in 1832, two types of devices were used, The poteau was a simple post, often with a board around only the neck, and was synonymous with the mode of punishment. This was the same as the schandpaal in Dutch, the carcan, an iron ring around the neck to tie a prisoner to such a post, was the name of a similar punishment that was abolished in 1832. Like other permanent apparatus for physical punishment, the pillory was placed prominently. It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities, in Portugal, it is called Pelourinho, and there are monuments of great importance because they are known since the Roman times. Usually, they are located on the square of the town
42.
Tumbrel
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A tumbrel, is a two-wheeled cart or wagon typically designed to be hauled by a single horse or ox. Their original use was for work, in particular they were associated with carrying manure. Their most notable use was taking prisoners to the guillotine during the French Revolution and they were also used by the military for hauling supplies. In this use the carts were sometimes covered, the two wheels allowed the cart to be tilted to more easily discharge its load. The word is used as a name for the cucking-stool
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Smuggling
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There are various motivations to smuggle. Examples of non-financial motivations include bringing banned items past a security checkpoint or the removal of classified documents from a government or corporate office, Smuggling is a common theme in literature, from Bizets opera Carmen to the James Bond spy books Diamonds are Forever and Goldfinger. The verb smuggle, from Low German schmuggeln or Dutch smokkelen, apparently a frequentative formation of a meaning to sneak. Smuggling has a long and controversial history, probably dating back to the first time at which duties were imposed in any form, in England smuggling first became a recognised problem in the 13th century, following the creation of a national customs collection system by Edward I in 1275. Medieval smuggling tended to focus on the export of highly taxed export goods — notably wool, merchants also, however, sometimes smuggled other goods to circumvent prohibitions or embargoes on particular trades. Most studies of historical smuggling have been based on official sources — such as court records, according to Dr Evan Jones, the trouble with these is that they only detail the activities of those dumb enough to get caught. This has led him and others, such as Prof Huw Bowen to use records to reconstruct smuggling businesses. Grain smuggling by members of the elite, often working closely with corrupt customs officers, has also been shown to have been prevalent in East Anglia during the later 16th century. In England wool was smuggled to the continent in the 17th century, the principal reason for the high duty was the need for the government to finance a number of extremely expensive wars with France and the United States. The thievery was boasted about and romanticized until it seemed a kind of heroism and it did not have any taint of criminality and the whole of the south coast had pockets vying with one another over whose smugglers were the darkest or most daring. The Smugglers Inn was one of the commonest names for a bar on the coast, in Henley Road, smuggling in colonial times was a reaction to the heavy taxes and regulations imposed by mercantilist trade policies. After American independence in 1783, smuggling developed at the edges of the United States at places like Passamaquoddy Bay, St. Marys in Georgia, Lake Champlain, and Louisiana. During Thomas Jeffersons embargo of 1807-1809, these places became the primary places where goods were smuggled out of the nation in defiance of the law. Like Britain, a gradual liberalization of laws as part of the free trade movement meant less smuggling. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt tried to cut down on smuggling by establishing the Roosevelt Reservation along the United States-Mexico Border, Smuggling revived in the 1920s during Prohibition, and drug smuggling became a major problem after 1970. In the 1990s, when sanctions were imposed on Serbia. The state unofficially allowed this to continue or otherwise the entire economy would have collapsed, much smuggling occurs when enterprising merchants attempt to supply demand for a good or service that is illegal or heavily taxed. As a result, illegal trafficking, and the smuggling of weapons, as well as the historical staples of smuggling, alcohol
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Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cinque Ports". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–379.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "