1.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
2.
GMT
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
5.
French Grand Prix
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The French Grand Prix was a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de lAutomobiles annual Formula One automobile racing championships. It was one of the oldest motor races in the world and it ceased shortly after its centenary in 2008 with 86 races having been held, a victim of finances and unfavourable venues. It is also one of four races to have held as part of the three distinct Grand Prix championships. The power of original organiser, the Automobile Club de France, the Grand Prix name referred to the prize of 45,000 French francs to the race winner. The franc was pegged to the gold at 0.290 grams per franc, dieppe in particular was an extremely dangerous circuit-8 people in total were killed at the 3 French Grands Prix held at the 79 km circuit. The 1906 race was the first ever Grand Prix, which was an event that originated from the Gordon Bennett races that had started in 1899. This race was run on a 66-mile closed public road circuit starting at the western French town of Le Mans, through a series of villages and back again to Le Mans. Hungarian Ferenc Szisz won this very long 12-hour race on a Renault from Italian Felice Nazzaro in a Fiat, where laps on this took around an hour. The 1913 race was won by Georges Boillot on a one-off 19-mile circuit near Amiens in northern France, Amiens was another extremely deadly circuit-5 people were killed during its use during pre-race testing and the race weekend itself. The 1914 race, run on a 24-mile circuit near Lyon is perhaps the most legendary race of the pre-WWI racing era and this was a hard-fought battle between the French Peugeots and the German Mercedess. Although the Peugeots were fast and Boillot ended up leading for 12 of the 20 laps the Dunlop tires they used wore out badly compared to the Continentials that the Mercedes cars were using. Boillots four-minute lead was wiped out by Christian Lautenschlager in a Mercedes while he stopped an incredible eight times for tires. Although Boillot drove very hard to try to catch Christian Lautenschlager, he had to due to tire failure, and Mercedes finished 1-2-3. Bugatti made its debut at the 1922 race at a 8.3 mile one-off public road circuit near Strasbourg near the French-German border- which was close to Bugattis headquarters in Molsheim. It rained, and the circuit was in a dreadful condition. This race became a duel between Bugatti and Fiat- and Felice Nazzaro won in a Fiat, the 1923 race at another one-off circuit near Tours featured another new Bugatti- the Type 32. This car was dubbed the Tank, owing to its streamlined shape. This car was fast on the straights of this public road circuit-
6.
World Touring Car Championship
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The FIA World Touring Car Championship is an international Touring Car championship sanctioned by the FIA. Citroën Total driver José María López from Argentina is the 2015 WTCC reigning champion, the first World Touring Car Championship, which was open to Group A Touring Cars, was held in 1987 concurrent to the long-running European Touring Car Championship. Additional rounds were held outside Europe at Bathurst and Calder Park Raceway in Australia, Wellington in New Zealand, the Championship was well-supported by the factory European teams of Ford, BMW and Alfa Romeo, but was embroiled in controversy. Unfortunately, the leading BMW Motorsport teams and the Ford Europe backed Eggenberger Motorsport had developed a situation of you dont protest us, we wont protest you. While this worked well in the European races, when the championship landed in Australia the local teams took exception to the Europeans somewhat liberal interpretation of the Group A rules, subsequently the Eggenberger cars were protested against and eventually disqualified from the Bathurst 1000 results. The championship was awarded to West German Eggenberger Ford Sierra RS500 drivers Klaus Ludwig. The Entrants Championship was won by the Eggenberger Texaco Ford No 7 entry, only one car, based on an Alfa Romeo 164 with a 3.5 litre V10 engine was built before it was abandoned. The 1993 race at Monza was won by New Zealands Paul Radisich, at the wheel of a Ford Mondeo ahead of Nicola Larinis Alfa Romeo 155, the race was run for two more years. A similar event was planned for 1996 at the A1 Ring, Austria and it was never brought back thereafter. In 2001, the European Touring Car Championship was resumed with support from the FIA, in 2001, the Italian Superturismo Championship became the FIA European Super Touring Championship, with an extra class for Super Production cars alongside the main Super Touring class. At the request of interested manufacturers, the ETCC was changed to the current WTCC beginning with the 2005 season, continuing to use Super 2000, in 2008, Frenchman Yvan Muller won the title after Race 1 in Macau in his SEAT León TDI. This marked the first time an FIA sanctioned world championship, in any category, SEAT León TDI won both championships for a second time in 2009, this time in the hands of Gabriele Tarquini. 2010 marked the start of Chevrolets dominance of the championship with its Cruze model, Frenchman Yvan Muller became World Champion, fending off tough competition from Gabriele Tarquini and Andy Priaulx to win the first world championship for Chevrolet. This gave Chevrolet a clean sweep of both titles, the 2012 championship saw Chevrolet pick up where they left of in 2011, leading to a second year of championship clean sweeps, this time with Rob Huff taking the drivers title. Technical rules were modified in 2011 to allow 1. 6L turbo gasoline engines, in 2014, new car regulations were introduced with the name TC1, with larger wings and more engine power. The old 1. 6L turbo cars were renamed TC2 for a year and were dropped for 2015, the FIA TCN2 class is set to be introduced in 2017. The WTCC uses Super 2000 and Diesel 2000 cars, as cost control is a theme in the technical regulation. Super 2000 engines are 1.6 L turbo-charged 4-cylinder engines producing approximately 380 bhp, wheels are 18 in diameter, and large front and rear aerodynamic devices are permitted
7.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
8.
FIA GT Championship
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The FIA GT Championship was a sports car racing series organized by the Stéphane Ratel Organisation at the behest of the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The championship was mostly concentrated in Europe, but throughout the years has visited other continents including Asia, at the end of 2009, the championship was replaced by the FIA GT1 World Championship, which morphed into the FIA GT Series for 2013. FIA currently defines several categories of GT cars with the top two specifications being GT1, or Grand Touring Cars, and GT2, or Series Grand Touring Cars, each category has an annual driver champion, team champion, and manufacturer champion. Both categories are based on road car designs, which must be produced in a minimum quantity of 25 examples to qualify. For the 2006 season, the FIA created a new class called GT3, GT3 cars are even closer to their production counterparts and are very simply racetrack prepared with the essentials. All cars are performance balanced together via different weights, restrictors and this car must be able to be used perfectly legally on the open road, and adapted for racing on circuits or closed courses. The new manufacturers built homologation specials, racing-bred cars that took advantage of the new rules. Chrysler, Lister and Marcos, not wanting to accompany the cost escalation and this proved to be the wisest move, as Mercedes completely dominated the new category and the other manufacturers pulled out after the end of the 1998 season. This left Chryslers Viper to become the car in the series, with the aging Porsche 993 GT2. However, there was no lower inexpensive category for drivers. While the manufacturer field in the main class blossomed, the new category became swamped with Porsches and Ferraris, but lower running costs meant both classes enjoyed a balanced number of entries. In order to boost the status, the SRO added the 24 Hours of Spa, previously a touring car race, to the calendar. The FIA also banned official manufacturer involvement, although certain teams had preferential treatment, after the end of the 2004 season, the FIA renamed the classes GT1 and GT2, and somewhat liberalized the GT1 regulations, allowing supercars. While this was made to accommodate the Saleen S7, the biggest beneficiary was the purpose-built Maserati MC12, however, thanks to a weight penalty system, the fight for the championship is protected from more domineering cars. The level of competition remains tight, with drivers managing to fight for the wins with professional drivers. Following the 2009 season, the SRO announced that the FIA GT Championships two categories, GT1 and GT2, would break off into separate series, the GT1 category became a world championship with rounds across the world. Cars which fit the GT1 class were eligible to only in the FIA GT1 World Championship, as the ACO banned the cars from the event. This meant that the category that once was eligible to race not only in the FIA GT, Le Mans Series and this meant that the San Luis round of the 2011 season was the last ever time GT1 cars contested in international motorsport
9.
6 Hours of Castellet
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The 1000km of Castellet is a Blancpain Endurance Series sports car race held at Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet, France. The race began in 1970 as a round of the European 2-Litre Sportscar Championship, the race was a French national championship race in the 1980s. It was revived in 1998 by the International Sports Racing Series, in 2015, the event returned to its 1000 km format making it only the second time to use that distance since 1974. Racing Sports Cars, Paul Ricard archive
10.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
11.
Valtteri Bottas
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Valtteri Bottas is a Finnish racing driver currently competing in Formula One with Mercedes. Bottas previously drove for Williams from 2013 to 2016 and his current best career achievement was in 2014 when he finished 4th in the Formula One World Championship. Born in Nastola, Finland, Bottas finished eighth in the 2005 Karting World Cup for the P. D. B, racing Team, using Gillard chassis and Parilla engines. Bottas won both the 2008 Formula Renault Eurocup and the 2008 Formula Renault Northern European Cup, in doing so, he repeated the feat of Filipe Albuquerque, who won both the NEC and Eurocup in the same season, in 2006. Bottas would have won the 2007 Formula Renault UK Winter Series, had he been holding an MSA-registered licence for the championship. This did however not stop him from competing, and he won three out of the four races in the championship and he moved up into the Formula Three Euroseries for the 2009 season, competing for reigning champions ART Grand Prix. Despite not winning a race, Bottas set two pole positions on his way to third in the championship, edging out Alexander Sims at the final race. In June 2009, Bottas won the 2009 Masters of Formula 3, also claiming the pole position, by winning the event again in 2010, he became the first driver to win the F3 Masters title for the second time. After a tough start to the season, he claimed a win in each of the last four race weekends, Bottas returned to racing in 2013, as he was confirmed as teammate to Pastor Maldonado at Williams for the 2013 season on 28 November 2012. On 8 June 2013, Bottas qualified in 3rd position at the Canadian Grand Prix behind Sebastian Vettel and he scored his first points finish at the United States Grand Prix by finishing 8th. This result allowed Bottas to finish ahead of Maldonado in the Drivers Championship, on 11 November 2013 Bottas was confirmed to continue with Williams in 2014 alongside Felipe Massa, who was signed from Ferrari to replace Pastor Maldonado. At the first race of the 2014 season in Australia, Bottas qualified 10th and finished 6th and he was later promoted to 5th after Daniel Ricciardo was disqualified from 2nd position. At the Austrian Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 2nd, his best grid position in Formula One, at the German Grand Prix, he qualified second and ended the race in the same position despite a late challenge from Hamilton. After achieving three podiums in Belgium, Russia and Abu Dhabi, Bottas finished 4th overall in the championship, beating the likes of former world champions Sebastian Vettel. In September 2014, it was announced that Bottas and Massa would retain their drives with Williams for the 2015 season, at the opening race of the season in Australia, Bottas qualified sixth for the race, but injured his back during qualifying. He was taken to The Alfred Hospital for precautionary checks, where he was diagnosed with soft tissue damage to his lower back, both Bottas and Williams season didnt live up to their hopes. Williams lost out in the development war to Ferrari over the winter, Bottas achieved two podium finishes across the 2015 season. The second podium of the came in Mexico behind the Mercedes duo
12.
Mercedes-Benz in Formula One
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Mercedes-Benz is currently involved in Formula One, running Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport, a Formula One racing team, based in Brackley, United Kingdom, using a German licence. Mercedes-Benz had competed in the pre-war European Championship winning three titles, and debuted in Formula One in 1954, running a team for two years. After winning their first race at the 1954 French Grand Prix and it supplied Sauber for one season, then switched to McLaren in 1995. In 2009 they also became suppliers of Brawn GP and Force India, Mercedes-Benz returned with a factory team in 2010 after the purchase of Brawn. A fourth team was added to the program in 2014. For the 2015 season, the 20-year long partnership with McLaren ended, instead, Mercedes supplied engines to the Lotus F1 team, before switching to Manor in 2016. The manufacturer has collected more than 100 wins as engine supplier, five Constructors and seven Drivers Championships have been won with Mercedes-Benz engines. Mercedes has become one of the most successful teams in recent Formula One history, in 2014, Mercedes managed 11 one-two finishes beating McLarens 1988 record of 10. The record was beaten the year having achieved 12 one-two finishes. Mercedes also collected 16 victories in 2014 and 2015 apiece breaking McLaren, in 2016, they broke their own record, achieving 19 wins. Mercedes-Benz formerly competed in Grand Prix motor racing in the 1930s, both teams were heavily funded by the Nazi regime, winning all European Grand Prix Championships after 1932, of which Rudolf Caracciola won three for Mercedes-Benz. In 1954, Mercedes-Benz returned to what was now known as Formula One under the leadership of Alfred Neubauer, the car was run in both the conventional open-wheeled configuration and a streamlined form, which featured covered wheels and wider bodywork. Juan Manuel Fangio, the 1951 champion, transferred mid-season from Maserati to Mercedes-Benz for their debut at the French Grand Prix on 4 July 1954, the team had immediate success and recorded a 1–2 victory with Fangio and Karl Kling, as well as the fastest lap. Fangio went on to win three races in 1954, winning the championship. The success continued into the 1955 season, with Mercedes-Benz developing the W196 throughout the year, Mercedes-Benz again dominated the season, with Fangio taking four races, and his new team mate Stirling Moss winning the British Grand Prix. Fangio and Moss finished first and second in that years championship, at the end of the season, the team withdrew from motor sport, including Formula One. Following the purchase of the team, as well as a deal with Petronas. BAR, who had formed a partnership with Honda, eventually became Honda Racing F1 Team in 2006 when BAT withdrew from the sport
13.
Keke Rosberg
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Keijo Erik Rosberg, known as Keke, is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series, Rosberg grew up in Oulu and Iisalmi, Finland. He is the father of retired Formula One driver and 2016 Formula One world champion Nico Rosberg and his first Formula One drive was with the Theodore team during the 1978 season. Rosberg was not able to qualify for a race afterwards, and was signed by another team, ATS. He returned to Theodore after they acquired chassis from the Wolf Formula One team and he next emerged with the Wolf team, midway through the 1979 season. However, the team was having difficulty staying solvent, and Rosberg had problems in finishing races, Rosberg soon had to change teams again when Wolf left Formula One, and signed with Fittipaldi Automotive which had bought the remains of Walter Wolfs squad. 1981 was worse as he failed to score at all, despite this, Williams was interested in Rosberg, with the retirement of 1980 World Champion Alan Jones leaving a seat open for the 1982 season. Given a competitive car, Rosberg had a successful year. He consistently scored points and earned his first victory in the Swiss Grand Prix at Dijon-Prenois late that year, Rosbergs first memorable season came in a year where no driver won more than two races. Rosberg won the championship with a five point gap to Didier Pironi, Rosbergs 1982 Championship proved to be the last World Championship win for the old Cosworth DFV engine which had been introduced to F1 by Lotus in 1967. Rosbergs post-championship years would be hamstrung by both uncompetitive chassis from Williams, and the powerful but unreliable Honda turbo engine, for his title defense in 1983, Rosberg was again using the reliable Ford DFY V8. However, by time, Ferrari, Renault and BMW had got their act together. To that end, Frank Williams concluded a deal to run the Honda V6 turbo engine in his cars, Rosberg and team mate Jacques Laffite first got their Honda turbos in the season ending South African Grand Prix at Kyalami and immediately the new Williams FW09 was on the pace. Rosberg finished in 5th place to give him 5th place in the championship, during the year, Rosberg earned the title King of the atmospherics. Despite good power from the Honda engines, Williams and Rosberg struggled in 1984 mostly due to the FW09B chassis not being enough to handle the power delivery of the 850 bhp V6. The Finn managed to both the car and engine long enough to win the Dallas Grand Prix, but his only other podium for the year was a second at the season opener in Brazil. After a frustrating year he finished the championship in eighth place with 20.5 points, Rosberg managed to qualify 4th in his Ralt RT4 Ford despite spending most of the day with fellow aviation enthusiast Lauda attending an air show at the nearby Essendon Airport. 1985 would prove better for both Rosberg and Williams, the Finn had a new team mate in Nigel Mansell and the all carbon fibre Williams FW10 chassis was a big improvement over the FW09B
14.
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
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Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited, currently racing in Formula One as Williams Martini Racing, is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and is run by team owner Sir Frank Williams, the team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Wolf-Williams Racing. All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number, Williams first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix, where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève. Williams started manufacturing its own cars the year, and Switzerlands Clay Regazzoni won Williams first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix. Williams won nine Constructors Championships between 1980 and 1997 and this stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000. Each of these drivers, with the exception of Senna and Button, have captured one title with the team. Of those who have won the championship with Williams, only Jones, Rosberg, Williams have worked with many engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault, Williams won five of their nine constructors titles with the French company. Williams F1 also has business interests beyond Formula One racing, in April 2014, Williams Hybrid Power were sold to GKN. Williams Advanced Engineering had a centre in Qatar until it was closed in 2014. Frank Williams started the current Williams team in 1977 after his previous outfit, Frank Williams Racing Cars, despite the promise of a new owner in the form of Canadian millionaire Walter Wolf, the team rebranded as Wolf-Williams Racing in 1976, the cars were not competitive. Eventually Williams left the rechristened Walter Wolf Racing and moved to Didcot to rebuild his team as Williams Grand Prix Engineering, Frank recruited young engineer Patrick Head to work for the team, creating the Williams-Head partnership. In February 2011, Williams F1 announced their intention to float via a public offering on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Swiss-based Bank am Bellevue AG will act as sole global co-ordinator of up to 27. 39% of existing shares, Sir Frank Williams will remain majority shareholder and team principal after the IPO. The shares are valued at between 24 and 29 euros, which values the Williams F1 team at 265 million euros. In February 2017 the shares are divided in this way, Frank Williams 52, 25%, Brad Hollinger 14, 75%, Patrick Head 9%, 20% on the market place. Williams entered a custom March 761 for the 1977 season, lone driver Patrick Nève appeared at 11 races that year, starting with the Spanish Grand Prix. The new team failed to score a point, achieving a best finish of 7th at the Italian Grand Prix, for the 1978 season, Patrick Head designed his first Williams car, the FW06. Williams signed Australian Alan Jones, who had won the Austrian Grand Prix the previous season for a devastated Shadow team following the death of their lead driver, Tom Pryce
15.
Honda in Formula One
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Honda has participated in Formula One, as an entrant, constructor and engine supplier, for various periods since 1964. Hondas involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season, their withdrawal in 1968 was precipitated by the death of Honda driver Jo Schlesser during the 1968 French Grand Prix and they returned in 1983 as an engine supplier, a role that ended in 1992. They returned again in 2000, providing engines for British American Racing, by the end of 2005 they had bought out the BAR team, based at Brackley, United Kingdom, and renamed their new subsidiary Honda Racing. It was announced on 5 December 2008 that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the financial crisis and were looking to sell their team. On 27 February 2009 it was announced that team principal Ross Brawn had led a management buyout of the Brackley team, the team raced successfully as Brawn GP in 2009, and was subsequently sold to Daimler AG and renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season. On 17 May 2013, Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under an agreement with McLaren to supply V6 engines. Honda entered Formula One Grand Prix racing in 1964, just four years after producing their first road car and they began development of the RA271 in 1962 and startled the European-dominated Formula One garages with their all-Japanese factory team. More startling was the fact that Honda built their own engine and chassis, something only Ferrari, in only their second year of competition, Honda reached the coveted top step of the podium with Ginthers win in the RA272 at the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix. For the new 3. 0L rules from 1966, Honda introduced the Honda RA273, although the RA273s engine was a well-designed, ~360 bhp V12, the car was let down by a relatively heavy and unwieldy in-house chassis. Honda returned to the circle in 1967 with the new Honda RA300. This won the 1967 Italian Grand Prix in only its first Formula One race, the RA300 chassis was partly designed by Lola in the UK, and this resulted in the car being nicknamed the Hondola by the motoring press. This was the last competitive car that Honda produced for Formula One in the 1960s, the following years Honda RA301 only reached the podium twice. The teams new Honda RA302 appeared in only a race at Rouen-Les-Essarts. The death prompted Honda to withdraw from Formula One at the end of the 1968 Formula One season, mugen-powered cars had won 4 Grands Prix by the end of the 1999 season. In 1998, Honda was seriously considering entry in Formula One as a constructor, going as far as producing an engine and hiring Harvey Postlethwaite as technical director and designer. In addition, Honda pulled engineer Kyle Petryshen from HRC to help with the design, implementation, a test car, RA099, designed by Postlethwaite and built by Dallara, was made and tested during 1999, driven by Jos Verstappen. The team impressed at test sessions, beating some more experienced and better financed teams, even if they were mostly in the midfield. At a test of car, Postlethwaite suffered a fatal heart attack
16.
Williams FW10
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The Williams FW10 was the Formula One car designed by Frank Dernie for the 1985 Formula One season. The team introduced a version of the car dubbed the FW10B late in the season. 1985 marked Williams second full season with Honda turbo power, in total, nine FW10 tubs were built, one was sent to Japan for Honda test driver Satoru Nakajima to drive, and one was a prototype to test the construction process. The team had a better season than in the previous two years, scoring four wins and taking third place in the Constructors Championship. During the early part of the season the cars made do with upgraded 1984 engines, after winning in Detroit, Rosberg then won his 5th and last Grand Prix at the last race of the season in Adelaide for the first ever World Championship Australian Grand Prix. The momentum gained from winning the three races of the season, plus an all-new Honda RA166-E V6 turbo, would carry the team into a successful 1986 season. This record would stand until Williams driver Juan Pablo Montoya lapped Monza in his V10 BMW powered Williams FW24 at 161.449 mph during qualifying for the 2002 Italian Grand Prix. The 1985 Formula One season saw a number of cars that were fast on specific circuits- i. e, the Williams, however, seemed to be the best all-round car, being competitive on almost any type of circuit it competed on. It was fast down the straights, fast on high-speed circuits, after the team got an all-new engine from Honda for Detroit, the car became a lot better on slower circuits, almost on par with the Lotus. Autocourse subsequently picked the FW10 as third-best car of the year, behind the Lotus 97T and McLaren MP4/2B, and the chassis also won the Autosport magazines racing car of the year award. The FW10 also acted as an important step up to 1986 and 1987 for the team, in which the FW11 with its Honda engines were generally the class of the field
17.
1985 French Grand Prix
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The 1985 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on July 7,1985. It was the round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the 63rd French Grand Prix and the ninth to be held at Paul Ricard, the race was held over 53 laps of the 5.81 km circuit for a total race distance of 307.93 kilometres. This was the last time the entire Paul Ricard circuit was used for the French Grand Prix, in 1986 a shorter,3.813 km club version was used after Elio de Angelis fatal accident at the circuit during a test session. This was seen as a knee jerk reaction to the crash by the FIA as it was known that the circuit itself wasnt to blame for the crash, Nelson Piquet won the race driving a Brabham BT54-BMW. It turned out to be the Brabham teams last victory in Formula One and it was also the first Grand Prix victory since their return to Formula One for Italian tyre manufacturer Pirelli. Piquet won the race by six seconds over pole winner Keke Rosberg driving a Williams FW10-Honda, third was French driver Alain Prost driving a McLaren MP4/2B-TAG Porsche. Prosts podium finish allowed him to close to five points of championship leader Michele Alboreto. Williams driver, and 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, broke the Lotus-Renault stranglehold on 1985 pole positions by putting his car on pole position at Paul Ricard, ayrton Senna was second in his Lotus-Renault, followed by the Ferrari 156/85 of Michele Alboreto and the McLaren-TAG of Prost. The third row of the grid was taken by the first of the Pirelli runners in Nelson Piquet, the factory Renaults of Patrick Tambay and Derek Warwick qualified 9th and 10th. Tambay was driving an updated version of the Renault RE60, dubbed the RE60B, while Warwick was in the older RE60. Nigel Mansell had an accident at the high speed Signes corner, located at the end of the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight, during practice, Mansell had broken the record for the fastest accident in Formula One history when he went off at over 200 mph. This compared to the slowest car, the 550 bhp Tyrrell-Ford of Stefan Bellof which could only manage 277 km/h on the Mistral and it allowed Brundle to qualify some four seconds faster than his team mate. The top speed of the new turbo powered car was around 310 km/h, Tyrrell were the last F1 team to change from a naturally aspirated engine to a turbocharged engine having done a deal with Renault in late 1984 but the new 014 was not ready until this race. As the lowest team in the Renault pecking order behind the team, Lotus and Ligier, Tyrrell were only supplied with Renaults 1984 engine. As the laps went on, the hot weather began to some of the cars. But Nelson Piquet, who so far had little success in 1985, Piquet then started to pull away from Rosberg, who had wrecked his tires pushing hard early on. Berger later retired on lap 20 after a collision with Pierluigi Martini, Senna went into the pits with problems with his Lotus and was slipping out of contention
18.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
19.
Nigel Mansell
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Nigel Ernest James Mansell, CBE is a British former racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the CART Indy Car World Series. His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. He held the record for the most number of set in a single season. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by longtime Formula One commentator Murray Walker, in 2008, ESPN. com ranked him 24th on their Top 25 Drivers of All Time list. He was also ranked No.9 of the 50 greatest F1 drivers of all time by the Times Online on a list that included such drivers as Prost, Senna, Jackie Stewart. Mansell raced in the Grand Prix Masters series in 2005, and he later signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari F430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007. He has since competed in sports car races with his sons Leo and Greg. Mansell was inducted to the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005 and he is the current president of one of the UKs largest Youth Work Charities, UK Youth. He is also President of the IAM, in September 2014, it was announced that Mansell would be opening a Mitsubishi franchise on Jersey later in the month. Defeated Erik Spaulding in semi-final 2017 Belleair Club Championship, Nigel Ernest James Mansell was born on 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire, the son of Eric, an engineer and Joyce Mansell. Mansell spent 11 years of his life as a Special Constable on the Isle of Man during his driving career, during this period, he also developed a golf course in Devon. He had a slow start to his racing career, using his own money to help work his way up the ranks. After considerable success in racing, he moved to the Formula Ford series to the disapproval of his father. In 1976, Mansell won six of the nine races he took part in and he entered 42 races the following year and won 33 to become the 1977 British Formula Ford champion, despite suffering a broken neck in a qualifying session at Brands Hatch. Doctors told him he had been close to quadriplegia, that he would be confined for six months. Mansell discharged himself from the hospital and returned to racing, Three weeks before the accident he had resigned from his job as an aerospace engineer, having previously sold most of his personal belongings to finance his foray into Formula Ford. Later that year he was given the chance to race a Lola T570 Formula 3 car at Silverstone and he finished fourth and decided that he was ready to move into the higher formula. Mansell raced in Formula Three in 1978–1980, Mansells first season in Formula Three started with a pole position and a second-place finish
20.
Scuderia Ferrari
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Scuderia Ferrari S. p. A. competing as Scuderia Ferrari is the official name of the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer, Ferrari, and competes in Formula One racing. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, the team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. As a constructor, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors Championships, Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers Championships for the team. Since Räikkönens title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers title with Felipe Massa, Schumacher is the teams most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, including the constructors title of 1999 consecutively being won until the end of 2004, this was the teams most successful period. Currently, World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel are the two race drivers. The team is known for its passionate support base known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the home race. The Scuderia Ferrari team was founded by Enzo Ferrari on 16 November 1929 and became the team of Alfa Romeo. In 1938, Alfa Romeo management made the decision to enter racing under its own name, establishing the Alfa Corse organisation, Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this change in policy and was finally dismissed by Alfa in 1939. The terms of his leaving forbade him from motorsport under his own name, in 1939 Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815. The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first Ferrari cars, World War II put a temporary end to racing, and Ferrari concentrated on an alternative use for his factory during the war years, doing machine tool work. After the war, Ferrari recruited several of his former Alfa colleagues and established a new Scuderia Ferrari, the team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars. The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari, Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. In 1947 Ferrari constructed the 12-cylinder,1.5 L Tipo 125, a Formula One version of the Tipo 125, the Ferrari 125 F1 was developed in 1948 and entered in several Grand Prix, at the time a World Championship had not yet been established. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship was established, and it is the only team to have competed in every season of the World Championship, from its inception to the current day. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally aspirated formula for the 275,340, after the 1951 Formula One season the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the Formula Two regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars
21.
Ferrari 641
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The Ferrari 641 was the Formula One racing car with which the Ferrari team competed in the 1990 Formula One season. The 641 was a version of its predecessor, the 1989 Ferrari 640. The updated 641 design was overseen by former McLaren designer Steve Nichols after Barnard left Ferrari to join the Benetton team, the car was powered by a 3.5 litre V12 engine, first with the type 036, and later in San Marino with the updated 037. The V12 was rated at 680 bhp, only slightly down on the 690 bhp Honda V10 engines used by McLaren, the car scored 6 wins in the 1990 season. Incorporating the semi-automatic gearbox developed during the season, the car was seen to be technically advanced. The aerodynamics were reworked and the chassis given a longer wheelbase than its predecessor. Ferraris major coup was signing reigning World Champion Alain Prost from McLaren to partner Nigel Mansell, as such, Nichols designed the car with Prosts smooth driving style in mind. A variable inlet trumpet system on the engine was tested throughout the season, Prost worked hard on improving the reliability of the gearbox and also worked behind the scenes to bring the whole Ferrari team closer together. Although the car occasionally struggled in qualifying, it appeared to have the edge on the McLarens in race trim, however, the famous collision between the two drivers at the Japanese Grand Prix sealed the Drivers Championship for Senna and the Constructors Championship for McLaren. It would be seven years before Ferrari would challenge for either championship again. Tiff Needell drove the 641 on Top Gear in 1995 in a segment where his co-host Jeremy Clarkson tested a Ferrari F50 and did a drag race against Needell in the 641 and some comparisons as well
22.
1990 French Grand Prix
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The 1990 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on 8 July 1990. It was the race of the 1990 Formula One season. It was the 68th French Grand Prix and the 14th and last to be held at Paul Ricard and it was held over 80 laps of the four kilometre circuit for a race distance of 305 kilometres. This race was held the day as the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final in Rome, Italy. French driver Alain Prost claimed the lead late in the race to take the win in his Ferrari 641 by eight seconds over Capelli, brazilian driver Ayrton Senna finished third in his McLaren MP4/5B. The win, Prosts third for the season, closed the gap to points leader Senna to just three points. In one of the most remarkable turn arounds in Grand Prix history the Leyton House cars of Ivan Capelli and Maurício Gugelmin ran first, Gugelmin stopped while third late in the race on whilst Capelli led until three laps from home when his engine encountered problems and dropped to second. Berger took the lead at the start followed by pole sitter Mansell, Senna, Nannini, Patrese, Prost, Boutsen, Piquet, later in the race when the leaders pitted, Capelli took the lead being followed by team mate Gugelmin. Prost overtook Gugelmin on lap 54 and Gugelmins engine blew on lap 57. Prost overtook Capelli for the lead on lap 77 of 80, Prosts win was the 42nd of his career, his 3rd French Grand Prix in succession, his 5th French GP overall, and the 100th Grand Prix victory for Ferrari. It would also prove to be the 3rd and last podium finish for Ivan Capelli, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
23.
Motorsport
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The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
24.
Race track
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A race track is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals. A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses, racetracks are also used in the study of animal locomotion. Some motorsport tracks are called speedways, a racetrack is a permanent facility or building. Racecourse is a term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong. Race tracks built for bicycles are known as velodromes, circuit is a common alternate term for racetrack, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. A race course, as opposed to a racecourse, is a term for non-permanent tracks for sports, particularly running, water sports, road racing. Many sports usually held on racetracks also can occur on temporary tracks, there is some evidence of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient racetracks were the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks, both of these structures were designed for horse and chariot racing. The stadium of the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators, racing facilities existed during the Middle Ages, and there are records of a public racecourse being opened at Newmarket in London in 1174. In 1780 the Earl of Derby created a course on his estate at Epsom. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks, in the United States, the race tracks are dirt. With the advent of the automobile in the late twentieth century. The earliest tracks were modified horse racing courses, racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, at Narragansett Park in Cranston, Rhode Island. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909, beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks called board tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on the AAA Championship circuit were run on board tracks. Modern racetracks are designed with safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator. These often involve run off areas, barriers, and high fencing, several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for such as motocross, cycling
25.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
26.
Pastis
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Pastis is an anise-flavoured spirit and apéritif from France, typically containing less than 100 g/l sugar and from 40–45% ABV. Pastis was first commercialized by Paul Ricard in 1932 and enjoys popularity in France, especially in the southeastern regions of the country, mostly Marseille. Pastis emerged some 17 years after the ban on absinthe, during a time when the French nation was still apprehensive of high-proof anise drinks in the wake of the absinthe debacle, the name pastis comes from Occitan pastís which means mash-up. Pastis is often associated with its predecessor, absinthe, yet the two are in fact very different. Pastis does not contain grand wormwood, the herb from which derives its name. Also, pastis obtains its anise flavor from a distillation of star anise, a herb of Asian origin, whereas absinthe traditionally obtains its base flavor from green anise, a European herb. Furthermore, pastis traditionally exhibits the distinct flavor of licorice root, where bottled strength is concerned, traditional absinthes were bottled at 45–74% ABV, while pastis is typically bottled at 40–50% ABV. Finally, unlike a traditional absinthe, pastis is a liqueur, the drink is consumed cold and considered a refreshment for hot days. However, many pastis drinkers decline to add ice, preferring to drink the beverage with cool spring water,130 million litres are sold each year. Pastis beverages become cloudy when diluted because they are anise-based, such beverages contain oils called terpenes, which are soluble in an aqueous solution that contains 30% ethanol or more by volume. When the solution is diluted to below 30% ethanol, the terpenes become insoluble, the same chemistry causes absinthe to go cloudy when diluted
27.
Renault in Formula One
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Renault are currently involved in Formula One as a constructor, under the name of Renault Sport Formula One Team. They have been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977, in 1977, the company entered Formula One as a constructor, introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car, the Renault RS01. In 1983, Renault began supplying engines to other teams, although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles, it withdrew at the end of 1985. Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986, then again from 1989 to 1997, Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team. In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name, for the 2011 Formula One season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name. In 2012, the changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015. Renault has also supplied engines to teams, including Red Bull Racing, Benetton Formula. In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors Championships and two Drivers Championships, as a supplier, Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers Championships. It has collected over 160 wins as engine supplier, ranking third in Formula One history, Renaults first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary. Renault entered the last five races of 1977 with Jean-Pierre Jabouille in its only car, the Renault RS01 was well known for its Renault-Gordini V61.5 L turbocharged engine, the first regularly used turbo engine in Formula One history. The first race the team, under the name Equipe Renault Elf, entered was the 1977 French Grand Prix, the round of the season. The teams début was delayed until the round, the British Grand Prix. The cars first qualifying session was not a success, and Jabouille qualified 21st out of the 30 runners and 26 starters,1.62 seconds behind pole sitter James Hunt in the McLaren. Jabouille ran well in the race, running as high as 16th before the turbo failed on lap 17. The team missed the German and Austrian Grands Prix as the car was being improved after its British disappointment and they returned for the Dutch Grand Prix, and the qualifying performance was much improved as Jabouille qualified tenth. He had a start, but ran as high as sixth before the suspension failed on lap 40. The teams poor qualifying form returned in Italy, as Jabouille qualified 20th and he ran outside the top 10 until his engine failed on lap 24, continuing their awful run of reliability. After this, Renault did not travel to the finale in Japan
28.
Lotus 97T
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The Lotus 97T was a Formula One racing car designed by Gérard Ducarouge and built by Team Lotus. A development of the Lotus 95T of 1984, it was designed for the 1985 Formula One season by French engineer Gérard Ducarouge, the 97T was powered by the turbocharged 1. 5L Renault engine which produced up to approximately 800 bhp. Sponsorship came from John Player Special, French oil company Elf and Olympus Cameras, the 97T was of a generally simple design, it used elements from the defunct Lotus 96T Indycar project in the aerodynamics with another piece of Lotus design, an early form of bargeboards. These were placed between the front wheels and the side pods improving airflow around the side of the car, Ducarouge also got around the ban on the winglets seen on the rear wings of the 1984 cars by placing them instead on the rear edges of the side pods. Lotus major coup for 1985 was signing rising star Ayrton Senna from the Toleman team to replace long time team driver Nigel Mansell who had signed with Williams. The 97T proved competitive during the season, taking 8 poles,7 with Senna and 1 with De Angelis, sennas first was a brilliant performance in the Portuguese Grand Prix where he won by over a minute in monsoon conditions. His second came in the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa, held in wet/dry conditions. De Angelis added a win at the San Marino Grand Prix after original winner Alain Prost was disqualified an hour after the race finished due to his out of fuel McLaren-TAG being 2 kg underweight. The 97T while fast, was mechanically unreliable.8 km long Mistral Straight, eventually, Lotus finished fourth in the constructors championship. In total the Lotus 97T scored 3 victories,2 second places and 4 third places, the car also achieved 8 pole positions and 3 fastest laps. The car marked the start of a return to the successful days of the 1960s and 1970s for Lotus, which was continued by the 98T of 1986. -Lotus finished with the amount of points as the Williams team, but because Williams won one more race than Lotus
29.
Swiss people
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The Swiss are citizens of Switzerland. The demonym derives from the toponym of Schwyz and has been in use to refer to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 16th century. The number of Swiss nationals has grown from 1.7 million in 1815 to 6.76 million in 2009 with 90% of them living in Switzerland, about 60% of those living abroad reside in the European Union. The largest groups of Swiss descendants and nationals outside of Europe are found in the United States, closely related German-speaking peoples are the Alsatians, the Swabians and the Vorarlbergians. The French-speaking Swiss, traditionally speaking Franco-Provençal dialects, today largely assimilated to the standard French language, amalgamated from the Gallo-Roman population and they are closely related to the French. The Italian-speaking Swiss, traditionally speakers of Lombard language today partly assimilated to the standard Italian language, amalgamated from Raetians and they are closely related to the Italians. The Romansh, speakers of the Romansh language, settling in parts of the Grisons, with worldwide human migration, there are an increasing number of Swiss not descended or only partially descended from the core ethnic groups listed above. Most naturalized Swiss citizens will be linguistically oriented according to their canton of residence, the Swiss populace historically derives from an amalgamation of Gaulish or Gallo-Roman, Alamannic and Rhaetic stock. Their cultural history is dominated by the Alps, and the environment is often cited as an important factor in the formation of the Swiss national character. Political allegiance and patriotism was directed towards the cantons, not the federal level, from the 19th century there were conscious attempts to foster a federal Pan-Swiss national identity that would replace or alleviate the cantonal patriotisms. An additional symbol of national identity at the federal level was introduced with the Swiss national holiday in 1889. The bonfires associated with the holiday have become so customary since then that they have displaced the Funken traditions of greater antiquity. These specifically include Grisons, Valais, Ticino, Vaud and Geneva, according to Hartley-Moore, Localized equivalents of nationalist symbols were also essential to the creation of Swiss civil society. In the Swiss model, pride in local identity is to some degree synonymous with loyalty to the larger state, as Gottfried Keller argued in the nineteenth century, Without cantons and without their differences and competition, no Swiss federation could exist. Facilitated naturalization for foreign spouses and children of Swiss citizens requires a total minimum residence of five years, with more than 20% of the population resident aliens, Switzerland has one of the highest ratios of non-naturalized inhabitants in Europe. In 2003,35,424 residents were naturalized, a number exceeding net population growth. Over the 25-year period of 1983 to 2007,479,264 resident foreigners were naturalized, compare the figure of 0. 2% in the United Kingdom. The genetic composition of the Swiss population is similar to that of Central Europe in general, Switzerland is on one hand at the crossroads of several prehistoric migrations, while on the other hand the Alps acted as a refuge in some cases
30.
Marc Surer
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Marc Surer is a former racing driver from Switzerland currently working as TV commentator and racing school instructor. He participated in 88 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1979 and he scored a total of 17 championship points. Surer started his career in karting in 1972, due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974 where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976 he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978 he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the year in a works March-BMW. Surers debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled and he broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980, and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix and he later drove for Theodore before establish himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMWs support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season, Surer moved on to rallying, but a serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities, in 1994 and 1995 Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock won the German Super Touring Car Championship. In 1996 he began working as a commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport next to the lead commentator. Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, on 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias Profile at www. grandprix. com
31.
Brabham BT54
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The Brabham BT54 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Murray for the Brabham team for the 1985 Formula One season. The car was powered by the BMW M12 4cyl turbo engine, like most of its rivals, Brabham had used Michelin tyres in 1984. Like its immediate predecessors, the BT54 had most of its weight towards the rear of the car to improve traction. With FISAs ban on the winglets on the wings that had been pioneered by Ferrari in 1983. The car proved to be competitive, but somewhat unsuccessful even in the hands of two world champion Nelson Piquet. The reason for this out to be the Pirelli tyres which proved to be nowhere near as good as the Goodyear tyres used by rivals McLaren, Lotus, Ferrari. He qualified 5th and won his only Grand Prix of 1985, the car wasnt that competitive on slow circuits, however. Piquets teammate Marc Surer managed to get his BT54 up to 2nd before retiring with an engine failure 13 laps from home. Piquet, François Hesnault and Marc Surer, who replaced Hesnault from the Canadian Grand Prix for the rest of the season, after seven seasons,2 World Drivers Championships and 12 wins, the BT54 was the last car Nelson Piquet drove for the Brabham team. With Brabhams declining competitiveness becoming apparent, the Brazilian signed to drive for Williams-Honda in 1986, the move to Williams proved to be fruitful for Nelson, winning seven races in two seasons as well as the 1987 World Championship
32.
BMW M12
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The BMW M12/13 turbo 1500 cc 4-cylinder turbocharged Formula One engine, based on the standard BMW M10 engine introduced in 1961, powered the F1 cars of Brabham, Arrows, Benetton. Nelson Piquet won the FIA Formula One Drivers Championship in 1983 driving a Brabham powered by the BMW M12/13 turbo and it was the first Drivers Championship to be won using a turbocharged engine. The engine also powered the BMW GTP and in the 2.0 liter naturally aspirated form, as BMW M12, the engine design since the 1960s became one of the most successful engines in racing. Starting with the European Touring Car Championship, it was used in Formula 2. In the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, a 1400 cc variant was turbocharged by Paul Rosche according to FIA Group 5 rules, at well over 350 hp from the beginning, it rendered the normally aspirated engines in the two liter category useless. After some development, power, driveability and reliability improved, especially in the IMSA car, and BMW began to think about entering F1, the BMW proved to be fast in its first year in Formula One, though its reliability with turbocharging still in its infancy was lacking. Reigning World Champion Nelson Piquet recorded the first win for the engine in F1 when he led home Brabham team mate Riccardo Patrese in the crash marred 1982 Canadian Grand Prix. Piquet, who won the Brazilian, Italian and European Grands Prix in 1983, piquets win was the first time a car powered by a turbocharged engine had won the World Championship. 1984 and 1985 were lean years for the BMW engines in Formula One, also, with FISA imposing a maximum fuel limit of 220 litres per race, the 4 cylinder BMW suffered from high fuel consumption which often led to drivers running out of fuel. In the years 1986 and 1987, the version M12/13/1 was tilted sideways by 72° for use in the extremely low Brabham BT55, the design was not successful, probably due to cooling issues in the tight compartment. The BMW GTP IMSA series car was powered by the 2.0 liter M12 turbo engine. Claimed output figures were generally accepted from the theoretical calculations. During the 1986 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Gerhard Bergers BMW powered Benetton B186 recorded the highest straight line speed by a turbocharged Formula One car when he was timed at 352.22 km/h. In fact, the top five cars through the trap at Monza were all powered by the BMW M12. Founded by long-time F1 aficionado John J. Schmidt, who coined the phrase Horse racing may have been the sport of kings, the engines were serviced by Arrows long time engine guru Heini Mader from Switzerland, a former mechanic of Jo Siffert. Rebadged as Megatron, the BMW engines were used by the Arrows team for the 1987 and 1988 seasons, in the final season for the turbos, Arrows were one of only six teams still running turbocharged engines and the only team to still use the old BMW engines. During the 1988 season the Megatron engines were the oldest turbos still in use in Formula One dating back to 1982, with turbos banned from the 1989 season, the Arrows team reverted to using 3,499 cc, naturally aspirated Ford DFR V8 power plants. The M12s major shortcoming as a Formula One engine was its lack of response due to turbo lag
33.
Tyrrell 012
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The Tyrrell 012 is a Formula One racing car that was designed by Maurice Philippe for the Tyrrell team. It was introduced for the 1983 season, and was used in 1984. It was the first chassis built by the team to be composed mostly of carbon fibre, following on from Lotus and McLaren. The car was powered by the version of the Ford Cosworth DFV that had previously been supplied to Lotus. The Benetton clothing company sponsored the team in 1983, with the budget used to successfully develop the car. Although the car was light and nimble, it was no match for the massively powerful turbo cars, ken Tyrrell continued to use young, promising drivers in his team and helped develop their careers. Michele Alboreto, in his year for the team, scored a point in the cars first race at Zandvoort. For 1984, Alboreto moved on to Ferrari and was replaced by Martin Brundle, the 012 was further developed with smaller sidepods and a larger rear wing to increase downforce. A newer version of the DFV, dubbed the DFY was provided to the team by Ford, Tyrrell were now the only one of the established teams to use the venerable engine. The DFY engine, by the start of the 1985 season was around 300 hp down on most of the engines used by other teams that year. Brundle failed to qualify for the race, by 1985 the 012 was the only car in Formula One still using a non-turbo engine which put the team at a severe power disadvantage. This was shown on the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight at Paul Ricard for the French Grand Prix, Brundle had been given use of the 012s replacement, the 014 which used a turbocharged Renault engine. He qualified 20th some 4.4 seconds faster than Bellof in the Cosworth powered 012, the top speed of the new turbo powered car was around 310 km/h, some 33 km/h faster than the older 012. In 1985, two examples of this car were used in Formula 3000 by Barron Racing Team. The initial version of Tyrrell 012 had a triangle-shaped rear-wing design, the car with this wing design was seen only once during a grand prix weekend, in the hands of Michele Alboreto during practice for the 1983 Austrian Grand Prix. The same car also appeared during F1 tyre testing at Brands Hatch in 1983. *11 points scored using Tyrrell 011 in 1983** Tyrrell Racing disqualified for entire 1984 season
34.
Cosworth DFV
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The DFV is an internal combustion engine that was originally produced by Cosworth for Formula One motor racing. Named Four Valve because of the four valves per cylinder, and Double as it was a V8 development of the earlier, four-cylinder FVA and its development in 1967 for Colin Chapmans Team Lotus was sponsored by Ford. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART, Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing. The engine was a 90°,2,993 cc V8, with bore & stroke of 85.67 x 64.897 mm producing over 400 bhp from the start, reaching over 500 bhp by the end of its Formula 1 career. The 1983 DFY variant had a bore and stroke of 90 x 59 mm giving 2,993 cc. In 1965, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, that administered Formula One racing, Chapman approached the Ford Motor Company and David Brown of Aston Martin for funding, each without initial success. Chapman then approached Ford of Britains public relations chief, former journalist Walter Hayes, since Hayes had joined Ford in 1962 the pair had previously collaborated in the production of the successful Lotus Cortina, introduced in 1963. Hayes arranged dinner for Chapman with Ford employee Harley Copp, a British-based American engineer who had backed and engineered Fords successful entry into NASCAR in the 1950s, stage two would produce a V8 engine for Formula One, by May 1967. Team-mate Jim Clark moved up through the field in his identical car, however, this dominant performance belied a serious fault in the timing gear. Clark took three wins that season, but reliability problems left him third in the Drivers Championship,10 points behind Champion Denny Hulme. The progress of the engine was documented in a film produced by the Ford Motor Companys film section, entitled 9 Days in Summer. Initially, the agreement between Ford, Cosworth and Lotus was binding on all parties, and Ford as the funder had no plans to sell or hire the DFV to any other teams. Only Brabhams Repco V8 engine provided a combination of power and reliability. Hayes released the DFV initially to French team Matra, headed by Ken Tyrrell with Jackie Stewart as a driver. What followed was an age, where teams big or small could buy an engine which was competitive, light, compact, easy to work with. The DFV effectively replaced the Coventry Climax as the standard F1 powerplant for the private teams. Lotus, McLaren, Matra, Brabham, March, Surtees, Tyrrell, Hesketh, Lola, Williams, Penske, Wolf and Ligier are just some of the teams to have used the DFV. In 1969 and 1973 every World Championship race was won by DFV-powered cars, the advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for the now decade-old engine
35.
V8 engine
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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at an angle to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft, since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. In 1902, Léon Levavasseur took out a patent on a light and he called it the Antoinette after the young daughter of his financial backer. From 1904 he installed this engine in a number of competition speedboats, the aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont saw one of these boats in Côte dAzur and decided to try it on his 14-bis aircraft. Its early 24 hp at 1400 rpm version with only 55 kg of weight was interesting, Santos-Dumont ordered a larger and more powerful version from Levavasseur. He changed its dimensions from the original 80 mm stroke and 80 mm bore to 105 mm stroke and 110 mm bore, obtaining 50 hp with 86 kg of weight and its power-to-weight ratio was not surpassed for 25 years. Levavasseur eventually produced its own line of V8 equipped aircraft, named Antoinette I to VIII, hubert Latham piloted the V8 powered Antoinette IV and Antoinette VII in July 1909 on two failed attempts to cross the English Channel. However, in 1910, Latham used the VII with the engine to become the first in the world to reach an altitude of 3600 feet. Voisin constructed pusher biplanes with Antoinette engines, also, notably the one first flown successfully by Henry Farman in 1908, the V8 engine configuration became popular in France from 1904 onward, and was used in a number of aircraft engines introduced by Renault, and Buchet among others. Some of these found their way into automobiles in small quantities. In 1905, Darracq built a car to beat the world speed record. They came up with two racing car built on a common crankcase and camshaft. The result was monstrous engine with a displacement of 1,551 cu in, victor Hemery fixed that record on 30 December 1905 with a speed of 109.65 mph. Rolls-Royce built a 3,535 cc V8 car from 1905 to 1906, in 1907 The Hewitt Motor Company built a large 5 passenger Touring Car. It was equipped with a hefty V8 engine that developed 50/60 horsepower and had a bore of 4 inches, the Hewitt was the first American Automobile to be equipped with a V8 engine. De Dion-Bouton introduced a 7,773 cc automobile V8 in 1910 and it was produced only in small quantities, but inspired a number of manufacturers to follow suit
36.
Stefan Bellof
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Stefan Bellof was a German racing driver, best known for setting the fastest lap ever on the Nordschleife configuration at the Nürburgring in 1983, driving a Porsche 956. He was the winner of the Drivers Championship in the 1984 World Sportscar Championship and he also competed with the Tyrrell Formula One team during 1984 and 1985. He was killed in an accident during the 19851000 km of Spa World Sportscar Championship race, several other top-five championship placings occurred during the next few years before Bellof claimed his first karting title, by winning the International Karting Championship of Luxembourg in 1976. In the same season, Bellof also finished thirteenth in the Karting World Championship in Hagen, a full season in the 1600cc class beckoned in 1980, and Bellof became champion taking eight victories and nine podium placings from twelve races. Bellof also contested three VW Castrol Europa Pokal races, of which he won one, as well as those outings, Bellof moved into the German Formula Three Championship, making his début for Bertram Schäfers team at Wunstorf. Luck eluded Bellof however, as he finished the race in thirteenth position, while title rivals Frank Jelinski and Franz Konrad finished in first, eleven points separated Bellof from Jelinski, who claimed his second successive German Formula Three championship. At the conclusion of the season, Bellof contested the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch, but was excluded from the meeting after finishing sixth in his quarter-final heat, for excessive contact. Bellof made a promise to the clerk of the course, saying that the official had better watch my career, because Ill be back here next year. Bellof joined Mike Thackwell and Alain Ferté at a test session with Maurer Motorsport at Circuit Paul Ricard in France at the end of the 1981 season. After acquiring an amount of BMW backing, Bellof assumed a place in the team, with Maurer eventually becoming his manager. The first race of the season was the BRDC International Trophy at Silverstone and he followed this win up with a second successive triumph at the Jim Clark Gedächtnisrennen at Hockenheim, having started from pole position and achieved the fastest lap during the race. Two points from the six races ruled him out of the championship hunt, as he fell to an eventual fourth place classification. By comparison to his 1982 season, Bellofs 1983 season was less successful. Bellofs only other points-scoring finish was fourth at Silverstone, as he finished the season in position on nine points. While competing in Formula Two in 1982, Bellof made a appearance in the World Endurance Championship at the 1000 km of Spa. The pairing retired from the race on lap 51, due to a problem with the starter motor, the previous weekend, Bellof had joined Kremer to compete in the Hessen Cup at Hockenheim as part of the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, but retired with transmission failure. In 1983 Bellof joined the Rothmans-backed Porsche factory team for the World Endurance Championship driving a Porsche 956 alongside Derek Bell.274 kilometres per hour. Bellofs pole time for the race –1 minute,13.15 seconds – would have put him twelfth on the grid for the British Grand Prix later in the year
37.
Alain Prost
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Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE, Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur is a French former racing driver. A four-time Formula One Drivers Champion, only Sebastian Vettel, Juan Manuel Fangio, from 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories. Schumacher surpassed Prosts total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix, in 1999, Prost received the World Sports Awards of the Century in the motor sport category. Prost discovered karting at the age of 14 during a family holiday and he progressed through motor sports junior ranks, winning the French and European Formula Three championships, before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 24. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Prost formed a fierce rivalry mainly with Ayrton Senna, but also Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell. In 1986, at the last race of the season, he beat Mansell and Piquet of Williams to the title after Mansell retired late on in the race, and Piquet was pulled in for a late precautionary pit stop. Senna joined Prost at McLaren in 1988 and the two had a series of clashes, including a collision at the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix that gave Prost his third Drivers Championship. A year later at the venue they collided again, but this time Prost, driving for Ferrari. Before the end of a winless 1991 season Prost was fired by Ferrari for his criticism of the team. After a sabbatical in 1992, Prost joined the Williams team, with a competitive car, Prost won the 1993 championship and retired from Formula One driving at the end of the year. In 1997, Prost took over the French Ligier team, running it as Prost Grand Prix until it went bankrupt in 2002. From 2003 to 2012 he competed in the Andros Trophy, which is an ice racing championship, taking 38 race victories, Prost employed a smooth, relaxed style behind the wheel, deliberately modeling himself on personal heroes like Jackie Stewart and Jim Clark. He was nicknamed The Professor for his approach to competition. Though it was not a name he particularly cared for, he would later that it was an appropriate summation of his approach to his racing. Skilled at setting up his car for race conditions, Prost would often conserve his brakes and tyres early in a race, Prost had one younger brother called Daniel, who died of cancer in September 1986. Although short, standing at 1.67 m Prost was an active, athletic child, in doing so he broke his nose several times. He considered careers as a gym instructor or a professional footballer before he discovered kart racing at the age of 14 while on a family holiday and this new sport quickly became his career of choice. They have two sons, Nicolas and Sacha Prost, Prost also has a daughter, Victoria
38.
1983 French Grand Prix
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The 1983 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on April 17,1983. French driver Alain Prost won the race for the Renault team, and this was the French marques 3rd French Grand Prix win in a row, second was the Brabham-BMW of 1981 World Champion Nelson Piquet, with Prosts Renault team mate Eddie Cheever finishing third. Rounding out the points finishers were Patrick Tambay in his Ferrari, on home soil, Renault totally dominated the French Grand Prix. Alain Prost took pole position an incredible 2.3 seconds faster than second placed team mate Eddie Cheever. After occupying the front row of the grid at Long Beach, Ferrari were in trouble at Ricard with René Arnoux 4th on the grid while Tambay had troubled time and could only qualify 11th. Failing to qualify for the race were the RAM-Fords of Eliseo Salazar and debutante Jean-Louis Schlesser, as he had done in qualifying, Prost dominated the race for his first win in over 12 months, only losing the lead during the mid-race pit stops. Piquet finished second in the Brabham-BMW while Eddie Cheever finished 3rd in his Renault, Tambay managed to salvage what had been a tough weekend by finishing 4th with the Williams pair of Rosberg and Laffite finishing a lap down in 5th and 6th respectively. Before the race, Lotus driver Nigel Mansell had had his toes accidentally run over by his own team pushing his car in the pits which caused him to need a pain killing injection. He bravely started the race but retired after just 6 laps when the pain of pushing the pedals became unbearable, Long Beach winner John Watson was the races first retirement on lap 3 with engine failure in his McLaren. † — Time disallowed Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, pole sitter Alain Prost was more than 2 seconds faster in qualifying than second placed Eddie Cheever. The first Grand Prix front row start for Cheever Ferrari blew 8 engines in practice
39.
1988 French Grand Prix
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The 1988 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 July 1988 at the Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet. The top ten was completed by the Williams of Nigel Mansell and the March of Ivan Capelli, Prost led away from Senna and the two Ferraris, with Piquet passing the two Benettons for fifth. Prost maintained an advantage over Senna until the mid-race pit stops. While both McLarens were racing each other out front, they were pulling away from the field at sometimes a second per lap. Despite the rumours turning out to be correct, Mansell continued to deny he was joining Ferrari, in the closing laps, Prost pulled away as Sennas gearbox troubles continued, losing several gears. The Brazilian eventually finished nearly 32 seconds behind the Frenchman, though he was still nearly 35 seconds ahead of Alboreto, Berger was fourth ahead of Piquet, who also suffered gearbox problems in the later stages of the race, the final point went to the Benetton of Nannini. France was the first time since the 1987 Monaco Grand Prix that Alboreto had finished in front of his mate in a race where they both finished. The fastest lap of the race, a 1,11.737 set by Prost on lap 45, was two seconds slower than the 1,09. In 1987 the fastest turbo cars were timed at 325 km/h on the straight, in 1988 the top speed was recorded at 311 km/h. For Prost it was his win in his home Grand Prix after winning in both 1981 at Dijon and 1983 at the full length Paul Ricard. On both occasions he had been driving for the factory Renault team, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
40.
1989 French Grand Prix
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The 1989 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on 9 July 1989. In a press conference before the weekend, Alain Prost announced that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season with the speculation being that he would join Ferrari in 1990. The race saw four drivers replaced by making their first Formula One start. Pirros appointment caused some unhappy faces among Benetton team management who allegedly had wanted a British driver to replace Herbert and they were overruled however by the team owners, the Italian Benetton Group who wanted an Italian driver. As a contracted McLaren test driver, Pirro needed permission to race for another Formula One Team, despite being allegedly unhappy, the Benetton team would become very impressed with Pirros testing abilities as he helped sort out the new Benetton B189 which Alessandro Nannini debuted in France. Pirro continued to drive the older B188 until a second B189 was made two races later in Germany. On the other hand, Brabham, who had generally dominated pre-qualifying, struggled with their Pirelli tyres at the abrasive Paul Ricard Circuit, stefano Modena only just pre-qualified, while Martin Brundle failed to pre-qualify for the second race in a row. The Dallara of Alex Caffi was the driver to qualify for the main field. Alliot, and with a point to prove, responded by qualifying a career high 7th, until that point it was a career best showing for Larrousse and its new for 1989 Lola LC89 chassis with its also new for 1989 Lamborghini V12 engine. In an indication of Pirellis struggles in France, only three cars using the Italian rubber made the race, caffis fast and experienced team mate Andrea de Cesaris, who had finished third at the previous race in Canada, failed to qualify his Pirelli shod Dallara-Ford. There was actually a little noticed second accident at the first turn as René Arnoux used Jonathan Palmers Tyrrell to retard the progress of his Ligier JS33, launching his front wheels in the air. Amazingly with Gugelmin still in his car, the French marshals then tipped the March back onto its wheels, all of the drivers involved took the restart, some in spare cars. Alain Prost won the race for McLaren-Honda, ahead of Nigel Mansell who started from the pit lane in Gerhard Bergers race car, Jean Alesi became an instant star when he drove his Tyrrell to 4th place and scored points on his F1 debut. Twelve cars failed to finish the race, seven of them with engine failures, One who failed to finish, or even restart, was World Champion Ayrton Senna, his McLarens differential failed as the cars got away for the second start. Senna actually got away, but as he changed to second gear the diff broke and it was the third Grand Prix in succession where Senna had retired due to mechanical failure and was the shortest Grand Prix of his illustrious career. Prosts second win for the season gave him an 11-point lead over Senna in the Drivers Championship, the race was Alain Prosts fourth win on home soil after wins at Dijon in 1981 and Paul Ricard in 1983 for Renault, and 1988 for McLaren. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
41.
1971 French Grand Prix
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The 1971 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit Paul Ricard on 4 July 1971. It was the race of the 1971 Formula One season. The 55-lap race was won by Tyrrell driver Jackie Stewart after he started from pole position and his teammate François Cevert finished second and Lotus driver Emerson Fittipaldi came in third. The race was taking place for the first time at the brand new Paul Ricard circuit in the mountains outside Marseille, Jackie Stewart gained pole position - helped by extensive tyre testing in the weeks before - from Clay Regazzoni, Jacky Ickx and Graham Hill. Stewart led away from Regazzoni, Pedro Rodríguez and Jean-Pierre Beltoise, whilst Ickx was jostled through the first chicane, Stewart streaked ahead, setting fastest lap on lap 2 and pulling out a 10-second lead by lap 7. His only real challenger, Regazzoni, hit a patch of oil and sailed into the guardrail, on lap 28 Rodríguez dropped out with a faulty coil, leaving the Tyrrells in 1-2 formation, with François Cevert proving his worth on his home ground. Hill dropped out of place with a broken oil pipe. This left Jo Siffert in third place, holding off Emerson Fittipaldi, despite this, the Brazilian took 3rd on lap 39. Siffert retook this briefly, but Fittipaldi held on for the final podium place from the Swiss, chris Amon took 5th in an unconvincing performance by home team Matra, duelling with Tim Schenken until Schenken ran out of oil 6 laps from the end. It was a 1-2 success for the Tyrrells on a tricky circuit and this was to be Pedro Rodríguezs last Formula One race. He was killed a week later while driving a privately entered Ferrari 512 at an Interserie sportscar race at the Norisring in Germany, last Race, Pedro Rodríguez Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
42.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
43.
Elio de Angelis
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Elio de Angelis was an Italian racing driver who participated in Formula One between 1979 and 1986, racing for the Shadow, Lotus and Brabham teams. He was killed in an accident while testing the Brabham BT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit, near the commune of Le Castellet, France, in 1986. De Angelis was a competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s, de Angelis was born in Rome. His father Giulio was a noted inshore and offshore powerboat racer, after a brief spell with karts, de Angelis went on to win the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. In 1978 he raced in Formula Two for Minardi and then for the ICI British F2 Team, he competed in one round of the British Formula One championship. His debut Formula One season was in 1979 with Shadow and he finished seventh in his maiden Grand Prix in Argentina and 15th in the championship with three points. His first victory came in the 1982 Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring, the win was the last hailed by Colin Chapmans famous act of throwing his cloth cap into the air. Chapman died in December that year and Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager, in 1983 Lotus switched from the Cosworth DFV they had been using since 1967, to Renault turbo engines, but it was a disappointing season. De Angelis best result was a place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix. In 1984 de Angelis had a better season, scoring a total of 34 points. His best result was a place at the Detroit Grand Prix. De Angelis was the driver to finish in the top 5 in 1984 not to score a race win. In 1985, de Angelis was joined at Lotus by Ayrton Senna who had left the Toleman team. De Angelis second win came in the race of the season. De Angelis also claimed his last Formula One pole position that year in Canada and he finished fifth in the championship, with 33 points, five points behind his team mate. However, de Angelis chose to leave Lotus at the end of the season, de Angelis drive for 1986 was with Brabham, as a replacement for twice World Champion Nelson Piquet, who had moved to Williams to join de Angelis former Lotus team mate Nigel Mansell. Fellow Italian Riccardo Patrese was Elios team mate, Patrese was returning to the Bernie Ecclestone owned team after two unhappy years with Alfa Romeo. The 1986 Brabham-BMW, the Brabham BT55, was the brainchild of long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray
44.
Brabham BT55
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The Brabham BT55 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Murray and David North for the Brabham team owned by Bernie Ecclestone. It used a BMW four-cylinder turbocharged engine tilted over on its side to allow a supply of air to the rear wing. The car competed during the 1986 Formula One season and it was not successful and its introduction coincided with the end of Brabhams time as a competitive team. Murrays next car, McLarens MP4/4, is claimed to be based on the same principles. By 1985, Brabham had reached the limit of development of their BT52-BT53-BT54 series of cars. The 1985 car won only one race when Piquet won in France, Brabhams tall, relatively heavy straight-four BMW M12 engine was particularly difficult to package to allow a good flow of air to the rear wing. Designers in the 1950s had addressed the problem of reducing the cars cross sectional area by tilting the engines around a vertical or longitudinal axis by a small amount. Examples include the 1950s Kurtis-Kraft and Epperly Championship Cars and Colin Chapmans Formula One Lotus 16, the driver was placed in a lying down position, as had been common in the 1960s, but had become rare by the 1980s. BMW designed a version of their four-cylinder turbocharged engine with the engine block tilted almost horizontally. The car was also Brabhams first fully composite monocoque and he was not happy to employ a two piece composite chassis, preferring to develop a technique which produced a seamless monocoque of carbon fibre/kevlar composite over a nomex honeycomb. This structure was reinforced, like his designs, by machined aluminium bulkheads. At Murrays request, BMW designed a version of their M12 inline four engine. Differences from the standard upright unit were few, mainly concerning the oil scavenging system, like the upright version the unit was not a stressed component. Mounting the engine on its side meant that the takeoff from the unit. A special 7-speed 3-shaft gearbox from American gearbox specialists Weismann was produced to deal with this. This saw the Brabhams off the pace on the circuits such as Monaco, Detroit, and the then new circuits of Jerez. The team scored just two points all season, both by driver Riccardo Patrese with sixth placings in San Marino and Detroit and it should be noted that, as in 1985, the Brabhams performance was severely hampered by inconsistent Pirelli race tyres. Qualifying at Imola during Round 2 of the season highlighted both the problems and advantage that the lowline Brabham BT55 had during 1986, acceleration out of the Variante Bassa chicane before the start-finish line showed the Brabhams as among the slowest cars when they crossed the line
Valtteri Bottas, Mercedes, 2018)
Nigel Mansell, Ferrari 641, 1990)
