1.
Gulgong
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Gulgong is a 19th-century gold rush town in the Central Tablelands and the wider Central West regions of the Australian state of New South Wales. The town is located about 300 km north west of Sydney, at the 2011 census, Gulgong had a population of 1,866. It is situated within the Mid-Western Regional Council local government area, today, much of the 19th century character of the town remains, contributing to its appeal as a tourist destination. Of special interest is the Prince of Wales Opera House, a survivor with a rich history, apart from tourism and hospitality, local industries include wine production, wool, wheat growing and coal mining. Yarrobil National Park is located 21 kilometres north west of Gulgong, the name Gulgong is derived from the name used by the traditional inhabitants, the Wiradjuri, for deep waterhole. Like several towns in this area, it began as a mining centre. However, being founded in the 1870s, it was one of the last to be dominated by poor mans diggings, novelist and bush poet Henry Lawson lived briefly in Gulgong as a child in the early 1870s, while his father sought instant wealth as a miner. A montage of goldrush-era Gulgong street scenes was used as a backdrop to the portrait of Lawson on the first Australian ten dollar note, the town and its surrounding district feature in Lawsons fiction, especially in Joe Wilson and His Mates. Gulgong is believed to be one of the locations in Thomas Alexander Brownes Robbery under Arms. Australias first novelist of note, Browne was police magistrate in the period 1871-81 and he once hosted English author Anthony Trollope, who later recorded his impressions of Australia and New Zealand. Gulgong is at the junction of the Sandy Hollow line, a section of the Gwabegar railway line south of Gulgong to Kandos has been closed since 30 June 2007. Gulgong has hosted an international ceramics festival every three years since 1989, most recently over April 17 to 232016, Jimmy Governor, on whom Thomas Kenneally based his character for The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith, grew up in the Gulgong district and married there in 1898
2.
Three-volume novel
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The three-volume novel was a standard form of publishing for British fiction during the nineteenth century. It was a significant stage in the development of the modern Western novel as a form of popular literature, the format does not correspond closely to what would now be considered a trilogy of novels. Furthermore, a librarian had three volumes earning their keep, rather than one. The particular style of fiction, of a complicated plot reaching resolution by distribution of marriage partners. Three volume novels began to be produced by the Edinburgh-based publisher Archibald Constable in the early 19th century and this continued until Constables company collapsed in 1826 with large debts, bankrupting both him and Scott. As Constables company collapsed, the publisher Henry Colburn quickly adopted the format, the number of three-volume novels he issued annually rose from six in 1825 to 30 in 1828 and 39 in 1829. Under Colburns influence, the published novels adopted a format of three volumes in octavo, priced at 31 shillings and sixpence. The price and format remained unaltered for nearly 70 years, until 1894, the standardized cost of a three volume novel was equivalent half the weekly income of a modest, middle-class household. And was enough to deter even comparatively well-off members of the public from buying them, instead, they were borrowed from commercial circulating libraries, the most well known being owned by Charles Edward Mudie. Mudie was able to buy novels for stock at round half the retail price - five shilling per volume and he charged his subscribers one guinea a year for the right to borrow one volume at a time. A subscriber who wished to borrow three volumes, in order to read the novel without having to make two additional trips to the library, had to pay a higher annual fee. The system encouraged publishers and authors to produce as many novels as possible, due to the almost-guaranteed, the normal three-volume novel was around 900 pages in total at 150–200,000 words, the average length was 168,000 words in 45 chapters. It was common for novelists to have contracts specifying a set number of pages to be filled, if they ran under, they could be made to produce extra, or break the text up into more chapters — each new chapter heading would fill a page. In 1880, the author Rhoda Broughton was offered £750 by her publisher for her two-volume novel Second Thoughts, however, he offered her £1200 if she could add a third volume. This was a used for the first publications of many of the works of Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope. Many novels by such as Wilkie Collins and George Eliot were first published in serial form in weekly and monthly magazines that began to become popular in the middle of the 19th century. Publishers also offered cheap, reprint editions of works, priced at one to two shillings. Although there was often a lengthy delay before reprint editions were released and those who wished to access the latest books had no choice but to borrow three volume editions from a subscription library
3.
Charles Edward Mudie
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Charles Edward Mudie, English publisher and founder of Mudies Lending Library and Mudies Subscription Library, was the son of a second-hand bookseller and newsagent. He was also the first publisher of James Russell Lowells poems in England, Charles Edward Mudie was born in 1818 to Scottish parents in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. He received most of his education by assisting his father in his shop until he was twenty-two. In 1840, Mudie opened his first shop on Upper King Street, in 1842, he began to lend books to students at the University of London, charging subscribers one guinea per year for the right to borrow one volume of a novel at a time. Mudies soon had outlets on Cross Street in Manchester and on New Street in Birmingham, London book deliveries were carried out by vans, and the expansion of railroads and trains allowed people to order books across the country. International orders were issued and shipped abroad in tin boxes. Mudies also exported books using watertight boxes, some of which were reported to have survived shipwreck, Mudie was able to offer publishers advance purchase of three or four hundred copies of their new books and obtained corresponding discounts. The companys withdrawn books were offered for sale at £5 for a hundred volumes in 1860, Mudies demands that fiction novels be suited to the middle-class family controlled the morality, subject and scope of the novel for fifty years. His select books were chosen with these considerations in mind, once the Mudie Library considered a book unfit for its customers. George Moore criticized the moral and structural power the circulating library system had on literary distribution and his response to censorship was to issue a number of polemics against circulating libraries, the most popular being Literature at Nurse, or Circulating Morals. He confronted Mudie on why the librarian refused to sell A Modern Lover, Mudies response, Your book was considered immoral. Two ladies from the country wrote to me objecting to that scene where the girl sat to the artist as a model for Venus, after that I naturally refused to circulate your book, unIess any customer said he wanted particularly to read Mr. Moores novel. Mudie was also crucial in the success of scientific volumes – In November 1859 he bought 500 copies of the first publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species, in fact, much of Darwins own reading was obtained from Mudies nonfiction collection. His five-guinea annual subscription allowed him to borrow a parcel of up to six recently published books a month, in 1864 Mudies was converted into a limited company. On August 18,1871, directors of Mudies Select Library controlled the English, Mudies library continued into the 1930s. The decline of Mudies eventually came as a result of the number of government-funded public libraries. Griest, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol.20, No, cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Mudies Library is mentioned in the H. G, I made off up the roadway to Bloomsbury Square, intending to strike north past the Museum and so get into the quiet district
4.
Subscription library
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A subscription library is a library that is financed by private funds either from membership fees or endowments. Unlike a public library, access is restricted to members. In the 18th century, there were no public libraries in the sense in which we now understand the term i. e. libraries provided from public funds. Only one important library in Britain, Chethams Library in Manchester, was fully and freely accessible to the public, however, during the century, there came into being a whole network of library provision on a private or institutional basis. The increase in secular literature at this time encouraged the establishment of commercial subscription libraries, many small, private book clubs evolved into subscription libraries, charging high annual fees or requiring subscribing members to purchase shares. Subscription libraries would in turn use these earnings to expand their collections, unlike a public library, access was often restricted to members. Some of the earliest such institutions were founded in late-17th century England, such as Chethams Library in 1653, Innerpeffray Library in 1680, in the American colonies, the Library Company of Philadelphia was started in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, PA. The first subscription library in Canada was formed in the 1800s at Niagara, the materials available to subscribers tended to focus on particular subject areas, such as biography, history, philosophy, theology, and travel, rather than works of fiction, particularly the novel. The books selected for the collection were chosen because they would be beneficial to the shareholders. The committee also selected the librarians who would manage the circulation of materials, subscription libraries were also referred to as proprietary libraries due to the expectation that subscribers not only pay an annual fee, but that they must also invest in shares. These shares could be transferred by sale, gift or bequest, many could not afford to purchase shares to become a member, even though they may have belonged to reading clubs. William Bathoe opened his commercial venture at two locations in London in 1737, and claimed to have been the Original Circulating library, occasionally subscription libraries called themselves circulating libraries, and vice versa. In Britain there were more than 200 commercial circulating libraries open in 1800, more than twice the number of subscription and private proprietary libraries that were operating at the same time. Many proprietors pandered to the most fashionable clientele, making much ado about the sort of shop they offered and these libraries would be called rental collections today. With the advent of public libraries in the 19th century. The libraries therefore have been collected together for the purpose of serving the objects to which the various societies are dedicated and they do this, for the most part, learned society libraries were private but were owned by larger groups of people. Materials were often lent or borrowed by qualified individuals or institutions outside the society, societies were concerned mainly with the sciences, physical and biological, and often cooperated with other groups like the Royal Society. Exclusive subscription libraries, the worlds oldest being the Chemical Society in London, was founded in 1841 for the advancement of chemistry
5.
Allan Ramsay (poet)
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Allan Ramsay was a Scottish poet, playwright, publisher, librarian, and impresario of early Enlightenment Edinburgh. Allan Ramsay was born at Leadhills, Lanarkshire to John Ramsay, superintendent of Lord Hopetouns lead-mines and his wife, Alice Bower, Allan Ramsay and his elder brother Robert probably attended the parish school at Crawfordjohn. In 1701 Allan was apprenticed to a wig-maker in Edinburgh and he married Christian Ross in 1712, a few years after he had established himself as a wig-maker in the High Street, and soon found himself in comfortable circumstances. His eldest child was Allan Ramsay, the portrait painter, Ramsays first efforts in verse-making were inspired by the meetings of the Easy Club, of which he was an original member, and in 1715 he became the Club Laureate. The choice of the two names has some significance, when we consider his later life as the associate of the Queen Anne poets. In 1716 he had published a transcript of Christs Kirk on the Green from the Bannatyne Manuscript. In 1718 he republished the piece with more supplementary verses, in the following year he printed a collection of Scots Songs. The success of these ventures prompted him to collect his poems in 1720, the volume was issued by subscription, and brought in the sum of four hundred guineas. Four years later he removed to another shop, in the neighbouring Luckenbooths, Ramsay is considered to have created the first circulating library in Britain when he rented books from his shop in 1726. The Tea-Table Miscellany is A Collection of Choice Songs Scots and English, containing some of Ramsays own, some by his friends, several ballads and songs. In The Ever Green, being a Collection of Scots Poems wrote by the Ingenious before 1600, Ramsay had another purpose, nearly all the pieces were taken from the Bannatyne manuscript, though they are by no means verbatim copies. They included his version of Christs Kirk and a pastiche by the editor entitled The Vision. While engaged on two series, he produced, in 1725, his dramatic pastoral The Gentle Shepherd. In the volume of poems published in 1721 Ramsay had shown his bent to this genre, especially in Patie and Roger, the success of the drama was remarkable. It passed through several editions, and was performed at the theatre in Edinburgh, its title is known in every corner of Scotland. In 1726 he published anonymously Poems in English and Latin, on the Archers and Royal Company of Archers and he wrote the words to the Archers March, Another volume of his poems appeared in 1728. Ramsay wrote little afterwards, though he published a few shorter poems, a complete edition of his Poems appeared in London in 1731 and in Dublin in 1733. With a touch of vanity he expressed the fear lest the coolness of fancy that attends advanced years should make me risk the reputation I had acquired and he was already on terms of intimacy with the leading men of letters in Scotland and England
6.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
7.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
8.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
9.
Literature
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Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
10.
Novel
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A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically published as a book. The genre has also described as possessing, a continuous. This view sees the novels origins in Classical Greece and Rome, medieval, early modern romance, the latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative, Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel, a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo, a novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. Most European languages use the word romance for extended narratives, fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion, historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity. Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byrons Don Juan, Alexander Pushkins Yevgeniy Onegin, vikram Seths The Golden Gate, composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations, on the other hand, verse epics, including the Odyssey and Aeneid, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of Individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, conduct and gallantry spread with novels, the novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella, short story, and flash fiction. However, in the 17th century critics saw the romance as of epic length, the length of a novel can still be important because most literary awards use length as a criterion in the ranking system. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in Song Dynasty China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional novels by the Ming dynasty, parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufails Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy, in this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Epic poetry exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel back into the field of verse epics. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homers works to a wider public, longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, Daphnis and Chloe. Romance or chivalric romance is a type of narrative in prose or verse popular in the circles of High Medieval. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love
