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Citole
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The citole was a string musical instrument, closely associated with the medieval fiddles and commonly used from 1200–1350. It was known by other names in various languages: cedra, cetera, cetola, cetu
Citole made c. 1300, exhibited at the British Museum
Citole made c. 1300, exhibited at the British Museum
Italy. Ducal Palace Studiolo Cittern or late citole showing the remains of the citole thumb hole, as a hook on the back of the neck, 1478–1482. Sound
Italy. Ducal Palace Studiolo Cittern or late citole showing the remains of the citole thumb hole, as a hook on the back of the neck, 1478–1482. Sound holes drilled in soundboard in a circle, with soundboard rose. Two sound holes in side of instrument.
England. British Museum Citole (formerly Warwick Castle Gittern), with three of the holly-leaf points (the shoulders and the trefoil).
England. British Museum Citole (formerly Warwick Castle Gittern), with three of the holly-leaf points (the shoulders and the trefoil).
A reconstruction of a medieval citole
A reconstruction of a medieval citole
Gittern
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The gittern was a relatively small gut-strung, round-backed instrument that first appeared in literature and pictorial representation during the 13th century in Western Europe. It is usually depicted
Citole
…England, introducing the populace to necked, plucked instruments, giving people the concepts needed to quickly switch to the newly arriving lutes and gitterns. Two possible descendant instruments are the Portuguese guitar and the Corsican Cetera, both types of cittern. It is known today mainly from art and…
Five course Gittern or "Quintern" dated 1450, built by luthier Hans Oth
Five course Gittern or "Quintern" dated 1450, built by luthier Hans Oth
Gittern (right) depicted in a c. 1322 fresco scene from the life of St. Martin of Tours. The instrument on the left is a set of aulos.
Gittern (right) depicted in a c. 1322 fresco scene from the life of St. Martin of Tours. The instrument on the left is a set of aulos.
Juan Oliver's c.1330 painting at Pamplona Cathedral, showing a musician playing a gittern.
Juan Oliver's c.1330 painting at Pamplona Cathedral, showing a musician playing a gittern.
By 1575, the German quintern included guitar-shaped instruments.
By 1575, the German quintern included guitar-shaped instruments.