1.
U.S. Army
–
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
U.S. Army
–
Storming of Redoubt #10 in the
Siege of Yorktown during the
American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the
Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.
U.S. Army
–
Emblem of the United States Department of the Army
U.S. Army
–
General
Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders during the
defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812
U.S. Army
–
The
Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
2.
Civil-military operations
–
Civil-military operations or CMO are activities of a military force to minimize civil interference on and maximize civil support for military operations. CMO is conducted in conjunction with combat operations during wartime and becomes a part of a military campaign in counter-insurgencies. S. Also, some militaries have staff dedicated to planning and coordinating CMO for their command. CMO is often called civil-military co-operation or CIMIC in NATO operations, the U. S. Civil-military operations may include performance by military forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of the local, regional, or national government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions and they may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. Civil-military operations may be performed by designated civil affairs, by military forces, or by a combination of civil affairs
Civil-military operations
–
Iraqi
farmers stand outside a rural school while a U.S. Army Civil Affairs team evaluates it for possible reconstruction funds (near
Baghdad, April 2005).
3.
Non-governmental organization
–
A non-governmental organization is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers, NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes, others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 3.7 million, India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India. China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs, NGOs are difficult to define, and the term NGO is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO, there are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on orientation and level of operation, an NGOs orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, an NGOs level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international. The term non-governmental organization was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations was created, later the term became used more widely. One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as change, malaria prevention. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a degree of public trust. NGO/GRO types can be understood by their orientation and level of how they operate, charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the beneficiaries. It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor people, in the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with NGOs acting as facilitators, community-based organizations arise out of peoples own initiatives. They can be responsible for raising the consciousness of the poor, helping them to understand their rights in accessing needed services. City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, national NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional associations and similar groups. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGOs and they can be responsible for funding local NGOs, institutions and projects and implementing projects
Non-governmental organization
–
Valdis Dombrovskis, then
Prime Minister of Latvia, meeting an NGO representative
4.
Civil-military operations center
–
A civil-military operations center or CMOC is a center usually established by a military force for coordinating civil-military operations in an area of operations. Often, it serves as a central location for information on civilian related activities in the area or maintains the status of the infrastructure or institutions. During combat operations, a CMOC is usually in a secure compound and this allows for the functions of governance to continue during a crisis situation. Humanitarian operations involving multiple international organizations often use terms for a CMOC. These centers seek to achieve coordination and unity of effort among organizations delivering humanitarian aid during disaster relief, during the Iraq War, the U. S. Marines operated a CMOC near the city of Fallujah outside of the MEK Compound and this CMOC was called the Fallujah Liaison Team or F. L. T. and it was a compound used for interaction between the Marines and the local civilians. Marines supported by U. S. Navy Seabees developed and managed reconstruction projects with local contractors, Marines also settled battle damage claims and facilitated reestablishment of local governance
Civil-military operations center
–
F.L.T. in
Fallujah,
Iraq (Fall 2004)
5.
Civic action program
–
This type of operations include, dental civic action program, engineering civic action program, medical civic action program, and veterinarian civic action program. Entities of foreign nations usually conduct these operations at the invitation of a host nation, dentists and dental technicians with equipment and supplies set up a temporary field clinic to provide dental treatment to the local population. Engineers with equipment conduct civil engineering projects to execute any number of improvement projects, such as building or improving schools, clinics. Medical doctors and specialists with equipment and supplies set up a temporary field clinic to provide limited medical treatment to the local population, MEDCAPs are generally narrow in scope and usually provide targeted assistance, such as inoculations. Veterinarians with equipment and supplies provide limited services for the local population. VETCAPS are generally narrow in scope and usually provide targeted assistance, the U. S. military has an activity similar to civic action programs called a medical readiness training exercise. Military use MEDRETEs to provide training on health and preventive medicine. In the summer of 1965, United States military medical personnel conducted MEDCAPs to help the Government of Vietnam provide out-patient health services to the South Vietnamese population
Civic action program
–
U.S. Army conducts MEDCAP in
Afghanistan
Civic action program
–
U.S. Marines & Nicaraguan soldiers build a school during
Operation New Horizons
Civic action program
–
AMERICAN DOCTOR EXAMINES VIETNAMESE CHILD by Samuel E. Alexander,
Vietnam Combat Artists Program CAT IV, 1967. Courtesy
National Museum of the U.S. Army.
Civic action program
–
MED CAP by Dennis O. McGee,
Vietnam Combat Artists Program, CAT III, 1967, Courtesy of the
National Museum of the U.S. Army.
6.
United States Army Reserve
–
The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
United States Army Reserve
–
U.S. Army Reserve Sgt. Maj., left, instructs U.S. Navy Midshipman on proper body positioning during live fire marksmanship training in June 2005.
United States Army Reserve
–
Seal of the U.S. Army Reserve
United States Army Reserve
–
Reserve psychological operations soldiers hand out school supplies for Iraqi children.
United States Army Reserve
–
Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen attach a naval special warfare 11-meter rigid-hull inflatable boat to an Army Reserve CH-47 Chinook helicopter.
7.
353rd Civil Affairs Command
–
The United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command, or USACAPOC, was founded in 1985. USACAPOC is composed mostly of U. S. Army Reserve soldiers in units throughout the United States and its total size is approximately 10,000 soldiers, making up about 94 percent of the DoDs Civil Affairs forces and 71 percent of the DoDs Psychological Operations forces. It is headquartered at Kalamazoo, Michigan, the current commander is Major General Daniel R. Ammerman, who assumed command in June 2014. Historically, USACAPOC was one of four major subordinate commands comprising the U. S. Army Special Operations Command, in May 2006, the reserve component of USACAPOC was transferred to the U. S. Army Reserve Command. S. Army Special Operations Command and its subordinate United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, the active component special operations civil affairs brigade 95th Civil Affairs Brigade falls under United States Army Special Operations Command. Army Reserve Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations make up five percent of the U. S. Army Reserve force, the commands soldiers bring civilian expertise not found among regular active duty soldiers. The projects they coordinate are the subject of many of the Good News stories run in the American media each day about Iraq, Afghanistan, two Theater IO groups, the 151st and 152nd, were realigned under the command of USACAPOC in October 2015. The primary mission of Civil Affairs is to conduct civil-military operations, Civil Affairs units are the field commanders link to the civil authorities in that commanders area of operations. The soldiers make up teams which interface and provide expertise to the host nation government, Civil Affairs soldiers have been integral to U. S. peacekeeping operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, Bosnia and Kosovo, among others. And check up on the status of the project after construction by a company has begun. Psychological operations are a part of the broad range of U. S. political, military, economic. PSYOP is the dissemination of information to foreign audiences in support of U. S. policy, used during peacetime, contingencies and declared war, these activities are not forms of force, but are force multipliers that use nonviolent means in often violent environments. Persuading rather than compelling physically, they rely on logic, fear, desire, or other factors to promote specific emotions, attitudes. The ultimate objective of U. S. military psychological operations is to enemy, neutral. Psychological operations support national security objectives at the tactical, operational, strategic psychological operations advance broad or long-term objectives. Global in nature, they may be directed toward large audiences or at key communicators, operational psychological operations are conducted on a smaller scale. They are employed by commanders to target groups within the theater of operations. Their purpose can range from gaining support for U. S. operations to preparing the battlefield for combat, tactical psychological operations are more limited, used by commanders to secure immediate and near-term goals
353rd Civil Affairs Command
–
U.S. Army Civil Affairs & Psychological Operations Command (Airborne) shoulder sleeve insignia. Worn by soldiers in any CA or Reserve PSYOP unit.
353rd Civil Affairs Command
–
CAPOC
pamphlet disseminated in Iraq. The text translates as, "This is your future al-Zarqawi," and depicts
al-Qaeda terrorist
al-Zarqawi caught in a rat trap. The arm holding up the trap has the
Iraqi flag on it.
8.
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
–
The 95th Civil Affairs Brigade is a civil affairs brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The concept for a civil affairs brigade had been under consideration for years, the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade makes up a significant portion of the four percent of civil affairs soldiers in the active component. Its creation was part of a U. S. Army plan to increase civil affairs units overall, the brigade traces its lineage back to the 95th Military Government Group, activated 25 August 1945. The group was assigned to Japan to provide provisional government duties during the post-World War II occupation of Japan, following its brief assignment, the group was inactivated on 30 June 1946. The group was reactivated again just prior to the Korean War, on 29 October 1948 at Fort Bragg and it was dispatched to the Korean peninsula where it remained during three campaigns of the war, receiving three campaign streamers. However, as the war became a long, drawn out stalemate and with no need for the government group. The group was activated on 9 February 1955 at Camp Gordon, Georgia. It was formally redesignated the 95th Civil Affairs Group on 25 June 1959 and it received a distinctive unit insignia on 27 March 1969. After almost 20 years of service, the group had seen no deployments to any conflicts or contingencies with the US Army. Thus, the group was inactivated on 21 December 1974 at Fort Bragg, the US Department of Defense issued its Quadrennial Defense Review on 6 February 2006. In this report, the department announced that Special Operations Forces would increase in all areas across all branches of the US military. To support this, the department announced that operations and civil affairs units would be increased by 3,700 soldiers to support units throughout the Army. The decision was made to form a civil affairs unit to act as a command element for the only four active duty battalion sized civil affairs units operating for the active duty US Army. This move would allow the brigade to more quickly prepare its subordinate units for deployment in support of Army contingencies in order to provide tactical support to other Army units. It was decided shortly thereafter that the 95th Civil Affairs Group would be reactivated, by May, the brigade had 420 staff, with 20 assigned to its Headquarters and Headquarters Company and the remaining 400 assigned to the 96th CA Battalion. In March 2007, the 95th was removed from provisional status, at the same time the Civil Affairs Branch of the US Army was established. The brigade headquarters itself has not seen a deployment, even though all units have been deployed for several support missions. The 96th CA Battalion deployed units in support of the Iraq War in mid-2007, the brigade also had troops deployed in support of special operations units in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
–
95th Civil Affairs Brigade shoulder sleeve insignia
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
–
Distinctive Unit Insignia
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
–
Beret flash
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
–
Background trimming
9.
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
–
Fort Bragg is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world with more than 50,000 active duty personnel. The base is located within Cumberland, Hoke, Harnett and Moore counties, Fort Bragg borders the towns of Fayetteville, Spring Lake and Southern Pines. It was also a place in the 2010 Census, during which a population of 39,457 was identified. The fort is named for Confederate general Braxton Bragg and it covers over 251 square miles. It is also home to the U. S. Army Forces Command, U. S. Army Reserve Command, Camp Bragg was established in 1918 as an artillery training ground. The Chief of Field Artillery, General William J. Camp Bragg was named to honor a native North Carolinian, Braxton Bragg, the aim was for six artillery brigades to be stationed there and $6,000,000 was spent on the land and cantonments. There was an airfield on the used by aircraft and balloons for artillery spotters. The airfield was named Pope Field on April 1,1919, in honor of First Lieutenant Harley H. Pope, the work on the camp was finished on November 1,1919. The original plan for six brigades was abandoned after World War I ended, the artillery men, their equipment and material from Camp McClellan, Alabama, were moved over to Fort Bragg and testing began on long-range weapons that were a product of the war. The six artillery brigades were reduced to two cantonments and a garrison was to be built for Army troops as well as a National Guard training center, in early 1921 two field artillery units, the 13th and 17th Field Artillery Brigades, began training at Camp Bragg. The same year, the Long Street Church and six acres of property were acquired for the reservation, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Due to the cutbacks, the camp was nearly closed for good when the War department issued orders to close the camp on August 7,1921. General Albert J. Bowley was commander at the camp and after much campaigning, and getting the Secretary of War to visit the camp, the Field Artillery Board was transferred to Fort Bragg on February 1,1922. Camp Bragg was renamed Fort Bragg, to becoming a permanent Army post. From 1923 to 1924 permanent structures were constructed on Fort Bragg, by 1940, during World War II, the population of Fort Bragg had reached 5,400, however, in the following year, that number ballooned to 67,000. The population reached a peak of 159,000 during the war years, following World War II, the 82nd Airborne Division was permanently stationed at Fort Bragg, the only large unit there for some time. In July 1951, the XVIII Airborne Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg became a center for unconventional warfare, with the creation of the Psychological Warfare Center in April 1952, followed by the 10th Special Forces Group. In 1961, the 5th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, also in 1961, the Iron Mike statue, a tribute to all Airborne soldiers, past, present and future, was dedicated
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
–
Insignia of units assigned to Fort Bragg
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
10.
North Carolina
–
North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
North Carolina
–
North Carolina topographic map
North Carolina
–
Flag
North Carolina
–
The
Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the
Blue Ridge Parkway.
North Carolina
–
Deer in the
Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
11.
United States Army Forces Command
–
United States Army Forces Command is the largest United States Army command and provider of expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM consists of more than 750,000 Active Army, U. S. Army Reserve, and Army National Guard soldiers. Its organizations are expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM was created on July 1,1973, from the former Continental Army Command. The mission of the command, Forces Command trains and prepares a combat ready, globally responsive Total Force in order to build and sustain readiness to meet Combatant Command requirements. The vision of the command is, Combat ready and globally responsive Total Army Forces that are led, disciplined, trained. The Army command provides Army forces to the joint war fight, FORSCOM prepares U. S. Army conventional forces to provide a sustained flow of trained and ready land power to combatant commanders in defense of the nation at home and abroad. Organizations will be expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM has defined the sustainment mission command capability which institutionalizes the sustainment mission at brigade combat team level. Sustainment brigades, formerly reporting directly to FORSCOMs deputy commanding general, are assigned to individual installations. S. Those requirements range from preparing soldiers to fight on the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, the command remains at the point of the effort to transform the Army into a more deployable and maneuverable lethal force. This shift to a modular force design increases the number of available to support regional combatant commanders. It will expand the available force pool and mandate a set of force structures organized and equipped to be interchangeable. FORSCOM has major units located at 15 installations, including the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California and they present training scenarios constantly updated to reflect changing battlefield conditions and to incorporate lessons learned. Soldiers are presented with complex, cross-cultural challenges by large numbers of players who act as combatants. NTC and JRTC have urban combat landscapes and cave and tunnel complexes to simulate current, Army Reserve Command Headquarters facility completed construction at Fort Bragg, in June 2011. Forces Command hosted an Army Casing of Colors ceremony on 24 June 2011 at Fort McPherson, U. S. Army Forces Command 1993 – present U. S. Forces Command 1987 –1993 U. S and their responsibilities varied over time, but from the 1980s to the mid-1990s covered Reserve Component training supervision. FORSCOM currently commands U. S. Army Reserve Command, FORSCOM also commands three Army corps, I Corps at Fort Lewis, Washington, III Corps at Fort Hood, Texas, and XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. First U. S. Army is responsible for training, mobilization and deployment support to Reserve Component and they also execute FORSCOM missions within their geographic areas of responsibility
United States Army Forces Command
–
Army Forces Command shoulder sleeve insignia
12.
Provincial Reconstruction Team
–
PRTs were first established in Afghanistan in early 2002, and as of 2008 operate there as well as in Iraq. While the concepts are similar, PRTs in Afghanistan and Iraq had separate compositions and missions and their common purpose, however, was to empower local governments to govern their constituents more effectively. A PRT included a component, civilian police advisors. In a US-led PRT, this included a representative from USAID, the Department of State, the Department of Agriculture. They were assisted by public diplomacy and reporting staff, a PRT in Afghanistan was commanded by a military officer, generally of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel or Commander. The staff generally numbered between sixty and one hundred persons, by 2009, the military still dominated the role within PRTs as only three to four civilians were posted to each team of eighty to two hundred and fifty personnel. The lack of civilian personnel civilian executive agencies was a concern of CENTCOM commanders. Activities in Afghanistan focused on extending the reach of the government into the provinces. In an Iraq PRT, the Team Leader was a civilian who reports to the US Department of State, while civil affairs members were present on the team, there were more civilians than military personnel on the team. Functional areas included rule of law, reconstruction and development, agriculture, some Iraq PRTs were embedded into the Brigade Combat Team with which they are colocated. The BCT retaine responsibility for providing security for the team members. Public diplomacy was an element to successful Provincial Reconstruction Team projects. PRTs, in Afghanistan, were tasked with an area of a province and coordinate, develop. These projects enabled the population to become familiar with and trust the U. S. counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan. Projects supported by PRTs were created and approved by the ranks of the provincial government in Afghanistan. The ability of PRTS to conduct Public diplomacy and their ability to work with the government made counterinsurgency objectives obtainable. The PRT’s civil affairs line of operation exerted a large amount of public diplomacy, CA operations were responsible, along with the provincial government, for implementation and supervision of projects in the province. These projects included public affairs like humanitarian supply distribution, like school, Civil affairs operations were responsible for reaching out to the population to determine what is needed to make society stable and secure from the insurgent ideology
Provincial Reconstruction Team
–
Distribution of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) in
Afghanistan (2005).
Provincial Reconstruction Team
–
Chief of Naval Operations Adm.
Gary Roughead (middle) tours FOB Rushmore in 2008.
Provincial Reconstruction Team
–
Canadian PRT patrolling in
Kandahar Province
Provincial Reconstruction Team
–
Coalition medics travelling to remote villages in
Ghazni Province to provide medical care.
13.
Farmers
–
A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry. However, in the not so distant past a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of by labor and attention, farming has been dated back as far as the Neolithic era. By the Bronze Age, the Sumerians had an agriculture specialized labour force by 5000–4000 BCE and they relied on three-person teams when harvesting in the spring. The Ancient Egypt farmers farmed and relied and irrigated their water from the Nile, animal husbandry, the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago, goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BCE in Asia. Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the Middle East, the earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BCE. In the U. S. of the 1930s, one farmer fed only himself, the same farmer now feeds well over a hundred people. More distinct terms are used to denote farmers who raise specific domesticated animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as shepherds, goatherds, and cowherds. The term dairy farmer is applied to those primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep. A poultry farmer is one who concentrates on raising chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, for meat, egg, or feather production, or commonly. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a truck farmer or market gardener, dirt farmer is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land. In developed nations, a farmer is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and those who provide only labor are most often called farmhands. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for a landowner, sharing the harvest are known as sharecroppers or sharefarmers. Historically, one subsisting in this way may have known as a peasant. In developed nations, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a gardener, Farmers are often members of local, regional, or national farmers unions or agricultural producers organizations and can exert significant political influence. The Grange movement in the United States was effective in advancing farmers agendas, especially against railroad, the FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food
Farmers
–
A farmer in Nicaragua
Farmers
–
A
combine harvester on an English farm
Farmers
–
An American
dairy farmer
Farmers
–
A
Nepali farmer
14.
Baghdad
–
Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and the second largest city in Western Asia. Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century, within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic world. This, in addition to housing several key institutions, garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the Centre of Learning. Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with a population of 1,200,000 -3,000,000 people. The city was destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state in 1938, in contemporary times, the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage, most recently due to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011. In recent years, the city has been subjected to insurgency attacks. As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live, the site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. By the 8th century AD, several villages had developed there, including a Persian hamlet called Baghdad, the name is of Indo-European origin and a Middle Persian compound of Bagh god and dād given by, translating to Bestowed by God or Gods gift. In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Slavic bog god, a similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt, known in English by its Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning gift of Mithra. There are a number of locations in the wider region whose names are compounds of the word bagh, including Baghlan. The name of the town Baghdati in Georgia shares the same etymological origins, when the Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al-Salaam or City of Peace. This was the name on coins, weights, and other official usage. By the 11th century, Baghdad became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis, after the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital whence they could rule. They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, on 30 July 762, the caliph Al-Mansur commissioned the construction of the city, mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire under the Abbasids. Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying, This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward. The citys growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors, it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris, the abundance of water in a dry climate
Baghdad
–
Zumurrud Khaton tomb in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD), photo of 1932.
Baghdad
–
Panoramic view over the ancient city of
Babylon, located 85 km (53 mi) south of Baghdad.
Baghdad
–
Suq al-Ghazel (The Yarn Bazaar) Minaret in Baghdad,
Mesopotamia (
Iraq). This is the oldest
minaret in Baghdad. It belonged to the Caliph Mosque, built by Caliph Muktafi 901–907 AD.
15.
U.S. Army Reserve Command
–
United States Army Reserve Command commands all United States Army Reserve units. USARC is responsible for the staffing, training, management and deployment of its units to ensure their readiness for Army missions, the Army Reserve which consists of three main categories of units. U. S. Army Reserve Command mission is to trained and ready units and individuals to mobilize. USARC is responsible for all of the tasks involved in training, equipping, managing, supporting, mobilizing and retaining Soldiers under its command. USARC has over 20 offices, each with a mission and function that contributes to the accomplishment of USARC’s overall mission. Special staff offices provide technical support and guidelines to USARC and Army Reserve units across the country and these offices include public affairs, safety and enterprise services. The Executive staff includes the leaders of the USARC and their personal staff, the leaders are the Commanding General, the Deputy Commanding General, the Chief of Staff and the Command Sergeant Major. The personal staff includes the Staff Judge Advocate, Inspector General, Historian, in 1967, Congress passed watershed legislation in the form of the Reserve Forces Bill of Rights and Vitalization Act. In essence that act, among other features, prescribed reserve leadership for reserve units, for the Army, the act created a statutory Chief, Army Reserve who served as an advisor to the Chief of Staff on Army Reserve matters. Command and Control of the Army Reserve, however, was under Continental Army Command until 1973, the act also virtually eliminated bitter congressional deliberation over reserve component policy--for a while. In 1988, the House Committee on Appropriations Surveys and Investigation rekindled the debate, the committee uncovered two command and control reporting chains for the Army Reserve, FORSCOM and the CAR. Unlike the Air Force Reserve and the Navy Reserve, the CAR did not have command of the Army Reserve. In 1989, Congress directed the Army to design a command, Congress and the Army, with FORSCOM in the lead, began the struggle, at times difficult, to produce a mutually agreeable arrangement for the Army Reserve. FORSCOM, the Office of the Chief Army Reserve, the Department of the Army, Command and Control options spanned from the creation of an independent major command to a major subordinate command under FORSCOM. On 18 January 1990, the CAR and the FORSCOM commander reached an agreement, the Armys plan called for the command to be organized as a major subordinate command. FORSCOM was to develop policy for units of the U. S. Army Reserve, while the Reserve Command was to prepare implementation procedures, plans. Integration of the component and reserve component into a total force was the ultimate objective. The USARC Planning Group was to evolve into the heart of the new USARC headquarters, meanwhile, Congress and the Army had differing views on the next course of action
U.S. Army Reserve Command
–
USARC Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
16.
Psychological Operations
–
The term is used to denote any action which is practiced mainly by psychological methods with the aim of evoking a planned psychological reaction in other people. Various techniques are used, and are aimed at influencing a target audiences value system, belief system, emotions, motives, reasoning, or behavior. It is used to induce confessions or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originators objectives and it is also used to destroy the morale of enemies through tactics that aim to depress troops psychological states. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals, civilians of foreign territories can also be targeted by technology and media so as to cause an effect in the government of their country. In Propaganda, The Formation of Mens Attitudes, Jacques Ellul discusses psychological warfare as a peace policy practice between nations as a form of indirect aggression. This type of propaganda drains the public opinion of a regime by stripping away its power on public opinion. This form of aggression is hard to defend against because no court of justice is capable of protecting against psychological aggression since it cannot be legally adjudicated. Here the propagandists is dealing with an adversary whose morale he seeks to destroy by psychological means so that the opponent begins to doubt the validity of his beliefs. Since prehistoric times, warlords and chiefs have recognised the importance of inducing psychological terror in opponents, facing armies would shout, hurl insults at each other and beat weapons together or on shields prior to an engagement, all designed to intimidate the enemy. Massacres and other atrocities were certainly first employed at this time to subdue enemy or rebellious populations or induce an enemy to abandon their struggle, alexander left some of his men behind in each conquered city to introduce Greek culture and oppress dissident views. His soldiers were paid dowries to marry locals in an effort to encourage assimilation, genghis Khan, leader of the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century AD employed less subtle techniques. Defeating the will of the enemy before having to attack and reaching a settlement was preferable to actually fighting. The Mongol generals demanded submission to the Khan, and threatened the initially captured villages with complete destruction if they refused to surrender, if they had to fight to take the settlement, the Mongol generals fulfilled their threats and massacred the survivors. Tales of the encroaching horde spread to the villages and created an aura of insecurity that undermined the possibility of future resistance. The Khan also employed tactics that made his numbers seem greater than actually were. During night operations he ordered each soldier to light three torches at dusk to give the illusion of an army and deceive and intimidate enemy scouts. He also sometimes had objects tied to the tails of his horses, so that riding on open and his soldiers used arrows specially notched to whistle as they flew through the air, creating a terrifying noise. Another tactic favoured by the Mongols was catapulting severed human heads over city walls to frighten the inhabitants and this was especially used by the later Turko-Mongol chieftain
Psychological Operations
–
Mosaic of
Alexander the Great on his campaign against the
Persian Empire.
Psychological Operations
–
Lord Bryce led the
commission of 1915 to document German
atrocities committed against Belgian civilians.
Psychological Operations
–
A report from a German
secret agent about
Lenin 's arrival to
Petrograd in 1917. This event was actively arranged by the German government in a bid to destabilize Russia.
Psychological Operations
–
An example of a
World War II era leaflet meant to be dropped from an
American B-17 over a German city. See the
file description page for a translation.
17.
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
–
Fort Bragg is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world with more than 50,000 active duty personnel. The base is located within Cumberland, Hoke, Harnett and Moore counties, Fort Bragg borders the towns of Fayetteville, Spring Lake and Southern Pines. It was also a place in the 2010 Census, during which a population of 39,457 was identified. The fort is named for Confederate general Braxton Bragg and it covers over 251 square miles. It is also home to the U. S. Army Forces Command, U. S. Army Reserve Command, Camp Bragg was established in 1918 as an artillery training ground. The Chief of Field Artillery, General William J. Camp Bragg was named to honor a native North Carolinian, Braxton Bragg, the aim was for six artillery brigades to be stationed there and $6,000,000 was spent on the land and cantonments. There was an airfield on the used by aircraft and balloons for artillery spotters. The airfield was named Pope Field on April 1,1919, in honor of First Lieutenant Harley H. Pope, the work on the camp was finished on November 1,1919. The original plan for six brigades was abandoned after World War I ended, the artillery men, their equipment and material from Camp McClellan, Alabama, were moved over to Fort Bragg and testing began on long-range weapons that were a product of the war. The six artillery brigades were reduced to two cantonments and a garrison was to be built for Army troops as well as a National Guard training center, in early 1921 two field artillery units, the 13th and 17th Field Artillery Brigades, began training at Camp Bragg. The same year, the Long Street Church and six acres of property were acquired for the reservation, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Due to the cutbacks, the camp was nearly closed for good when the War department issued orders to close the camp on August 7,1921. General Albert J. Bowley was commander at the camp and after much campaigning, and getting the Secretary of War to visit the camp, the Field Artillery Board was transferred to Fort Bragg on February 1,1922. Camp Bragg was renamed Fort Bragg, to becoming a permanent Army post. From 1923 to 1924 permanent structures were constructed on Fort Bragg, by 1940, during World War II, the population of Fort Bragg had reached 5,400, however, in the following year, that number ballooned to 67,000. The population reached a peak of 159,000 during the war years, following World War II, the 82nd Airborne Division was permanently stationed at Fort Bragg, the only large unit there for some time. In July 1951, the XVIII Airborne Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg became a center for unconventional warfare, with the creation of the Psychological Warfare Center in April 1952, followed by the 10th Special Forces Group. In 1961, the 5th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, also in 1961, the Iron Mike statue, a tribute to all Airborne soldiers, past, present and future, was dedicated
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
–
Insignia of units assigned to Fort Bragg
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
18.
United States Army Basic Training
–
It is carried out at several different Army posts around the United States. Basic Training is designed to be intense and challenging. The challenge comes as much from the difficulty of training as it does from the psychological adjustment to an unfamiliar way of life. Basic Training is divided into two parts, Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training, Basic Combat Training consists of the first ten weeks of the total Basic Training cycle, and is identical for all Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard recruits. Advanced Individual Training consists of the remainder of the total Basic Training period, as such, AIT is different for each available Army career path, or Military Occupational Specialty. AIT courses can last anywhere from 4 to 52 weeks, soldiers are still continually tested for physical fitness and weapons proficiency, and are subject to the same duties, strict daily schedule, and disciplinary rules as in BCT. Drill sergeants are the responsible for most of the training that takes place in Basic Training. They are recognizable by their distinctive headgear, often called Smokey Bear hats, Battle buddies generally refer to partners in a combat scenario. However, throughout Basic Training, the term is used to describe a disciplinary principle whereby recruits are generally prohibited from walking anywhere alone, when traveling away from the platoon or a drill sergeant, recruits are expected to travel in pairs, known as battle buddies. Battle buddies are sometimes assigned, or can be chosen by recruits when the need to travel arises, a typical day in Basic Training generally follows this schedule. Times can change depending on location, commanding officers, or when drill sergeants see a need for variation and they wake the next pair of recruits at the end of their one-hour shift. This duty is called fire guard, fire guard stems back to the days of wooden barracks and wood-burning stoves. The fire guard would watch the stoves to make sure that the barracks would not catch fire, charge of quarters, commonly called CQ, functions in a somewhat similar manner. CQ shifts rotate throughout the company, with just two recruits from the company staying awake per shift. The actual charge of quarters is the sergeant, and the pair of recruits staying awake are the runners. They perform some of the duties as the fire guard shift. Only the CQ on duty is permitted to open the doors. For many hands-on instructional sessions, recruits are transported to other locations on-post that specialize in the given subject, classes are also given in the use of the AT4 shoulder-fired anti-tank missile launcher
United States Army Basic Training
–
Contents
United States Army Basic Training
–
Morning company formation at Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina.
United States Army Basic Training
–
Fort Jackson BCT emblem
United States Army Basic Training
–
Reception in the Army
19.
100th Infantry Division (United States)
–
The 100th Division is an infantry division of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky. It currently serves as a training command of the United States Army Reserve. Throughout its long history, the division has taken on numerous roles, serving as the 100th Infantry Division until the 1950s, the division then briefly became the 100th Airborne Division before becoming the 100th Division. Since this transformation, the division has taken on numerous training roles for other Army units. It was activated in mid 1918, too late to join the fighting in World War I, the division is best known for its exploits during World War II as the 100th Infantry Division. Fighting in the European Theater, the division advanced through France and Germany through the end of the war, World War II would be the only war the division would fight in before taking on its role as a training unit. The 100th Division was first constituted on 12 July 1918 in the National Army and it was organized in October of that year at Camp Bowie, Texas. Each brigade commanded around 8,000 soldiers, the division then began preparations to deploy to Europe and join the American Expeditionary Forces in combating the Central Powers during World War I. Before the division could deploy, though, the war ended on 11 November 1918, the 100th Division then began demobilization as part of the post-war drawdown of the U. S. Army. It would remain on the U. S. Armys roll until November 1919, only two years later, in June 1921, the division was reconstituted with its headquarters in Wheeling, West Virginia. On 29 May 1923, the received its shoulder sleeve insignia. Through its interwar years, the division saw little service and its location was changed in 1924 to Huntington, West Virginia and was changed again in 1937 to Charleston, West Virginia. The 100th Infantry Division was reactivated in the active duty force on 15 November 1942 at Fort Jackson, enlisted personnel were primarily original members of the unit, fleshed out by fillers from the 76th Infantry Division. The Officers were mostly members of the unit, again fleshed out with fillers from the Organized Reserves, the commander of the 100th was Major General Withers A. Burress, one of only eleven generals who commanded their divisions for the entire war. From late 1943 to early 1944, the division trained in the mountains of Tennessee and was sent to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. While at Fort Bragg, Technical Sergeant Walter L, bull earned the first Expert Infantrymans Badge. The division sailed to Europe on 6 October of that year, the division arrived at Marseille, France on 20 October. It was made part of VI Corps of the Seventh United States Army, as soon as the division was prepared for combat, it began moving into the Meurthe-et-Moselle region, and sent its first elements into combat at St. Remy in the Vosges Mountains on 1 November 1944
100th Infantry Division (United States)
–
Distinctive unit insignia
100th Infantry Division (United States)
–
100th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia
100th Infantry Division (United States)
–
The citadel of
Bitche, France
20.
Fort Totten (New York)
–
Fort Totten is a former active United States Army installation in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located on the shore of Long Island on the Willets Point peninsula. Fort Totten is at the head of Little Neck Bay, which is also the place where the East River widens to become Long Island Sound. While the U. S. Army Reserve continues to maintain a presence at the fort, construction began on the Fort at Willets Point in 1862, after the land was purchased by the U. S. Government in 1857 from the Willets family. The fort is close to the Queens neighborhoods of Bay Terrace, Bayside, Beechhurst, the fort was among several forts of the third system of seacoast defense in the United States begun in the first year of the Civil War. The initial design was drawn up by Robert E. Lee in 1857, unusually, it was designed with four tiers of cannon facing the water totaling 68 guns. In the United States, only Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island, however, construction was abandoned after the war, as masonry forts were considered obsolete following severe damage to some in the American Civil War. Only one tier and part of a tier of the two seacoast walls was completed, the three landward walls received little work. From 1861 to 1898 the fort area was known as Camp Morgan, in 1869 the Engineer School of Application was established at the future Fort Totten, remaining there until 1901. One of its first missions was the development of underwater minefields, Major Henry Larcom Abbot, the head of the school, was instrumental in developing these. Two earthwork batteries were built in the 1870s, the first was a battery of 27 guns as part of a short-lived fort improvement program, while the second was a battery of 16 mortars. The latter was the prototype for the Abbot Quad arrangement, developed by Major Abbot, in 1871 a tunnel was built connecting the upper 27-gun battery with the incomplete fort. In 1890 the Engineer School experimented with the Sims torpedo, an electric self-propelled torpedo partly designed by Thomas Edison, in 1885 the Endicott Board made sweeping recommendations for new coast defenses, and among them was upgrading Fort Totten. A mine casemate, part of an underwater minefield, was also built circa 1900. In 1901 the Engineer School was transferred to Washington, DC, after the American entry into World War I a number of changes took place at most stateside coast defense forts. With the threat from German surface ships unlikely, they became important as mobilization. Their garrisons were reduced to provide trained heavy artillery crews for the Western Front, the Coast Artillery operated almost all US heavy and railway artillery in that war, primarily weapons purchased from the French and British. Fort Tottens 5-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch batteries were dismounted in 1917-1918 as potential railway or, in the case of the 5-inchers, Battery Mahans two 12-inch guns and Battery Sumners pair of 8-inch guns were transferred to the railway artillery program
Fort Totten (New York)
–
Abandoned fortification (Endicott era batteries)
Fort Totten (New York)
–
NYPD K9 training building
Fort Totten (New York)
–
Fort Totten Officers' Club, now home of the Bayside Historical Society
Fort Totten (New York)
–
Addisleigh Park
21.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
22.
Lubbock
–
Lubbock is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States. The city is located in the part of the state. According to a 2015 Census estimate, Lubbock had a population of 249,042, making it the 83rd most populous city in the United States of America and the 11th most populous city in the state of Texas. The city is the center of the Lubbock metropolitan area. The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is dependent on water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation. Lubbock was selected as the 12th best place to start a business by CNNMoney. com. CNN mentioned the traditional business atmosphere, low rent for commercial space, central location. Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state, Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States based in part on its international baccalaureate program. Lubbock County was founded in 1876 and it was named after Thomas Saltus Lubbock, former Texas Ranger and brother of Francis Lubbock, governor of Texas during the Civil War. As early as 1884, a federal post office existed in Yellow House Canyon, a small town, known as Old Lubbock, Lubbock, or North Town, was established about three miles to the east. In 1890, the original Lubbock merged with Monterey, another small town south of the canyon, the new town adopted the Lubbock name. The merger included moving the original Lubbocks Nicolett Hotel across the canyon on rollers to the new townsite, Lubbock became the county seat in 1891, and was incorporated on March 16,1909. In the same year, the first railroad train arrived, Texas Technological College was founded in Lubbock in 1923. A separate university, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, opened as Texas Tech University School of Medicine in 1969, both universities are now overseen by the Texas Tech University System, after it was established in 1996 and based in Lubbock. Lubbock Christian University, founded in 1957, and Sunset International Bible Institute, South Plains College and Wayland Baptist University operate branch campuses in Lubbock. At one time, Lubbock was home to Reese Air Force Base located 6 miles west of the city, the bases primary mission throughout its existence was pilot training. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995 and is now a research, the city is home to the Lubbock Lake Landmark, part of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The landmark is an archaeological and natural preserve at the northern edge of the city
Lubbock
–
Downtown
Lubbock Skyline
Lubbock
–
The
Wells Fargo Building is the second-tallest building in Lubbock.
Lubbock
–
Cone grain elevator, north side of Lubbock
Lubbock
–
Panhandle-South Plains Fairgrounds
23.
Texas
–
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
–
Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
–
Flag
Texas
–
Texas Hill Country
Texas
–
Big Bend National Park.
24.
Fort Dix
–
Fort Dix, the common name for the Army Support Activity located at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, is a United States Army post. It is located approximately 16.1 miles south-southeast of Trenton, Fort Dix is under the jurisdiction of the Army Installation Management Command. Fort Dix, established in 1917, was designated as part of an adjoining U. S. Air Force, however, it remains commonly known as Fort Dix, ASA Dix, or Dix as of 2015. In 2015, Colonel Shelley Balderson became Fort Dix first female commander in the bases 100-year history, Colonel Balderson rotated out of command in 2016, and the current commander is Colonel Martin Marty Klein. The supporting component at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst is the United States Air Force, the 87 ABW provides installation management to all of JBMDL while both the Navy and Army retain command and control of their mission, personnel, equipment and component-specific services. While the Joint Base has an assigned Deputy Joint Base Commander for both Army and Navy, neither the Navy nor the Army bases are subordinate to the Joint Base, the commanders of both Fort Dix and Lakehurst serve also as a Deputy Joint Base Commanders. Dix has a history of mobilizing, training and demobilizing Soldiers from as early as World War I through April 2015 when Forts Bliss, in 1978, the first female recruits entered basic training at Fort Dix. In 1991, Dix trained Kuwaiti civilians in military skills so they could take part in their countrys liberation. Dix ended its active Army training mission in 1991 due to Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, presently, it serves as a joint training site for all components and all services of the U. S. military and is commanded by an Army Colonel. Marine Aircraft Group 49 99th Regional Support Command 2d Brigade, 75th Division USCG Atlantic Strike Team U. S, Camp Dix, as it was known at the time, was a training and staging ground for units during World War I. Though the camp was a camp for the New York Port of Embarkation it did not fall under the direct control of that command with the War Department retaining direct jurisdiction. The camp became a center after the war. Between the World Wars, Camp Dix was a reception, training, Camp Dix became Fort Dix on March 8,1939, and the installation became a permanent Army post. During and after World War II the fort served the purpose as in the first World War. It served as a training and staging ground during the war, on July 15,1947, Fort Dix became a basic training center and the home of the 9th Infantry Division. In 1954, the 9th moved out and the 69th Infantry Division made the home until it was deactivated on March 16,1956. During the Vietnam War rapid expansion took place, a mock Vietnam village was constructed and soldiers received Vietnam-specific training before being deployed. Since Vietnam, Fort Dix has sent soldiers to Operation Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Bosnia, Afghanistan, the Atlantic Strike Team of the U. S. Coast Guard is based at Fort Dix
Fort Dix
–
Combat Training at JB MDL Dix
Fort Dix
–
Seal
25.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
New Jersey
–
The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in
Ringwood State Park,
Passaic and
Bergen Counties
New Jersey
–
Flag
New Jersey
–
Washington Crossing the Delaware during the
New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777
New Jersey
–
George Washington rallying his troops at the
Battle of Princeton
26.
Fort Knox
–
Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The 109,000 acre base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin and it currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command, United States Army Cadet Command and the United States Army Accessions Command. For 60 years, Fort Knox was the home of the U. S. Army Armor Center and the U. S. Army Armor School, and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the U. S. Armys Cavalry and Armored forces, the fort is best known as the site of the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States official gold reserves. The United States Department of the Treasury has maintained the Bullion Depository on the post since 1937 and this facility is operated solely by the Treasury Department. Parts of the base in Hardin and Meade counties form a census-designated place, the George S. Patton Museum and Center of Leadership at Fort Knox includes an exhibit highlighting leadership issues that arose from the attacks of September 11,2001, which includes two firetrucks. One of them, designated Foam 161, was partially charred and melted in the attack upon the Pentagon. S. military to die in the attacks of September 11,2001. In 2012, the U. S. Army Armor School was relocated to The Maneuver Center of Excellence at FT Benning, fortifications were constructed near the site in 1861, during the Civil War when Fort Duffield was constructed. Fort Duffield was located on what was known as Muldraugh Hill on a point overlooking the confluence of the Salt and Ohio Rivers. The area was contested by both Union and Confederate forces, bands of organized guerrillas frequently raided the area during the war. John Hunt Morgan the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry for the Confederate Army raided the area before staging his famous raid on Indiana, after the war, the area now occupied by the Army was home to various small communities. In October 1903, military maneuvers for the Regular Army and the National Guards of several states were held at West Point, Kentucky, in April 1918, field artillery units from Camp Zachary Taylor arrived at West Point for training. 20,000 acres near the village of Stithton were leased to the government, the new camp was named after Henry Knox, the Continental Armys chief of artillery during the Revolutionary War and the countrys first Secretary of War. The camp was extended by the purchase of a further 40,000 acres in June 1918, the building program was reduced following the end of the war and reduced further following cuts to the army in 1921 after the National Defense Act of 1920. The camp was greatly reduced and became a semi-permanent training center for the 5th Corps Area for Reserve Officer training, the National Guard, for a short while, from 1925 to 1928, the area was designated as Camp Henry Knox National Forest. It was used by the Kentucky Air National Guard for several years after the war until they relocated to Standiford Field in Louisville, the airfield is still in use by the United States Army Aviation Branch. Hatfield ordered its release after the D-Day Landings on September 19,1944, in 1931 a small force of the mechanized cavalry was assigned to Camp Knox to use it as a training site. The camp was turned into a permanent garrison in January 1932, the 1st Cavalry Regiment arrived later in the month to become the 1st Cavalry Regiment
Fort Knox
–
Fort Knox
Fort Knox
–
The U.S. Gold Bullion Depository.
Fort Knox
–
Infantryman wearing
Brodie helmet, kneeling in front of
M3 Half-track, holds an
M1 Garand rifle. Fort Knox, June 1942.
27.
Kentucky
–
Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
Kentucky
–
Narrow country roads bounded by stone and wood plank fences are a fixture in the Kentucky
Bluegrass region.
Kentucky
Kentucky
–
Kentucky's regions (click on image for color-coding information.)
Kentucky
–
The
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is known for its rugged terrain.
28.
Mountain View, California
–
Mountain View is a city located in Santa Clara County, California, United States, named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains. From its origins as a stop, it grew to a large suburb with a pedestrian-friendly downtown, free wi-fi. The city borders Palo Alto and the San Francisco Bay to the north, Los Altos to the south, situated in the southern end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, Mountain View is home to many high technology companies. In 1956, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley, was established in the city by William Shockley. Today, many of the largest technology companies in the world are headquartered in the city, including Google, Mozilla Foundation, Symantec, and Intuit. The original Byte Shop computer store was opened at 1063 El Camino Real, Mountain View by Paul Terrell, the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority integrates the city with the neighboring cities of Palo Alto, Los Altos, and Sunnyvale. The Mexican land grant of Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas was given in 1842 by Alta California Governor Juan Alvarado to Francisco Estrada. This grant was passed on to Mariano Castro, who sold half of the land to Martin Murphy, Jr. Eventually. First known as the center of Fremont Twp. before the first California 1852 census. Which meant that it was a predecessor to Mayfield and Palo Alto, Mountain View Station, officially named in 1864, had its beginnings earlier as a stagecoach stop on the route between San Francisco and San Jose, including the Butterfield Overland Mail. & El Camino Real of today, was closer to what was once the town center. The early pioneers were buried at the old cemetery between Mercy & Church, off Castro Street, now the present city Library and park. Reverend Henry Merrill Henderson, born in Maryland, age 35, arrived in Spring of 1852, with his family to meet with relatives Ricketts and he was the first Baptist minister in town and soon was going by horse to Half-Moon Bay, and McCartersville for services. His next-door neighbor arrived later that year, Seligman Weilheimer and brother Samuel from Dossenheim, Baden, Germany, who built at that property, the Fremont twp. population was about 560 by 1860, less Mayfield Post office section, which began north of present San Antonio Road. The towns early growth was due to agriculture, William Bubb later being a figure, buying 80 acres to farm in October 1851. His heirs expanded and intermarried in the area, agriculture remained the primary industry into the middle of the 20th century. The U. S. Navys adjacent 1000 acre Moffet Field Complex began after 1931, after World War II, the population grew significantly with the development of the aerospace and electronics industries. Between 1950 and 1960, the population grew from 6,563 to 30,889, today, high technology is the foundation of the local economy, and there exist few remnants of the citys agricultural past
Mountain View, California
–
City Hall and the Center for the Performing Arts in the Downtown area
Mountain View, California
–
The
Historic Adobe Building was constructed as a
Works Progress Administration project in 1934.
Mountain View, California
–
Mountain View City Hall
Mountain View, California
–
Mountain View Fire Station Number 1
29.
California (U.S. state)
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California (U.S. state)
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California (U.S. state)
–
Flag
California (U.S. state)
–
Mount Shasta
California (U.S. state)
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
30.
Map
–
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
Map
–
World map (2004,
CIA World Factbook)
Map
–
World map (1689,
Amsterdam)
Map
–
A celestial map from the 17th century, by the cartographer
Frederik de Wit
Map
–
The
Hereford Mappa Mundi from about 1300,
Hereford Cathedral, England, is a classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at centre, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right.
