1.
66th Venice International Film Festival
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The 66th annual Venice Film Festival held in Venice, Italy, was opened on 2 September 2009 by Baarìa - La porta del vento. International competition jury, led by Ang Lee, awarded Leone dOro to Lebanon, the festival was closed on 12 September 2009, with Maria Grazia Cucinotta serving as the festivals hostess. The following 25 films competed for the Leone doro, official website 66th Venice Film Festival 2009
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Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
4.
White Material
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White Material is a 2009 French film directed by Claire Denis and co-written with Marie NDiaye. The film was received, earning high ratings and appearing in several movie critics top lists for 2010. Maria Vial is a white French farmer who runs a coffee plantation in an unnamed African country in the present day. Maria and Andre have a lazy, mentally unstable son, Manuel, while Andre has another half-African son, civil war has broken out and rebel soldiers, many of them child soldiers, are advancing on the area. Meanwhile, a rebel DJ on the radio urges the rebels on, Marias workers flee for fear of the upcoming conflict. Maria stubbornly refuses to abandon the plantation and its harvest, which will be ready in five days, risking her life and unable to find Andre, she drives to a village to hire men to finish harvesting the coffee. On the way, she is forced to pay off bandits who threaten to kill her at a roadblock, after hiring the workers, she stops at the elementary school and collects Andres other son, Jose. Jose is a boy of about 12, and we later learn that his mother is Andres fathers young housekeeper. Meanwhile, we see Andre in town meeting with the African mayor, Cherif seeing that Andre is desperate, takes advantage of the situation and offers to purchase the plantation for the cancellation of Andres debts. Cherif requires Andre to get his father to sign over the plantation to him. Having returned to the plantation, Maria searches out her son Manuel, trying to rouse him, she laments his listlessness and scolds that he is without purpose. Manuel rises, and after a swim, is intrigued by a noise in the house and he follows it to two young rebels. They run, and in spite of his lack of shoes and they eventually corner them, he discovers that theyre armed with a spear and a machete. The rebel boys threaten him, cut his hair, and retreat to the bush, Maria, Andre, and some workers converge on Manuel and are shocked to find him stripped and standing naked in the field. The fact that the oldest boy stuck his revolver down Manuels pants, as well as his state of shock, the dirt on his hands and knees, Maria loads him in the tractor and heads back to the house. Manuel obviously traumatized and out of his mind abandons the tractor, there the heavily tattooed Manuel reacts to his assault by shaving his head, stealing his grandfathers shotgun, attacking Joses mother, and disappearing on his mothers motorbike. Despite Andres continued pleas that they should flee, Maria remains steadfast in her efforts to bring in the coffee crop and she discovers the wounded rebel hero known as The Boxer in a barn and feeds him. Cherif warns her that her son is half-baked, a statement which makes her laugh and she awakens and attempts to start work again
5.
35 Shots of Rum
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35 Shots of Rum is a 2008 film, directed by Claire Denis, the French filmmaker. It made its North American premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and it was later released to limited theaters in 2009. Claire Denis was in inspired by Yasujirō Ozus Late Spring. Lionel, a widower who drives RER trains in metropolitan Paris, has raised his daughter Josephine alone for many years and they have always shared a special bond and live a secure and contented life somewhat isolated from others, in an apartment building in a suburb of Paris. Josephine, a student, is now grown and become a young woman. Noé leads a life and goes abroad often. Gabrielle appears to have feelings for Lionel and motherly feelings towards Josephine, both father and daughter are ambivalent toward more than a casual friendship with anyone outside their special relationship. While attending the retirement party for a colleague and friend, Lionel declines to try the feat of downing 35 shots of rum. His colleague appears to be lost without his job, and Lionel realizes that time is moving on and he must find meaning and security in things other than his present life, lest he end up the same way. During an outing with Gabrielle and Noé, their car breaks down, Noé shows his feelings for Josephine, and Lionel realizes that she must eventually leave him. He knows that she needs to live her own independent of him. It is subtly suggested that Josephine decides to marry Noé in a scene of her emotionally charged visit to Noés apartment, when Lionels former colleague commits suicide on the RER tracks, Lionel has to stop his train when he comes across the body. The father and the then went on a long car trip to visit her mothers tomb in Germany before her wedding. In the final scene, Josephine weds a nervous but happy Noé, at the party, Lionel successfully downs 35 shots of rum in celebration of the occasion. It is not clear whether he does so in joy or in sadness and he returns home to live alone. 35 Shots of Rum, described as a family study, has been very well received by critics. It premiered in North America at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008 and was shown outside the competition at Venice before being released for general distribution, the review aggregator website Metacritic gave it a score of 96, with Rotten Tomatoes rating it 97% out of 100. 35 Shots of Rum at Rotten Tomatoes 35 Shots of Rum at Metacritic Jeff Lanza, Review,35 Shots of Rum, Dossier Journal, September 15,200935 Shots of Rum at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Chocolat (1988 film)
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Chocolat is a 1988 film directed by Claire Denis, about a French family that lives in colonial Cameroon. Marc and Aimée Dalens are the parents of France, a girl who befriends Protée. The film was entered into the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, the film begins with an adult woman named France, walking down a road toward Douala, Cameroon. While walking, she is picked up by William J. Park, as they ride, Frances mind drifts and we see her as a young girl in Northern French Cameroon where her father was a colonial administrator. The story is conducted through the eyes of young France, showing her friendship with the houseboy, Protée, the conflict of the film comes from the discomfort created as France and her mother attempt to move past the established boundaries between themselves and the native Africans. This is brought to a head through Luc Segalen, a Western drifter who stays with the Dalens family after an aircraft crashes nearby. He acknowledges Aimées attraction to Protée in the presence of other black servants and this later results in a fight between Luc and Protée, which Protée wins. During the fight, Aimée sits nearby, unseen by the two and she attempts to seduce Protée after Luc has left but he rejects her advance. Aimée consequently asks her husband to him from the house. Protée is moved from his job to work outdoors in the garage as a mechanic. The title Chocolat comes from the 1950s slang meaning to be cheated, towards the end of the film, Frances father reveals a central theme of the film as he explains to her what the horizon line is. He tells her that it is a line that is there but not there and this line is not a physical one but is still one that people widely recognize
7.
Beau Travail
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Beau Travail is a 1999 French movie directed by Claire Denis that is loosely based on Herman Melvilles 1888 novella Billy Budd. The movie is set in Djibouti, where the protagonists are soldiers in the French Foreign Legion, parts of the soundtrack of the movie are from Benjamin Brittens opera based on the novella. The film begins with the silhouettes of soldiers being made to stand in the sun as an endurance test and it is the memory of Chief Adjutant Galoup, from his new home in Marseille, where he writes his memoirs. He remembers the heat of Djibouti, where he led his section of men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bruno Forestier and we see numerous training scenes, assault courses, and securing of buildings. Much of the exercise has a ballet-like quality and this is set against a back-drop of traditional Djibouti life of the surrounding local people. Galoup says of Forestier, I admired him without knowing why and he retains a wristband with the word Bruno. Galoup has a beautiful, young girlfriend, Rahel. Forestier envies many things in Galoup, including his clear affection from the men, however, they happily socialise together, playing chess and snooker. One day, his section is joined by Gilles Sentain, whose beauty, social skills. Repressed homosexual feelings from Galoup are suggested, when Sentain helps another soldier being punished by digging a large hole in the heat of the day, by handing him a canteen of water, Galoup chastises Sentain and knocks the water from his hand. The sergeant has already sworn to destroy him, as a punishment, he drives Sentain out into the desert to make him walk back to the base. But Sentain does not return because Galoup has tampered with his compass, when Sentain fails to return Galoup accuses him of desertion. We see Sentain collapse in the salt flats. His salt-encrusted compass is spotted by fellow legionnaires at a sale of local salt-encrusted novelties and is believed to prove Sentain is dead, however, Sentain is found by local tribespeople who place him on a bus. We are not told, but he is now safe. However, on the assumption that Galoup has either killed or tried to kill Sentain and it ends his career in the Foreign Legion, his only real love. We see him make his bed then lie on top clutching a pistol. He is going to shoot himself, the final scene, a lively acrobatic solo dance to Eurodance music, suggests his move to another world inside his head
8.
Burkina Faso
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Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in Africa around 274,200 square kilometres in size. It is surrounded by six countries, Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, in 2014 its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million. Burkina Faso is a country and French is an official language of government. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, residents of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé. Before the conquest of what is now Burkina Faso by the French, after gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes. Blaise Compaoré was the most recent president and ruled the country from 1987 until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014 and this resulted in a semi-presidential republic which lasted from October 2014 to September 2015. On 17 September 2015 the provisional government was in turn toppled by an apparent military coup carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security. On 24 September 2015, after pressure from the African Union, ECOWAS, and the forces, the military junta agreed to step down. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, the bé suffix added onto Burkina to form the demonym Burkinabé comes from the Fula language and means men or women. The northwestern part of todays Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5000 BC and their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archeological excavations. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC, the Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso. Iron industry, in smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC, historians began to debate about the exact dates when Burkina Fasos many ethnic groups arrived to the area. During the Middle Ages the Mossi established several kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma. Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483, during the early 16th century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso. During the 18th century the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo Dioulasso and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, starting in the early 1890s a series of British, French and German military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples, at times they forged alliances with them, the colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties amongst themselves. Through a complex series of events what is Burkina Faso eventually became a French protectorate in 1896, the eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered, however
9.
Cameroon
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Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroons coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. French and English are the languages of Cameroon. The country is referred to as Africa in miniature for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, the country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões, which became Cameroon in English. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates, the Union des Populations du Cameroun political party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to the Cameroonian Independence War. It waged war on French and UPC militant forces until 1971, in 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon, the federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972, Cameroon enjoys relatively high political and social stability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the president since 1982, Paul Biya. The English-speaking territories of Cameroon have grown increasingly alienated from the government, politicians and civil society in English-speaking regions have called for greater decentralization and even complete separation or independence from the former French-governed territories. The territory of present-day Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic Era, the longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the Baka. From here, Bantu migrations into eastern, southern, and central Africa are believed to have originated about 2,000 years ago, the Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. AD500 and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west. Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472 and they noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus turneranus in the Wouri River and named it Rio dos Camarões, which became Cameroon in English
10.
French Somaliland
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French Somaliland was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1883 and 1967 and it was established between 1883 and 1887, after the ruling Somali and Afar sultans signed the land away in various treaties with the French. The name of French Somaliland, “Cote Francaise des Somalis” is said to have proposed by Mohamed Haji Dide of the Mahad Ase branch of the Gadabuursi. He himself before the arrival of the French was prosperous merchant of Zayla and he came on to build the first Mosque in Djibouti Gami ar-Rahma in 1891. On the other side of the Bab el Mandeb strait, the French held a small peninsula in the Aden territory. The construction of the Imperial Ethiopian Railway west into Ethiopia turned the port of Djibouti into a boomtown of 15,000 at a time when Harar was the city in Ethiopia to exceed that. The railway continued to operate following the Italian conquest of Ethiopia but, following the tumult of the Second World War, in 1967, French Somaliland was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas and, in 1977, it became the independent country of Djibouti. List of governors of French Somaliland List of French possessions and colonies French colonial empire Imbert-Vier, frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale
11.
Senegal
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Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal also borders The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegals economic and political capital is Dakar and it is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia, and owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the east and north. The name Senegal comes from the Wolof Sunuu Gaal, which means Our Boat, Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres and has an estimated population of about 15 million. The climate is Sahelian, but there is a rainy season, the territory of modern Senegal has been inhabited by various ethnic groups since prehistory. Organized kingdoms emerged around the century, and parts of the country were ruled by prominent regional empires such as the Jolof Empire. The present state of Senegal has its roots in European colonialism, which began during the mid-15th century, the establishment of coastal trading posts gradually led to control of the mainland, culminating in French rule of the area by the 19th century, albeit amid much local resistance. Senegal peacefully attained independence from France in 1960, and has since been among the politically stable countries in Africa. Senegals economy is centered mostly on commodities and natural resources, major industries are fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, and ship construction and repair. As in most African nations, agriculture is a sector, with Senegal producing several important cash crops, including peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans, tomatoes, melons. Owing to its stability, tourism and hospitality are also burgeoning sectors. A multiethnic and secular nation, Senegal is predominantly Sunni Muslim with Sufi, French is the official language, although many native languages are spoken and recognized. Since April 2012 Senegals president has been Macky Sall, Senegal has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie since 1970. Senegal is named after the Senegal River, the etymology of which is contested, one popular theory is that it stems from the Wolof phrase sunu gaal, which means our canoe, resulting from a miscommunication between 15th-century Portuguese sailors and Wolof fishermen. The our canoe theory has been embraced in modern Senegal for its charm. It is frequently used in appeals to national solidarity, frequently heard in the media, modern historians believe the name probably refers to the Sanhaja, Berbers who lived on the northern side of the river. A competing theory is that it derives from the town of Sanghana
12.
European Graduate School
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Founded in Switzerland, the School operates on two locations, Saas-Fee, Switzerland, and Valletta, Malta. The EGS is a privately funded international graduate school founded by the non-profit European Foundation of Interdisciplinary Studies, EGS is not recognized by the Swiss University Conference, the main regulatory body for universities in Switzerland. The European Graduate School was founded in 1994 in Saas-Fee, Switzerland by the Swiss scientist, artist, the school initially offered programs in Expressive Arts Therapy, as a part of a broader initiative to develop a network of training institutes in Expressive Arts Therapy. A division of Philosophy, Art and Critical Thought was subsequently established by Wolfgang Schirmacher, three to six-day courses on socio-political, philosophical, and artistic inquiry are offered during the summer on campus. Chantal Akerman Pierre Alféri Sandy Stone
13.
Saas-Fee
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Saas-Fee is the main village in the Saastal, or the Saas Valley, and is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The villages in its neighborhood are Saas-Almagell, Saas-Grund and Saas-Balen, the community is considered to be a very attractive winter sport destination in the Swiss Alps. Typical activities include skiing, Snowboarding, snowshoe trekking, canyon climbing, Saas-Fee offers 22 lifts, including 3 cable cars,1 funicular railway,5 gondolas,2 chairlifts, the remainder being surface lifts. The ski run has a drop of 1,800 m. Other activities include paragliding, hang gliding, and tobogganing, no cars are allowed to enter the city, only small electric vehicles operate on the streets. The decision to exclude most motor vehicles was made by the village at the time of the construction of the road from Saas Grund in 1951. The resort offers many culture, sports and off-slope activities, including music, a sports and leisure complex, restaurants. The resort features the highest underground funicular railway in the world up to the skiing area, the touristic slogan of Saas-Fee is Die Perle der Alpen. The campus of the European Graduate School is located in Saas-Fee, design guidelines for the village require houses to be 40 percent wooden, to maintain its architectural character. Saas-Fee is first mentioned in 1304 as vee, the municipality was formerly known by its French name Fée, however, that name is no longer used. Saas-Fee has an area, as of 2011, of 40.6 square kilometers, of this area,5. 7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9. 5% is forested. Of the rest of the land,1. 3% is settled and 83. 6% is unproductive land, the municipality is located in the Visp district, at the foot of Dom Mountain. The village is surrounded by thirteen Four-thousander mountains, the blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, the initials SSF Or between two Mullets Argent in base Coupeaux Vert. Saas-Fee has a population of 1,621, as of 2008,28. 5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 3. 4% and it has changed at a rate of 0. 5% due to migration and at a rate of 6. 3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks German as their first language, Serbo-Croatian is the second most common, there are 16 people who speak French,12 people who speak Italian and 2 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality,745 or about 51. 2% were born in Saas-Fee and lived there in 2000. There were 200 or 13. 8% who were born in the canton, while 207 or 14. 2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland
14.
Colonialism
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Colonialism is the establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony. The term is used to describe a set of unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous peoples. The European colonial period was the era from the 16th century to the century when several European powers established colonies in Asia, Africa. At first the countries followed a policy of mercantilism, designed to strengthen the economy at the expense of rivals. By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers four definitions, including something characteristic of a colony, in the book, Osterhammel asks, How can colonialism be defined independently from colony. He settles on a definition, Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the people are made. Rejecting cultural compromises with the population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority. Historians often distinguish between two overlapping forms of colonialism, Settler colonialism involves large-scale immigration, often motivated by religious, political, exploitation colonialism involves fewer colonists and focuses on access to resources for export, typically to the metropole. Surrogate colonialism involves a settlement project supported by a colonial power, internal colonialism is a notion of uneven structural power between areas of a state. The source of exploitation comes from within the state, as colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas, sociocultural evolution included the formation of various ethnically hybrid populations. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, notable examples in Asia include the Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Indian, Burgher, Eurasian Singaporean, Filipino mestizo, Kristang and Macanese peoples. In the Dutch East Indies the vast majority of Dutch settlers were in fact Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans, the Other, or othering is the process of creating a separate entity to persons or groups who are labelled as different or non-normal due to the repetition of characteristics. Othering is the creation from those who discriminate, to distinguish, label, several scholars in recent decades developed the notion of the other as an epistemological concept in social theory. For example, postcolonial scholars, believed that colonizing powers explained an ‘other’ who were there to dominate, civilize, political geographers explain how colonial/ imperial powers othered places they wanted to dominate to legalize their exploitation of the land. During the rise of colonialism and after, post colonialism, the Western powers perspectives of the East as the other, different and this viewpoint and separation of culture had divided the Eastern and Western culture creating a dominant/ subordinate dynamic, both being the other towards themselves. The word metropole comes from the Greek metropolis —mother city, the word colony comes from the Latin colonia—a place for agriculture
15.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
16.
Trouble Every Day (film)
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Trouble Every Day is a 2001 French erotic horror film directed by Claire Denis and written by Denis and Jean-Pol Fargeau. It stars Vincent Gallo, Tricia Vessey, Béatrice Dalle and Alex Descas, the films soundtrack is provided by Tindersticks. Alice Houri, who starred in Deniss previous film Nénette et Boni has a cameo as a girl on a metro who watches Shane. An American couple, Dr. Shane Brown and his wife, June, go to Paris, in reality, Shane has travelled to Paris to hunt down neuroscientist Dr. Léo Sémeneau and his wife, Coré, whom he once knew and was obsessed with. Despite having once had a career, Léo is now working as a General practitioner to keep a low profile. He locks Coré up in their every day but she occasionally manages to escape. To protect her, Léo buries the bodies, a couple of men who have been casing the Sémeneau home eventually break in where one of them finds Coré in a boarded up room. After she seduces him, they start to have sex, but she bites him to death. Meanwhile, a doctor who worked with Léo gives Shane the couples address. After Shane rushes to the house he discovers that the house has been broken into and he watches her light the house on fire and when she finally becomes aware of his presence she tries to bite him. However, Shane is able to overpower her and he strangles her and leaves her to be consumed by the flames. Just after he leaves, Léo arrives and witnesses the carnage, after Corés death, Shane becomes strange and distant, stopping in the middle of sex with his wife and finishing by masturbating, running away from her, and adopting a puppy. Finally he returns to the hotel where he has sex with a maid, the film received mixed reactions from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, based on 49 reviews, the film has a 49% rating, metacritic reports a 40/100 rating based on 16 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. Variety wrote that it is over-long, under-written and needlessly obscure instead of genuinely atmospheric, the Boston Globe was more positive, but concludes by calling the film a success in some sense, but its hard to like a film so cold and dead. Later, the film developed a following who admire it for its themes of existentialism. It was given an in depth analysis by Salon. com which looked at the intricacies of the film, at Film Freak Central, Walter Chaw said, Plaintive and sad, Claire Denis Trouble Every Day is a rare combination of honesty, beauty, and maybe even genius. The film has been associated with the New French Extremity
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Vendredi soir
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Vendredi soir is a drama film directed by Claire Denis. The screenplay was written by Claire Denis and Emmanuèle Bernheim, based upon Bernheims novel of the same name, the film premiered at the 2002 Venice Film Festival. The night before moving in with her boyfriend Laure goes to some friends. After cancelling on her friend the two spend the night together in a hotel, Vendredi soir at the Internet Movie Database Vendredi soir at AllMovie
18.
French cinema
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Cinema of France refers to the film industry based in France. The French cinema comprises the art of film and creative movies made within the nation of France or by French filmmakers abroad, France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film-making process itself. Several important cinematic movements, including the Nouvelle Vague, began in the country and it is noted for having a particularly strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the French government. Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a spot for artists from across Europe. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations, Directors from nations such as Poland, Argentina, Russia, Austria, and Georgia are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris. With 205.34 million tickets sold in 2015 and 212.71 million in 2016 and it is the most successful film industry in Europe in terms of number of films produced per annum, with a record-breaking 300 feature-length films produced in 2015. France is also one of the few countries where non-American productions have the biggest share and this is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions, which accounted for 44, 5% of admissions in 2014. Also, the French film industry is closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any country in Europe. In 2013, France was the 2nd largest exporter of films in the world after the United States, a study made in April 2014 shows the excellent image which French cinema maintains around the world, being the most appreciated cinema after American cinema. Les frères Lumière realized the first projection with the Cinematograph, in Paris on 28 December 1895, the French film industry in the late 19th century and early 20th century was among the worlds most important. Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinématographe and their LArrivée dun train en gare de La Ciotat in Paris in 1895 is considered by historians as the official birth of cinematography. The early days of the industry, from 1896 to 1902, saw the dominance of four firms, Pathé Frères, the Gaumont Film Company, the Georges Méliès company, and the Lumières. Méliès invented many of the techniques of cinematic grammar, and among his fantastic, in 1902 the Lumières abandoned everything but the production of film stock, leaving Méliès as the weakest player of the remaining three. From 1904 to 1911 the Pathé Frères company led the world in production and distribution. At Gaumont, pioneer Alice Guy-Blaché was made head of production and oversaw about 400 films, from her first, La Fée aux Choux, in 1896 and she then continued her career in the United States, as did Maurice Tourneur and Léonce Perret after World War I. After World War I, the French film industry suffered because of a lack of capital, when film studios in Europe began to fail, many European countries began to set import barriers
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Friday Night (2002 film)
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Vendredi soir is a drama film directed by Claire Denis. The screenplay was written by Claire Denis and Emmanuèle Bernheim, based upon Bernheims novel of the same name, the film premiered at the 2002 Venice Film Festival. The night before moving in with her boyfriend Laure goes to some friends. After cancelling on her friend the two spend the night together in a hotel, Vendredi soir at the Internet Movie Database Vendredi soir at AllMovie
20.
Chocolate
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Chocolate /ˈtʃɒklᵻt, -kəlᵻt/ is a typically sweet, usually brown food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground. It is made in the form of a liquid, paste, or in a block, Cacao has been cultivated by many cultures for at least three millennia in Mesoamerica. The earliest evidence of use traces to the Mokaya, with evidence of chocolate beverages dating back to 1900 BCE, the seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the beans are dried, cleaned, and roasted, the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cocoa mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor, the liquor also may be cooled and processed into its two components, cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Baking chocolate, also called chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of chocolate, a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter or added vegetable oils. Milk chocolate is chocolate that additionally contains milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, Cocoa solids are a source of flavonoids and alkaloids, such as theobromine, phenethylamine and caffeine. Many candies are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate, and bars of solid chocolate, Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes have become traditional on certain Western holidays, such as Easter and Valentines Day. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages such as milk and hot chocolate and in some alcoholic drinks. Although cocoa originated in the Americas, recent years have seen African nations assuming a role in producing cocoa. Since the 2000s, Western Africa produces almost two-thirds of the worlds cocoa, in 2009, the Salvation Army International Development Department stated that child labor and the human trafficking and slavery of child laborers are used in African cocoa cultivation. The word chocolate entered the English language from Spanish in about 1600, how the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are competing explanations. The word chocolatl does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources, another derivation comes from the Yucatec Mayan word chokol meaning hot, and the Nahuatl atl meaning water. The Nahuatl term, chicolatl, meaning beaten drink, may derive from the word for the frothing stick, the term chocolate chip was first used in 1940. The term chocolatier, for a chocolate maker, is attested from 1888. Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for all of its history
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Slave
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A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced in the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
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Isaach de Bankole
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Isaach or Isaac de Bankolé is an Ivorian actor. He was born in Abidjan, to Yoruba parents from Benin and he studied Acting at Cours Simon and earned an M. A. from the University of Paris. He has appeared in fifty films, including Jim Jarmuschs Night on Earth, Ghost Dog, The Way of the Samurai, Coffee and Cigarettes. He has been based in the United States since 1997 and he appeared in the movie Machetero, in the role of journalist interviewing an imprisoned Puerto Rican revolutionary, along with the members of the New York City-based punk band Ricanstruction. He has also appeared in Lars von Triers Manderlay and he portrayed Steven Obanno, a terrorist, in the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale, and The Lone Man, an assassin in Jim Jarmuschs film, The Limits of Control. In 2013, he starred as Ayodele Balogun in Andrew Dosunmus Mother of George, Isaach is fluent in Yorùbá, Bambara, English, French, German and speaks some Italian. He is married to musician Cassandra Wilson,1987 César Award for Most Promising Actor for his role in Black Mic Mac. Isaach de Bankolé at the Internet Movie Database Isaach de Bankolé at AllMovie
23.
Vincent Gallo
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Vincent Vito Gallo, Jr. is an American actor, director, model, musician and painter. In the early 2000s, he released solo recordings on Warp Records. Vincent Gallo was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hair-dresser, both of his parents emigrated from Sicily, Italy. During Gallos artistic period in the 1980s, when he worked as a musician and painter in New York City and he made the short film If You Feel Froggy, Jump and appeared in the 1981 film Downtown 81 with painter Jean-Michel Basquiat. In 1984, Gallo acted in The Way It Is by Eric Mitchell, after starring in the obscure 1989 film Docs Kingdom, he began acting in small parts in more well-known films such as Goodfellas, The House of the Spirits, and The Perez Family. French director Claire Denis hired Gallo to act in films such as the short film Keep It for Yourself. Go Home, and its follow-up feature Nénette et Boni, in 1998, his directorial debut film Buffalo 66 was nominated for, but did not win, an award for Best First Feature at the Independent Spirit Awards. Gallo made this drama for $1.5 M, serving as writer, director, lead actor, the release of Buffalo 66 gained him a solid fan base. In 2003, Gallo starred in and directed the film The Brown Bunny, which chronicles a motorcycle racers cross-country road trip, according to Andrea LeVasseur of Allmovie, The Brown Bunny premiered to much derision at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Film critic Roger Ebert stated that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes, Gallo retorted by calling Ebert a fat pig with the physique of a slave trader and put a hex on Ebert, wishing him colon cancer. Ebert then responded – paraphrasing a statement made by Winston Churchill – that, although I am fat, one day I will be thin, Gallo and Ebert later made up, and Ebert ended up giving a thumbs up to the finished version of The Brown Bunny. In 2010, Gallo won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 67th Venice International Film Festival for his role in Essential Killing, Gallo plays the two largest roles in the film, the English-speaking Sheriff and the Italian speaking assassin. He co-starred with Kōichi Satō and Yoo Ji-tae in Junji Sakamotos 2013 film, at the age of 16, Gallo moved to New York City and was a later member of the band Gray, with visual artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. Gray played at such as Maxs Kansas City, CBGBs, Hurrahs. A few of Grays recordings appear on the soundtrack for the film Downtown 81, Gallo played in a band called Bohack which recorded an album entitled It Took Several Wives. When Bohack disbanded, Gallo turned his attention to acting, directing and he wrote songs for the soundtrack of the 1998 film Buffalo 66. He played in a band with Lukas Haas called Bunny. On August 3,2013 Vincent Gallo headlined the 3rd Annual San Frandelic Summer Fest in San Francisco, Gallo directed music videos for the songs Going Inside by John Frusciante, and Anemone by LArc-en-Ciel
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Laetitia Masson
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Lætitia Masson is a French film director and screenwriter. She has directed ten films since 1991 and her film À vendre was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival. Chant de guerre parisien Nulle part En avoir Je suis venue te dire À vendre Love Me La repentie Pourquoi le Brésil Coupable Moving the Arts G. H. B, X Femmes, Season 1, Episode 4. Director Laetitia Masson at the Internet Movie Database
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Tonie Marshall
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Tonie Marshall is an actress, screenwriter, and film director. She explains how “in a practical sense, it’s complicated to have abandon into an arms and, at the same time. Marshall is the daughter of American actor William Marshall and French actress Micheline Presle, in 1994, her film Pas très catholique was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. Her 1999 film Venus Beauty Institute won the 2000 César Award for Best Film, in 2002 her film Au plus près du paradis was nominated for the Golden Lion Award as best film at the Venice Film Festival. Marshall is a signatory of the Free Roman Polanski Petition, Tonie Marshall at the Internet Movie Database Tonie Marshall at Allocine
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Wim Wenders
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Ernst Wilhelm Wim Wenders is a German filmmaker, playwright, author, photographer, and a major figure in New German Cinema. One of Wenders earliest honors was a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for his narrative drama Paris, Texas, which also won the Palme dOr at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. Many of his subsequent films have also recognized at Cannes, including Wings of Desire. Wenders has been the president of the European Film Academy in Berlin since 1996, alongside filmmaking, he is an active photographer, emphasizing images of desolate landscapes. Wenders was born in Düsseldorf into a traditionally Catholic family and his father, Heinrich Wenders, was a surgeon. The use of the Dutch name Wim is a version of the baptismal name Wilhelm/Willem. As a boy, he took unaccompanied trips to Amsterdam to visit the Rijksmuseum and he graduated from high school in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area. He then studied medicine and philosophy in Freiburg and Düsseldorf, however, he dropped out of university studies and moved to Paris in October 1966 to become a painter. Wenders failed his entry test at Frances national film school IDHEC, during this time, Wenders became fascinated with cinema, and saw up to five movies a day at the local movie theater. Set on making his obsession also his lifes work, Wenders returned to Germany in 1967 to work in the Düsseldorf office of United Artists and that fall, he entered the Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München. Between 1967 and 1970 while at the HFF, Wenders also worked as a critic for FilmKritik, then the Munich daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, Twen magazine. Wenders completed several films before graduating from the Hochschule with a feature-length 16mm black and white film. Wenders began his career during the New German Cinema era of the late 1960s, much of the distinctive cinematography in his movies is the result of a highly productive long-term collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller. Handkes novel, The Goalies Anxiety at the Penalty Kick was adapted for Wenders second feature film, handke co-wrote the script for Wings of Desire and Until the End of the World, both featuring Solveig Dommartin. Wenders has directed several highly acclaimed documentaries, most notably Buena Vista Social Club, about Cuban musicians and he has also directed a documentary style film on the Skladanowsky brothers, known in English as A Trick of the Light. The Skladanowsky brothers were inventing moving pictures when several others like the Lumiere brothers, alongside Buena Vista Social Club also his documentaries on Pina Bausch, Pina, and Sebastiao Salgado, The Salt of the Earth, got him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He has also directed music videos for groups such as U2 and Talking Heads, including Stay and Sax. His television commercials include a UK advertisement for Carling Premier Canadian beer, Wenders is a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation
27.
Paris, Texas (film)
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Paris, Texas is a 1984 drama film directed by Wim Wenders and starring Harry Dean Stanton, Dean Stockwell, Nastassja Kinski, and Hunter Carson. The screenplay was written by L. M. Kit Carson and playwright Sam Shepard, the cinematography was by Robby Müller. The film was a co-production between companies in France and West Germany, and was filmed in the United States, the plot focuses on an amnesiac who, after mysteriously wandering out of the desert, attempts to reconnect with his brother and seven-year-old son. He and his son end up embarking on a voyage through the American Southwest to track down his long-missing wife. The film unanimously won the Palme dOr at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival from the jury, as well as the FIPRESCI Prize. The film has released on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection. Travis Henderson is walking alone across a vast South Texas desert landscape, looking for water, he enters a saloon and collapses. He is treated by a doctor, but does not speak or respond to questions, the doctor finds a phone number on Travis, calls the Los Angeles number, and reaches his brother, Walt Henderson, who agrees to pick him up. When Walt arrives in Texas, he discovers that Travis is gone, when he finds him wandering alone, Walt tells his silent brother that he will take him back to Los Angeles. They stop at a motel, but Travis wanders off again, Walt finds him, and the two drive to a diner, where Walt begins to question the still silent Travis more forcefully about his disappearance. Walt and his wife, Anne, have not heard from Travis in four years, after Travis abandoned his son Hunter, Walt and Anne took care of him for four years. Travis is visibly moved by the mention of his son, when Travis refuses to fly, Walt rents a car, and the brothers begin a two-day road trip back to Los Angeles. The next day, as the two continue their journey, Travis shows Walt a weathered photograph of a vacant lot. He explains that he purchased the property in Paris, Texas, when they arrive in Los Angeles, Travis meets Anne and the son whom he abandoned four years earlier. Hunter is uncomfortable around this stranger who is his father, Walt shows some old home movies, hoping to evoke good memories and help break the ice between the father and son. The movies show Travis with his wife, Jane, and their young son, in the coming days, the relationship between Travis and his son slowly grows, and a bond of trust between the two starts to develop. Anne tells Travis that although she has not heard from Hunters mother for a long time and she reveals the name of the bank in Houston, where the deposits are made. Travis becomes determined to find his lost wife, and when he tells his son that he plans to travel to Houston to find his mother, Travis and Hunter leave for Texas without telling Walt and Anne
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Wings of Desire
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Wings of Desire is a 1987 Franco-German romantic fantasy film directed by Wim Wenders. The film is invisible, immortal angels who populate Berlin and listen to the thoughts of the human inhabitants. Even though the city is populated, many of the people are isolated or estranged from their loved ones. One of the angels, played by Bruno Ganz, falls in love with a beautiful, the film is shot in both a rich, sepia-toned black-and-white and color, with the former being used to represent the world as experienced by the angels. Wim Wenders won best director award both at Cannes film festival and European film Awards for the film, the film was selected as the West German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film Academy award and BAFTA award, and was accepted as a nominee for the latter. The film has cult status and is included in Criterion Collection since 2009, the film was followed by a sequel - Faraway, So Close. in 1993. City of Angels, an American remake, was released in 1998 and their raison dêtre is, as Cassiel says, to assemble, testify, preserve reality. In addition to the story of two angels, the film is also a meditation on Berlins past, present, and future, Damiel and Cassiel have always existed as angels, they existed in Berlin before it was a city, and before there were even any humans. Among the Berliners they encounter in their wanderings is an old man named Homer, Cassiel follows the old man as he looks for the then-demolished Potsdamer Platz in an open field, and finds only the graffiti-covered Berlin Wall. She lives by herself in a caravan, dances alone to the music of Crime & the City Solution, a subplot follows Peter Falk, who has arrived in Berlin to make a film about Berlins Nazi past. When he sheds his immortal existence, he experiences life for the first time, he bleeds, sees colors for the first time, tastes food, meanwhile, Cassiel inadvertently taps into the mind of a young man just about to commit suicide by jumping off a building. Cassiel tries to save the man but is unable to do so. Eventually, Damiel meets the trapeze artist Marion at a bar, in the end, Damiel is united with the woman he has desired for so long. The film ends with the message, To be continued, the story is concluded in Wenders 1993 sequel, In weiter Ferne, so nah. The director also employed Peter Handke, who wrote much of the dialogue, the poetic narrations, and the films recurring poem Song of Childhood. The movie was made with a minimalist script, it is a mood piece exploring people, the city, and a concept, Peter Falk wasnt meant to be a sketch artist until Wenders discovered Falks talent. Bruno Ganz and Otto Sander were cast because they were old friends, the film was shot by the 77-year-old cinematographer Henri Alekan, who had worked on Jean Cocteaus La Belle et la Bête. It represents the point of view in monochrome -- they cannot see colors --
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Jim Jarmusch
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James Robert Jim Jarmusch is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, producer, editor, and composer. Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002, as a musician, Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem. Jarmusch was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, the middle of three children of middle-class suburbanites. F, the first adult film he recalls seeing was the 1958 cult classic Thunder Road, the violence and darkness of which left an impression on the seven-year-old Jarmusch. Another B-movie influence from his childhood was Ghoulardi, an eccentric Cleveland television show which featured horror films, despite his enthusiasm for film, Jarmusch was an avid reader in his youth and had a greater interest in literature, which was encouraged by his grandmother. At one point, he took an apprenticeship with a commercial photographer and he later remarked, Growing up in Ohio was just planning to get out. After graduating from school in 1971, Jarmusch moved to Chicago. At Columbia, he studied English and American literature under professors including New York School avant garde poets Kenneth Koch, at Columbia, he began to write short semi-narrative abstract pieces and edited the undergraduate literary journal The Columbia Review. During his final year at Columbia, Jarmusch moved to Paris for what was initially a summer semester on an exchange program, there, he worked as a delivery driver for an art gallery, and spent most of his time at the Cinémathèque Française. Thats where I saw things I had only read about and heard about – films by many of the good Japanese directors, like Imamura, Ozu, Mizoguchi. When I came back from Paris, I was still writing, Jarmusch graduated from Columbia University in 1975. Broke and working as a musician in New York City after returning from Paris in 1976, despite his lack of experience in filmmaking, his submission of a collection of photographs and an essay about film secured his acceptance into the program. He studied there for four years, meeting fellow students and future collaborators Sara Driver, Tom DiCillo, Howard Brookner, during the late 1970s in New York City, Jarmusch and his contemporaries were part of an alternative culture scene centered on the CBGB music club. In his final year at New York University, Jarmusch worked as an assistant to the film noir director Nicholas Ray. On Jarmuschs return with the script, Ray reacted favourably to his students dissent. Jarmusch was the only person Ray brought to work – as his personal assistant – on Lightning Over Water, Ray died in 1979 after a long fight with cancer. The university, unimpressed with Jarmuschs use of his funding as well as the project itself, Jarmuschs final year university project was completed in 1980 as Permanent Vacation, his first feature film. It had its premiere at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg and won the Josef von Sternberg Award and it was made on a shoestring budget of around $12,000 in misdirected scholarship funds and shot by cinematographer Tom DiCillo on 16 mm film. The 75 minute quasi-autobiographical feature follows an adolescent drifter as he wanders around downtown Manhattan, the film was not released theatrically, and did not attract the sort of adulation from critics that greeted his later work
30.
Down by Law (film)
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Down by Law is a 1986 black-and-white independent film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch and starring Tom Waits, John Lurie, and Roberto Benigni. The film centers on the arrest, incarceration, and escape from jail of three men and it discards jailbreak film conventions by focusing on the interaction between the convicts rather than on the mechanics of the escape. A key element in the film is Robby Müllers slow-moving camerawork, which captures the architecture of New Orleans, three men, previously unknown to each other, are arrested in New Orleans and placed in the same cell. Both Zack, a jockey, and Jack, a pimp, have been set up. Their cellmate Bob, an Italian tourist who understands minimal English, was imprisoned for manslaughter, Zack and Jack soon come to blows and thereafter avoid speaking to each other. Bob has an irrepressible need for conversation and he hatches a plan to escape, and before long the three are on the run through the swamp surrounding the prison. Hopelessly lost and with a hatred between Jack and Zack almost causing the party to split up, they are brought together by Bobs ability to provide food. The trio eventually chance across a house in the forest, the residence of Nicoletta, Bob and Nicoletta instantly fall in love, and Bob decides to stay with her in the forest. Zack and Jack go their separate ways—an unspoken, begrudging friendship hanging between them as they part. C, the film stars musician Tom Waits, along with Jarmusch regulars John Lurie and Roberto Benigni. Benigni and Nicoletta Braschi, whose characters fall in love in the movie, the music for the film was written by Lurie, and the songs Jockey Full of Bourbon and Tango Till Theyre Sore from Waits Rain Dogs album are also featured. Down by Law was entered into the 1986 Cannes Film Festival and it was dedicated to Pascale Ogier and Enzo Ungari. The film has a 90% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews, a reviewer for The New York Times called it a fable of poetic density, with extraordinary performances by the three main actors
31.
Bastards (2013 film)
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Bastards is a 2013 Franco-German drama film directed by Claire Denis. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, Marco, a sailor who has cut off ties with most of his family, returns home after the suicide of his brother-in-law. At the urging of his sister Sandra, who believes that her husband’s death was caused by one of their creditors and he moves in to an apartment above that occupied by the creditor, Edouard Laporte, and begins an affair with his wife, Raphaëlle. Marco discovers that his sister is deep in debt and that his niece, Justine, has been hospitalized, after some investigation he believes that Laporte was the one who injured his niece by penetrating her with a corn cob. Justine eventually runs away from the hospital she was staying at and friends of hers offer Marco access to images of her going to a sex club with Laporte, Justine and her friends leave together but she deliberately crashes the car they are driving, killing them all. Meanwhile Laporte, discovering that Raphaëlle and Marco are sleeping together, leaves her, when he returns to collect a few of his son’s things and to tell Raphaëlle that he is moving to Geneva with the boy, Marco tries to stop him. In the ensuing fight Marco is shot and killed by Raphaëlle, Sandra receives a video in the mail which she watches with Justine’s doctor. It is a sex tape involving Justine, her father, Laporte, the tape shows Justine’s father holding a corn cob. Claire Denis wrote the film specifically for Vincent Lindon after she expressed interest in working with him again, the film was heavily inspired by Akira Kurosawas The Bad Sleep Well whose French title Les salauds dorment en paix translates literally to Bastards Sleep in Peace. The film also marks Deniss eighth film with Alex Descas and her seventh with Grégoire Colin, official website Bastards at the Internet Movie Database Bastards at Box Office Mojo Bastards at Rotten Tomatoes Bastards at Metacritic
32.
Un Certain Regard
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Un Certain Regard (French pronunciation, is a section of the Cannes Film Festivals official selection. It is run at the salle Debussy, parallel to the competition for the Palme dOr and this section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob. The name literally means a certain glance, but is understood by French speakers to mean from another point of view, here it means films with various types of visions and styles, which tell their stories in nontraditional ways. This section presents 20 original and different works which seek international recognition, since 2005, the prize consists of €30,000 financed by the Groupama GAN Foundation. * Denotes first win for a country
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2013 Cannes Film Festival
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The 66th annual Cannes Film Festival took place in Cannes, France, from 15 to 26 May 2013. Steven Spielberg was the head of the jury for the main competition, new Zealand film director Jane Campion was the head of the jury for the Cinéfondation and Short Film sections. French actress Audrey Tautou hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, Actress Kim Novak was named guest of honour and introduced a new restored version of Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo. The festival opened with The Great Gatsby, directed by Baz Luhrmann and closed with Zulu, the film poster for the festival featured Paul Newman and his wife Joanne Woodward. The Bling Ring, directed by Sofia Coppola, opened the Un Certain Regard section, the French film Blue Is the Warmest Colour won the Palme dOr. In an unprecedented move, along with the director, the Jury decided to take the step of awarding the films two main actresses, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux, with the Palme dOr. On the occasion of 100 Years of Indian Cinema, India was the Official Guest Country at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, seven Indian feature films were premiered among various sections on the festival. Actress Vidya Balan was one of the official Jury of the festival, the first Incredible India Exhibition, a joint participation of the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Republic of India was inaugurated by Indian delegate Chiranjeevi. The Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools, the following 18 entries were selected, out of 1,550 submissions from 277 different schools. One-third of the films selected represented schools competing for the first time and it was also the first time for a Chilean film to be selected in Cinéfondation. The line-up for the Directors Fortnight was announced at a conference on 23 April with the following films being selected. Feature films The line-up for the International Critics’ Week was announced on 22 April at the sections website, in a first for the competition, the jury decided to award the Palme dOr to Kechiche and the actresses who star in the film, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux. Blue Is the Warmest Colour is a film that tells the story of a lesbian relationship between a 15-year-old girl and an older woman. It has shocked critics with its graphic and controversial sex scenes. A reporter for the Radio France Internationale stated that Kechiche paid tribute to the Tunisian revolution, the Grand Prix was won by the Coen brotherss Inside Llewyn Davis, while Bruce Dern and Bérénice Bejo were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively
34.
Zadie Smith
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Zadie Smith FRSL is an English novelist, essayist, and short story writer. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2002, in a 2004 BBC poll of cultural researchers, Smith was named among the top twenty most influential people in British culture. As of 2016, she has published five novels, all of which have received critical praise. In 2003, she was included on Grantas list of 20 best young authors and she joined New York Universitys Creative Writing Program as a tenured professor on 1 September 2010. Zadie Smith was born as Sadie Smith in the north-west London borough of Brent to a Jamaican mother, Yvonne Bailey, and her mother had grown up in Jamaica and migrated to England in 1969. Their marriage was her fathers second, Zadie has a half-sister, a half-brother, and two younger brothers, one of whom is the rapper and stand-up comedian Doc Brown and the other is rapper Luc Skyz. Her parents divorced when she was a teenager, when she was 14, she changed her name to Zadie. Despite earlier ambitions, literature emerged as her principal interest, Smith attended the local state schools, Malorees Junior School and Hampstead Comprehensive School, and Kings College, Cambridge, where she studied English literature. In an interview with The Guardian in 2000, Smith corrected an assertion that she left Cambridge with a double First. Actually, I got a Third in my Part Ones, she said, at Cambridge she published a number of short stories in a collection of new student writing called The Mays Anthology. These attracted the attention of a publisher, who offered her a contract for her first novel, Smith decided to contact a literary agent and was taken on by A. P. Watt. Smith returned to guest-edit the anthology in 2001, White Teeth was introduced to the publishing world in 1997, before it was completed. On the basis of a partial manuscript an auction among different publishers for the rights started, Smith completed White Teeth during her final year at Cambridge. Published in 2000, the became a best-seller immediately. It was praised internationally and won a number of awards, the novel was adapted for television in 2002 by Channel 4. Smith also served as writer-in-residence at the ICA in London and subsequently published, as editor, in interviews she reported that the hype surrounding her first novel had caused her to suffer a short spell of writers block. Nevertheless, her novel, The Autograph Man, was published in 2002 and was a commercial success. After the publication of The Autograph Man, Smith visited the United States as a 2002–03 Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Fellow at Harvard University
35.
Robert Pattinson
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Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson is an English actor, producer, model, and musician. Pattinson started his career by playing Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Twilight brought Pattinson worldwide fame, and established him among the highest paid, in 2009, he portrayed Salvador Dalí in Little Ashes. That same year, a film, Robsessed, about the actors fame. He appeared as a young man in Remember Me and also starred in a romantic drama. His performance as a tough, cold-hearted and calculating billionaire in David Cronenbergs Cosmopolis, Pattinson started his career as a model at the age of 12. In 2013 Dior Homme signed him as the face of their Fragrances, in 2016, he also became the first brand ambassador of their Menswear collection. Pattinson composes and plays his own music and he has sang songs for Twilight film series and the 2008 independent comedy-drama film How to Be. He became ambassador of the latter in 2015 to help raise awareness of it. He is also a member of International Medical Corps and has promoted and shared details about cancer through PSAs to raise awareness about the disease and his father, Richard, imported vintage cars from the United States, and his mother, Clare, worked for a modelling agency. Pattinson has two sisters, Victoria and singer Elizabeth Lizzy Pattinson. Growing up in Barnes, London, he attended Tower House School until he was 12 and he became involved in amateur theatre at the Barnes Theatre Company. He auditioned and was cast in a role in Guys. He next auditioned for Thornton Wilders Our Town, and was cast as George Gibbs and he also appeared in Anything Goes and Macbeth. He caught the attention of an agent in a production of Tess of the dUrbervilles. In May 2005, he was scheduled to appear in the UK premiere of The Woman Before at the Royal Court Theatre, later that year he played Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. For this role he was named that years British Star of Tomorrow by The Times and had more than once been hailed as the next Jude Law. In 2006, Pattinson appeared in The Haunted Airman a psychological thriller, aired on BBC Four on 31 October, the Stage praised his performance by saying that played the airman of the title with a perfect combination of youthful terror and world weary cynicism
36.
Deauville American Film Festival
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The Deauville American Film Festival is a yearly film festival devoted to American cinema, taking place since 1975 in Deauville, France. It was established by Lionel Chouchan, André Halimi, and then Mayor of Deauville Michel dOrnano, although not competitive at its origin, the festival began to award prizes in 1995, for feature films, and 1998 for short films. This award was named Grand Prix spécial Deauville from 1995 to 2007,1989, Torch Song Trilogy by Paul Bogart 1990, Pump Up the Volume by Allan Moyle Tune in Tomorrow by Jon Amiel 1991, Trust by Hal Hartley Hangin with the Homeboys by Joseph B. It carries a grant of 3,000 euros for the awarded director-writer,3,000 euros for the films producer, and 10,000 euros for the French distributor to help promote the film. The award, which is named in honour of the former Mayor of Deauville and co-founder of the festival, thomas for Willy 1er The Revelation Prize is awarded by a Revelation jury composed of up-and-coming actors and filmmakers. 1996, Charlotte Rampling, Sabine Azéma, René Cleitman, Dominique Farrugia, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Chiara Mastroianni, Laura Morante, Ornella Muti, Melvil Poupaud and Alain Rocca. 1997, Sophie Marceau, Élodie Bouchez, Philippe Carcassonne, Étienne Chatiliez, Alain Finkielkraut, John Hurt, Michèle Laroque, Inés Sastre, Nathalie Quintane and Lambert Wilson. 1998, Jean-Paul Rappeneau, Michèle Halberstadt, Sandrine Kiberlain, Virginie Ledoyen, Russell Banks, Maurice Bernart, Alessandro Gassman, Ewan McGregor, Liam Neeson, Éric Serra and Christian Vincent. 1999, Régis Wargnier, Jean-Hugues Anglade, Humbert Balsan, Richard Berry, Gabriel Byrne, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Marie Gillain, Michel Houellebecq, Marie-France Pisier and Elsa Zylberstein. 2000, Neil Jordan, Guillaume Canet, Clotilde Courau, Tchéky Karyo, Philippe Labro, Samuel Le Bihan, François Ozon, Vincent Perez, Danièle Thompson and Marie Trintignant. 2001, Jean-Jacques Annaud, Sandrine Bonnaire, Marion Cotillard, Arielle Dombasle, Gérard Darmon, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Darius Khondji, Benoît Poelvoorde and Gabriel Yared. 2002, Pierre Lescure, Chantal Akerman, Richard Anconina, Jean-Marc Barr, Charles Berling, Amira Casar, Julie Gayet, Irène Jacob, Cédric Kahn and Bruno Wolkowitch. 2003, Roman Polanski, Claudia Cardinale, Pawel Edelman, Jacques Fieschi, Ben Kingsley, Anne Parillaud, Zbigniew Preisner, Ludivine Sagnier, Fernando Trueba and Tom Tykwer. 2004, Claude Lelouch, Anouk Aimée, Marie-Josée Croze, Danièle Heymann, Diane Kurys, Jeanne Labrune, Lio, Claudie Ossard, Bettina Rheims and Mathilde Seigner. 2005, Alain Corneau, Enki Bilal, Dominique Blanc, Romane Bohringer, Rachida Brakni, Christophe, Dominik Moll, Melvil Poupaud and Brigitte Roüan. 2006, Nicole Garcia, Maurice Barthélémy, Guillaume Canet, Amira Casar, Emmanuelle Castro, Antoine de Caunes, Julien Clerc, Philippe Djian and Marthe Keller. 2007, André Téchiné, Odile Barski, Xavier Beauvois, Nicolas Cazalé, Charlélie Couture, Émilie Deleuze, Anouk Grinberg,2008, Carole Bouquet, Édouard Baer, Ronit Elkabetz, Diane Fleri, Pierre Jolivet, Cédric Kahn, Cristian Mungiu, Leonor Silveira and Dean Tavoularis. 2009, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Hiam Abbass, Dany Boon, Jean-Loup Dabadie, Émilie Dequenne, Déborah François, Sandrine Kiberlain, Patrice Leconte, Géraldine Pailhas and Bruno Podalydès
37.
S'en fout la mort
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No Fear, No Die is a 1990 drama film directed by Claire Denis and written by Denis in collaboration with Jean-Pol Fargeau. It features Isaach De Bankolé, Alex Descas and Solveig Dommartin, two young men, Dah from Benin and Jocelyn from the Caribbean decide to work together as a team that organizes illegal cockfights in order to gain quick cash. Dah is responsible for the financial transactions while Jocelyn trains the animals, Jocelyn has a special attachment to one of the champion roosters he has named No Fear, No Die. No Fear, No Die, like all roosters, is defeated causing Jocelyn to begin to lose interest in cockfighting. Dah and Jocelyn have a partner, Pierre who owns the space where the cockfights take place. Pierre has a relationship with Jocelyn, having known both him and his mother before he immigrated to France. After one particular fight Pierre also insinuates that he slept with Jocelyns mother, disgusted, Jocelyn takes to drinking and becomes more and more despondent, developing an obsession with Pierres wife Toni and naming one of the roosters after her. One night he gets drunk and releases the roosters from their cages, afterwards Jocelyn and Dah learn that Pierre has begun locking them in and insists on using steel spurs on the roosters that night. Enraged, Jocelyn breaks out and flees to Paris where Dah manages to track him down, at the final fight Toni asks Jocelyn to take her with him after the fight when he and Dah leave, but he refuses. Meanwhile, Pierre organizes a fight between Tonis namesake rooster and one brought in by his business partners. Unable to watch his rooster die, Jocelyn jumps into the ring and rescues his bird, Dah prepares and cleans his body before being arrested, along with Tony, Michel and other members of the cockfighting ring. After his release he quickly packs up his few possessions and finally leaves, the films soundtrack is by Abdullah Ibrahim. The film marked the first time Denis and Alex Descas worked together and they would go on to collaborate on seven more films. It is also the second Denis film to feature Isaach De Bankolé, the film premiered in competition at the 47th Venice International Film Festival. Editor Dominique Auvray was awarded a Silver Osella for her work on the film, No Fear, No Die at the Internet Movie Database
38.
I Can't Sleep (film)
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I Cant Sleep is a 1994 French drama film written and directed by Claire Denis. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, the film was loosely inspired by the murders committed by Thierry Paulin. Daiga, a woman from Lithuania immigrates to Paris with little money hoping to secure herself a job as an actor, when her plans fall through she begins work as a maid in the hotel of a friend of her great-aunts. At the same time Theo is embroiled in a fight with his wife as he wants to leave for Martinique with their son while she wants to remain in Paris. He is infrequently visited by his brother, Camille, meanwhile, the city is on edge because of a series of violent murders that have targeted elderly women living alone. The murders are being committed by Camille and his lover, the two live in the hotel run by Daigas employer. Eventually Daiga begins to follow Camille around and figures out that he is the murderer after spotting a police sketch of his face, after breaking into his room she finds a bag of cash and steals it, leaving abruptly to go back to Lithuania. Camille is spotted by police one of his victims recovers enough to give a description of him. Theo is brought down to the station for questioning but insists that far from having anything to do with the murders he remained unaware of what his brother was doing the entire time. I Cant Sleep at the Internet Movie Database
39.
Beau travail
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Beau Travail is a 1999 French movie directed by Claire Denis that is loosely based on Herman Melvilles 1888 novella Billy Budd. The movie is set in Djibouti, where the protagonists are soldiers in the French Foreign Legion, parts of the soundtrack of the movie are from Benjamin Brittens opera based on the novella. The film begins with the silhouettes of soldiers being made to stand in the sun as an endurance test and it is the memory of Chief Adjutant Galoup, from his new home in Marseille, where he writes his memoirs. He remembers the heat of Djibouti, where he led his section of men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bruno Forestier and we see numerous training scenes, assault courses, and securing of buildings. Much of the exercise has a ballet-like quality and this is set against a back-drop of traditional Djibouti life of the surrounding local people. Galoup says of Forestier, I admired him without knowing why and he retains a wristband with the word Bruno. Galoup has a beautiful, young girlfriend, Rahel. Forestier envies many things in Galoup, including his clear affection from the men, however, they happily socialise together, playing chess and snooker. One day, his section is joined by Gilles Sentain, whose beauty, social skills. Repressed homosexual feelings from Galoup are suggested, when Sentain helps another soldier being punished by digging a large hole in the heat of the day, by handing him a canteen of water, Galoup chastises Sentain and knocks the water from his hand. The sergeant has already sworn to destroy him, as a punishment, he drives Sentain out into the desert to make him walk back to the base. But Sentain does not return because Galoup has tampered with his compass, when Sentain fails to return Galoup accuses him of desertion. We see Sentain collapse in the salt flats. His salt-encrusted compass is spotted by fellow legionnaires at a sale of local salt-encrusted novelties and is believed to prove Sentain is dead, however, Sentain is found by local tribespeople who place him on a bus. We are not told, but he is now safe. However, on the assumption that Galoup has either killed or tried to kill Sentain and it ends his career in the Foreign Legion, his only real love. We see him make his bed then lie on top clutching a pistol. He is going to shoot himself, the final scene, a lively acrobatic solo dance to Eurodance music, suggests his move to another world inside his head
40.
L'intrus
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Lintrus is a feature film written and directed by Claire Denis, based upon the autobiographical essay by philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy. The film premiered in the competition at the 2004 Venice Film Festival. Louis Trebor, a living in the Jura Mountains, is increasingly suffering from a heart condition. 77 of best films of the 2000s, by Slant Magazine, lIntrus at the Internet Movie Database
41.
35 rhums
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35 Shots of Rum is a 2008 film, directed by Claire Denis, the French filmmaker. It made its North American premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and it was later released to limited theaters in 2009. Claire Denis was in inspired by Yasujirō Ozus Late Spring. Lionel, a widower who drives RER trains in metropolitan Paris, has raised his daughter Josephine alone for many years and they have always shared a special bond and live a secure and contented life somewhat isolated from others, in an apartment building in a suburb of Paris. Josephine, a student, is now grown and become a young woman. Noé leads a life and goes abroad often. Gabrielle appears to have feelings for Lionel and motherly feelings towards Josephine, both father and daughter are ambivalent toward more than a casual friendship with anyone outside their special relationship. While attending the retirement party for a colleague and friend, Lionel declines to try the feat of downing 35 shots of rum. His colleague appears to be lost without his job, and Lionel realizes that time is moving on and he must find meaning and security in things other than his present life, lest he end up the same way. During an outing with Gabrielle and Noé, their car breaks down, Noé shows his feelings for Josephine, and Lionel realizes that she must eventually leave him. He knows that she needs to live her own independent of him. It is subtly suggested that Josephine decides to marry Noé in a scene of her emotionally charged visit to Noés apartment, when Lionels former colleague commits suicide on the RER tracks, Lionel has to stop his train when he comes across the body. The father and the then went on a long car trip to visit her mothers tomb in Germany before her wedding. In the final scene, Josephine weds a nervous but happy Noé, at the party, Lionel successfully downs 35 shots of rum in celebration of the occasion. It is not clear whether he does so in joy or in sadness and he returns home to live alone. 35 Shots of Rum, described as a family study, has been very well received by critics. It premiered in North America at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008 and was shown outside the competition at Venice before being released for general distribution, the review aggregator website Metacritic gave it a score of 96, with Rotten Tomatoes rating it 97% out of 100. 35 Shots of Rum at Rotten Tomatoes 35 Shots of Rum at Metacritic Jeff Lanza, Review,35 Shots of Rum, Dossier Journal, September 15,200935 Shots of Rum at the Internet Movie Database
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