1.
London Overground
–
The London Overground is a suburban rail network in the United Kingdom. Established in 2007, it serves a large part of Greater London and parts of Hertfordshire, the network forms part of the National Rail network, but under the franchise control and branding of Transport for London. Operation has been franchised to Arriva Rail London since 13 November 2016, the Overground has been assigned the colour orange as a mode specific colour by Transport for London. This colour is used in the Overground version of the TfL roundel, for the representation of Overground routes on the map, in train interiors. Rail services in Great Britain are mostly run under franchises operated by train operating companies. The concept of developing a network of services around London goes back to the independently produced Ringrail proposals in the early 1970s. The proposal from Barren was for several overlapping services mainly using the North London Line and this was given the marketing name Cross Town Link-Line, and operated with basic 2-car diesel units. The next initiative came from the GLC in 1984, when the government supported the Broadgate development that would entail the demolition of Broad Street Station. The closure process was convoluted because of problems in making arrangements for the North London Line. These would eventually run to and from Liverpool Street via a new section of track and this used a name once associated with a semicircular service that operated from Broad Street to Mansion House, but ceased during World War 1. The pamphlets and briefings, first issued in 1997, initially suggested a route from Clapham Junction to the Greenwich Peninsula, intended to improve access from south London to the Millennium Dome. However, this was thwarted by architect Richard Rogers who considered a railway route on an elevated viaduct could cause community severance, nothing further happened to develop this network until after the new GLA was set up in 2000. But the lobbying discreetly continued with a series of short briefings published by one RDS member based in North London, mayoral and GLA candidates were approached to discuss the viability of the Outer Circle concept. The principle was widely supported and was adopted into the first Mayors Transport Plan, meanwhile, a pilot scheme was launched in 2003 to bring several National Rail local services, mainly in South London and operated by multiple companies, under the ON – Overground Network brand. TfL introduced consistent information displays, station signage and maps on the routes in South London. The pilot scheme was later dropped, in January 2004 the Department for Transport announced a review of the rail industry in Great Britain. As part of review, proposals were put forward by TfL for a London Regional Rail Authority to give TfL regulatory powers over rail services in. A result of consultation was agreement by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Alistair Darling
London Overground
–
A London Overground class 378 train at
Canonbury
London Overground
–
London Overground
London Overground
–
The new Overground rail bridge is lowered into place over Shoreditch High Street
London Overground
–
Denmark Hill station on the Overground South London Line extension
2.
National Rail
–
The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
National Rail
–
Young Person railcard rail ticket from
Wellington to
Shrewsbury
National Rail
–
Child Return from East Kilbride
3.
Battersea
–
Battersea is a largely residential inner-city district of south London in the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It has Battersea Park, one of southwest Londons main parks, noted for the long-awaited bringing of the London Underground in the 21st century, two main railway lines cross here at what was the countrys busiest station. Elsewhere in Battersea are a growing proportion of private architecturally-acclaimed riverside, parkside, in 2001, Battersea had a population of 75,651 people. Landmarks include New Covent Garden Market and the Royal Academy of Dance, Wandsworth Common and Clapham Common border parts of this large district, which traditionally also includes Nine Elms. Railway stations in Battersea are in fare zone 2, Battersea is mentioned in Anglo-Saxon times as Badrices īeg = Badrics Island and later Patrisey. As with many former parishes beside major rivers some land was reclaimed by draining marshland, the original village nucleus is marked by St. Marys Church, which is on a site that has featured churches since the 9th century. The settlement appears in the Domesday Book as Patricesy, held by St Peters Abbey and its Domesday Assets were,18 hides and 17 ploughlands of cultivated land,7 mills worth £42 9s 8d per year,82 acres of meadow, woodland worth 50 hogs. The former parish of Battersea included, in a detached part, the borough dates from the London Government Act of 1899, and includes the greater part of the original ecclesiastical parish of St. Mary Battersea. Penge was a district, over which the tenants of Battersea Manor had common of pasture. At the end of the 18th century, above 300 acres of land in the parish of Battersea were occupied by some 20 market gardeners, who rented from five to near 60 acres each. Bridges erected across the Thames encouraged growth, Putney Bridge, a mile to the west, was built in 1729, inland from the river, the rural agricultural community persisted. Between these were numerous wharfs for shipping, in 1929, construction started on Battersea Power Station, being completed in 1939. Factories have been demolished and replaced with apartment buildings. Some of the council owned properties have been sold off and several working mens pubs have become more fashionable bistros. Battersea neighbourhoods close to the railway have some of the most deprived local authority housing in the Borough of Wandsworth, an area which saw condemned slums after their erection in the Victoria era. Battersea was radically altered by the coming of railways, over the next 22 years five other lines were built, across which all trains from Londons Waterloo and Victoria termini would as today travel. An interchange station was built in 1863 towards the north west of the area, taking the name of a fashionable village a mile and more away, the station was named Clapham Junction, a campaign to rename it Battersea Junction fizzled out as late as the early twentieth century. The area was served by a vast music hall – The Grand – opposite the station as well as a theatre next to the town hall
Battersea
–
Battersea
Battersea
–
Battersea Power Station
Battersea
–
Aftermath of a
V-2 bombing at Battersea, 27 January 1945.
Battersea
–
Doddington and Rollo Estate.
4.
London Borough of Wandsworth
–
The London Borough of Wandsworth /ˈwɒndzwɜːrθ/ is a London borough in England, and forms part of Inner London. The local authority is Wandsworth London Borough Council, until 1889, the current area of Wandsworth was part of the county of Surrey. In 1855 the Wandsworth District of the Metropolis was formed comprising the parishes of Battersea, Clapham, Putney, Streatham, Tooting Graveney, Battersea was removed from the district in 1888. In 1900 the remaining became the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. According to the 2011 census Wandsworth has a population of 306,995, in 2001 78% of the population was White,9. 6% Black and 6. 9% South Asian. Clapham Junction railway station is in Battersea, rather than Clapham in the borough, there are many new or refurbished buildings along the boroughs prosperous riverside including the large Chelsea Bridge Wharf. The Peace Pagoda, one of such international Pagodas is in Battersea Park. The London Heliport, Londons main and busiest heliport is just beyond Battersea Park, in terms of size South Thames College, Southside Shopping Centre, Wandsworth and The Exchange Shopping Centre, Putney are among the largest secular structures. In Old Battersea two fine masonry mansions survived The Blitz, Old Battersea House and Downshire House — both hold rare Grade II* status, the first Mayor of Wandsworth was John Lidiard, elected by the first Wandsworth Borough Council in November 1900. Lidiards initials are highlighted in the diamonds in the centre of the Mayors chain of office, the second Mayor was Sir William Lancaster. The current Mayor is Cllr Richard Field, the Armorial bearings retain many of the features of the arms of the former Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. The fess, or crossing, of the shield is chequered blue and gold representing the arms of William de Warren, each gold square bears a teardrop representing the tears of the French Huguenots, many of whom settled in Wandsworth from 1685. The ship at the top may refer to the Wendels, a tribe of sea-raiders from the Continent who supposedly gave their name to the district, the four shields and oars on the ship represent the four parishes of Battersea, Putney, Tooting and Wandsworth. Wandsworth is administered by 60 councillors,3 apiece from 20 wards, since the 2014 election,41 of these councillors are Conservative and 19 are Labour. The Conservatives have had a majority on the council since 1978 and provide all nine members of the Cabinet. This last station is served from London Victoria by Southern as are Balham, Battersea Park. The western terminus for the East London Line also is at Clapham Junction that has services to Highbury, there is also a limited 1 train a day parliamentary train service that instead of terminating at Clapham Junction, it instead terminates at Battersea Park. London Underground services are provided on the District line to East Putney and Southfields and on the Northern line to Balham, Clapham South, Tooting Bec, Wandsworth has the notable Elliott School, a specialist Language College, and former school of Pierce Brosnan
London Borough of Wandsworth
–
The Fazl Mosque. Home of the Khalifatul Masih
London Borough of Wandsworth
5.
Network Rail
–
Network Rail is the owner and infrastructure manager of most of the rail network in England, Scotland and Wales. Network Rail is an arms length public body of the Department for Transport with no shareholders, since 1 September 2014, Network Rail has been classified as a public sector body. Britains railway system was built by companies, but it was nationalised by the Transport Act 1947. Infrastructure and passenger and freight services were separated at that time, between 1994 and 2002 the infrastructure was owned and operated by Railtrack. The Hatfield train crash on 17 October 2000 was a moment in the collapse of Railtrack. The costs of modernising the West Coast Main Line were also spiralling, the purchase was completed on 3 October 2002. The SRA was abolished in November 2006, the company moved its headquarters to Kings Place,90 York Way, from 40 Melton Street, Euston, in August 2008. In October 2008, Sir Ian McAllister announced that he would not stand for re-election as chairman of Network Rail and he had held the position for six years. He noted that as Network Rail moved to a new phase in its development it was appropriate for a new chairman to lead it there, many track safety initiatives have been introduced in the time Network Rail has been responsible for this area. This ruling came into force in January 2009 for maintenance and property workers and in April 2009 for infrastructure, in 2009, allegations appeared in the media from the Transport Salaried Staffs Association concerning treatment of Network Rail employees. Former chief executive Iain Coucher was also accused of financial impropriety involving unspecified payments to his business partner Victoria Pender during his tenure at Network Rail, an internal investigation held by Network Rail in 2010, vetted by its auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers, uncovered no evidence of wrongdoing. An independent enquiry headed by Anthony White QC in 2011 further examined the claims, critical commentary appeared in the media concerning the knighthood awarded to John Armitt in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to engineering and construction. The reorganisation has been interpreted as a move back towards vertical integration of track, in 2016 Network Rail failed to check whether the Flying Scotsman could fit through tunnels along the Borders Route resulting in the cancellation of a trip just 24 hours before departure. Scottish Transport Minister Derek Mackay branded the affair a debacle, Network Rails attempt to electrify the West Coast Mainline has been dogged by poor planning and cost overruns, the projected cost has ballooned from by £1.2 billion to £2. It however owns a fleet of departmental stock, although it owns over 2,500 railway stations, it manages only 18 of the biggest and busiest of them, all the other stations being managed by one or other of the various train operating companies. Network Rail has a 15-year lease on Square One in Manchester with 800 staff in one of Manchesters largest refurbished office spaces, Network Rail should not be confused with National Rail. National Rail is not an organisation, but merely a brand, used to explain, the majority of Network Rail lines also carry freight traffic, some lines are freight only. A few lines that carry passenger traffic are not part of the National Rail network, conversely, a few National Rail services operate over track which is not part of the Network Rail network
Network Rail
–
Sign showing the Network Rail name on the
signal box at
Ledbury
Network Rail
–
Network Rail depot at
Norwood Junction station,
Croydon
Network Rail
–
Unimog bucket truck
Network Rail
–
High-pressure water jets clearing leaves at
Taunton
6.
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
Construction of the DLR was a key component in the regeneration of large parts of the London Docklands from disused industrial land into valuable commercial and residential districts. The first part opened in 1987 serving 15 stations, using redundant railway infrastructure, the network has been extended and the capacity of its trains expanded so that now nearly 70 million journeys made every year. Stations are in the City of London and the boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, out of the 45 stations, five of them are underground. For over 200 years Londons docks and wharves thrived on imperial commerce, the expansion of the docks culminated with the King George V Dock, opened by the King in 1921. The government started to look at the implications and consequences of possible closures, in 1962, the Rochdale Report was published, concerned with the London Docks and St Katherine Dock. It recognised that whilst activities at the docks were useful, the traffic could be developed elsewhere in the port or at the Port of Tilbury, the docks could be filled in and used for storage, and warehouses could be used by private enterprise. Other docks were under threat, between 1966 and 1976 the PLA workforce in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Newham, Southwark, Lewisham. The objective of the closures was to concentrate resources at Tilbury downstream for containerisation, a five-year phased project was set up in 1970 by the PLA to close more upper docks and berths. Competition from air traffic and European ports also contributed to the decline of trade within the London Docklands until only the Royal Docks remained in operation, the Royal Docks closed in 1981. A report published in 1973 by the London Docklands Study Team saw future demand for transport in the Isle of Dogs. An early suggestion was a line, but it was thought that there was insufficient demand. The idea was revived in 1976, but put on hold by Norman Fowler in 1979 in favour of lower-cost alternatives, throughout the 1970s light rail options were proposed. A later recommendation was a light rail option from Aldgate East to the Isle of Dogs. The London Docklands Development Corporation, formed in 1981 with responsibility to regenerate the whole area, helped to speed up the process. In June 1982, a report published by the GLC, LDDC, funding for the Docklands Light Railway was promised within three months. Later, £77 million was approved to be spent by 1987 and this provided better transport connections and the line could use a disused platform at Stratford station. The routes from Tower Gateway and Stratford to Island Gardens opened on 31 August 1987, the tracks used a combination of redundant and new viaducts and underused routes. The station at Canary Wharf did not open until 1991, as the first sections of the Canary Wharf development were still under construction, sites for stations at Carmen Street and Pudding Mill Lane were safeguarded, the latter to be on a passing loop on the Stratford branch
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
London's network of docks in 1882
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
Elevated DLR tracks providing interchange near
Poplar station
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
Abbey Road
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
All Saints
7.
List of London Underground stations
–
The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. The system comprises eleven lines – Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and it is operated by Transport for London. Most of the system is north of the River Thames, with six London boroughs in the south of the city not served by the Underground, the London Borough of Hackney, to the north, has two stations on its border. It has been shown as two stations at different times in the past. TfL plans to six new stations between 2017 and 2020 as a result of extensions to the Metropolitan and Northern lines. One Metropolitan line station, Watford, will close due to its branch being diverted onto a new route, two of the planned Metropolitan line stations, Watford High Street and Watford Junction, are currently served by London Overground. Transport for London is currently planning extensions to the Metropolitan and Northern lines that will add six new stations to the network, four in Watford and two in Wandsworth. One current station, Watford on the Metropolitan line, will close as the branch that it is on will be diverted on to a new route. In some cases stations were first served by one line but later transferred to another. B12345678 First served by Metropolitan line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949, C12345 First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in stages, Circle line services separately identified in 1949. D123 First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990, E123456789 First served by Metropolitan line – service transferred to Bakerloo line in 1939 and then to the Jubilee line in 1979. F12 First served by Metropolitan line – Bakerloo line service added in 1939 which was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979, G12 First served by Bakerloo line – service transferred to Jubilee line in 1979. H12345 First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933, I123456789101112 First served by District line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949. J12345678910 First served by District line – Metropolitan line service added in stages which was transferred to Hammersmith & City line in 1990. K1234567 First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in 1910 which was transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933, L1234567 First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1964. M1234567 First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990, N12 First served by Bakerloo line – service withdrawn in 1982. † ^ Some stations are assigned to multiple zones, people travelling through these stations may treat the station as in whatever zone makes their fare the least expensive. Connor, J. E. Londons Disused Underground Stations, the Bakerloo line, a Brief History
List of London Underground stations
–
Acton Town
List of London Underground stations
–
A
topological tube map of the London Underground system. Also included are the
London Overground,
Docklands Light Railway, the
Tramlink, and
Crossrail systems for integration purposes.
List of London Underground stations
–
Aldgate
List of London Underground stations
–
Aldgate East
8.
List of London railway stations
–
This is a list of the 366 heavy rail passenger stations in and around London, England that are accessible using Transport for London tickets and passes. United Kingdom railway stations are grouped into one of a number of categories, many of the principal central London stations are managed by Network Rail and together form a London station group. Most other stations are managed by the operating company that provides the majority of services at the station. The London Underground is the manager of some stations that are served by heavy rail services. The list includes National Rail and Heathrow Airport stations and it does not include stations exclusively served by the London Underground, Tramlink and Docklands Light Railway
List of London railway stations
–
Paddington is the main London terminus for trains from south Wales and the West of England.
9.
Tramlink
–
Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
Tramlink
–
Tram 2548 in the current livery at
Arena
Tramlink
–
Tramlink
Tramlink
–
Tram on trial in George Street, Croydon in October 1999. The cars were painted in
London Transport red and white livery.
Tramlink
–
Interlaced track near Mitcham
10.
WGS84
–
The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
WGS84
–
Handheld GPS receiver indicating the Greenwich meridian is 0.089 arcminutes (or 5.34 arcseconds) west to the WGS84 datum
WGS84
–
Geodesy
11.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
12.
Transport hub
–
A transport hub is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles or between transport modes. Public transport hubs include train stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stop, airports, freight hubs include classification yards, airports, seaports and truck terminals, or combinations of these. For private transport, the parking lot functions as a hub, delta Air Lines pioneered the hub and spoke system for aviation in 1955 from its hub in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines. FedEx adopted the hub and spoke model for overnight package delivery during the 1970s, when the United States airline industry was deregulated in 1978, Deltas hub and spoke paradigm was annexed by several airlines. Several airlines around the world operate hub and spoke systems, sections of city streets that are devoted to functioning as transit hubs are referred to as transit malls. Modern electronic passenger information systems and journey planners require a digital representation of the stops, airports have a twofold hub function. First they concentrate passenger traffic into one place for onward transportation and this makes it important for airports to be connected to the surrounding transport infrastructure, including roads, bus services, railway and rapid transit systems. Secondly some airports function as hubs for the airlines, or airline hubs. Airlines have extended the model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis and this reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes that are close together. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high traffic routes, there are usually three kinds of freight hubs, sea-road, sea-rail and road-rail, though they can also be sea-road-rail. With the growth of containerization, intermodal freight transport has become more efficient, central station Infrastructure security Intermodal Journey Planner Junction Layover Spoke-hub distribution paradigm
Transport hub
–
Underground bus and coach terminal and metro station are located underneath the
Kamppi Center in
Helsinki,
Finland
Transport hub
–
Szczecin:
Port of Szczecin,
motorway,
expressway and
railway connections, an inter-city public transport, a city bus and
electric trams network and
"Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport,
Poland
Transport hub
–
South Station, a
MBTA,
Amtrak and
Greyhound transportation hub in
Boston, Massachusetts,
United States
Transport hub
–
DHL hub
Leipzig/Halle Airport,
Germany
13.
Clapham
–
Clapham is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth but with some areas stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth. The present day Clapham High Street is an ancient diversion of the Roman military road Stane Street and this followed the line of Clapham Road and then onward along the line of Abbeville Road. Erected by Vitus Ticinius Ascanius according to its inscription, it is estimated to date from the 1st century. The family remained in possession of the land until Jonass great-great grandson Arthur sided against William the Conqueror during the Norman invasion of 1066 and, losing the land, Clapham appears in Domesday Book as Clopeham. It was held by Goisfrid de Mandeville and its assets were 3 hides,6 ploughs,5 acres of meadow. It rendered £7 10s 0d, and was located in Brixton hundred, the parish comprised 4.99 square kilometres. The benefice remains to this day a rectory and in the 19th century was in the patronage of the Atkins family,14. in the early 19th century and so the remaining glebe comprised only 11 acres in 1848. Samuel Pepys spent the last two years of his life in Clapham, living with his friend, protégé at the Admiralty and former servant William Hewer, Clapham Common was also home to Elizabeth Cook, the widow of Captain James Cook the explorer. She lived in a house on the common for years following the death of her husband. Other notable residents of Clapham Common include Palace of Westminster architect Sir Charles Barry, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, john Francis Bentley, architect of Westminster Cathedral, lived in the adjacent Old Town. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class social reformers who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton and Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian Thomas Macaulay, as well as William Smith, M. P. the Dissenter and they were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery and child labour, and for prison reform. They also promoted missionary activities in Britains colonies, by contrast, an opponent of Wilberforce, merchant and slave-trader George Hibbert also lived at Clapham Common, worshipping in the same church, Holy Trinity. After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for commuters into central London, and by 1900 it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Todays Clapham is an area of varied housing, from the large Queen Anne, Regency and Georgian era homes of the Old Town and Clapham Common, to the grids of Victorian housing in the Abbeville area. As in much of London, the area also has its share of council-owned social housing on estates dating from the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, Clapham was seen as a commuter suburb, often cited as representing ordinary people. By the 1980s, the area had undergone a further transformation, today the area is generally an affluent place, although its professional residents often live relatively close to significant pockets of social housing
Clapham
–
Clapham Common at 220 acres (89 ha)
Clapham
–
Clapham High St
14.
London Victoria railway station
–
Victoria station is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Victoria, in the City of Westminster. It is near to Victoria Street, which along with the area and it is in Travelcard Zone 1. From the main lines, trains can connect to the Catford Loop Line, Dartford Loop Line, Southern operates the majority of commuter and regional services to south London, Sussex and parts of east Surrey, while Southeastern operates trains to south east London and Kent. Gatwick Express trains run direct from Victoria to Gatwick Airport, the Underground station is on the Circle and District lines between Sloane Square and St. Jamess Park, and the Victoria line between Pimlico and Green Park. With over 81 million passenger entries and exits in 2015/16, Victoria is the second-busiest station in London after Waterloo, combined with the Underground Station and interchanges in the national rail station, London Victoria handled about 170 million passengers in the 2015/2016 period. It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail, the area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport, a local bus station is in the forecourt and Victoria Coach Station is nearby. Victoria Station came about in a fashion to help address this problem for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway. It consisted of two adjacent main line railway stations which, from the viewpoint of passengers, were unconnected, the London and Brighton Railway terminus at London Bridge provided reasonable access to the City of London but was most inconvenient for travellers to and from Westminster. As early as 1842 John Urpeth Rastrick had proposed that the railway should build a branch to serve the West End, but his proposal came to nothing. During the summer of 1857 a scheme for an independent Grosvenor Basin Terminus in the West End of London, the station was originally referred to as the Grosvenor Terminus but later renamed Victoria as it was sited at the end of Victoria Street. Three other railway companies were seeking a terminus in Westminster, the Great Western, the London & North Western. The first two already had access to Battersea through their joint ownership of the West London Line with the LB&SCR. The new line followed part of the route of the Grosvenor Canal with Victoria station on the canal basin. It required the construction of a new bridge over the Thames, originally known as Victoria Bridge and it was of mixed gauge to cater for GWR trains. The LB&SCR had hoped to amalgamate with the VS&PR, and introduced a Parliamentary Bill to allow it to do so in 1860 and this was opposed by the GWR and LC&DR and rejected. By way of compromise the LB&SCR was permitted to lease Victoria station from the VS&PR, Victoria station proved to be unexpectedly popular for both the main companies, and by 1862 there were frequent delays due to congestion at Stewarts Lane Junction. In March 1863 the LB&SCR and the LC&DR jointly funded a new route into Victoria, avoiding Stewarts Lane. The work was completed during 1867/8, the LB&SCR side of Victoria station opened on 1 October 1860, the temporary terminus in Battersea having closed the day before
London Victoria railway station
–
London Victoria Entrance Facade
London Victoria railway station
–
The approaches to Victoria Station in 1912. The line leading to the station is top right, the 'Brighton line' (shown in green) is bottom left and the 'Chatham line' (pink) bottom right. The connection to the G.W.R. and L.N.W.R. (purple) is top left.
London Victoria railway station
–
Victoria Station in 1897. The separate 'Brighton' (left) and 'Chatham' (right) stations are clearly visible.
London Victoria railway station
–
Plan of Victoria Station as it was in 1888. The 'Chatham' side was rebuilt in 1906 and the 'Brighton' side in 1898–1908
15.
London Waterloo railway station
–
Waterloo main line station is one of 19 in the country that are managed by Network Rail and the station complex is in fare zone 1. The first railway station on site opened in 1848, the present structure was inaugurated in 1922. Part of the station is a Grade II listed building, with just under 100 million National Rail passenger entries/exits in 2015/16, Waterloo is Britains busiest railway station by patronage. Waterloo railway station alone is the 15th-busiest passenger station in Europe, however, including National Rail interchanges, the Underground station, and Waterloo East, the complex handled a total of 211 million passengers in the 2015/2016 financial year. It is therefore the busiest transport hub in Europe and it has more platforms and a greater floor area than any other station in the UK. The station was the London terminus for Eurostar international trains from 1994 until 2007, the London and South Western Railway opened the station on 11 July 1848 as Waterloo Bridge Station when its main line was extended from Nine Elms. The station, designed by William Tite, was raised above ground on a series of arches. The unfulfilled intention was for a station with services to the City of London. In 1886, it officially became Waterloo Station, reflecting long-standing common usage, the L&SWRs aim throughout much of the 19th century was to extend its main line eastward beyond Waterloo into the City of London. Given this, it was reluctant to construct a grand terminus at Waterloo. However traffic and passenger usage continued to grow and the company expanded the station at regular intervals and this resulted in the station becoming increasingly ramshackle. The original 1848 station became known as the Central Station as other platforms were added, each of these stations-within-a-station had its own booking office, taxi stand and public entrances from the street, as well as often poorly marked and confusing access to the rest of the station. Passengers were, not surprisingly, confused by the layout and by the two adjacent stations called Waterloo, from 1897 there had also been the adjacent Necropolis Company station. This complexity and confusion became the butt of jokes by writers and music hall comics for many years in the late 19th century, by the late 1890s the L&SWR accepted that main-line access to the City was impossible. In 1898, the company opened the Waterloo & City line and this gave the company the direct commuter service it had long desired. Legal powers to carry out the work were granted in 1899 and extensive groundwork and slum clearance were carried out until 1904, the new station was opened in stages, the first five new platforms being opened in 1910. The engineers J. W. Jacomb-Hood and Alfred Weeks Szlumper designed the roof and platforms, construction continued sporadically throughout the First World War, and the new station finally opened in 1922, with 21 platforms and a concourse nearly 800 feet long. The new station included a stained glass window depicting the L&SWRs company crest over the main road entrance
London Waterloo railway station
–
Aerial view from the south
London Waterloo railway station
–
Plan of Waterloo station in 1888
London Waterloo railway station
–
A pair of
Class 421 units at Waterloo in 1979; behind them is a
Class 487 Driving Motor car, on the site eventually used for Waterloo International
London Waterloo railway station
–
Waterloo station clock
16.
Lavender
–
Lavandula is a genus of 47 known species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found from Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, Europe across to northern and eastern Africa, the Mediterranean, southwest Asia to southeast India. The most widely cultivated species, Lavandula angustifolia, is referred to as lavender. The genus includes annual or short-lived herbaceous perennial plants, and shrub-like perennials, leaf shape is diverse across the genus. They are simple in some commonly cultivated species, in other species they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate, in most species the leaves are covered in fine hairs or indumentum, which normally contain the essential oils. Flowers are borne in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage, some species produce coloured bracts at the apices. The flowers may be blue, violet or lilac in the wild species, the corolla is also tubular, usually with five lobes. L. stoechas, L. pedunculata and L. dentata were known in Roman times, from the Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas and Lavandula, until Linnaeus combined them. He only recognised five species in Species Plantarum, L. multifida and L. dentata and L. stoechas, L. pedunculata was included within L. stoechas. By 1790, L. pinnata and L. carnosa were recognised, the latter was subsequently transferred to Anisochilus. By 1826 Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz listed 12 species in three sections, and by 1848 eighteen species were known, one of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned and her sections included Stoechas, Spica, Subnudae, Pterostoechas, Chaetostachys and Dentatae. However all the cultivated and commercial forms resided in the Stoechas. There were four species within Stoechas while Spica had three and she believed that the garden varieties were hybrids between true lavender L. angustifolia and spike lavender. More recently, work has been done by Upson and Andrews, subgenus Lavandula is mainly of woody shrubs with entire leaves. It contains the species grown as ornamental plants and for oils. They are found across the Mediterranean region to northeast Africa and western Arabia, subgenus Fabricia consists of shrubs and herbs, and it has a wide distribution from the Atlantic to India. Subgenus Sabaudia constitutes two species in the southwest Arabian peninsula and Eritrea, which are distinct from the other species
Lavender
–
Lavender
Lavender
–
A bee on a lavender flower
Lavender
–
Lavender infused cupcakes
Lavender
–
Bunches of lavender for sale, intended to repel insects
17.
Lavender Hill
–
Lavender Hill is a hill, and a shopping and residential street, near Clapham Junction in Battersea, south London. The name refers to the cultivation of lavender on the gentle north facing slopes of this part of the Thames estuary - helped by well drained soil, fresh air. The first building to reflect the name was Lavender Hall on the side of the road in 1790. The road itself, which ran just below the crest of the hill, was not widely referred to as Lavender Hill until the later 1800s, several smaller streets developed in the Victoria era including Lavender Gardens, Lavender Walk and Lavender Sweep also reflect the areas historic lavender industry. In the 1848 painting, the painter refers to Lavender Hill, although this cannot reasonably be said to be from the Lavender Hill, until the 1860s Lavender Hill was mostly an area of open farmland, with small scale development at both ends. At the western end there was a crossing of the Falconbrook river with several farms, the Chestnuts, a farmhouse built in 1812, survived and has been incorporated into the modern street plan half way along Mossbury Road. The earliest reference to the still-existing Falcon public house at the west end of the street is in 1767, after the 1780s a few large villas were built on the hillside, owned by wealthy residents attracted by the expansive views over Battersea Fields and the Thames towards London. Lavender Place was developed in around 1826 as a row of cottages at the end of what is now Lavender Hill. Lavender Place extended some distance into what is now Wandsworth Road, an acetic acid distillery, Beaufoys Acetic Acid Works, was also located at the eastern end. In the 1870s the houses on Lavender Terrace were adapted to form a terrace of shops, by 1885 it was such a busy commercial district that Arding and Hobbs, the largest department store south of the River Thames, was built. The imposing Church of the Ascension, designed by James Brooks was built in 1883 to cater to the population of the neighbouring Shaftesbury Estate. A Welsh Methodist chapel was built on Beauchamp Road, reflecting what was once a significant Welsh population and it quickly proved popular and saw several subsequent extensions, notably with the addition in 1924 of a reference library on Altenburg Gardens that was designed by Henry Hyams. When the Borough was abolished in 1965, the Town Hall became redundant, the Battersea Arts Centre is now a major arts venue. The Shakespeare Theatre was built in 1896, next to the Town Hall and it was severely damaged in the Second World War, before being demolished in 1957 and replaced by an office building called Shakespeare House). A large Central Post Office, designed by Jasper Wager, was built in 1898, the street is known in popular culture thanks to the BAFTA Award-winning 1951 Ealing comedy The Lavender Hill Mob. Lavender Hill is featured with a chapter of its own in the historical novel London by Edward Rutherfurd, Lavender Hill has featured as a site location for many British TV shows, including On The Buses and The Sweeney, in the 1970s. The album was considered as a double-LP set but was ultimately released as a single 15-song record and, as a result, several songs. Notable former inhabitant include Sarah, Duchess of York, who lived in a flat in Lavender Gardens before her marriage
Lavender Hill
–
View of restaurants on the central section of Lavender Hill, looking east
Lavender Hill
–
The view from Lavender Hill, painted in 1848 by Robert Westall, showing wide open fields, the then-new Battersea pumping station (built in 1840), and distant views of
Westminster Abbey and
Royal Hospital Chelsea. This view encouraged the early construction of several villas among the Lavender fields.
Lavender Hill
–
Street name signs for "Lavender Hill" and "Lavender Place" are still visible at 16 Lavender Hill
Lavender Hill
–
Battersea Arts Centre, formerly
Battersea Town Hall
18.
Coach (vehicle)
–
A coach is a type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer-distance intercity—or even international—bus service. The term was applied to railway carriages in the 19th century, horse-drawn chariots and carriages were used by the wealthy and powerful where the roads were of a high enough standard from possibly 3000 BC. In Hungary, during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus in the 15th century and this cart of Kocs as the Hungarians called it soon became popular all over Europe. Stagecoaches were used for transport between cities from about 1500 in Great Britain until displaced by the arrival of the railways, one of the earliest motorised vehicles was the charabanc, which was used for short journeys and excursions until the early years of the 20th century. Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods of time on long journeys, are designed for comfort and they vary considerably in quality from country to country and within countries. Higher specification vehicles include luxury seats and air conditioning, coaches typically have only a single, narrow door, as an increased loading time is acceptable due to infrequent stops. Some characteristics include, Comfortable seats that may include a table, armrests. Comfort is considered to be an important feature in coaches, a minority of coaches are built with monocoque bodies without a chassis frame. Integrated manufacturers include Autosan, Scania, Fuso, and Alexander Dennis, major coachwork providers include Van Hool, Neoplan, Marcopolo, Irizar, MCI, Prevost, and Designline. A representative selection of vehicles currently in use in different parts of the world, a selection of vehicles in use in different parts of the world in the past. Pegaso Z-403 PD-4501 Scenicruiser GM Buffalo bus Anderson, R. C. A. and Frankis, history of Royal Blue Express Services. BBC Time Shift, The Modern Age of Coach Travel
Coach (vehicle)
–
An Austral Pacific bodied
Scania K113TRBL 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in) Quad-axle coach in
Canberra,
Australia
Coach (vehicle)
–
Interiors of coaches include many features not found in buses intended for shorter travel
Coach (vehicle)
–
National Express Coaches Caetano Levante in the UK
Coach (vehicle)
–
Greyhound Lines
MCI 102DL3
19.
Guildford
–
Guildford /ˈɡɪlfərd/ is a large town in Surrey, England, located 27 miles southwest of central London on the A3 trunk road midway between the capital and Portsmouth. It is the seat of the borough of Guildford, on the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was connected to a network of waterways that aided its prosperity. In the 20th century, the University of Surrey and Guildford Cathedral, in Sir Thomas Malorys 1485 fictional series Le Morte dArthur, Guildford is identified with Astolat of Arthurian renown, however only rural Celtic Bronze Age pieces have been found in the town. Continuing the Arthurian connection, there is a public house. Some of the tiles built into Guildford Castle may be Roman, and it is proven by archaeology and contemporary accounts that Guildford was established as a small town by Saxon settlers shortly after Roman authority had been removed from Britain. The settlement was most likely expanded because of the Harrow Way crosses the River Wey by a ford at this point, alfred the Great, the first Anglo-Saxon king of unified England, named the town in his will. Guildford was the location of the Royal Mint from 978 until part-way through the reign of William the Conqueror, Guildford Castle is of Norman design, although there are no documents about its earliest years. Guildford appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Geldeford and Gildeford, the King officially held the 75 hagae in which lived 175 homagers and the town rendered £32. Stoke, a suburb within todays Guildford, appears in the Book as Stoch and was held by William. Its Domesday assets were,1 church,2 mills worth 5s,16 ploughlands with two Lords plough teams and 20 mens plough teams,16 acres of meadow, and woodland worth 40 hogs. Stoke was listed as being in the Kings park, with a rendering of £15, William the Conqueror had the castle built in the classic Norman style, the castle keep still stands. A major purpose of Norman castle building was to overawe the conquered population and it had £26 spent on it in 1173 under the regency of the young Henry II. As the threat of invasion and insurrection declined, the status was demoted to that of a royal hunting lodge, Guildford was, at that time. It was visited on occasions by King John, Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1611 the castle was granted to Francis Carter whose grandsons initials EC, the surviving parts of the castle were restored in Victorian times and again in 2004, the rest of the grounds became a public garden. In 1995, a chamber was discovered in the High Street, while this remains a matter of contention, it is likely to be the oldest remaining synagogue in Western Europe. Guildford elected two members of the Unreformed House of Commons, from the 14th century to the 18th century the borough corporation prospered with the wool trade. In the 14th century the Guildhall was constructed and still today as a noticeable landmark of Guildford
Guildford
–
The Guildhall in Guildford
Guildford
–
Guildford Castle
Guildford
–
The Hospital of the Holy Trinity still has a charitable role in modern society
Guildford
–
The
River Wey in Guildford is canalised into the
Wey Navigation
20.
Public house
–
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
Public house
–
A
thatched country pub, The Williams Arms, near
Braunton,
North Devon, England
Public house
–
A city pub,
The World's End,
Camden Town, London
Public house
–
The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by
Henry Singleton)
Public house
–
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in
St Albans, Hertfordshire, which holds the
Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England
21.
London and South Western Railway
–
The London and South Western Railway was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. It also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth, in the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR became part of the Southern Railway. The London and South Western Railway originated as a renaming of the London and Southampton Railway, the railway was an immediate success, and this encouraged the company to think of extensions, to Windsor, to Gosport and to Salisbury. It made a start but eventually had its own line from Basingstoke to Salisbury and Exeter, continuing by a northerly arc to Plymouth. Coming later than the Great Western to the area, it never achieved the solid prosperity there of its broad gauge neighbour. The Southampton line had extended to Weymouth via Ringwood, and the LSWR consolidated its home area building branches closer to London, and direct lines to Portsmouth. It also became joint owner, with the Midland Railway, of the Somerset and Dorset Railway, responsible for infrastructure, shipping became significant also, with passenger and freight services to the Channel Islands, to Saint-Malo in France, and to the Isle of Wight. In the twentieth century it embarked on a programme of electrifying the suburban routes, eventually this covered the entire suburban area. At the same time they revolutionised express passenger train speeds to Weymouth, electrification of the Portsmouth line was now carried out. However, in 1966 the geographical limits of the British Railways regions was rationalised, the Bournemouth line was electrified in 1967, at first with converted steam coaching stock, later replaced by purpose built stock, the electrification was extended to Weymouth. In recent years the system has remained constant, with increasing train frequency from about 1990 now forming a limitation. The services were transferred to St Pancras International in 2007 and at present the Eurostar terminal is dormant, construction probably started on 6 October 1834 under Francis Giles, but progress was slow. The Parliamentary fight had been bitter, and a combination of resentment, a more immediate opportunity was taken up, of serving Portsmouth by a branch line. Interests friendly to the L&SR promoted a Portsmouth Junction Railway, which would have run from Bishopstoke via Botley, however resentment in Portsmouth—which considered Southampton a rival port—at being given simply as branch and thereby a roundabout route to London, killed the prospects of such a line. Portsmouth people wanted their own line, but in trying to play off the L&SR against the London & Brighton Railway they were unable to secure the committed funds they needed. The L&SR now promoted a line to Gosport, shorter and simpler than the earlier proposal. To soothe feelings in Portsmouth, the L&SR included in its Bill a change of name to the London, construction of the Gosport branch was at first quick and simple under Thomas Brassey. Stations were built at Bishopstoke and Fareham, an extremely elaborate station was built at Gosport, tendered at £10,980, seven times the tender price for Bishopstoke
London and South Western Railway
–
Southampton Terminus station today
London and South Western Railway
–
Holmsley railway station, now a Tea Room
London and South Western Railway
–
Lymington Town railway station
London and South Western Railway
–
Waterloo Station
22.
Nine Elms railway station
–
The building in the neo-classical style was designed by Sir William Tite. After closure to passengers the station and surrounding tracks continued in use for goods traffic, in 1941 the building was damaged by German bombs and it was demolished in the 1960s. The station closed as a depot on 29 July 1968. The site became the section of the New Covent Garden Market in 1974
Nine Elms railway station
–
Detail from a map of 1847 showing the station
23.
Woking
–
Woking is a town that shares its name with the surrounding local government district, located in the northwest of Surrey, England. It is at the edge of the Greater London Urban Area and is a part of the London commuter belt, with frequent trains. Woking is 23 miles southwest of Charing Cross in central London, Woking town itself, excluding the surrounding district, has a population of 62,796, with the whole local government district having a population of 99,500. Woking has been a Conservative area since the constituency was created in 1950, though Wokings earliest written appearance is in the Domesday Book, it is mentioned as the site of a monastery in an 8th-century context, as Wochingas. As a result, the original settlement 1 mile to the south-east, on the River Wey, later, Woking Crematorium at St Johns became the first crematorium in the United Kingdom. This site was then the home of the engineering firm James Walker & Company for many years, known as The Lion Works, this area was finally redeveloped in the 1990s into todays Lion Retail Park. This was a £40 million project to take hundreds of Woking homes away from the plain of the Hoe Stream. It has also provided new community facilities and roads, Woking Borough Council had been planning this scheme, which was approved in September 2010, for over 20 years. It was being run in conjunction with the Environment Agency, the Council has received finance from, the Public Works Loan Board, a number of grants, including £3.7 million from the Environment Agency, proceeds from the sale of new homes and of other assets. The Council expects the scheme to be funded by 2014 with no ongoing costs incurred by the Council. The scheme was completed on schedule in 2012, the constituency of Woking has historically been a Conservative safe seat, with the Liberal Democrats being the principal opposition in the last five general elections. Its current Member of Parliament is Jonathan Lord, elections to the borough council take place in three out of every four years, with one-third elected in each election. The election in 2011 gave the Conservatives an overall majority of seats for the first time in 20 years, the current Mayor of the borough is councillor Derek McCrum. In 2010 the council elected councillor Mohammed Iqbal as the first Asian Mayor of Woking and these are linked via an innovative private electricity distribution system operating completely off the public power grid. In order to do this, the government laid new power lines to all locations on the Woking sustainable community energy system. Should the public power grid fail, central Woking would continue to have an energy supply, the cost for providing this is approximately UK£0. 01/kWh less than for public electricity. It has been reported that the borough saves UK£974,000 a year in energy costs if the costs are ignored. By March 2004 the initiatives had also cut the boroughs carbon emissions by 17. 24%, Albion Square canopy was built in 2007, following local council approval three years earlier
Woking
–
Woking Town Square before its development
Woking
–
Park Heights apartment building
Woking
–
Woking Palace
Woking
–
Shah Jahan Mosque, the oldest in England
24.
Richmond (London) station
–
Richmond, also known as Richmond, is a National Rail and London Underground station, managed by South West Trains, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south west London. South West Trains services on the Waterloo to Reading Line are routed through Richmond, which is between North Sheen and St. Margarets stations. Richmond is also a terminus of a branch of London Undergrounds District line and of the London Overgrounds North London Line, the station building, designed by James Robb Scott in Portland stone and dating from 1937, is in Art Deco style and its facade includes a square clock. The area in front of the main entrance was pedestrianised in 2013. Both the R&WER and WS&SWR were subsidiary companies of the London, on 1 January 1869, the L&SWR opened a line to Richmond from north of Addison Road station on the West London Joint Railway. This line ran through Hammersmith station, since closed, and Turnham Green and had connection with the North & South Western Junction Railway near Gunnersbury. Most of this line is now part of the London Underground District line, before this line was built, services north from Richmond ran somewhat circuitously via chords at Kew Bridge and Barnes. The Great Western Railway briefly ran a service from Paddington to Richmond via the Hammersmith & City Railway tracks to Grove Road, on 1 June 1877, the District Railway linked its then terminus at Hammersmith to the nearby L&SWR tracks east of the present Ravenscourt Park station. The DR began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond, on 1 October 1877, the Metropolitan Railway restarted the former GWR service to Richmond via Grove Road station. From 1 January 1894, the GWR began sharing the MR Richmond service, after electrifying its tracks north of Acton Town in 1903, the DR funded the electrification, completed on 1 August 1905, from Gunnersbury to Richmond. The DR ran electric trains on the branch, while the L&SWR, NLR, GWR, MR services ceased on 31 December 1906 and those of the GWR on 31 December 1910, leaving operations northwards through Kew Gardens and Gunnersbury to the DR, the NLR and L&SWR. On 1 August 1937, the SR opened its station with the station building. At around the time, the SR moved the goods yard from the site of the original terminus to a new location north-east of the station. It could have run either overland or via a tunnel to Turnham Green and on the track through Gunnersbury to Richmond. The station has seven platforms, Platforms 1 and 2 are through platforms for South West Trains services, Platforms 3 to 7 are terminating platforms used by, London Overground North London line services London Underground District line services. As of September 2011, work was under way to extend platforms 1 and 2 to accept 10-car trains, the bulk of the lengthening was to be at the west end, extending eastwards was deemed unviable by Network Rail as Church Road Bridge would have needed widening. As part of works, the platform canopies were also being refurbished. The wide gap between platforms 3 and 4 originally had a third, run-around track for steam locomotives, there are staff-operated lifts to all platforms
Richmond (London) station
–
Entrance to Kew Road
Richmond (London) station
–
Train at the station
25.
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
–
The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1922. Its territory formed a triangle, with London at its apex, practically the whole coastline of Sussex as its base. It was bounded on its side by the London and South Western Railway. It served the inland towns/cities of Chichester, Horsham, East Grinstead and Lewes, at the London end was a complicated suburban and outer-suburban network of lines emanating from London Bridge and Victoria, and shared interests in two cross-London lines. The London and Brighton Railway, created in 1837 and opened in 1841, the Brighton Lewes and Hastings Railway, created in February 1844, opened in June 1846. The Croydon and Epsom Railway, created in July 1844, under construction at the time of amalgamation, at the time of its creation the LB&SCR had around 170 route miles in existence or under construction, consisting of three main routes and a number of branches. The main line to Brighton from London Bridge opened in 1841, the sections between Corbetts Lane and London Bridge and between Croydon and Redhill were shared with the South Eastern Railway. There were two lines under construction at the time of the amalgamation, the Sutton & Mole Valley Lines from Croydon to Epsom. The West Sussex coast line originated with a line from Brighton to Shoreham. This was extended to Chichester by the time of the amalgamation, a connecting spur from the Brighton main line at Keymer Junction near Haywards Heath to the Brighton-Lewes line was under construction at the time of amalgamation. A short line from New Cross to Deptford Wharf, proposed by the L&CR, was approved in July 1846, shortly before amalgamation, a short branch from this line to the nearby Surrey Commercial Docks in Rotherhithe opened in July 1855. The main London terminus was the L&CR station at London Bridge, built by the London and Greenwich Railway in 1836, and exchanged for the original L&CR station in 1842. For the first few years of its existence, LB&SCR trains used the L&GR lines from Corbett’s Lane into London, the LB&SCR inherited from the L&CR running powers to the smaller SER passenger terminus at Bricklayers Arms. Poorly sited for passengers, it closed in 1852 and was converted into a goods station, the LB&SCR owned two stations at Croydon, later East Croydon and West Croydon. The L&CR had been operated by the atmospheric principle between Croydon and Forest Hill, as the first phase of a scheme to use this mode of operation between London and Epsom. However, following a number of problems, the LB&SCR abandoned atmospheric operation in May 1847. This enabled it to build its own lines into London Bridge, the history of the LB&SCR can be studied in five distinct periods. However, the LB&SCR had one important playing card not available to the L&BR – control of the SER main line between New Cross and Croydon, under this agreement the LB&SCR would have free access to London Bridge, Bricklayers Arms station and goods yard, and Hastings
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
–
An LB&SCR Plaque on the (western) railway bridge over Battersea Park Road, SW8, showing the company armorial bearings. The cross (top) represents London, the two dolphins (bottom) Brighton, the three
half-lions/half-ships (right) the Cinque Ports, and the star and crescent (left) Portsmouth.
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
–
A map of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway at
London Victoria station
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
–
A 1908
Railway Clearing House map of lines around Bricklayers Arms and London Bridge station, as well as surrounding lines
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
–
A 1908
Railway Clearing House map of lines around the
Brighton Main Line between South Croydon and Selhurst
26.
West London Line
–
The West London Line is a short railway in inner West London that links Clapham Junction in the south to Willesden Junction in the north. The line has always been an important cross-London link especially for freight services, Southern and London Overground provide regular passenger services, detailed below. Construction was delayed by engineering and financial problems, the low number of passengers became such a regular target of Punch magazine that the line was called Punchs Railway. After only six months it closed on 30 November 1844, an Act of 1845 authorised the GWR and the L&BR to take a joint lease of the WLR. The line was used only to coal, and passenger service was not re-introduced. The existing line was doubled, and the crossing of the GWR main line. For a time, the West London Line formed part of the GWRs Middle Circle route which ran from Mansion House to Aldgate via Earls Court, Earls Court, Kensington Olympia, Latimer Road and Baker Street. The West London Line was also part of London Underground for a time, the branch was eventually closed and the link between the West London Line and todays Hammersmith & City line was dismantled in 1930. Through trains in the era changed locomotives here. From the 1920s there was a United Dairies depot on the site of a dairy farm here. The northern section of the line, from Willesden Junction to Kensington Olympia, after a period of popularity, passenger usage dwindled on the West London Railway. Competition from the new deep-level Underground railways and electric tramways took away custom by offering more direct routes into Central London. With the onset of World War II, the West London Line was badly hit in parts by enemy action during the Blitz. In 1940, LMS steam trains from Clapham Junction to Kensington ceased on 20 October, in 1948, the line became part of British Rail, following the nationalisation of the railways, but remained mostly in use as a freight route. For a decade, the West London Line was operated with the green-and-purple liveried Silverlink Metro trains, channel Tunnel infrastructure work in 1993 electrified the line at 750 V DC third rail from the South to the North Pole depot. The line is electrified at 25 kV AC overhead wires from Westway to Willesden, until the High Speed 1 railway line from St Pancras opened in November 2007, Eurostar trains from Waterloo International used the West London Line to access their North Pole depot. Platforms were reinstated at West Brompton in 1999, the line appears today on the Tube Map as an orange stripe. New stations opened at Shepherds Bush in 2008 and Imperial Wharf in 2009, in 1966 British Rail launched Motorail, a long-distance accompanied car train which transported passengers and their cars to the West of England and Scotland
West London Line
–
London Overground service at
Imperial Wharf
West London Line
–
A 1911 map of the WLL and junctions
West London Line
–
A 1926 Tube map showing West London Line stations
West London Line
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The unadvertised Post Office workers' train at Olympia in 1968
27.
Ecclesiastical parish
–
A parish is a church territorial unit constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the care and clerical jurisdiction of a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or more curates. Historically, a parish often covered the same area as a manor. By extension the term refers not only to the territorial unit. In England this church property was technically in ownership of the parish priest ex-officio, the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus appended the parish structure to the Anglo-Saxon township unit, where it existed, and where minsters catered to the surrounding district. In the wider picture of ecclesiastical polity, a parish comprises a division of a diocese or see, parishes within a diocese may be grouped into a deanery or vicariate forane, overseen by a dean or vicar forane, or in some cases by an archpriest. Some churches of the Anglican Communion have deaneries as units of an archdeaconry, in the Roman Catholic Church, each parish normally has its own parish priest, who has responsibility and canonical authority over the parish. These are called assistant priests, parochial vicars, curates, or, in the United States, associate pastors, each diocese is divided into parishes, each with their own central church called the parish church, where religious services take place. An example is that of personal parishes established in accordance with the 7 July 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum for those attached to the form of the Roman Rite. Most Catholic parishes are part of Latin Rite dioceses, which cover the whole territory of a country. There can also be overlapping parishes of eparchies of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Church of England geographical structure uses the local parish church as its basic unit. The parish system survived the Reformation with the Anglican Churchs secession from Rome remaining largely untouched, Church of England parishes nowadays all lie within one of 44 dioceses divided between the provinces of Canterbury,30 and York,14. A chapelry was a subdivision of a parish in England. It had a status to a township but was so named as it had a chapel which acted as a subsidiary place of worship to the main parish church. In England civil parishes and their parish councils evolved in the 19th century as ecclesiastical parishes began to be relieved of what became considered to be civic responsibilities. Thus their boundaries began to diverge, the word parish acquired a secular usage. Since 1895, a council elected by public vote or a parish meeting administers a civil parish and is formally recognised as the level of local government below a district council. The parish is also the level of church administration in the Church of Scotland
Ecclesiastical parish
–
St Margarete Parish Church in Berndorf, Austria; parish churches have been at the heart of local
Christian communities for centuries.
Ecclesiastical parish
–
A small Roman Catholic parish church in Wróblik, Poland
Ecclesiastical parish
–
Hasfield parish church in England
28.
Battersea Power Station
–
Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned coal-fired power station located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, an inner-city district of South West London. It comprises two individual stations, built in two stages in the form of a single building. Battersea A Power Station was built in the 1930s, with Battersea B Power Station to the east in the 1950s, the two stations were built to a nearly identical design, providing the long-recognized four-chimney layout. The station ceased generating electricity in 1983, but over the past 50 years it has one of the best known landmarks in London and is Grade II* listed. The stations celebrity owes much to numerous popular culture references, which include the art of Pink Floyds 1977 album Animals. The station is one of the largest brick buildings in the world and is notable for its original, lavish Art Deco interior fittings and decor. The building has remained unused since its closure, and the condition of the structure has been described as very bad by English Heritage. The site was listed on the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. Since the stations closure, numerous redevelopment plans were drawn up from successive site owners and this plan fell through due to REOs debt being called in by the state-owned banks of the UK and Ireland. The site was put up for sale in December 2011 through commercial estate agent Knight Frank and it has received interest from a variety of overseas consortia, most seeking to demolish or partly demolish the structure. In 2012, administrators Ernst & Young entered into an exclusivity agreement with Malaysias SP Setia, the £400 million sale was completed in September 2012, and the redevelopment intends to implement the Rafael Vinoly design, which had gained planning consent from Wandsworth Council in 2011. In January 2013, the first residential apartments went on sale, construction on Phase 1 was due to commence in 2013, with completion due in 2016/17. Apple will locate its new London headquarters at Battersea Power Station, until the late 1930s electricity was supplied by municipal undertakings. These were small companies that built power stations dedicated to a single industry or group of factories. These companies used widely differing standards of voltage and frequency, in 1925 Parliament decided that the power grid should be a single system with uniform standards and under public ownership. Several of the power companies reacted to the proposal by forming the London Power Company. They planned to heed parliaments recommendations and build a number of very large stations. The London Power Companys first of these power stations was planned for the Battersea area
Battersea Power Station
–
Battersea Power Station Viewed from the north bank of the Thames in August 2012
Battersea Power Station
–
Battersea power station was built in two phases. This is the power station in 1934, with the first phase operational
Battersea Power Station
–
Battersea power station was designed in the brick cathedral style. It is now one of few existing examples in England of this once common design style.
29.
Social housing
–
Public housing may be a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing can also be seen as a remedy to housing inequality. Some social housing organizations construct for purchase, particularly in Spain, although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary within different contexts. The origins of municipal housing lie in the urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness. Henry Mayhew, visiting Bethnal Green, wrote in the The Morning Chronicle, roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cats meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and lakes of putrefying night soil added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks, and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and it was in 1885, after the report from a Royal Commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885, nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago, an account of the life of a child in the slum, construction of the Boundary Estate was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howards Garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when the physical health. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve, Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and the United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War. Minha Casa Minha Vida, the Brazilian governments social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$36 billion to one million homes. The second stage of the program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program was announced in March 2010 and this stage foresees the construction of a further two million homes. Of the total 3 million homes,1, all funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties are provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal
Social housing
–
A typical public housing complex in
Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong. The
Kin Ming Estate consists of 10 housing blocks, providing affordable housing for approximately 22,000 people. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.8 million population lives in public housing.
Social housing
–
A local authority 20-storey tower block in
Cwmbran, South Wales
Social housing
–
Boundary Street 1890, three years later, the
London County Council began slum clearance
Social housing
–
Construction of social housing in Campo Grande, Brazil using aluminum concrete formwork
30.
British Rail Class 73
–
The British Rail Class 73 is a British model of electro-diesel locomotive. The type is unusual in that it can operate from the Southern Regions 650/750 V DC third-rail or a diesel engine to allow it to operate on non-electrified routes. Following the withdrawal and scrapping of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977 and these locomotives were ordered as part of the British Railways 1955 Modernisation plan which included the extension of the Southern Region electrification to various main lines. They were intended as mixed-traffic locomotives, hauling parcels, freight and also trains, usually on routes that included some non-electrified sections. On 26 April 1968, locomotive E6023 was derailed at Earley, on 12 October 1972, locomotive E6001 was hauling a freight train that ran into the rear of a passenger train at Wimbledon, London due to inattentiveness on the part of the driver. This class of 49 locomotives were built in two batches using English Electric components, the first six locomotives were built by BR at Eastleigh works in 1962 and were numbered E6001-E6006 and classified as type JA. With the introduction of TOPS in 1968 they were to have been classified as Class 72, however, instead they became Class 73/0. In the early 1970s the locomotives were renumbered 73001-73006, following successful trials of the initial locomotives, a production run of 43 locomotives were built by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry between 1965 and 1967. They were initially classified as Class JB and numbered E6007-E6049 and they differed slightly from the six earlier machines, most notably having an increased tractive effort as well as a higher maximum speed. Following the introduction of TOPS, they became Class 73/1 and were renumbered 73101-73142, one locomotive, E6027, had already been withdrawn following accident damage and so was not renumbered. Further changes were the use of large round Oleo buffers with a pneumatic withdrawal mechanism rather that the traditional coach style saddle buffer which relied on a pin and spring mechanism. As the JA examples came in for overhaul over the years, the narrow box-like body allowed use all over the Southern Region network including through the narrow tunnels on the Hastings Line. These locomotives were equipped to operate from the 650 or 750 V DC third-rail or a diesel engine to allow it to operate over non-electrified routes. Electrical power was gathered in the manner of collector shoes which ran along the top of the third rail. There are two mounted on either side of each bogie which could be retracted when not in use to avoid damage as they were prone to drop out of gauge slightly when not under pressure. A major design flaw with the class was that the traction current circuits of each bogie were not isolated, the third rail supply is generated close to the rail line and there are many areas where it changes from one substation to another. This problem was particularly noticeable at junctions where conductor rails cannot be separated by a good distance, Class 73s were well known for incredible displays of arcing at the collector shoes for this exact reason. Unlike the previous Southern Region Class 70 and Class 71 electric locomotives, however, they could move forward onto an electrified section under diesel power
British Rail Class 73
–
Class 73, no. 73201 at
Woking. This locomotive was used by
South West Trains as a "Thunderbird" to rescue failed trains.
British Rail Class 73
–
Class 73 no. E6013 (73107) at Rowsley South, on the
Peak Railway on 17 April 2003. This locomotive was on loan from
Fragonset Railways and has since returned to main-line service.
British Rail Class 73
–
Class 73/1 73101 in BR blue livery
British Rail Class 73
–
73201, a class 73/2, in service with
Gatwick Express in 2003
31.
British Rail
–
British Railways, which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was the operator of most of the rail transport in Great Britain between 1948 and 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies and lasted until the privatisation of British Rail. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, the period of nationalisation saw sweeping changes in the national railway network. A process of dieselisation and electrification took place, and by 1968 steam locomotion had been replaced by diesel and electric traction. Passengers replaced freight as the source of business, and one-third of the network was closed by the Beeching Axe of the 1960s in an effort to reduce rail subsidies. On privatisation, responsibility for track, signalling and stations was transferred to Railtrack, the British Rail double arrow logo is formed of two interlocked arrows showing the direction of travel on a double track railway and was nicknamed the arrow of indecision. The rail transport system in Great Britain developed during the 19th century, during World War I the railways were under state control, which continued until 1921. Complete nationalisation had been considered, and the Railways Act 1921 is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, nationalisation was subsequently carried out after World War II, under the Transport Act 1947. This Act made provision for the nationalisation of the network, as part of a policy of nationalising public services by Clement Attlees Labour Government. British Railways came into existence as the name of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission on 1 January 1948 when it took over the assets of the Big Four. There were also joint railways between the Big Four and a few railways to consider. Excluded from nationalisation were industrial lines like the Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway, the London Underground – publicly owned since 1933 – was also nationalised, becoming the London Transport Executive of the British Transport Commission. The Bicester Military Railway was already run by the government, the electric Liverpool Overhead Railway was also excluded from nationalisation. The Railway Executive was conscious that some lines on the network were unprofitable and hard to justify socially, however, the general financial position of BR became gradually poorer, until an operating loss was recorded in 1955. The Executive itself had abolished in 1953 by the Conservative government. Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the time included the return of road haulage to the private sector. British Railways was divided into regions which were based on the areas the former Big Four operated in, later. Western Region of British Railways, former Great Western Railway lines, London Midland Region of British Railways, former London Midland and Scottish Railway lines in England
British Rail
–
A British Rail InterCity train at
Carlisle in 1984
British Rail
–
British Railways British Rail
British Rail
–
BR steam locomotiive: number 70013 Oliver Cromwell
British Rail
–
As BR modernised, diesel and electric locomotion gradually replaced steam. Pictured: two preserved 'Warship' class diesel-hydraulics
32.
Heathrow Airtrack
–
Heathrow Airtrack is a proposed railway link in west London, England, UK. The line, as proposed by BAA, would have run from Heathrow Terminal 5 into central London, in October 2011, Wandsworth Council announced a revised plan called Airtrack-Lite. The BAA proposal would have provided direct services from the airport to London Waterloo, Reading and Guildford. Heathrow Terminal 5 has two safeguarded heavy rail platforms for use by a connection to the National Rail network. A new rolling stock depot on the site of the marshalling yards at Feltham is included in the proposal. BAA indicated that they wished to extend the Heathrow Express service from terminal 5 to a new platform at Staines. The principle of a connection to Heathrow from the south had been the subject of considerable discussion. Work had been forecast to begin in 2011, with services operating by 2015. On 30 July 2010 the Department of Transport wrote to all involved in the public inquiry. The reason cited was that the Government has confirmed that its most urgent priority is to tackle the UKs budget deficit and that there will be a spending review in the Autumn. The review may have implications for the funding of the Airtrack Scheme and until the position becomes clearer. In the event, Airtrack was not mentioned in the review and, as a result. The AirTrack Forum, is a group of organisations with a common interest in seeing Airtrack built, formed at the initiative of British Airways and it has commissioned consultants to study the economic benefits of the scheme funded by the SE Regional Assembly. Some groups within the Airtrack Forum do not support the current proposals, however, this is contradicted by objections made by some of these authorities to the final plans. Surrey County Council, for example, is an official objector to the scheme and this decision was due to be finalised by the full council in December 2010 but was deferred. The move was the subject of an extraordinary outburst from Philip Hammond, the local MP, the economic case is dependent on the fact that Airtrack should be a low-cost option as only 4 kilometres of new line would be required, mostly within Spelthorne. The remaining new infrastructure would consist of station improvements and associated facilities, in the Airtrack project some stations used by its trains would be upgraded. Journey time from Waterloo to Heathrow would have been approximately 40 minutes, Guildford - Heathrow, two trains per hour stopping at, Chertsey Woking Journey time from Guildford to Heathrow would be approximately 36 minutes
Heathrow Airtrack
–
The current Terminal 5 station which would have formed part of Airtrack
Heathrow Airtrack
–
Heathrow Airtrack (proposed)
Heathrow Airtrack
–
Stanwell Moor
Heathrow Airtrack
–
Mortlake level crossing
33.
Gatwick Express
–
Gatwick Express is a high-frequency rail passenger service between London Victoria, Gatwick Airport, and Brighton in South East England. It is the name used by the Govia Thameslink Railway train operating company on the Gatwick Express route of the Thameslink, Southern. The service began in May 1984 with air-conditioned InterCity carriages operated by British Rail, when it was privatised in April 1996, National Express took over the franchise. In June 2008, Gatwick Express ceased to exist as a separate franchise, in July 2015, Southern including the Gatwick Express service was merged into Govia Thameslink Railway. Oyster cards and contactless payment cards have been accepted for travel between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport since January 2016, Gatwick Airport railway station opened in June 1958. Initially the rail service was provided entirely by London to Brighton stopping services, one of the key elements of this was the extension of Three Bridges to Bognor Regis stopping services to start and terminate at London Victoria. This situation lasted until the early 1970s, when increased passenger, British Rail therefore decided to adapt a number of Class 423 4VEPs with increased luggage capacity and were redesignated as Class 427 4VEGs. The service however remained much the same, with the units attaching and detaching from Bognor Regis bound services running via Redhill. As a subsidiary of this, the Gatwick Promotion Group, under the chairmanship of the public relations manager David Hurst, was formed to market the airport. At first the service from Bognor Regis, which by this stage only stopped at East Croydon, was branded Rapid City Link, in May 1984 the non-stop Gatwick Express service began, using Mark 2 stock. A 30-minute journey time was advertised, although some journeys would take nearer 35 minutes, the Gatwick Express franchise was awarded by the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising to National Express with the franchise starting on 28 April 1996. On 20 August 2008 the Department for Transport announced that Abellio, Govia, National Express, on 9 June 2009 the Department for Transport announced that Govia had retained the franchise, beginning on 20 September 2009. In March 2012 the Department for Transport announced that Abellio, FirstGroup, Govia, MTR, the Invitation to Tender was to have been issued in October 2012, and the successful bidder announced in Spring 2013. With the last franchise expiring on 25 July 2015, the South Central franchise merged with the Thameslink Great Northern franchise to create Thameslink, Southern and this is operated by Govia Thameslink Railway, which is also owned by Southerns parent company, Govia. The Gatwick Express brand identity has been retained, stations between Gatwick Airport and Brighton continue to be served at peak times only, however, the number of peak-hour stopping services has increased. In April 2007 the Department for Transport announced that the Gatwick Express franchise was to be incorporated into the South Central franchise and this doubled the number of London-to-Brighton express trains during those periods. Historically, standard Gatwick Express services did not charge penalty fares, journeys to or from stations south of Gatwick were subject to penalty fares as normal. This rule applied to the six services each way that start or end at Brighton
Gatwick Express
Gatwick Express
–
Class 73 hauling
Mark 2 stock on a Gatwick Express service through
Clapham Junction
Gatwick Express
–
A Class 460 passing through
East Croydon
Gatwick Express
–
Class 73
34.
Gatwick Airport
–
Gatwick Airport is a major international airport in south-east England,29.5 miles south of Central London and 2.7 nautical miles north of Crawley. It is the second-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the United Kingdom. Gatwick is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe, Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, and has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which areas of 98,000 m2 and 160,000 m2 respectively. It operates as a airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m. A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, in 2016,43.1 million passengers passed through the airport, a 7. 1% increase compared with 2015. The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, the Air Ministry approved commercial flights from the site in 1933, and the first terminal, The Beehive, was built in 1935. Scheduled air services from the new terminal began the following year, major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s. The airport buildings were designed by Yorke Rosenberg Mardall between 1955 and 1988, further rapid growth of charter flights at Gatwick was encouraged by the Ministry of Aviation, which instructed airlines to move regular charter flights from Heathrow. Following the takeover of BUA by Caledonian Airways at the beginning of the following decade, while continuing to dominate scheduled operations at Gatwick for most of the 1980s, BCal was also one of the airports major charter airlines until the end of the 1970s. Following the demise of Air Europe and Dan-Air in the early 1990s and these moves resulted in BA becoming Gatwicks dominant airline by the turn of the millennium. BAs subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick provided the space for EasyJet to establish its biggest base at the airport, BAA Limited and its predecessors, BAA plc and the British Airports Authority, owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US. US Airways, Gatwicks last remaining US carrier, ended service from Gatwick on 30 March 2013 and this leaves Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in nearly 40 years. On 17 September 2008, BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after the Competition Commission published a report about BAAs market dominance in London, the sale was completed on 3 December. The sales were part of GIPs strategy to syndicate the equity portion of the acquisition by issuing bonds to refinance bank debt. Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport, GIP aims to retain management control, the Californian state pension fund CalPERS acquired a 12. 7% stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million in June 2010. This transaction completed GIPs syndication process for the airport, reducing its stake to 42%, the airport is owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited
Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport
–
Gatwick's North Terminal building and transit station
Gatwick Airport
–
South Terminal international arrivals concourse
Gatwick Airport
–
The airport control tower opened in 1984.
35.
Great Western Main Line
–
The Great Western main line is a main line railway in Great Britain, that runs westwards from Londons Paddington station to Bristol Temple Meads. It was the route of the pre-1948 Great Western Railway which was merged into the Western Region of British Railways and is now a part of the national rail system managed by Network Rail. The line is currently being electrified and it was electrified from Paddington to Heathrow Airport in the late 1990s. Work to electrify the remainder of the started in 2011 with an initial aim to complete the work all the way to Bristol by 2016. The programme however has been deferred for six years with no end completion forecast because costs have tripled. The four sections that are delayed are, Oxford to Didcot Parkway, Bristol Parkway to Bristol Temple Meads, Bath Spa to Bristol Temple Meads and the Thames Valley branches to Henley and Windsor. The line was built by the Great Western Railway and engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel as a track line using a wider 7 ft broad gauge and was opened in stages between 1838 and 1840. The alignment was so level and straight it was nicknamed ‘Brunel’s Billiard Table’ and it was supplemented with a third rail for dual gauge operation allowing standard gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in trains to also operate on the route in stages between 1854 and 1875. The broad gauge remained in use until 1892, evidence of the original broad gauge can still be seen at many places where bridges are a wider than usual, or where tracks are ten feet apart instead of the usual six. The original dual tracks were widened to four track in places between 1877 and 1899. Further widenings of the line took place between 1903 and 1910, the railways returned to direct government control during World War II before being nationalised to form British Railways in 1948. More widening infrastructure work took place between 1931 and 1932, and the extension to south wales was quadrupled 1941, the line speed was upgraded in the 1970s to support the introduction of the InterCity 125. Under the 1979–90 Conservative governments that succeeded the 1976–79 Labour government the proposal was not implemented, the route of the GWML includes dozens of listed buildings and structures, including tunnel portals, bridges and viaducts, stations, and associated hotels. Grade I listed structures on the line include London Paddington, Wharncliffe Viaduct, the 1839 Tudor gothic River Avon Bridge in Bristol, from London to Didcot, the line follows the Thames Valley, crossing the River Thames three times, including on the famous Maidenhead Railway Bridge. After Swindon, trains pass the Swindon Steam Railway Museum, from Wootton Bassett there are two different routes to Bristol, firstly via Box Tunnel and secondly via Bristol Parkway. It is also possible to run via the Wessex Main Line, beyond Bristol, some trains continue on the Bristol to Taunton Line to Weston-super-Mare or beyond. Main line and local services are provided by Great Western Railway, the stations served by trains between London Paddington and Bristol Temple Meads are, Slough, Reading, Didcot Parkway, Swindon, Chippenham, and Bath Spa. Local services on this route are operated by GWR and BAA under the Heathrow Connect name
Great Western Main Line
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Maidenhead Railway Bridge carrying the line over the
River Thames.
36.
Heathrow Connect
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Heathrow Connect is a train service in London provided jointly by Heathrow Express and Great Western Railway, connecting Heathrow Airport with Paddington. It runs every half-hour throughout the day and evening, the service launched on 12 June 2005 and will be replaced by Crossrail in December 2019. Heathrow Connect has a complex operating structure, the rolling stock and on-board staff are supplied by Heathrow Airport Holdings through the Heathrow Express company. For the portion of the journey between Paddington and Hayes & Harlington, these are leased to GWR and the service is classed as being operated by the latter, between Hayes & Harlington and Airport Junction, it runs using open-access rights obtained by Heathrow Express. Beyond Airport Junction the track is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings, because the service is provided as a joint venture between GWR and Heathrow Express and is not subject to the usual franchising specifications, it is not obliged to provide performance statistics. Fares between Paddington and Hayes & Harlington are the same as for GWR services, but the fare between Hayes and Heathrow is £6.20 as of October 2016. Oyster cards, Travelcards and Freedom Passes are not valid between Hayes and Harlington and Heathrow, but can be used throughout the rest of the route. When the service was first introduced in 2005, the fare for the 3-mile journey from Hayes to Heathrow was £6, the service was designed principally for the use of airport staff and West London residents for travel to Heathrow or Paddington. With a staff ID card, discounted fares are available for the journey between Hayes and Heathrow, passengers can also use their Railcards to access discounts. Standard-class travel between Terminals 2,3,4 or 5 is free, the service uses the Relief Lines of the Great Western Main Line between Airport Junction and Paddington, replacing some stopping services operated by the former First Great Western Link. These lines were electrified as part of the original Heathrow Express project as a diversionary route, the lines are electrified at 25 kV AC overhead and feature Automatic Train Protection. To access the airport spur without crossing the Main Lines, trains in both use the flyover track originally built for Heathrow Express trains heading towards Paddington. This arrangement means Heathrow Connect trains to the use the flyover in the opposite direction to normal operation. As part of Crossrail works, a new flyover is being rebuilt to overcome these limitations, the new flyover will allow Heathrow Connect trains returning from the airport, to reach the up track, without crossing the down track. At present, Heathrow Connect trains traveling towards the airport, may have to wait at Hayes & Harlington for either Heathrow Express or Connect trains to use the flyover returning from the airport. In early mornings and late evenings, some Heathrow Connect services are extended beyond Heathrow Central to either Terminal 4 or Terminal 5, there is also one late-evening London-bound service on Mondays-Thursdays that stops at Acton Main Line. On Sundays, all Heathrow Connect services are extended to Terminal 4, service frequency is also reduced from half-hourly to hourly. Heathrow Connect will be absorbed into the Crossrail service in May 2018, Crossrail will extend current train paths through a central London tunnel as services to Shenfield and Abbey Wood
Heathrow Connect
Heathrow Connect
–
Class 360/2 at
Paddington, unusually at the Heathrow Express platform.
Heathrow Connect
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Class 360/2 Desiro
37.
Hayes and Harlington railway station
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Hayes & Harlington is a railway station in Hayes and Harlington in the London Borough of Hillingdon which is in West London. The station is on Isambard Kingdom Brunels former Great Western Main Line running out of London Paddington to the Thames Valley, Bristol, South Wales and the West Country. The line was opened on 4 June 1838, initially running to a temporary Maidenhead station to allow completion of the brick arch bridge over the River Thames just west of the station. The station at Hayes opened in 1868, from 1 March 1883, the station was served by District Railway services running between Mansion House and Windsor. The service was discontinued as uneconomic after 30 September 1885, the film Trains at Hayes Station, showing trains passing through the station with stereophonic sound, was filmed from the roof of the defunct Aeolian pianola factory just north of the station. The factory had been purchased by HMV when the company had collapsed owing to fraud. The film is almost the first demonstration of stereophonic sound to accompany moving pictures, the station has five platforms, four being through platforms and one being a terminus bay platform. Platform 5 is capable of holding an eight-car train, platforms 2,3 and 4 can hold seven-car trains, all lines at Hayes & Harlington are electrified. On platform 5 there is an entrance leading to High Point Hayes. Although a busy station there are no ticket barriers. Hayes is the location of the junction for the Heathrow Airport branch, Great Western Railway serve the station with stopping services and fast services in both directions between Paddington and Reading stations, as well as Didcot Parkway and Oxford. The station is served by services operated by Great Western Railway from London Paddington to Reading. Oyster pay as you go can be used for journeys originating or ending at Hayes & Harlington, Hayes & Harlington will be served by Crossrail trains using new twin-bore main line diameter tunnels underneath central London which will surface west of Paddington station. The project also includes electrification of the lines along the Thames Valley as far as Reading
Hayes and Harlington railway station
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Hayes & Harlington
Hayes and Harlington railway station
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Up freight west of Hayes & Harlington in 1962
Hayes and Harlington railway station
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Heathrow Connect in the station platforms.
Hayes and Harlington railway station
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Closed stations
38.
Staines
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Staines-upon-Thames is a suburban town on the River Thames in the borough of Spelthorne in Surrey, England. Before 1 April 1965 it was in the county of Middlesex. Known to the Romans as Pontes or Ad Pontes, then as Stanes and subsequently Staines, however the upon-Thames suffix is still often dropped in common usage. The town is within the bounds of the M25 motorway,17 miles west south-west of Charing Cross in London. It is within the London Commuter Belt of South East England, Greater London Urban Area, passing along the edge of the town and crossing Staines Bridge is the Thames Path National Trail. Parts of the large Staines upon Thames post town are whole villages, Laleham, Stanwell, the historic parish at no points exceeds 13 feet above river level. It has no remaining woods, but a number of parks, leisure centres. London Heathrow Airport is centred 3 miles north and the station is a main stop on the London Waterloo to Reading Line. The name Staines derives from Middle English stanes, from Old English stānas, evidence of neolithic settlement has been found at Yeoveney on Staines Moor. There has been a crossing of the River Thames at Staines since Roman times, the emperor Claudius invaded Britain in AD43. Staines was settled the same year, within a decade, the first Staines Bridge was constructed as a crossing for the Devils Highway between Londinium and Calleva Atrebatum. The Romans knew the place as Pontes or Ad Pontes and it was mentioned in the early 3rd-century Antonine Itinerary, the Roman name implies the existence of more than one bridge, it is believed that these traversed Church Island. Stanes appears in the Middlesex section of the 1086 Domesday Book as a property held by Westminster Abbey. It was stated to occupy 19 hides of land and had 6 mills worth £3, 4s, 0d,2 weirs worth 6s, 8d,24 ploughs, meadows for 24 ploughs, and some cattle. A border stone on the bank of the River Thames dated 1280 still remains, although familiarly known as the London Stone, it is not to be confused with the more famous – and probably more ancient – London Stone in Cannon Street in the City of London. The barons assembled at Staines before they met King John at Runnymede in 1215, sir Thomas More was tried in 1535 in a Staines public house, to avoid the outbreak of plague in London at that time. Kings and other important people must have passed through the town on many occasions, the bells were rung several times in 1670, for instance. Between 1642 and 1648 during the Civil War, there were skirmishes on Staines Moor, the parish remained largely agricultural until the mid-19th century
Staines
–
Clarence Street and The Town Hall
Staines
–
The Old Town Hall
39.
Clapham Junction rail crash
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A total of 35 people were killed in the collision, while 484 were injured. The collision was the result of a failure caused by a wiring fault. New wiring had been installed, but the old wiring had been left in place and he had also performed the work during his 13th consecutive week of seven-day workweeks. British Rail was fined £250,000 for violations of health, unable to stop at the signal, he stopped his train at the next signal and then reported to the signal box by telephone. He was told there was nothing wrong with the signal, shortly after 08,10, the following train, the 06,30 from Bournemouth, made up of a 4-REP and two 4TC multiple units, collided with the Basingstoke train. A third train, carrying no passengers and made of two four-car 4Vep units, was passing on the adjacent line in the direction and collided with the wreckage immediately after the initial impact. As a result of the collisions,35 people died, and 69 were seriously injured, the driver of the Basingstoke train was standing by the telephone when his train was pushed forward several feet by the collision. He picked up the receiver and spoke to the signalman, informing him of the collision, the signalman immediately switched all the signals he could to danger, and signalled to the adjacent signal boxes he had an obstruction on the line. However he had no control over automatic signals, and was not able to stop the fourth train and he then called the Clapham Junction station manager and asked him to call the emergency services. The accident had tripped the high-voltage feed to the traction current, the operator in the nearby Raynes Park electrical control room suspected there had been a derailment and re-configured the supply so that the nearby Wimbledon line trains could still run. Pupils and teachers from the adjacent Emanuel School, who were first on the scene of the disaster, were commended for their service by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Rescue was hampered because the railway was in a cutting, with metal fence at the top, the last casualty was taken to hospital at 13,04 and the last body was removed at 15,45. An initial internal investigation showed that a wiring fault meant that the signal would not show a red danger aspect when the circuit immediately in front of the signal was occupied. Work associated with the Waterloo Area Resignalling Scheme meant new wiring had been installed, but the old wiring had been connected at one end. An independent inquiry was chaired by Anthony Hidden, QC for the Department for Transport, the re-signalling project had been planned assuming more people were available and employees felt that the programme was inflexible and under pressure to get the work done. Installation and testing was carried out at weekend during voluntary overtime, the signalling technician who had done the work had not cut back, insulated nor tied back the loose wire and his work had not been supervised, nor inspected by an independent person as was required. In particular, a count that would have identified that a wire had not been removed was not carried out. There had been training, assessment, supervision and testing and, with a lack of understanding of the risks of signalling failure
Clapham Junction rail crash
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Clearing up after the collision
Clapham Junction rail crash
–
Memorial at the site of the crash
40.
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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It was the biggest and most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called simply the Irish Republican Army. It was also referred to as such by others. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, following a split in the republican movement, the IRA initially focused on defence, but it began an offensive campaign in 1971. The IRAs primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland and it used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas. It also carried out a campaign in Northern Ireland and England against what it saw as political. The IRA called a ceasefire in July 1997, after Sinn Féin was re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. It supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and in 2005 it disarmed under international supervision, the campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya and from some Irish American groups. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as the Long War and this saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increased emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin. The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy, with more time, the British demand was quickly dropped after the May 1997 general election in the UK. The IRA ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997 and Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. The IRAs armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, the dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at times over the 30-year period. The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK, two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity and this new IRA group is estimated by Police Service of Northern Ireland intelligence sources to have between 250 and 300 active militants and many more supporting associates. The Provisional IRA was organised hierarchically, at the top of the organisation was the IRA Army Council, headed by the IRA Chief of Staff. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to IRA General Army Conventions, the GAC was the IRAs supreme decision-making authority. Since 1969, there have only three, in 1970,1986, and 2005, owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret
Provisional Irish Republican Army
–
IRA members showing an
improvised mortar and an
RPG (1992)
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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IRA re-enactment in
Galbally, County Tyrone (2009)
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of "Dublin Brigade IRA".
Provisional Irish Republican Army
–
An IRA badge – the
phoenix is frequently used to symbolise the origins of the Provisional IRA.
41.
Railway Clearing House
–
When passengers travelled between two stations on the same railway, using trains provided by the same company, that company was entitled to the whole of the fare. Similarly, when goods were consigned between two stations on the railway, using wagons provided by the same company, that company was entitled to the whole of the fee. However, when coaches or wagons owned by a different company were used, the Railway Clearing House was founded as a means by which these receipts could be apportioned fairly. The Railway Clearing House commenced operations on 2 January 1842 in small offices at 111 Drummond Street opposite Euston Station, London and these premises were owned by the London and Birmingham Railway, which also provided the initial costs of setting up the organisation. This first meeting agreed the principles by which the activities of the RCH were to be funded. This involved a payment per station served plus an apportionment of the balance of costs according to the total share of receipts of each participating company. The first manager was Kenneth Morrison, auditor of the London, owing to expansion, the RCH moved to larger purpose-built premises in Seymour Street in early 1849, which remained its headquarters for the rest of its existence. By the end of 1850 a further 21 companies had joined, including several of the leading Scottish companies, however it still lacked the Great Western Railway and the companies South of London. It was soon realised that the RCH provided a meeting point where different railways could discuss points of disagreement. Besides meeting rooms, the RCH provided secretarial facilities for these discussions, conferences between railway managers were arranged, as were conferences between the different railways departmental heads. In this way, railways moved towards many common practices, without the need for legislation, unfortunately, the system had a weakness, in that a unanimous vote was required for a recommendation to become compulsory. In due course, the RCH was given legal status by a private Act of Parliament, although initiated by the members companies themselves, the Bill, in fact, reduced the scope of the RCH, while making it easier to enforce debt collection among members. A later attempt, in 1859, via Parliament, to re-extend the powers and potential membership of the RCH, a separate organisation, the United Railway Companies Committee, was formed in 1858, but folded in 1861. It was re-established in June 1867 and became the Railway Companies Association in 1869, in 1897, the RCH was established as a body corporate. During both World Wars, the railways were placed under government control, and the receipts were pooled, during these periods, the duties of the RCH were very much reduced, but they continued to provide their secretarial functions. As railway companies amalgamated, so the number of members reduced, until it had just one member, as part of the Transport Act 1947, the Acts of Incorporation were repealed. Most of the powers, property, rights and liabilities were transferred to the BTC on 24 May 1954. The BTC then continued the remaining functions of the RCH, still under the name Railway Clearing House, on 22 September 1847, the RCH recommended that Greenwich Mean Time be adopted as the standard time for all railways in the United Kingdom
Railway Clearing House
–
Typical Railway Junction Diagram produced by the RCH. This one shows the location of the RCH offices close to Euston Station.
Railway Clearing House
–
The RCH jumper cable of a
BR Mark 1 coach
42.
London Waterloo station
–
Waterloo main line station is one of 19 in the country that are managed by Network Rail and the station complex is in fare zone 1. The first railway station on site opened in 1848, the present structure was inaugurated in 1922. Part of the station is a Grade II listed building, with just under 100 million National Rail passenger entries/exits in 2015/16, Waterloo is Britains busiest railway station by patronage. Waterloo railway station alone is the 15th-busiest passenger station in Europe, however, including National Rail interchanges, the Underground station, and Waterloo East, the complex handled a total of 211 million passengers in the 2015/2016 financial year. It is therefore the busiest transport hub in Europe and it has more platforms and a greater floor area than any other station in the UK. The station was the London terminus for Eurostar international trains from 1994 until 2007, the London and South Western Railway opened the station on 11 July 1848 as Waterloo Bridge Station when its main line was extended from Nine Elms. The station, designed by William Tite, was raised above ground on a series of arches. The unfulfilled intention was for a station with services to the City of London. In 1886, it officially became Waterloo Station, reflecting long-standing common usage, the L&SWRs aim throughout much of the 19th century was to extend its main line eastward beyond Waterloo into the City of London. Given this, it was reluctant to construct a grand terminus at Waterloo. However traffic and passenger usage continued to grow and the company expanded the station at regular intervals and this resulted in the station becoming increasingly ramshackle. The original 1848 station became known as the Central Station as other platforms were added, each of these stations-within-a-station had its own booking office, taxi stand and public entrances from the street, as well as often poorly marked and confusing access to the rest of the station. Passengers were, not surprisingly, confused by the layout and by the two adjacent stations called Waterloo, from 1897 there had also been the adjacent Necropolis Company station. This complexity and confusion became the butt of jokes by writers and music hall comics for many years in the late 19th century, by the late 1890s the L&SWR accepted that main-line access to the City was impossible. In 1898, the company opened the Waterloo & City line and this gave the company the direct commuter service it had long desired. Legal powers to carry out the work were granted in 1899 and extensive groundwork and slum clearance were carried out until 1904, the new station was opened in stages, the first five new platforms being opened in 1910. The engineers J. W. Jacomb-Hood and Alfred Weeks Szlumper designed the roof and platforms, construction continued sporadically throughout the First World War, and the new station finally opened in 1922, with 21 platforms and a concourse nearly 800 feet long. The new station included a stained glass window depicting the L&SWRs company crest over the main road entrance
London Waterloo station
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Aerial view from the south
London Waterloo station
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Plan of Waterloo station in 1888
London Waterloo station
–
A pair of
Class 421 units at Waterloo in 1979; behind them is a
Class 487 Driving Motor car, on the site eventually used for Waterloo International
London Waterloo station
–
Waterloo station clock
43.
London Underground
–
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
London Underground
–
A deep-level
Central line train at
Lancaster Gate bound for
Ealing Broadway
London Underground
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London Underground
London Underground
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A larger sub-surface
Metropolitan line train at
Farringdon bound for
Aldgate
London Underground
–
The Metropolitan Railway opened using GWR broad gauge locomotives
44.
London River Services
–
London River Services Limited is a division of Transport for London, which manages passenger transport—leisure-oriented tourist services and commuter services—on the River Thames in London, UK. They do not own or operate any boats but license the services of operators, the River Thames is generally no more than 300m wide as it runs through central London, and is crossed by many bridges and tunnels. More than 2,000 commuters a day travelled by river in 2007, before the construction of Londons bridges and the Underground, the River Thames had served as a major thoroughfare for centuries. For centuries the only bridge across the Thames was London Bridge, crossing the river by wherry was a common mode of transport. Passenger steamboats were introduced in 1815 and the use of the river as a means of transport increased greatly. River services ran from Gravesend, Margate and Ramsgate via Greenwich and Woolwich into central London, by the mid-1850s about 15,000 people per day travelled to work on steamboat services – twice the number of passengers on the newly emerging railways. With increased congestion on the river, collisions and other accidents became correspondingly more frequent, River service companies struggled financially, and in 1876 the five main boat companies merged to form the London Steamboat Company. The company ran a service from Chelsea to Greenwich for eight years until it went bankrupt in 1884. Nevertheless, river services continued under different management into the next century, many of the Thames paddle steamers around this time were built by the Thames Ironworks at Bow Creek. In 1905 the London County Council launched its own public transport service to complement its new tram network, acquiring piers. Frequent services operated from Hammersmith to Greenwich, the LCC river service was not a success, in the first year it ran up debts of £30,000. It was shut down in 1907 after only two years service, numerous proposals for river bus services were considered throughout the 20th century, although the few that were realised were cancelled after a short time in service. London Transport bus inspectors and conductors issued and checked the tickets onboard the boats, with the move of the Port of London downstream in the 1960s, regular river transport was limited to a few sightseeing boats. The centrepiece of these celebrations was to be the Millennium Dome, the Cross-River Partnership, a consortium of local authorities, private sector organisations and voluntary bodies, recommended the creation of a public body to co-ordinate and promote river services. The result was the formation in 1999 of London River Services, mayor Ken Livingstones Transport Strategy for London 2005 stated that, The safe use of the Thames for passenger and freight services should be developed. Passenger services will be encouraged, particularly services that relate to its cultural and architectural excellence, use of Londons other navigable waterways for freight, consistent with their roles for leisure use and as ecosystems, will be encouraged. LRS is responsible for integrating river transport with the rest of the transport network, such as the Tube. It promotes boat services under the London River Services brand, issuing timetables, LRS is also responsible for directly managing eight piers on the river, and invested in LRS-branded signage and passenger information
London River Services
London River Services
–
London River Services
London River Services
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Steamers on the Thames in 1841
London River Services
–
River traffic around Waterloo Pier in 2008
45.
Vauxhall station
–
Vauxhall is a National Rail, London Underground and London Buses interchange station in central London. It is at the Vauxhall Cross road junction opposite the southern approach to Vauxhall Bridge over the River Thames in the London district of Vauxhall. The station is on the boundary of zones 1 and 2 of the London Travelcard area and, although a through station, the bus station, at ground level across the road from the rail station, has a photovoltaic roof supplying much of its electricity. It is the second busiest London bus station, after that at Victoria, opened by the London and South Western Railway as Vauxhall Bridge Station on 11 July 1848 when the main line was extended from Nine Elms to Waterloo, then Waterloo Bridge Station. It is on a viaduct with eight platforms, the deep tube London Underground station is on the Victoria line, and opened on 23 July 1971. Vauxhall was located next to a creamery and milk bottling plant for United Dairies. They would then proceed to Vauxhall, and pull into the side platform. There was also access from below the station, under the road to the depot. Unloaded trains would then proceed to Waterloo, where they would reverse, the procedure was then repeated, so that the entire milk train was unloaded between the end of evening peak traffic and the start of the following morning. There is a frequent service of trains to London Waterloo and to the suburbs of south-west London, Trains to the Richmond/Hounslow direction leave from platforms 3 &4 and return on platform 2. Trains to the Wimbledon direction leave from platform 8 and return on platform 7, few trains call at the inner platforms whose tracks are used by long-distance and fast suburban trains. Platform 1 is not used in passenger service. Vauxhall rail station is served by South West Trains to and from London Waterloo, there is a bus station located north next to the station offering services to various parts of London. On 29 August 1912, an engine collided with a rake of nine carriages. One passenger was killed and 43 were injured, train times and station information for Vauxhall station from National Rail
Vauxhall station
–
Vauxhall
Vauxhall station
–
A 1912
Railway Clearing House map of lines around Vauxhall station
Vauxhall station
–
Vauxhall railway station platforms from the western end.
Vauxhall station
–
Vauxhall with a train to
London Waterloo in 2002.
46.
London Victoria station
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Victoria station is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Victoria, in the City of Westminster. It is near to Victoria Street, which along with the area and it is in Travelcard Zone 1. From the main lines, trains can connect to the Catford Loop Line, Dartford Loop Line, Southern operates the majority of commuter and regional services to south London, Sussex and parts of east Surrey, while Southeastern operates trains to south east London and Kent. Gatwick Express trains run direct from Victoria to Gatwick Airport, the Underground station is on the Circle and District lines between Sloane Square and St. Jamess Park, and the Victoria line between Pimlico and Green Park. With over 81 million passenger entries and exits in 2015/16, Victoria is the second-busiest station in London after Waterloo, combined with the Underground Station and interchanges in the national rail station, London Victoria handled about 170 million passengers in the 2015/2016 period. It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail, the area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport, a local bus station is in the forecourt and Victoria Coach Station is nearby. Victoria Station came about in a fashion to help address this problem for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway. It consisted of two adjacent main line railway stations which, from the viewpoint of passengers, were unconnected, the London and Brighton Railway terminus at London Bridge provided reasonable access to the City of London but was most inconvenient for travellers to and from Westminster. As early as 1842 John Urpeth Rastrick had proposed that the railway should build a branch to serve the West End, but his proposal came to nothing. During the summer of 1857 a scheme for an independent Grosvenor Basin Terminus in the West End of London, the station was originally referred to as the Grosvenor Terminus but later renamed Victoria as it was sited at the end of Victoria Street. Three other railway companies were seeking a terminus in Westminster, the Great Western, the London & North Western. The first two already had access to Battersea through their joint ownership of the West London Line with the LB&SCR. The new line followed part of the route of the Grosvenor Canal with Victoria station on the canal basin. It required the construction of a new bridge over the Thames, originally known as Victoria Bridge and it was of mixed gauge to cater for GWR trains. The LB&SCR had hoped to amalgamate with the VS&PR, and introduced a Parliamentary Bill to allow it to do so in 1860 and this was opposed by the GWR and LC&DR and rejected. By way of compromise the LB&SCR was permitted to lease Victoria station from the VS&PR, Victoria station proved to be unexpectedly popular for both the main companies, and by 1862 there were frequent delays due to congestion at Stewarts Lane Junction. In March 1863 the LB&SCR and the LC&DR jointly funded a new route into Victoria, avoiding Stewarts Lane. The work was completed during 1867/8, the LB&SCR side of Victoria station opened on 1 October 1860, the temporary terminus in Battersea having closed the day before
London Victoria station
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London Victoria Entrance Facade
London Victoria station
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The approaches to Victoria Station in 1912. The line leading to the station is top right, the 'Brighton line' (shown in green) is bottom left and the 'Chatham line' (pink) bottom right. The connection to the G.W.R. and L.N.W.R. (purple) is top left.
London Victoria station
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Victoria Station in 1897. The separate 'Brighton' (left) and 'Chatham' (right) stations are clearly visible.
London Victoria station
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Plan of Victoria Station as it was in 1888. The 'Chatham' side was rebuilt in 1906 and the 'Brighton' side in 1898–1908
47.
Bus transport in the United Kingdom
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Buses play a major role in the public transport of the United Kingdom, as well as seeing extensive private use. Bus transport is heavily subsidised, especially in London, in 2014/15, there were 5.2 billion bus journeys in the UK,2.4 billion of which were in London. The first omnibus service in the United Kingdom was started by John Greenwood between Pendleton and Manchester in 1824, Stagecoach services, sometimes over short distances, had existed for many years. Greenwoods innovation was to offer a service which did not require booking in advance, Greenwood did not use the term omnibus, which was first used in France in 1826. In 1829 George Shillibeer started the first omnibus service in London, over the next few decades, horse bus services developed in London, Manchester and other cities. They became bigger, and double deck buses were introduced in the 1850s, the growth of suburban railways, and later horse trams and electric trams changed the patterns of horse bus services, but horse buses continued to flourish. By 1900 there were 3,676 horse buses in London, there were experiments with steam buses in the 1830s, but harsh legislation in 1861 virtually eliminated mechanically propelled road transport from Britain until the law was changed in 1896. From 1897 various experimental motor bus services were operated with petrol-driven vehicles, in 1903 motor bus services were started in Eastbourne, and in the same year a motor bus service was started between Helston and The Lizard by the Great Western Railway. Motor bus services grew quickly, and soon eclipsed the horse buses, early operators were the tramway companies, e. g. the British Electric Traction Company, and the railway companies. By the time of the First World War, BET had begun to emerge as a national force, by the time of the First World War, the LGOC had achieved dominance in London, and its two major competitors, Tilling and National looked elsewhere for expansion. After the war, many bus companies were started by ex-servicemen who had learnt mechanics in the Army, the 1920s were an era of intense competition, but BET, Tilling and National gradually acquired more companies. Tilling had shares in BET as well as competing with BET, at the end of the 1920s the railways mostly ceased direct bus operation, but acquired interests in many bus companies. The National transferred its operations to three companies jointly owned with the railways, Eastern National, Southern National and Western National, the Road Traffic Act 1930 ended the period of competition and introduced a new system of regulation of bus services. One effect was to many of the smaller operators. In 1931, Tilling acquired control of the National, in England outside London and towns where municipalities ran their own buses, the industry was dominated by Tilling, BET and their joint company TBAT. In Scotland, Scottish Motor Traction came to be the dominant force, in 1942, TBAT was wound up, and its companies transferred to Tilling. The post-war Labour government embarked on a programme of nationalisation of transport, under the Transport Act 1947, the British Transport Commission acquired the bus services of Thomas Tilling, Scottish Motor Traction and the large independent Red & White. By the nationalisation of the railways, the BTC also acquired interests in many of BETs bus companies, in 1962 the BTCs bus companies were transferred to the Transport Holding Company
Bus transport in the United Kingdom
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Double-decker bus slowly pushes its way through the huge crowds gathered in
Whitehall to hear
Churchill 's Victory speech, 8 May 1945
Bus transport in the United Kingdom
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A van derived
Ford Transit minibus with
Carlyle bodywork, used on
Hail and ride service from 1986
Bus transport in the United Kingdom
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A park and ride bus in
Southport, operated by
Arriva North West and Wales in a dedicated scheme livery
48.
Eurostar
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Eurostar is a high-speed railway service connecting London with Avignon, Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille and Paris. All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, owned and operated separately by Eurotunnel, the London terminus is St Pancras International, with the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord, Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, services to southern France as of 1 May 2015 and seasonal services to the Alps in winter. The service is operated by 27 eighteen-coach Class 373/1 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, the French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris–Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains. Eurostar has become the dominant operator on the routes that it operates, other operators have expressed an interest in starting competing services following deregulation in 2010. On 1 September 2010, Eurostar was incorporated as a corporate entity called Eurostar International Limited. EIL is owned by SNCF, Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Hermes Infrastructure, in June 2014, the UK shareholding in Eurostar International Limited was transferred from London and Continental Railways / Department for Transport to HM Treasury. In October 2014, it was announced that the UK government planned to raise £300 million by selling that stake. In March 2015, the UK government announced that it would be selling its 40% share to an Anglo-Canadian consortium made up of Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec and this sale was completed in May 2015. The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a tunnel to provide a cross-channel link between Britain and France. A previous attempt at constructing a tunnel between the two nations had begun in 1974, but was quickly aborted, in 1988 construction began on a new basis. Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel, which was finished in 1993, British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnels capacity for this purpose. In 1987 Britain, France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train to provide an international high-speed passenger service through the tunnel. An order for 30 trainsets, to be manufactured in France but with some British, on 20 June 1993, the first Eurostar test train travelled through the tunnel to the UK. Various technical difficulties in running the new trains on British tracks were quickly overcome, on 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels-South railway station in Brussels. In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average speed of 171.5 km/h between London and Paris
Eurostar
Eurostar
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Eurostar relocated from
Waterloo International station to
St Pancras International station in 2007
Eurostar
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A pair of Eurostar trains at the former
Waterloo International
Eurostar
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Domestic entrance to
Ashford International, since 2007
21.917 million[2]
London Transport portal
UK Railways portal
