1.
Hartford, Illinois
–
Hartford is a village in Madison County, Illinois, United States, near the mouth of the Missouri River. The population was 1,429 at the 2010 census, Lewis and Clark spent the winter of 1803-1804 here, near what has been designated the Lewis and Clark State Historic Site. Hartford is the birthplace of actor Clint Walker, known for the television series Cheyenne and for the movies The Ten Commandments, Hartford is located at 38°49′28″N 90°5′33″W. The village is located approximately 15 miles north of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers is just south of the village limits, while the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers is approximately 22 miles upstream. According to the 2010 census, Hartford has an area of 4.88 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,545 people,650 households, the population density was 396.4 people per square mile. There were 710 housing units at a density of 182.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 45% White,0. 13% African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 32% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 0. 52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.89. In the village, the population was out with 23. 3% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,23. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males, the median income for a household in the village was $33,828, and the median income for a family was $40,652. Males had an income of $31,694 versus $20,156 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,160, about 10. 3% of families and 13. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 8% of those under age 18 and 4. 6% of those age 65 or over. An estimated 4 million gallons of gasoline have seeped into the ground under Hartford, the area has numerous refineries that have occupied the area for many years. The village filed suit on July 21,2008, against numerous parties over the gas plume. The former copper smelter, Chemetco, operated here for around 30 years ending in 2001, the corporation was found guilty of Clean Water Act offenses after its sustained pollution of Long Lake, a tributary of the Mississippi River, over a ten-year period
Hartford, Illinois
–
Camp Dubois where
Lewis and Clark spent the winter before beginning their famous expedition
Hartford, Illinois
2.
Grass Valley, California
–
The city of Grass Valley is the largest city in the western region of Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 12,860, Grass Valley, which was originally known as Boston Ravine and later officially named Centerville, dates from the California Gold Rush, as does nearby Nevada City. When a post office was established in 1851, it was renamed Grass Valley the following year for unknown reasons, Grass Valley is the location of the Empire Mine and North Star Mine, two of the richest mines in California. George Starr, manager of the Empire Mine, and William Bowers Bourn II, many of those who came to settle in Grass Valley were tin miners from Cornwall, England. They were attracted to the California gold fields because the skills needed for deep tin mining were needed for hardrock gold mining. Many of them specialized in pumping the water out of deep mining shafts. This followed the fall in tin prices as large alluvial deposits began to be exploited elsewhere. Grass Valley still holds on to its Cornish heritage, with such as its annual Cornish Christmas. Pasties are a favorite dish with a few restaurants in town specializing in recipes handed down from the original immigrant generation. Grass Valley is also twinned with the Cornish town of Bodmin, there was formerly a Roman Catholic diocese of Grass Valley. Grass Valley is located at 39°13′9″N 121°3′30″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles, all of it land. A variety of igneous and metamorphic rock supports Grass Valley, granitic rock such as quartz diorite underlies the downtown core and extends south along Highway 49. Metavolcanic rock and diabase underlie areas around the granitic zone, neighborhoods around Nevada County Golf Course and Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital are underlain by ultramafic rock which supports infertile soils of the Dubakella series. Straight, dense ponderosa pine inhabitants the more fertile soils which include Musick series on granitic rock, Grass Valley has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and wet, cool, rainy winters. Summer is very dry, but thunderstorms may occur, the winter rains contribute to a heavy fuel-loading of brush and grass, which dry out during the summer, posing a wildfire hazard. Over the course of a year,34.7 days of 90 °F or hotter and 1.2 days of 100 °F or hotter occur, the 2010 United States Census reported that Grass Valley had a population of 12,860. The population density was 2,711.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Grass Valley was 11,493 White,208 Native American,188 Asian,46 African American,9 Pacific Islander,419 from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,341 persons
Grass Valley, California
–
The historic Holbrooke Hotel and Restaurant
Grass Valley, California
–
Gold in
quartz, from one of the old Grass Valley mines
Grass Valley, California
–
The iconic spire of the Del Oro Theatre
Grass Valley, California
–
Grass Valley High School girls basketball team, 1918
3.
Cheyenne Bodie
–
Cheyenne is an American western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1963. The show was the first hour-long western, and in fact the first hour-long dramatic series of any kind, with continuing characters, the series began as a part of Warner Brothers Presents, a wheel program that alternated three different series in rotation. In its first year, Cheyenne traded broadcast weeks with Casablanca, thereafter, Cheyenne was overhauled by new producer Roy Huggins and left the umbrella of WBP. The show starred Clint Walker, a native of Illinois, as Cheyenne Bodie, the episode reveals that Bodies parents were massacred by Indians, the tribe of which is unknown. He was taken by Cheyenne Indians when he was ten years old, in the series the character Bodie maintains a positive and understanding attitude toward the Native Americans despite the slaughter of his parents. The interim saw the introduction of a virtual Bodie-clone called Bronco Layne, played by Ty Hardin, born in New York City, Hardin was featured as the quasi main character during Bodies absence. When Warners renegotiated Walkers contract and the returned to the show in 1959, Bronco was spun off as a show in its own right. For most of their runs, Cheyenne, Bronco, and Sugarfoot, starring Will Hutchins, Cheyenne was the senior partner of the three. Only a snippet of the Bronco theme song was heard in the opening credits, occasionally Cheyenne, Bronco, and Sugarfoot appeared together in the same episode of each others series. In the 1961 Cheyenne episode Duel at Judas Basin, Walker, Hardin, the trapper has also framed Tom Sugarfoot Brewster for murder. He told reporters that he felt like a caged animal, though Cheyenne aired for seven years, the series made only 108 episodes because it was in repeated alternation with other programs and was out of production during Clint Walkers contract dispute. However, because Cheyenne Bodie never appeared in Ragan, the two programs are only tenuously linked. Walker reprised the Cheyenne Bodie character in 1991 for the TV-movie The Gambler Returns, The Luck of the Draw and also played Cheyenne in an episode of Kung Fu, The Legend Continues in 1995. Claude Akins was cast as tough-minded Sheriff Bob Walters, with Gail Kobe as Della Carver, chris Alcaide appeared as Deputy Hack in Star in the Dust and as Harry Thomas in The Quick and the Deadly. Evelyn Ankers appeared as saloon owner Robbie James, who tries to keep her daughter from learning about her occupation, R. G. Armstrong was cast as Nathanael Grimm in The Return of Mr. Grimm. In the story line, the wealthy Grimm seeks the hanging of Sheriff Cheyenne Bodie for the homicide of Grimms wayward son. Grimm closes the businesses he controls in town, and the threatened townsmen demand that Bodie stand trial though no crime has been committed, anita Sands appears as Grimms secret daughter-in-law, Grace Evans, who unknown to him is carrying his grandson. Barry Atwater played George A. Custer, with Liam Sullivan as Marcus Reno, in the episode, Gold, Glory, and Custer - Prelude and Gold, Glory
Cheyenne Bodie
–
Title screen
Cheyenne Bodie
–
L. Q. Jones (Smitty) and
Clint Walker (Cheyenne)
Cheyenne Bodie
–
Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie
4.
American Broadcasting Company
–
The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
American Broadcasting Company
–
ABC's corporate headquarters are located at 77 West 66th Street, on the
Upper West Side of
Manhattan in
New York City.
American Broadcasting Company
–
American Broadcasting Company
American Broadcasting Company
–
Edward Noble, founder of ABC
American Broadcasting Company
–
In 2002, dancers and other cast members from the 32-year run of American Bandstand reunited with host
Dick Clark to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show's local television debut.
5.
Warner Brothers
–
Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
Warner Brothers
Warner Brothers
–
Warner Bros.
Warner Brothers
–
Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)
Warner Brothers
–
Lobby card from
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
6.
Western (genre)
–
Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western (genre)
–
Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western (genre)
–
The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western (genre)
–
Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western (genre)
–
Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
7.
Cheyenne (1955 TV series)
–
Cheyenne is an American western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1963. The show was the first hour-long western, and in fact the first hour-long dramatic series of any kind, with continuing characters, the series began as a part of Warner Brothers Presents, a wheel program that alternated three different series in rotation. In its first year, Cheyenne traded broadcast weeks with Casablanca, thereafter, Cheyenne was overhauled by new producer Roy Huggins and left the umbrella of WBP. The show starred Clint Walker, a native of Illinois, as Cheyenne Bodie, the episode reveals that Bodies parents were massacred by Indians, the tribe of which is unknown. He was taken by Cheyenne Indians when he was ten years old, in the series the character Bodie maintains a positive and understanding attitude toward the Native Americans despite the slaughter of his parents. The interim saw the introduction of a virtual Bodie-clone called Bronco Layne, played by Ty Hardin, born in New York City, Hardin was featured as the quasi main character during Bodies absence. When Warners renegotiated Walkers contract and the returned to the show in 1959, Bronco was spun off as a show in its own right. For most of their runs, Cheyenne, Bronco, and Sugarfoot, starring Will Hutchins, Cheyenne was the senior partner of the three. Only a snippet of the Bronco theme song was heard in the opening credits, occasionally Cheyenne, Bronco, and Sugarfoot appeared together in the same episode of each others series. In the 1961 Cheyenne episode Duel at Judas Basin, Walker, Hardin, the trapper has also framed Tom Sugarfoot Brewster for murder. He told reporters that he felt like a caged animal, though Cheyenne aired for seven years, the series made only 108 episodes because it was in repeated alternation with other programs and was out of production during Clint Walkers contract dispute. However, because Cheyenne Bodie never appeared in Ragan, the two programs are only tenuously linked. Walker reprised the Cheyenne Bodie character in 1991 for the TV-movie The Gambler Returns, The Luck of the Draw and also played Cheyenne in an episode of Kung Fu, The Legend Continues in 1995. Claude Akins was cast as tough-minded Sheriff Bob Walters, with Gail Kobe as Della Carver, chris Alcaide appeared as Deputy Hack in Star in the Dust and as Harry Thomas in The Quick and the Deadly. Evelyn Ankers appeared as saloon owner Robbie James, who tries to keep her daughter from learning about her occupation, R. G. Armstrong was cast as Nathanael Grimm in The Return of Mr. Grimm. In the story line, the wealthy Grimm seeks the hanging of Sheriff Cheyenne Bodie for the homicide of Grimms wayward son. Grimm closes the businesses he controls in town, and the threatened townsmen demand that Bodie stand trial though no crime has been committed, anita Sands appears as Grimms secret daughter-in-law, Grace Evans, who unknown to him is carrying his grandson. Barry Atwater played George A. Custer, with Liam Sullivan as Marcus Reno, in the episode, Gold, Glory, and Custer - Prelude and Gold, Glory
Cheyenne (1955 TV series)
–
Title screen
Cheyenne (1955 TV series)
–
L. Q. Jones (Smitty) and
Clint Walker (Cheyenne)
Cheyenne (1955 TV series)
–
Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie
8.
Czechs
–
Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii and the land Bohemia. The Czech diaspora is found in numbers in the United States, Canada, Israel, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy. The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group, the West Slavs have origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period. The West Slavic tribe of Bohemians settled in the area of Bohemia during the migration period and they formed an independent principality in the 9th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, under the Přemyslid dynasty. According to mythology, the father of the Czech people were Forefather Čech. The Czech are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks, the Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages. Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having much higher than the other way around. Czech people have a history of coexistence with Germanic people. The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture, the Czech were the initiators of Pan-Slavism. The Czech ethnonym was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the tribes in the late 9th century. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown, according to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel-, the Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century. The name Bohemia is Germanic, English used that name until after the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups, which are inherited along the male line,34. 2% of Czech males belong to R1a, which is particularly common in a large region extending from South Asia and Southern Siberia to Central Europe and Scandinavia. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin, presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory. Slavs settled in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries, according to a popular myth, the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, in 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198
Czechs
–
Forefather Čech on the
Říp Mountain
Czechs
–
An overview of the Celtic
Hallstatt (yellow), the preceding
La Tène (green) cultures and
Boii
Czechs
–
Statue of
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, a saint patron of the Czech people at the
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
Czechs
–
The brothers Lech and Czech, founders of
West Slavic lands of
Lechia (
Poland) and
Bohemia in " Chronica Polonorum " (1506)
9.
River boat
–
A riverboat is a watercraft designed for inland navigation on lakes, rivers, and artificial waterways. They can thus be built from composite materials. They are limited in size by width and depth of the river as well as the height of bridges spanning the river and they can be designed with shallow drafts, as were the paddle wheel steamers on the Mississippi River that could operate in water under two metres deep. While a ferry is used to cross a river, a riverboat is used to travel along the course of the river, while carrying passengers and cargo. The significance of riverboats is dependent on the number of rivers and channels as well as the condition of the road. Generally speaking, riverboats provide slow but cheap transport especially suited for bulk cargo, as early as 20,000 BC people started fishing in rivers and lakes using rafts and dugouts. Roman sources dated 50 BC mention extensive transportation of goods and people on the river Rhine, upstream, boats were usually powered by sails or oars. In the Middle Ages, towpaths were built along most waterways to use working animals or people to pull riverboats, in the 19th century, steamboats became common. The most famous riverboats were on the rivers of the midwestern and central southern United States, on the Mississippi, Ohio, out west, riverboats were common transportation on the Colorado, Columbia, and Sacramento rivers. These American riverboats were designed to very little water. Australia has a history of riverboats, australias biggest river, the Murray, has an inland port called Echuca. Many large riverboats were working on the Murray, but now a water level is stopping them. The Kalgan River in Western Australia is one of the oldest rivers in the world, the Silver Star,1918 to 1935, would lower her funnel to get under the low bridge. Today, the Kalgan Queen riverboat takes tourists up the river to taste the local wines and she lowers her roof to get under the same bridge. This type of propulsion was an advantage as a rear paddlewheel operates in a clear of snags, is easily repaired. By burning wood, the boat could consume fuel provided by woodcutters along the shore of the river and these early boats carried a brow on the bow, so they could head in to an unimproved shore for transfer of cargo and passengers. Modern riverboats are generally screw -driven, with pairs of engines of several thousand horsepower. The standard reference for the development of the steamboat is Steamboats on Western Rivers, An Economic, many of the riverboats shown below were operating on the Yangtze River
River boat
–
Various service riverboats,
Belgrade
River boat
–
Passenger tourboat of
Köln-Düsseldorfer on the river
Rhine
River boat
–
A riverboat-"
container ship " with the capacity for 500
intermodal containers of the
TEU size.
River boat
–
A
Mississippi River System -type riverboat, from an 1850s
daguerrotype.
10.
United States Merchant Marine
–
The United States Merchant Marine refers to either United States civilian mariners, or to U. S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Merchant Marine officers may also be commissioned as officers by the Department of Defense. This is commonly achieved by commissioning unlimited tonnage Merchant Marine officers as Strategic Sealift Officers in the Naval Reserves. As of 31 December 2016, the United States merchant fleet had 175 privately owned, oceangoing, self-propelled vessels of 1,000 gross register tons, nearly 800 American-owned ships are flagged in other nations. In 2004, the government employed approximately 5% of all American water transportation workers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, various laws fundamentally changed the course of American merchant shipping and these laws put an end to common practices such as flogging and shanghaiing, and increased shipboard safety and living standards. The United States Merchant Marine is also governed by more than 25 international conventions to promote safety, the Court held that the Secretary of the Air Force abused its discretion in denying active military service recognition to American merchant seamen who participated in World War II. Captains, mates, and pilots supervise ship operations on domestic waterways, a captain is in overall command of a vessel, and supervises the work of other officers and crew. A captain has the ability to take the conn from a mate or pilot at any time he feels the need, on smaller vessels the captain may be a regular watch-stander, similar to a mate, directly controlling the vessels position. Captains directly communicate with the company or command, and are responsible for cargo, various logs, ships documents, credentials, efforts at controlling pollution. Mates direct a ships routine operation for the captain during work shifts, mates stand watch for specified periods, usually in three duty sections, with 4 hours on watch and 8 hours off. When on a watch, mates direct a bridge team by conning, directing courses through the helmsman. When more than one mate is necessary aboard a ship, they typically are designated chief mate or first mate, second mate, in addition to watch standers, mates directly supervise the ships crew, and are assigned other tasks. The chief mate is usually in charge of cargo, stability and the crew, the second mate in charge of navigation plans and updates. Harbor pilots guide ships in and out of confined waterways, such as harbors, harbor pilots are generally independent contractors who accompany vessels while they enter or leave port, and may pilot many ships in a single day. Ships engineers operate, maintain, and repair engines, boilers, generators, pumps, Merchant marine vessels usually have four engineering officers, a chief engineer and a first, second, and third assistant engineer. On many ships, Assistant Engineers stand periodic watches, overseeing the operation of engines. However, most modern ships sailing today utilize Unmanned Machinery Space automation technology, at night and during meals and breaks, the engine room is unmanned and machinery alarms are answered by the Duty Engineer
United States Merchant Marine
–
Flag of the United States Merchant Marine
United States Merchant Marine
–
United States Merchant Marine emblem
United States Merchant Marine
–
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored the coast of California in 1542. This chart of the "
Island of California " dates to 1640.
United States Merchant Marine
–
Naval battle off halifax between the American Privateer Ship Jack crewed by U.S. Merchant Mariners and the HMS Observer by Night on the 29th of May 1782.
11.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
12.
Brownwood, Texas
–
Brownwood is a city in and the county seat of Brown County, Texas, United States. The population was 19,288 at the 2010 census, the original site of the Brown County seat of Brownwood was east of Pecan Bayou. A dispute arose over land and water rights, and the settlers were forced to find a new location. Greenleaf Fisk donated 60 acres to relocate the county seat to the west side of the bayou, on what is now the current site of Brownwood, the town was incorporated in 1884. During the Second World War, Brownwood was the location of U. S. Army Camp Bowie, Camp Bowie serves as a training camp today at the intersection Farm-to-Market roads 45 and 2126. On April 19,1976, an F5 tornado struck near Brownwood, causing damage, with 11 reported injuries. Brownwoods census figures were re-evaluated after the 2000 census from 18,813 to reflect more accurate figures of 20,407, the city was categorized in 2003 as a Micropolitan Statistical Area. A dispute over water rights created the adjacent city of Early, the two cities are separated by the Pecan Bayou, one of five major tributaries of the Colorado River of Texas. Brownwood is located south of the center of Brown County, west of the Pecan Bayou and it is bordered to the east by the city of Early. Routes 84 and 67 lead west towards Bangs and Santa Anna, U. S. Route 377 leads southwest towards Brady. All three highways head east into Early, where 67 and 377 continue northeast towards Comanche, while 84 leads southeast towards Goldthwaite. Just over the city line in Early, U. S. Route 183 leads north 46 miles to Cisco and Interstate 20, the closest Interstate highway. According to the United States Census Bureau, Brownwood has an area of 14.9 square miles, of which 14.8 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. Lake Brownwood is located 7 miles north of the city, the lake is a 7, 300-acre reservoir created by damming the Pecan Bayou. A wide variety of fish occur in the lake, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, white bass, striped bass, white crappie, yellow and flathead catfish, sunfish, camping, water skiing, jet skiing, and boating are available. It is home of Lake Brownwood State Park, a 538-acre area which opened in 1938, the Pecan Bayou is a major tributary of the Colorado River. Due to the damming of the area to form Lake Brownwood, during heavy rains, the bayou often floods. It runs northwest to southeast and serves as a boundary between the cities of Brownwood and Early, as of the census of 2000, there were 18,813 people,7,110 households, and 4,664 families residing in the city
Brownwood, Texas
–
Brown County Courthouse
13.
Long Beach, California
–
Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
Long Beach, California
–
Images from top, left to right: Long Beach skyline from Bluff Park,
RMS Queen Mary,
Aquarium of the Pacific Blue Cavern exhibit, Hanjin Terminal at
Port of Long Beach,
Villa Riviera,
Metro Blue Line, Long Beach Lighthouse
Long Beach, California
–
Seal
Long Beach, California
–
Long Beach boardwalk, 1907
Long Beach, California
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Oil field in Long Beach, 1920
14.
Las Vegas, Nevada
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The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
Las Vegas, Nevada
–
In order from top left, clockwise: 1.
World Market Center Las Vegas; 2.
Fremont East; 3.
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health; 4.
Smith Center for the Performing Arts; 5.
Downtown Las Vegas with the
Las Vegas Valley in the background; 6.
Grand Central Parkway Interchange; 7.
Symphony Park; 8.
Downtown Arts District; 9.
Las Vegas industrial district looking North away from the
Las Vegas Strip during
First Friday
Las Vegas, Nevada
–
Southern
Paiutes at
Moapa wearing traditional Paiute basket hats with Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe
Las Vegas, Nevada
–
Golden Nugget and
Pioneer Club along
Fremont Street in 1952.
Las Vegas, Nevada
–
Astronaut photograph of Las Vegas at night
15.
Doorman (profession)
–
A doorman is an individual hired to provide courtesy and security services at a residential building or hotel. They are particularly common in urban luxury highrises, at a residential building, a doorman is responsible for opening doors and screening visitors and deliveries. He will often provide other services such as signing for packages. The occupation dates back at least to the time of Plautus under the Roman Republic where its name was iānitor, the United States House of Representatives had an official doorkeeper until the post was abolished in 1995. In New York City, doormen and elevator operators are unionized and they last went on strike in 1991, and other strikes were narrowly averted in 2006 and 2010
Doorman (profession)
–
Hotel doormen in
London
16.
Sands Hotel
–
The Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, United States, that operated from 1952 to 1996. Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister, with a prominent 56-foot high sign, during its heyday, the Sands was the center of entertainment and cool on the Strip, and hosted many famous entertainers of the day, most notably the Rat Pack. The hotel was established in 1952 by Texan oil tycoon Jake Freedman, who bought up the LaRue Restaurant, which had opened two years earlier. The hotel was opened on December 15,1952 as a casino with 200 rooms, the hotel rooms were divided into four two-story motel wings, each with fifty rooms, and named after famous race tracks. The opening was widely publicized, and every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars, crime bosses such as Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello acquired shares in the hotel and attracted Frank Sinatra, who made his performing debut at Sands in October 1953. Sinatra later bought a share in the hotel himself, Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. were instrumental throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in bringing a change in racial policy in Sands, and after an incident in 1961, it began employing blacks. In 1960 the classic caper film Oceans 11 was shot at the hotel, red Skelton and others, who performed regularly in the hotels world-renowned Copa Room. In the mid 1960s, Sands and its adjacent properties were bought by the reclusive businessman Howard Hughes, after the 1970s it fell into decline until its final owner, Sheldon Adelson, made the decision to shut it down and to build a brand new resort. The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30,1996, on November 26 of that year, it was finally imploded and demolished, much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists. Today, The Venetian stands where the Sands once stood, the LaRue Restaurant was established in December 1950 by Billy Wilkerson. The following year, oil tycoon Jake Freedman of Houston, Texas bought LaRue for $15,000, Freedmans idea was to build the best hotel and casino in Las Vegas to specifically cater to the glamorous Hollywood film stars and executives in a $600,000 project. Construction began on Sands Hotel in early 1952, built to a design by Wayne McAllister. Freedman had initially intended naming the hotel Holiday Inn after the film of the same name starring Bing Crosby, but after noticing that his socks became so full of sand decided to name it Sands. The tag line would be A Place in the Sun, named after a recently released film starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor, and quite suitable to the hot desert location of Las Vegas. The hotel was opened on December 15,1952 as a casino with 200 rooms, the opening was widely publicized, and the hotel was visited by some 12,000 people within a few hours. At the inauguration were 146 journalists and special guests such as Arlene Dahl, Fernando Lamas, Esther Williams, every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars, and Sands ended up losing $200,000 within the first eight hours. Jack Entratter, who was formerly in charge of the New York nightclub, Entratter made many show business friends during his time at the nightclub, he was able to use these connections to sign performers for the Sands Copa Room. Entratter was also able to offer entertainers an additional incentive to perform at the Sands, headlining stars received points, or a percentage of ownership in the hotel and casino
Sands Hotel
–
Sands Hotel and Casino logo and sign
Sands Hotel
–
Danny Thomas performed at Sands on the opening night
Sands Hotel
Sands Hotel
17.
Sheet metal
–
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the forms used in metalworking and it can be cut. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal, thicknesses can vary significantly, extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm are considered plate. Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips, the coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter. The thickness of metal is in the USA commonly specified by a traditional. The larger the number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge, in the rest of the world, the sheet metal thickness is given in millimeters. There are many different metals that can be made into metal, such as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers. Historically, an important use of metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry. Sheet metal workers are known as tin bashers, a name derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin roofs. Grade 304 is the most common of the three grades and it offers good corrosion resistance while maintaining formability and weldability. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4, grade 303 is not available in sheet form. Grade 316 possesses more corrosion resistance and strength at elevated temperatures than 304 and it is commonly used for pumps, valves, chemical equipment, and marine applications. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4, grade 410 is a heat treatable stainless steel, but it has a lower corrosion resistance than the other grades. It is commonly used in cutlery, the only available finish is dull. Grade 430 is popular grade, low cost alternative to series 300s grades, used when high corrosion resistance is not a primary criteria. Common grade for appliance products, often with a brushed finish, aluminum is also a popular metal used in sheet metal due to its flexibility, wide range of options, cost effectiveness, and other properties
Sheet metal
–
Sheets of
Nirosta stainless steel cover the
Chrysler Building
Sheet metal
–
Microscopic close-up of mild steel sheet metal.
Sheet metal
–
Example of deep drawn part
18.
Nightclub
–
A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
Nightclub
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Laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a
trance music event in a nightclub
Nightclub
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People dance at an
industrial music event in a nightclub, some of them drinking refreshments,
alcoholic beverages or
soft drinks
Nightclub
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"The Cave" in the basement of
the Gruenwald (later Roosevelt) Hotel,
New Orleans opened in 1912; said by some to be one of the first "nightclubs" in the United States
Nightclub
–
A
Disk Jockey playing music in a club
19.
Bouncer (doorman)
–
A bouncer is a type of security guard, employed at venues such as bars, nightclubs, stripclubs or concerts. A bouncers duties are to provide security, check legal age, to entry for intoxicated persons. Bouncers are often required where crowd size, clientele or alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights a possibility, in many countries, federal or state governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by requiring bouncers to have training, licensing, and a criminal records background check. However, the history of the occupation suggests that the stereotype of bouncers as rough, tough. Historical references also suggest that the function of guarding a place and selecting who can have entry to it could at times be an honorific. The significance of the doorman as the person allowing entry is found in a number of Mesopotamian myths, doormen or bouncers are usually larger persons who display great strength and size. The Romans had a known as the Ostiarius, initially a slave, who guarded the door. The term later become a low-ranking clergy title, plautus, in his play Bacchides, mentions a large and powerful doorman / bouncer as a threat to get an unwelcome visitor to leave. The word bouncer was first popularized in a novel by Horatio Alger, Jr. called The Young Outlaw, Alger was an immensely popular author in the 19th century, especially with young people and his books were widely quoted. When liberty verges on license and gaiety on wanton delirium, the Bouncer selects the gayest of the gay, 19th century In US Western towns in the 1870s, high-class brothels known as good houses or parlour houses hired bouncers for security and to prevent patrons from evading payment. Considered themselves the cream of the crop, and scorned those who worked in saloons, dance halls, the best bordellos looked like respectable mansions, with attractively decorated parlours, a game room and a dance hall. The protective presence of bouncers in high-class brothels was, one of the reasons the girls considered themselves superior to free-lancers, who lacked any such shepherds. In Wisconsins lumberjack days, bouncers would physically remove drinkers who were too drunk to keep buying drinks, in the late 19th century, until Prohibition, bouncers also had the unusual role of protecting the saloons buffet. To attract business. many saloons lured customers with offers of a free lunch—usually well salted to inspire drinking, in the late 19th century, bouncers at small town dances and bars physically resolved disputes and removed troublemakers, without worrying about lawsuits. In the main bar in one Iowa town. there were many quarrels, many fights, there were no court costs, only some aches and pains. Huge bouncers patrolled these venues of vice and roughly ejected anyone who violated the rules of decorum by engaging in pick-pocketing, jewellry thieving. During the 1890s, San Diego had a similarly rough waterfront area and redlight district called the Stingaree, prostitutes worked at the areas 120 bawdy houses in small rooms, paying a fee to the procurer who usually was the bouncer or protector of the brothel. The more expensive, higher-class brothels were called parlour houses, and they were run most decorously, to maintain the high-class atmosphere at these establishments, male patrons were expected to act like gentlemen
Bouncer (doorman)
–
Modern bouncers standing at the door of a
club in
San Francisco, California
Bouncer (doorman)
–
An Arizona saloon in 1885, from the era when bouncers earned their rough and tumble reputation by forcibly ejecting brawlers
Bouncer (doorman)
–
The doorman from the Ohio-Bar in Berlin in 1948
Bouncer (doorman)
–
A bouncer stands outside a pawn shop.
20.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
21.
Cecil B. DeMille
–
Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
Cecil B. DeMille
–
Cecil B. DeMille, c. 1920
Cecil B. DeMille
–
c. 1904
Cecil B. DeMille
–
DeMille as producer of the CBS Radio Theatre, 1937
Cecil B. DeMille
–
DeMille's tomb at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
22.
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
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The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American biblical epic film produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision, and released by Paramount Pictures and it is a partial remake of his 1923 silent film of the same title, and features one of the largest sets ever created for a film. The film was released to cinemas in the USA on 5 October 1956 and, in 1957, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. Charlton Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture for his role as Moses. Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his roles in Anastasia and The King. According to Guinness World Records, in terms of exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its Ten Top Ten—the best ten films in ten American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community, the film was listed as the tenth best film in the epic genre. Network television has aired the film in time during the Passover/Easter season every year since 1968. Pharaoh Rameses I of Egypt has ordered the death of all firstborn Hebrew males, Bithiah, the Pharaohs daughter, finds the basket and decides to adopt the boy even though her servant, Memnet, recognizes the child is Hebrew. Prince Moses grows up to become a general, winning a war with Ethiopia. Moses loves Nefretiri, who is the princess and must marry the next Pharaoh. While working on the building of a city for Pharaoh Sethis jubilee, Moses meets the stonecutter Joshua, Moses saves an elderly woman from being crushed, and he scolds the overseer Baka. Moses does not know that the woman is his natural mother, Moses reforms the treatment of slaves on the project, but Prince Rameses, Mosess brother, charges him with planning an insurrection. Moses says he is making his workers more productive, Rameses wonders if Moses is the man the Hebrews are calling the Deliverer. Nefretiri learns from Memnet that Moses is the son of Hebrew slaves, Nefretiri kills Memnet but reveals the story to Moses only after he finds the piece of Levite cloth he was wrapped in as a baby, which Memnet had kept. Moses goes to Bithiah to learn the truth, Bithiah evades his questions, but Moses follows her to the home of Yoshebel and thus learns the truth, while also meeting his true brother, Aaron, and sister, Miriam. Moses learns more about the slaves by working with them, Nefretiri urges him to return to the palace so he may help his people when he becomes pharaoh, to which he agrees after he completes a final task
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
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Original theatrical release poster
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
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Nefretiri learns from Memnet that
Moses is the son of Hebrew slaves
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
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Moses becomes a shepherd and marries
Sephora in the land of
Midian
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
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Charlton Heston and
Yul Brynner at the New York premiere
23.
Western film
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western film
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Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western film
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The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western film
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Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western film
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Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
24.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
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Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
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Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
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Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
25.
The Lucy Show
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The Lucy Show is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from 1962–68. It was Lucille Balls follow-up to I Love Lucy, a significant change in cast and premise for the 1965–66 season divides the program into two distinct eras, aside from Ball, only Gale Gordon, who joined the program for its second season, remained. For the first three seasons, Vivian Vance was the co-star, Ball won consecutive Emmy Awards as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the series final two seasons, 1966–67 and 1967–68. In 1962, two years after Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had divorced and the episode of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour aired. After a two-year run, the comedy series Pete and Gladys, starring Harry Morgan, the red-headed Williams had been promoted as the next Lucille Ball. At that time, Desilu was left only one hit series. Arnaz, as President of Desilu, offered Ball an opportunity to return to television in a weekly sitcom. At that time, CBS executives were somewhat dubious as to whether Ball could carry a show without Arnaz and it was never intended for this program to go beyond a single season. It was a strategy that Ball herself would use in the future to take control of The Lucy Shows renewal from CBS. With Arnazs encouragement and persuasion, Ball agreed to do the show, provided it be shown on Monday nights, CBS agreed to a full season of episodes and The Lucy Show premiered on Monday night, October 1,1962, at 8,30 p. m. In order to get Vance to commit to the series, Arnaz acquiesced to her demands for an increase in salary, co-star billing, a more attractive wardrobe and, finally, that her characters name be Vivian. After doing I Love Lucy, she was still being called Ethel by people on the street, the consensus was that fans would be offended with a Lucy who was divorced, despite the fact that this was a new character and Ball herself was divorced. The character of Vivian Bagley became televisions first divorced woman on primetime television, in the shows original format, Lucy had been left with a substantial trust fund by her late husband, which was managed during the first season by local banker Mr. Barnsdahl. Comedian Dick Martin, working solo from his longtime partner Dan Rowan, was cast in ten episodes as Lucys next-door neighbor, Harry Connors, the first season of The Lucy Show fully utilized the talents of Bob Carroll, Jr. At the end of its first season, The Lucy Show received rave reviews from the critics, Ball was nominated for an Emmy Award as Best Actress in a Series, but lost to Shirley Booth for the NBC comedy hit Hazel. Bolstered by great ratings, the series was renewed for a second year, at the beginning of the 1963–1964 season, Desi Arnaz resigned as head of Desilu and as the executive producer of The Lucy Show. Ball took over as President of the studio and Elliott Lewis replaced Arnaz as executive producer of Balls series, Dick Martin, Don Briggs, Tom Lowell, and Charles Lane left the show. The characters of Harry Connors and Alan Harper were never mentioned again, Briggs would make one more appearance as Eddie Collins in the episode Lucy Goes Duck Hunting
The Lucy Show
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Cast of the show during its first three seasons: Jimmy Garrett (Jerry Carmichael), Candy Moore (Chris Carmichael), Lucille Ball (Lucy Carmichael), Vivian Vance (Vivian Bagley), and Ralph Hart (Sherman Bagley).
The Lucy Show
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Stage 21 at the
Desilu Studios (now Paramount) where The Lucy Show was filmed
The Lucy Show
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Lucy gets into the soup with
Danny Kaye while trying to meet him, 1964.
The Lucy Show
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Clint Walker is a construction worker who takes Lucy atop a skyscraper under construction, where they both learn she is afraid of heights.
26.
Gordon Douglas (director)
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Gordon Douglas was an American film director, who directed many different genres of films over the course of a five-decade career in motion pictures. He was a native of New York City, born Gordon Douglas Brickner, he began his career as a child actor. As a teenager he worked at the Hal Roach Studios, working in the office and he made walk-on appearances in at least three Our Gang shorts, Teacher’s Pet, Big Ears and Birthday Blues. Beginning with Bored of Education in 1936, Our Gang moved from two-reel comedies to one-reel comedies, Bored of Education won the 1936 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film, and was the only Our Gang entry ever honored with the award. Douglas remained with the series as director for two years and his Our Gang shorts, featuring Spanky, Alfalfa, Darla, Porky, Buckwheat, Waldo, Butch and Woim, are the most familiar in the series’ 22-year canon. Roach sold the Our Gang unit to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in May 1938, Douglas directed two MGM Our Gangs on loan from Roach before deciding that he could not get used to the more industrialized atmosphere at the larger studio. Returning to his studio, Douglas directed Zenobia with Oliver Hardy and Harry Langdon, Saps at Sea with Laurel and Hardy. Douglas last picture for Roach was the Nazi satire The Devil with Hitler and he might have stayed with Roach indefinitely, but Roach turned his studio over to the U. S. Army for the production of wartime training films. Douglas moved on to RKO Radio Pictures, where he directed low-budget entries in the series featuring The Great Gildersleeve, Brown and Carney, The Falcon. He was sometimes billed as Gordon M. Douglas and he migrated from RKO to Columbia Pictures in 1948, and then to Warner Bros. in 1950. Later films for other studios included Bob Hopes Call Me Bwana, Frank Sinatras The Detective, Sidney Poitiers They Call Me Mister Tibbs. and Elvis Presleys Follow That Dream. Douglas returned to Warner Bros. for his film, 1977s Viva Knievel. in which the stuntman Evel Knievel played himself in a fanciful biography. Reportedly, Douglas was the person to ever direct both Elvis and Sinatra on film. Attempting to explain his prodigious output, Douglas told Bertrand Tavernier, I have a large family to feed. Gordon Douglas died of cancer on September 29,1993 in Los Angeles, California and he was survived by his wife Julia Mack Douglas, son Gary Douglas, daughter Cathie Graham, and a grandson. Gordon Douglas at the Internet Movie Database
Gordon Douglas (director)
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Gordon Douglas
27.
Fort Dobbs
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Fort Dobbs is a 1958 western, the first of three directed by Gordon Douglas to star Clint Walker. The other two were, Yellowstone Kelly in 1959 and Gold of the Seven Saints in 1961. Box office results, however, tended to be modest, thus reinforcing the notion that audiences were not likely to pay for at the theater what they could see at home for free, Gar Davis has to get out of Largo in a hurry because a mans been killed. He comes across a man in Comanche territory killed by an arrow, Gar takes the mans jacket, then shoves the corpse over a cliff, hoping the posse pursuing him will think hes the one who is dead. Trying to steal a horse, Gars face is grazed by a shot by young Chad Grey. Gar helps fend them off, after which he and the Greys take off on horseback toward the safety of Fort Dobbs, on the trail, an outlaw called Clett kills a Comanche whos about to bushwhack Gar, saving his life. Gar doesnt trust him, though, because Clett is carrying cases of rifles that he could be selling to the Indians rather than to soldiers at the fort. Clett tries to take advantage of Celia, but even though Gar comes to her aid and it belonged to her husband, so Celia is now convinced that Gar murdered him, making her a widow. Fort Dobbs soldiers are all dead, a sheriff appreciates Gars help fighting the Indians, but lets him know he must place Gar under arrest. Gar claims he killed the Largo man in self-defense after an argument, permitted to ride to Santa Fe to get help, Gar ends up killing Clett for the rifles, bringing them back to save the fort and to win the widows trust. George, Mr. Walker plays a murder fugitive who rescues a widow and her son from some Comanches. For the first two-thirds of this Martin Rackin production almost nothing happens, as the hero, Miss Mayo, the picture drags right along with it. Gordon Douglas, its director, has given the climax a neat turn or two, and toward the end, a couple of nice sideline performances click into place—namely, Brian Keith, as a renegade, and Russ Conway, as a sheriff. Miss Mayo also perks up considerably at the homestretch, minus her initial Southern accent, list of American films of 1958 Fort Dobbs at the Internet Movie Database Fort Dobbs at AllMovie Fort Dobbs at the TCM Movie Database Fort Dobbs promotional spot on YouTube via TBS
Fort Dobbs
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Theatrical release poster
28.
Gold of the Seven Saints
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Gold of the Seven Saints is a western film adaptation of a 1957 Steve Frazee novel titled Desert Guns. Released by Warner Brothers in 1961, the 88-minute film starred Clint Walker, Roger Moore, Leticia Roman, Robert Middleton and it was directed by Gordon Douglas, who had earlier directed Walker in 1958s Fort Dobbs and 1959s Yellowstone Kelly. Leigh Brackett wrote the screenplay and Joseph F. Biroc provided the black-and-white photography, most of which was shot in, the film did not do notably well at the box office. Two fur traders, Jim Rainbolt and Shaun Garrett, stumble across a big gold strike, with the ruthless bandit McCracken and his men in relentless pursuit, they hide the gold behind a giant boulder. Shaun is wounded, but Doc Gates shows up out of nowhere and they take refuge at the ranch of Amos Gondora, an old friend of Jims. There they are introduced to Gondoras so-called ward, an Indian maiden called Tita and that night some of McCrackens men stage a stampede and draw Jim and Gondora away. While they are gone, McCracken and some men ride up and takes Shaun and he kills Doc because he is unable to tell the hiding place of the gold. Shaun does not know how to find the place and even under torture can not lead anyone to the gold. Rainbolt tracks and finds McCracken and his men, after a shootout, McCracken is the only one left of his gang, but he has a gun to Shauns head and compels Rainbolt to lead him to the gold. When they get there, Rainbolt feigns being unable to move the boulder alone drawing McCracken in close enough for Rainbolt to roll the boulder onto McCrackens leg trapping him, Rainbolt and Garrett intend to leave McCracken there to die, but Gondora and his men show up. Everything seems all right until Gondora puts friendship aside and demands the gold for himself, Jim and Shaun run from them and must cross a rushing river to get away. The bags of gold fall apart and the gold is lost in the river where it came from, after they laugh at this turn of events, Gondora pledges his friendship again and Rainbolt and Garrett set out to return to their fur trapping
Gold of the Seven Saints
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Theatrical release poster
29.
Send Me No Flowers
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Send Me No Flowers is a 1964 American comedy film, directed by Norman Jewison and starring Rock Hudson, Doris Day, and Tony Randall. After Pillow Talk and Lover Come Back, it is the third and final film in which Hudson, Day, the screenplay by Julius J. Epstein is based on the play by Norman Barasch and Carroll Moore, which had a brief run on Broadway in 1960. The title tune was written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach, George Kimball, a hypochondriac, lives with his wife Judy in the suburbs. Judy learns from the milkman that their neighbors, the Bullards, are getting a divorce, George visits his doctor after experiencing chest pains. He overhears his doctor, Ralph Morrissey, discussing a patient who has just a few weeks to live, George assumes that Morrissey is talking about him and is distraught. On the train home he tells his friend, Arnold Nash and he has decided not to tell Judy, knowing it will upset her. Arnold solemnly assures George that he deliver the eulogy at his funeral. That night, George dreams about Judy marrying Vito, an irresponsible young deliveryman more interested in her inheritance than love and he visits a funeral home operated by Mr. Akins to buy a burial plot. He decides to find Judy a new husband and asks Arnold to help him, on a golf outing, Judys golf cart malfunctions and she is saved by her old college beau Bert Power, now a Texas oil baron. George agrees with Arnold that Bert would be a husband for Judy. During an evening out, George forces Judy to dance and talk with Bert, when George runs into the newly divorced Linda Bullard, who is there with Winston, he takes her to the coat room and warns her about Winstons intentions. She thanks him and kisses him in gratitude, when Judy sees them, she storms out, thinking that he is pushing her to spend time with Bert so that he can have an affair with Linda. George then tells Judy that he is dying, upset, Judy insists that George use a wheelchair. But when she sees Dr. Morrissey and he tells her that George is fine and she rolls him out of the house and locks him out, announcing her intention to divorce him. The next day Judy leaves to buy a train ticket, George follows her to the train station and insists that he really is dying and tells her he has bought a burial plot. Thinking this is another lie, she goes home to get her bags, but when Mr. Akins delivers the burial contracts, she realizes that George was sincere all the time and forgives him. The film grossed $9,129,247 in the U. S, the film was the last comedy for Doris Day and Rock Hudson and received mixed reviews. In his review in the New York Times, Bosley Crowther called it a beautiful farce situation and added, and Norman Jewison has directed so that it stays within bounds of good taste, is never cruel or insensitive, and makes something good of every gag
Send Me No Flowers
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Theatrical release poster
30.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
Frank Sinatra
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Sinatra in 1957
Frank Sinatra
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Hoboken, New Jersey, early 20th century
Frank Sinatra
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Sinatra (far right) with the Hoboken Four on Major Bowes' Amateur Hour
Frank Sinatra
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Harry James in 1942
31.
None but the Brave
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None but the Brave, also known as Yūsha nomi in Japan, is a 1965 war film with Frank Sinatra, Clint Walker, Tatsuya Mihashi, Tommy Sands and Brad Dexter. This is the film directed by Frank Sinatra, and the first Japanese-American co-production, produced by Sinatra for Warner Bros. Narrated in English by a Japanese officer named Kuroki, a platoon of Japanese soldiers is stranded on an island in the Pacific with no means of communicating with the outside world. Lieutenant Kuroki keeps his men firmly in hand and is supervising the building of a boat for their escape, confidante to Bourke is the chief pharmacists mate. As both sides learn of others existence on the island, tension mounts resulting in a battle for the Japanese boat. The vessel is destroyed and a Japanese soldier is seriously injured, calling a truce, Koruki trades the Americans access to water in exchange for a visit from their doctor to treat the wounded soldier, whose leg has to be amputated. The truce results in both platoons living side by side, although a line is drawn forbidding one from encroaching on the side of the island. At first, there is some clandestine cooperation and trading and earnest respect, when the Americans establish radio contact and their pick-up by a US naval vessel is arranged they demand that the Japanese surrender. As the Americans proceed to the beach, the American captain orders his men to shoot to kill and they are ambushed by the Japanese platoon. The Americans are given no option but to retaliate in self-defense that results in a bloody and pointless firefight during which all the Japanese. The medic, Bourke, Bleeker, Blair and Corporal Ruffino are the survivors of the skirmish. They move onto the beach and wait to be rescued by the American naval vessel, kurokis final narration calls what he is to do just another day. The film ends with a shot of the island, superimposed with the words Nobody ever wins. Japanese, Tatsuya Mihashi as Lt. Kuroki Takeshi Katô as Sgt, fujimoto Mashahiko Tanimura as Lead Pvt. Sato American, Frank Sinatra as Chief Pharmacist Mate Clint Walker as Capt. Dennis Bourke Tommy Sands as 2nd Lt. Blair Brad Dexter as Sgt, Bleeker Tony Bill as Air Crewman Keller Sammy Jackson as Cpl. Swensholm Richard Sinatra as Pvt. Roth Rafer Johnson as Pvt, Johnson The title is from the John Dryden poem, Alexanders Feast, stanza 1, None but the brave/deserve the fair. This was the sixth of nine films produced by Frank Sinatra, during filming, on May 10,1964 in Hawaii, Sinatra was caught in a riptide along with Ruth Koch, wife of producer Howard Koch. Dexter and two surfers were able to rescue Sinatra and Ruth Koch, saving their lives, some posters for the film featured the American cast on the left side and the Japanese cast on the right, with an island in the middle
None but the Brave
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Theatrical release poster
32.
The Night of the Grizzly
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The Night of the Grizzly is a 1966 western–adventure film starring Clint Walker, Martha Hyer, Keenan Wynn, Jack Elam and Nancy Kulp. Directed by Joseph Pevney and written by Warren Douglas, the film was released by Paramount Pictures on April 20,1966. The films plot centers around Marshall Big Jim Cole, who land in Wyoming. The film contains scenery from Holcomb Valley, Big Bear Lake, California, United States and Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino National Forest, California. At the time of there was no rating code established for motion pictures in North America. Jim Cole, his wife Angela, along with their children Charlie and Gypsy, niece May, Jim has inherited a ranch from his late uncle and decided to give up his former job as a lawman and become a rancher instead. In town, they meet Mr. Benson the banker, who tells them there is still a $675 mortgage on the property. Jim initially hesitates to take the title, since it would take nearly all their savings. Benson then explains that Jed initially owned the property but lost it to Jims late uncle in a card game, Jim finally agrees to keep the land when Mr. Benson hands him the money/landowners bill and settles the mortgage. As they leave the bank, the Coles encounter Jed, who acts like he is happy for the family but is planning to get the ranch by any means possible. In the countryside, they arrive at the cottage, which appears to be nothing more than a tumbled-down shack. But they are not discouraged and think of all the things that will happen next. In addition, the Currys come by, Jed tries to persuade Jim to sell the land to him, but he refuses. Jim goes back to town the day and asks Wilhelmina Peterson. She asks her sidekick Hank to bring Jim to Hazel Squires place, there, Hazel tells Jim that she can sell some cattle for a buck each. When she goes to the hog pen to check on the pigs, she finds them all missing or dead, during the night, Satan makes his initial appearance at the Cole place, killing Duncan, causing Sams mule to run away, and badly injuring the familys dog. The next morning, while waiting for the doctor to finish stitching up the dog, Jim, unfortunately, the Curry boys are also there with cohorts and start harassing Jim. They eventually get into a fight, with the Curry sons driven out, Jed arrives and chastises his sons, telling them not to antagonize Jim any more if they are to get his ranch
The Night of the Grizzly
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The Night of the Grizzly
33.
Convict
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A convict is a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court or a person serving a sentence in prison. Convicts are often known as prisoners or inmates or by the slang term con, while a common label for former convicts. Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as convicts, the legal label of ex-convict usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma and/or reduced opportunities for employment. The particular use of the convict in the English-speaking world was to describe the huge numbers of criminals. Their crimes would today be regarded as petty misdemeanours, or are no longer in the criminal code, most of the punishments at this time were severe, with the death penalty applied for fairly minor crimes. However, this sentence was often commuted to a lesser one. Thus, in the British context, the convict has come to refer in particular to those criminals transported overseas. Initially many British convicts were sent to the American colonies, such as the Maryland, Virginia, the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom began around 1615 and became increasingly common in the following years. Initially most people were transported to North America or the West Indies, from 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to North America, the British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, from the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on works, but a significant number were assigned to private individuals as domestic servants, rural workers. Transportation was progressively abolished from 1853, eventually ceasing altogether in 1868, in Australia, convicts have come to be key figures of cultural mythology and historiography. British convicts were sent to Canada, West Africa. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, russian criminals who were shipped to Siberia can arguably be regarded as convicts. Convicted felon Convict lease Convict assignment Convicts in Australia Older prisoners Penal transportation Convict life - State Library of NSW Convict Transportation Registers database
Convict
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Convicts at
Botany Bay, Australia, 1789
Convict
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Convicts and guards on the road to
Siberia, 1845
34.
The Dirty Dozen
–
The Dirty Dozen is a 1967 American war film directed by Robert Aldrich, released by MGM, and starring Lee Marvin. The film is based on E. M. Nathansons novel of the name that was inspired by a real-life group called the Filthy Thirteen. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 65 on their 100 Years, in Britain, in the spring of 1944, Allied forces are preparing for the D-Day invasion. Among them are Major John Reisman, an OSS officer, his commander, Regular Army Major General Sam Worden, early in the film, the personalities of the three men are shown to clash and the characters of the individualistic Reisman and the domineering Breed are established. Reisman is aided by his friend, the mild-mannered Major Max Armbruster, Major Reisman is assigned an unusual and top-secret mission, code-named Operation Amnesty. Those who survive the mission will be pardoned and returned to duty at their former ranks. However, as Reisman repeatedly tells the men, few of them will be coming back from this one, Reisman is assigned 12 convicts, all either serving lengthy sentences or awaiting execution. J. Under the supervision of Reisman and MP Sergeant Bowren, the group begins training, after being forced to construct their own living quarters, the 12 men are trained in combat by Reisman and gradually learn how to operate as a group. For parachute training, they are sent to the operated by Colonel Breed. Under strict orders to keep their secret, Reismans men run afoul of Breed and his troops, especially after Pinkley - under Reismans orders - poses as a general. Angered at the usurpation of his authority, Breed attempts to discover Reismans mission by having two of his men attack Wladislaw in the latrine, but they are knocked out by Posey and Jefferson. The 12 men think Reisman sent them until Breed and his men investigate the Dirty Dozens camp, Reisman, who had been away when Breed and his paratroopers arrived, infiltrates his own post and opens fire on the paratroops as the convicts jump them. They disarm the paratroops, Colonel Breed is ordered to take his men and leave, Denton, siding with Breed, insists that Reisman has exceeded his authority and urges General Worden to terminate Operation Amnesty. Reisman rises ferociously to the defense of his men, pointing out they had crammed six months of training into as many weeks, Major Armbruster suggests a test that would show whether Reismans men are ready. During practice maneuvers in which Breed will be taking part, the Dirty Dozen will attempt to capture the Colonels headquarters. During the maneuvers, the men use various tactics, including theft, impersonation. This proves to General Worden that Reismans men can be used for the mission, the night of the raid, the men are flown to France, and practice a rhyme they have learned which details their roles in the operation. A slight snag occurs, when landing in a tree, one of the dozen, Jiminez, breaks his neck and dies, but as trained
The Dirty Dozen
–
Original poster by
Frank McCarthy
The Dirty Dozen
–
Aldbury – scene of the wargame
The Dirty Dozen
–
Bradenham Manor – Wargames HQ
35.
More Dead Than Alive
–
More Dead Than Alive is a 1969 film directed by Robert Sparr and produced by Aubrey Schenck. It was filmed at Agua Dulce, California, a murderer named Cain is released from prison after 18 years and wants to settle down as a rancher without ever having to touch a gun again. But no one will give him a job and people are after him for his earlier crimes and he finally takes an offer from a showman named Ruffalo to perform as Killer Cain in his traveling shooting show. However, after 18 years without practice, Cain is not as good as he once was with a gun, Cain tries to find redemption and peace when he falls in love with Monica Alton, an artist from the east who came out west to paint. Yet Cains reputation continues to dog him as past enemies try to settle old scores, reviewer Howard Thompson of The New York Times praised Walkers performance in the movie, but did not care for the movie, and called Paul Hampton an incredibly poor young actor. List of American films of 1969 More Dead Than Alive at the Internet Movie Database More Dead Than Alive at AllMovie
More Dead Than Alive
–
Movie Poster
36.
Western films
–
Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western films
–
Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western films
–
The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western films
–
Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western films
–
Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
37.
Cult film
–
A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
Cult film
–
Plan 9 from Outer Space is an example of a cult film.
Cult film
–
Julianne Moore and
Jeff Bridges at
Lebowski Fest 2011.
Cult film
–
Night of the Living Dead (1968) is an example of a cult film that uses transgressive themes.
Cult film
–
Judy Garland and her iconic role as Dorothy Gale have become important in
gay culture.
38.
Small Soldiers
–
Small Soldiers is a 1998 American science fiction action film directed by Joe Dante. The film revolves around two adolescents who get caught in the middle of a war between two factions of sentient action figures, the Gorgonites and the Commando Elite. Mars selects Larrys action figures, the Commando Elite, for the project and Irwins educational toys, faced with such a tight deadline, Benson forgoes safety testing, then uses Irwins password and chooses GloboTechs overly powerful X1000 microprocessor to control the toys. Teenager Alan Abernathy signs off for a shipment of the toys at his familys toy store without his fathers consent and he and delivery driver Joe activate the leaders for each group - Archer for the Gorgonites and Chip Hazard for the Commando Elite. Alans neighbor and love interest, Christy Fimple, buys Chip as a present for her brother Timmy. Alan returns home to discover Archer in his backpack, he realizes Archer is sentient, but in the meantime, Alan calls the company and files a complaint. Meanwhile, Chip and his squad pursue Alan to his home and attempt to kill him and Archer, unlike the Gorgonites, Alan is attacked by Nick Nitro, whom he mortally wounds. The next day, Alan and Archer find the rest of the Gorgonites in a dumpster at the shop, at home, Alan learns the primary goal of the Gorgonites is to seek their homeland Gorgon, which they mistakenly believe to be in Yosemite. The Commandos learn of Alans interest in Christy and decide to take her hostage, Alan and Archer sneak into the Fimple house to save Christy, but runs into her Gwendy dolls, whom Chip has engineered as auxiliary troops. The two return to his house, only to find her family and his parents waiting for them, phil refuses to listen to Alan and Christy about what happened. Irwin and Larry arrive and talk to Alan over his voicemail, the normally peaceful Gorgonites exit the house and fight back against the Commando Elite. Mars arrives in his helicopter during the police and fire department cleanup the next day. He pays Joe, the Fimples, and the Abernathys for damages as well as buying their silence from the media, and orders Larry and Irwin to prepare the Commando Elite for sale to rebels in South America. Alan brings the Gorgonites to Yosemite National Park, where he sends out in a large toy boat from his fathers store to find their island home of Gorgon. Bruce Dern, along with George Kennedy, Ernest Borgnine, Jim Brown and Clint Walker, all cast members from The Dirty Dozen, provided voices for the Commando Elite. An uncredited Jim Cummings, along with This is Spinal Tap cast members Michael McKean, Harry Shearer and Christopher Guest, sarah Michelle Gellar and Christina Ricci provided the voices for the transformed Gwendy dolls. Miller and Balaski, who were in the versions of Piranha and The Howling. Picardos character, Ralph Quist, shares a surname with Eddie Quist, too late, as it turned out, and there are elements of both approaches in there
Small Soldiers
–
Promotional poster for US release of Small Soldiers
39.
James Drury
–
Drury was born on April 18,1934, in New York City, where his father James, Sr. was a New York University professor of marketing. He grew up in both New York and Oregon, Drury contracted polio at the age of ten. In 1959, Drury was cast as Harding, Jr. in the episode Murder at the Mansion of Richard Diamond, on May 9,1959, early in his career, Drury appeared as Neal Adams in the episode Client Neal Adams of ABCs western series Black Saddle. In the story line, Adams is an old friend of series protagonist Clay Culhane, Adams has robbed a bank of $8,000 and was subsequently shot in the back by a pursuing bounty hunter, played by Charles Aidman. Adams asks Culhane for help and makes the claim that the bounty hunter is the brother of a man whom Adams had earlier killed in self-defense. On November 16,1960, Drury played young pioneer Justin Claiborne in the episode The Bleymier Story of NBCs Wagon Train, Robert Horton as the scout Flint McCullough struggles to get a wagon train through a Sioux burial ground. Dan Duryea played the mentally unstable Samuel Bleymier who is obsessed by demons and superstitions, in 1960, Drury portrayed Joe Darle in the episode Wall of Silence of the ABC/Warner Brothers detective series, Bourbon Street Beat, set in New Orleans and starring Andrew Duggan. He made a memorable guest appearance on the CBS drama series Perry Mason in 1961, as he played the role of musician and defendant Eddy King in The Case of the Missing Melody and he appeared in secondary roles for Walt Disney. In 1962, he was cast in a role as a lascivious gold prospector in the early Sam Peckinpah western Ride the High Country opposite Randolph Scott. Also, in 1962, Drury landed the leading role of the ranch foreman on The Virginian. In 1993, Drury had a role as Captain Tom Price on the first three episodes of Walker, Texas Ranger, opposite Chuck Norris and Clarence Gilyard. Drury also had a role in the 2000 TV movie of The Virginian starring Bill Pullman. The film followed Wisters novel more closely than had the television series, in 1991, Drury was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 1997 and 2003, he was a guest at the Western Film Fair in Charlotte, Drury was in the oil and natural gas business in Houston at the turn of the 21st century. His son, Timothy Drury, is a keyboardist, guitarist and vocalist who has played with the rock groups The Eagles, Drury was a close friend of the Houston marksman Joe Bowman, who trained numerous actors on how to use weapons. Drury is also the longtime best friend of both Robert Horton and Robert Fuller, since 1954, where the three met while under contract at MGM Studios, together, they attend the annual Festival of The West in Scottsdale, Arizona, among other Western Festivals. The Virginian Rowan and Martins Laugh-In – Twice Ironside – The Professionals -1971 Firehouse Walker, Texas Ranger – Three episodes as Captain Tom Price The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr
James Drury
–
James Drury in 2006
40.
Yaqui people
–
The Yaqui or Yoeme are Native Americans who inhabit the valley of the Río Yaqui in the Mexican state of Sonora and the Southwestern United States. They also have small settlements in Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Durango, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe is based in Tucson, Arizona. Yaqui people also live elsewhere in the southwestern United States, especially Nevada, the Yaqui territory comprises three distinct areas, a mountainous area, a fishing area and cropland. Today the population is about 32,000, having been reduced because of the wars they fought for their survival for more than 50 years. At the end of the 19th century, under the government of Porfirio Diaz, they were confronted and many were deported to plantations in Yucatan and Quintana Roo. Many of them returned to their homeland on foot, and others immigrated to Arizona in order to escape the repression of the Mexican government, the Yaqui population in Arizona is currently about 8,000 and the Tribe is recognized by the United States government. Today, in addition to the inhabitants of the traditional Yaqui area, since they did not return to their villages, they form their own colonies inside of various prominent cities. In the capital of Sonora, the city of Hermosillo, colonies such as La Matanza, El Coloso and these are places in which the inhabitants make an effort to conserve the traditions and culture of the Yaqui Nation. The patio is used for raising animals and, in the remote areas, is where the latrine is installed. The Yaqui language belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family, Yaqui speak a Cahitan language, a group of about 10 mutually-intelligible languages formerly spoken in much of the states of Sonora and Sinaloa. Most of the Cahitan languages are extinct, only the Yaqui and Mayo still speak their language. About 15,000 Yaqui speakers live in Mexico and 1,000 in the U. S. A, the Yaqui call themselves Hiaki or Yoeme, the Yaqui word for person. The Yaqui call their homeland Hiakim, from which some say the name Yaqui is derived and they may also describe themselves as Hiaki Nation or Pascua Hiaki, meaning The Easter People, as most had converted to Catholicism under Jesuit influence in colonial Mexico. Many folk etymologies account for how the Yoeme came to be known as the Yaqui, when the Spanish first came into contact with the Yaqui in 1533, they occupied a territory along the lower course of the Yaqui River. They were estimated to number 30,000 people living in 80 rancherias in an area about 60 miles long and 15 miles wide, some Yaqui lived near the mouth of the river and were dependent upon the sea for subsistence. Most lived in communities, growing beans, maize. A few lived an existence in the deserts and mountains. Captain Diego de Guzmán, leader of an expedition to lands north of the Spanish settlements
Yaqui people
–
Yaqui Indians
Yaqui people
–
Gen.
Obregón and staff of Yaqui, c. 1910
Yaqui people
–
Traditional everyday dress worn by Yaqui women at the
Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City.
41.
Western fiction
–
Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West frontier and typically set from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century. Well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey from the early 20th century, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of televised Westerns such as Bonanza. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and has reached a new low in the 2000s, most bookstores, outside of a few west American states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books. The predecessor of the western in American literature emerged early with tales of the frontier, the most famous of the early 19th century frontier novels were James Fenimore Coopers five novels comprising the Leatherstocking Tales. Coopers novels were set in what was at the time the American frontier. As did his novel The Prairie, most later westerns would typically take place west of the Mississippi River, the Western as a specialized genre got its start in the penny dreadfuls and later the dime novels. Published in June 1860, Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter is considered the first dime novel. These cheaply made books were successful and capitalized on the many stories that were being told about the mountain men, outlaws, settlers. Many of these novels were fictionalized stories based on people, such as Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Wild Bill Hickok. By 1900, the new medium of pulp magazines helped to relate these adventures to easterners, popularity grew with the publication of Owen Wisters novel The Virginian and especially Zane Greys Riders of the Purple Sage. The first Hopalong Cassidy stories by Clarence Mulford appeared in 1904, when pulp magazines exploded in popularity in the 1920s, Western fiction greatly benefited. Pulp magazines that specialised in Westerns include Cowboy Stories, Ranch Romances, Star Western, West, the simultaneous popularity of Western movies in the 1920s also helped the genre. In the 1940s several seminal Westerns were published, including The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter van Tilburg Clark, The Big Sky and The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. and Shane by Jack Schaefer. Many other Western authors gained readership in the 1950s, such as Ray Hogan, Louis LAmour, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the tremendous number of Westerns on television. The burnout of the American public on television Westerns in the late 1960s seemed to have an effect on the literature as well, and interest in Western literature began to wane. Western novels, films and pulps gave birth to Western comics, which were popular, particularly from the late 1940s until circa 1967. Other notable long-running Marvel Western comics included Rawhide Kid Two-Gun Kid, DC Comics published the long-running series All-Star Western and Western Comics, and Charlton Comics published Billy the Kid and Cheyenne Kid. Magazine Enterprises Straight Arrow ran from 1950–1956, and Prize Comics Prize Comics Western ran from 1948–1956, fawcett Comics published a number of Western titles, including Hopalong Cassidy from 1948–1953
Western fiction
–
"As Wild felled one of the redskins by a blow from the butt of his revolver, and sprang for the one with the tomahawk, the chief's daughter suddenly appeared. Raising her hands, she exclaimed, 'Go back, Young Wild West. I will save her!'" (1908)
42.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
43.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
6801 Hollywood Boulevard near
Dolby Theatre
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
A typical Walk of Fame star in the phonograph record category. The charcoal terrazzo contrasts with the pink terrazzo star and brass surround, emblem and lettering.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard, looking eastward. The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left. In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of
Hollywood and Highland.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
Joanne Woodward 's star, contrary to popular belief, was not the first.
44.
Vine Street
–
Vine Street is a street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California that runs north-south from Melrose Avenue up past Hollywood Boulevard. The intersection of Hollywood and Vine was once a symbol of Hollywood itself, the famed intersection fell into disrepair during the 1970s but has since begun gentrification and renewal with several high valued projects currently in progress. Three blocks of the Hollywood Walk of Fame lie along this street with names such as John Lennon, Johnny Carson, south of Melrose, Vine turns into Rossmore Avenue, a residential Hancock Park thoroughfare that ends at Wilshire Boulevard. The California Laundry was located on the street in 1920s, the Capitol Records Building, Capitol Tower, is located just north of the intersection of Hollywood & Vine. Miss Brewsters Millions starring Bebe Daniels, was shot on Vine Street at Franklin Avenue, the Hollywood/Vine station for the Metro Red Line serves the intersection with the station entrance located at Hollywood Boulevard and Argyle Avenue, located one block east. Metro Local line 210 serves Vine Street, media related to Vine Street, Los Angeles at Wikimedia Commons
Vine Street
–
Vine Street north of Hollywood Boulevard
45.
Sunset Boulevard
–
From Downtown Los Angeles, it heads northwest, to Hollywood, through which it travels due west for several miles before it bends southwest towards the ocean. It passes through or near Echo Park, Silver Lake, Los Feliz, Hollywood, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, in Bel-Air, Sunset Boulevard runs along the northern boundary of UCLAs Westwood campus. The boulevard continues through Brentwood to Pacific Palisades where it terminates at the Pacific Coast Highway intersection, the boulevard has curvaceous winding stretches, and can be treacherous for unaware drivers in some sections. It is at least four lanes wide along its entire route, Sunset is frequently congested with traffic loads beyond its design capacity. Sunset Boulevard historically extended farther east than it now does, starting at Alameda Street near Union Station and beside Olvera Street in the historic section of Downtown. In 1877, one of the real estate owners from back East Horace H. Wilcox, decided to subdivide his more than 20 acres of land along Sunset Boulevard, including what is today Hollywood. In 1890, Belgian diplomat Victor Ponet bought 240 acres of the former Rancho La Brea land grant and his son-in-law, Francis S. Montgomery, inherited this property and created Sunset Plaza. According to a 1901 article in the Los Angeles Herald, Sunset only extended from Hollywood in the west to Marion Avenue in the Echo Park district in the east. In late 1912 several properties along the route were condemned so that the boulevard could be changed in both its width and its alignment, with these changes completed, Sunset Boulevard now reached North Main Street and continued as Marchessault along the northern end of the Plaza. This section, variously marked and signed as Marchessault Street or East Sunset Boulevard, at that time Sunset was realigned one block north and Marchessault was closed to motor traffic. In 1921, an expansion of Sunset began, extending the road from the then-current terminus at Sullivan Canyon through Santa Monica to the coast. This land, a portion of the original 1838 holdings of Fransisco Marquez, stretched across a mesa, will Rogers, who had bought much of this land as an investment, later donated it to the State of California creating Will Rogers State Historic Park. Circa 1931, Sunset was a road from Horn Avenue to Havenhurst Avenue. The Sunset Strip portion of Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood has been famous for its active nightlife at least since the 1950s, in the 1970s, the area between Gardner Street and Western Avenue was a center for street prostitution. Shortly after a well publicized June 1995 incident, police raids drove out the majority of prostitutes on the Boulevard, the portion of Sunset Boulevard that passes through Beverly Hills was once named Beverly Boulevard. The boulevard is commemorated in Billy Wilders 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the name. Jan and Deans 1960s hit song Dead Mans Curve refers to a section of the road near Bel Air estates just north of UCLAs Drake Stadium where Jan Berry almost died in an accident in 1966. The Buffalo Springfield song For What Its Worth was written about a riot at Pandoras Box, Metro Local lines 2,175 and 302 operate on Sunset Boulevard
Sunset Boulevard
–
Sunset Boulevard
Sunset Boulevard
–
Signs along the Sunset Strip
Sunset Boulevard
–
Sunset Blvd. at the West Gate of Bel Air
46.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population, the population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 631,346 as of July 2015. Oklahoma Citys city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, the city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area. Oklahoma City has the largest municipal population of any city in the Great Plains region of the central United States as well as all neighboring states to Oklahoma, excluding Texas, lying in the Great Plains region, Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy, the city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor, which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the citys northeast section lies in a region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, the city was the scene of the April 19,1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11,2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U. S. history. Oklahoma City was settled on April 22,1889, when the known as the Unassigned Lands was opened for settlement in an event known as The Land Run. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma, the town grew quickly, the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser, by the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City, before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits, Oklahoma City became a center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and it was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 8. 6% black and 90. 7% white, patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the citys first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U. S. city with over 350,000 residents. As with many other American cities, center city population declined in the 1970s and 1980s as families followed newly constructed highways to move to housing in nearby suburbs
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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From top left to clockwise: downtown skyline, SkyDance Bridge, City Hall, Gold Star Memorial Building,
Chesapeake Energy Arena,
Oklahoma City National Memorial,
Oklahoma State Capitol.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Map of Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 1889, showing Oklahoma as a train stop on a railroad line. Britannica 9th ed.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Lithograph of Oklahoma City from 1890.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Oklahoma City National Memorial at Christmas.
47.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
Airline
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Boeing 767-300ER of
Delta Air Lines at
Frankfurt Airport
Airline
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FedEx Express McDonnell Douglas MD-11
Airline
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Ryanair Boeing 737-800 shortly after take-off
Airline
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First class passenger cabin (
Boeing 747 -830,
Lufthansa at
LAX)
48.
Skiing
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Skiing is a mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Skiing has a history of almost five millennia, although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, it may have been practiced as early as 600 BC in what is now China. The word ski is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community and it comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means split piece of wood or firewood. Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden until the late 19th century, on one leg the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early skiers used one long pole or spear, the first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Until the mid-19th century skiing was primarily used for transport, and since then has become a recreation, military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century, and ski warfare was studied in the late 18th century. As equipment evolved and ski lifts were developed skiing evolved into two main genres during the late 19th and early 20th century, Alpine and Nordic, also called downhill skiing, alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skiers boot, because alpine equipment is somewhat difficult to walk in, ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be accessed by helicopter, snowcat, hiking, facilities at resorts can include night skiing, après-ski, and glade skiing under the supervision of the ski patrol and the ski school. Alpine skiing branched off from the older Nordic skiing around the 1920s, Alpine equipment specialized to where it can only be used with the help of lifts. The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which share in common the use of binding that attach at the toes of the skiers boots, cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Ski jumping skiing is practiced at certain areas that are deemed for ski jumping only, Telemark skiing is a ski turning technique and FIS-sanctioned discipline. It is named after the Telemark region of Norway, using equipment similar to nordic skiing, the ski bindings having the ski boot attached only at the toe. This allows the skier to raise his/her heel throughout the turn, the following disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS and USSA. Many have their own cups and are in the Winter Olympic Games. Cross-country, The sport encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths, such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic and free-style events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. Alpine skiing discliplines include combined, downhill, slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, one run of each even like one run of Super-G and one run of Slalom skiing this is called a Super Combined
Skiing
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Skier carving a turn on the
Grande Motte,
Tignes,
Savoie,
France
Skiing
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Spring
ski touring on
Hardangervidda, Norway
Skiing
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A collection of differing types of alpine skis, with nordic and telemark skis at far left. From right: a group of powder skis, a group of twin-tip skis, a group of carving (parabolic) skis, and then an older-type non-sidecut alpine ski along with the non-alpine skis.
Skiing
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Giant Slalom Ski Racer
49.
Mammoth Mountain
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Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex west of the town of Mammoth Lakes, California, in the Inyo National Forest of Madera and Mono Counties. It is home to a ski area on the Mono County side. Mammoth Mountain was formed in a series of eruptions that ended 57,000 years ago, however, Mammoth still produces hazardous volcanic gases that kill trees and caused ski patroller fatalities in 2006. Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex in Mono County, California and it lies in the southwestern corner of the Long Valley Caldera and consists of about 12 rhyodacite and dacite overlapping domes. These domes formed in a series of eruptions from 110,000 to 57,000 years ago. During this time, massive eruptions occurred roughly every 5000 years. The volcano is active with minor eruptions, the largest of which was a minor phreatic eruption 700 years ago. Mammoth Mountain also lies on the end of the Mono-Inyo chain of volcanic craters. The magma source for Mammoth Mountain is distinct from those of both the Long Valley Caldera and the Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain is composed primarily of dacite and rhyolite, part of which has been altered by hydrothermal activity from fumaroles. Mammoth is outgassing large amounts of carbon dioxide out of its south flank, near Horseshoe Lake, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the ground ranges from 20 to 90 percent CO2. Measurements of the discharge of carbon dioxide gas at the Horseshoe Lake tree-kill area range from 50 to 150 short tons per day. This high concentration causes trees to die in six regions that total about 170 acres in size, the tree-kills originally were attributed to a severe drought that affected California in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Another idea was that the kills were the result of a pathogen or other biological infestation, however, neither idea explained why all trees in the affected areas were killed regardless of age or health. Then, in March 1990, a U. S. Forest Service Ranger became ill with suffocation symptoms after being in a cabin near Horseshoe Lake. Measurements around the lake found that restrooms and tents had a greater than 1% CO2 concentration, CO2 concentrations of less than 1% are typical and healthy in most soils, however, soil concentrations of CO2 in the tree-kill areas ranged from 20% to 90%. This overabundance of CO2 was found to be the cause of the tree-kills because tree roots need to absorb O2 directly, researchers also determined that Mammoth releases about 1,300 short tons of CO2 every day. The most likely sources of the CO2 are degassing of intruded magma, measurements of helium emissions support the theory that the gases emitted in the tree kill area have the same source as those discharged from Mammoth Mountain Fumarole. There is evidence that the rate of CO2 discharge has been declining, in April 2006, three members of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area ski patrol died while on duty
Mammoth Mountain
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Mammoth Mountain from
U.S. Route 395
Mammoth Mountain
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Mammoth Mountain from the north (Minaret Summit)
Mammoth Mountain
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Carbon dioxide has killed a large area of trees
Mammoth Mountain
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Mammoth Mountain from the south, with
Ritter Range behind
