1.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
2.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
3.
Chelsea Clinton
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Chelsea Victoria Clinton is the only child of former U. S. President Bill Clinton and former U. S. Secretary of State and 2016 presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. She was a correspondent for NBC News from 2011 to 2014. Since 2011, she has taken on a prominent role at the foundation and has a seat on its board, Clinton was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, during her fathers first term as governor. She attended public schools there until he was elected President and the moved to the White House. Clinton married investment banker Marc Mezvinsky in 2010 and they have a daughter and a son. Clinton was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on February 27,1980, Chelseas name was inspired by a visit to the Chelsea neighborhood of London during a Christmas 1978 vacation. Hillary said that hearing the 1969 Judy Collins recording of the Joni Mitchell song, Chelsea Morning, Bill remarked. When Chelsea was two old, she accompanied her parents as they campaigned throughout Arkansas for her fathers gubernatorial race. She attended Forest Park Elementary School, Booker Arts and Science Magnet Elementary School and Horace Mann Junior High School, both Little Rock public schools. On January 20,1993, the day of her fathers first inauguration, the Clintons wanted their daughter to have a normal childhood, and they hoped to shield her from the media spotlight. Journalists debated the issue of allowing Clinton to retain her privacy, most media outlets concluded that she should be off-limits due to her age, although Rush Limbaugh and Saturday Night Live both broadcast material mocking her appearance. During this phase of her life, her father said, We really work hard on making sure that Chelsea doesnt let other people define her sense of her own self-worth and its tough when you are an adolescent. The Clintons decision to remove Chelsea from public schooling and send her to Sidwell Friends School, while several children of sitting presidents have attended Sidwell, the most recent prior child, Amy Carter, had gone to D. C. public schools. In a 1993 CBS This Morning town meeting, Bill defended the choice, stating that Chelsea did not like getting a lot of publicity, Bill explained that they made their decision in an effort to protect Chelseas privacy, they did not reject the public schools. Sidwells students and staff remained silent regarding Chelsea, declining to discuss her publicly, a veteran of Model United Nations, Clinton was a 1997 National Merit Scholarship semifinalist. She graduated from Sidwell Friends in 1997, her father spoke at the graduation ceremony, following Chelseas high school graduation, media speculation regarding her choice of college resulted in heavy press coverage. She ultimately chose to attend Stanford University, during her fathers eight years in office, there were 32 stories in The New York Times and 87 network news stories about Chelsea. Of all presidential children preceding her, she received the most television coverage, although her father is a Southern Baptist, Clinton was raised in her mothers Methodist faith
4.
Donna Shalala
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Donna Edna Shalala was the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. She was the president of the University of Miami, a university in Coral Gables, Florida. Previously she was the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1988 to 1993 and she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom the nations highest civilian honor by President George W. Bush in June 2008. Shalala currently serves as the president of the Clinton Foundation, Shalala was born in Cleveland Ohio of Maronite Catholic Lebanese descent the daughter of Edna Smith and James Abraham Shalala. She has a twin sister Diane Fritel and she graduated from West Technical High School and received a bachelors degree in 1962 from Western College for Women, which in 1976 merged with Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. From 1962 to 1964 she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Iran, while there she worked with other volunteers to construct an agricultural college. In 1970 she earned a Ph. D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship, Shalala began her teaching career as a political science professor at Baruch College, where she also was a member of the American Federation of Teachers union. In 1972 Shalala became a professor of politics and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, concurrently, from 1977 to 1980, she served as the assistant secretary for policy development and research at the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter Administration. Shalalas first experience with academic administration came on October 8,1980 when she became the 10th president of Hunter College and she next served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Under her chancellorship and with her support, the university adopted a broad speech code subjecting students to disciplinary action for communications that were perceived as hate speech and that speech code was later found unconstitutional by a federal judge. Also while chancellor, Shalala supported passage of a revised faculty speech code broadly restricting harmful speech in both noninstructional and instructional settings, the faculty speech code was abolished ten years later, after a number of professors were investigated for alleged or suspected violations. She was the first woman to lead a Big Ten Conference school, following a year serving as chair of the Childrens Defense Fund, Shalala was appointed United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, in 1993, by President Bill Clinton. She served in this role for all eight years of his administration, in 1996, Shalala was the designated survivor during Clintons State of the Union address. In her role as HHS secretary, Shalala frequently drew criticism for her positions, the Washington Post labeled her one of the most controversial Clinton Cabinet nominees. She was also known for her fervent anti-drug stance and she was the first Lebanese-American to serve in a Cabinet position. In February 2012 the University of Miami announced Momentum2, The Breakthrough Campaign for the University of Miami, on October 26,2012, UM announced that Momentum2 hit the $1 billion mark, on track to reach the fundraising goal of $1.6 billion in 2016. Drawing on her experience after serving as Secretary of Health and Human Services, Shalala faced some criticism for her response to a nationally publicized custodial workers strike at the University of Miami, which lasted from February 28 to May 1,2006. Critics called UMs custodial workers among the lowest paid university-based custodians in the nation, the strike prompted Shalala to raise wages
5.
Ira Magaziner
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Ira Magaziner was born in New York City, New York, US. After being a student activist and business consultant, Magaziner became the advisor for policy development for President Clinton. Magaziner excelled academically at Brown and in 1969 was named valedictorian of his class, after his address, Magaziner led the students in turning their backs on Henry Kissinger, who was receiving an honorary degree. Magaziner also organized Browns spring weekend concerts and festivities and he was named a Rhodes Scholar upon graduation and studied political philosophy and economics under Isaiah Berlin at Balliol College of the University of Oxford. While studying at Oxford, Magaziner met Bill Clinton, also a Rhodes Scholar, after two years, Magaziner left the program without earning a degree to organize protest rallies against the Vietnam War—at one point in cooperation with actress Vanessa Redgrave. After Oxford, Magaziner and a group of former Brown students attempted to implement social reforms in the city of Brockton. These reforms included starting an agricultural cooperative, supporting liberal candidates for city council, strengthening the union movement, Magaziner soon abandoned the project, after the group recognized that the effects of foreign business competition on the local manufacturing base would undercut their efforts. He then determined that an understanding of business was necessary to promote broad-based social. Magaziner went on to work for the Boston Consulting Group in Boston, London and he founded Telesis in 1979 and built it into a respected international firm with offices in the U. S. France, Japan and Australia. Magaziner sold Telesis in 1986 to Towers Perrin Inc. and managed the U. S. strategy practice for Towers Perrin from 1986 to 1989, Magaziner also has had significant influence in Rhode Island. While initially popular among state legislators, and some civic and business leaders, Magaziner and his family continue to support prominent Democratic Rhode Island politicians and other social causes, including the Rhode Island Food Bank. Magaziner has authored two books on strategy and industrial policy, Minding Americas Business and The Silent War. The former, co-authored with future Clinton Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, laid out a plan for U. S. industrial policy in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the plan was widely criticized for being too complex. Pharmaceutical companies and health insurance companies waged a broad-based ad-campaign against the plan, despite the attacks by Republicans and industry associations, Magaziner did little to respond. People within the administration criticized Magaziners blunt and domineering approach, attacking critics who disagreed instead of trying to build consensus, the Democratic congressional staff began calling him Hillarys Rasputin. by making intellectual arguments, controlling the flow of information. Walling-off potential adversaries from the process and you develop a policy by forming a large coalition. Then you have a group of people who are enthusiastic about the proposal, they will go out. Despite its political failings, the substance of the Clinton Health Plan has echoes in current reform plans for the US Health System
6.
Clinton family
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His wife, Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State from January 21,2009, until February 1,2013. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a political party in United States history. The Clintons are the first married couple, each to be nominated for president, Bill Clintons father, William Jefferson Blythe Jr. was a traveling heavy equipment salesman who died in a car crash three months before Bill was born. Blythe was born as one of nine children to William Jefferson Blythe Sr. a poor farmer in Sherman, Texas, and his wife and he was of English and Scots descent, with family lines in North America since the days of the thirteen colonies. He married for the first time in December 1935, and the bride was Virginia Adele Gash, although no child was born to the couple during their marriage, they later had a son together. After the divorce, Virginia moved to California and married first a man named Coffelt, however, she and Blythe remained friends, and she visited him on occasion. A son was conceived during these visits, and Henry Leon Blythe was born in Sherman, Texas, on June 17,1938, some eighteen months after his parents had been divorced. Henrys parents lost touch with each other when he was an infant, after his father married and divorced his mothers sister. Later in life, Henry Leon Blythe took the name Henry Leon Ritzenthaler in honor of a step-father and he ran several small businesses in Paradise, California, including a janitorial business, and died in 2009. Ritzenthaler met his half-brother for the first time around that time, Blythes second marriage happened in December 1940 when, nearly four years after his divorce from Virginia Adele Gash, Blythe married her sister, Minnie Faye Gash. This marriage was annulled four months later, in April 1941. Barely days after the annulment, in May 3,1941 and his third wife was Wanetta Ellen Alexander of Kansas City, Missouri. Wanetta gave birth to Blythes daughter on May 11,1941 and she had become pregnant with Blythes child even before he had married Minnie Faye Gash in December 1940. The daughter thus born to Wanetta and Blythe is Sharon Lee Blythe Pettijohn, Blythe and Wanetta were formally divorced three years later, in April 1944. Blythes divorce from Wanetta Alexander was granted by court in April 1944, seven months before that, in September 1943, Blythe had already married Virginia Dell Cassidy of Bodcaw, Arkansas. Blythe and Cassidy remained married until his death in May 1946, on August 19,1946, three months after Blythes death, Cassidy gave birth to their only child, the future Bill Clinton. Cassidy had no knowledge of Blythes previous marriages until decades later, Bill Clintons mother, Virginia Dell Cassidy, was born in Bodcaw, Arkansas on June 6,1923. She was the child of James Eldridge Cassidy, a grocer, by his wife Edith Grisham Cassidy
7.
Public image of Bill Clinton
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His personal background and lifestyle led to Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison to call him the first black president. Clintons job approval rating ranged from 36% in mid-1993 to 64% in late 1993, in his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s. After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clintons rating reached its highest point at 73% approval and he finished with a Gallup poll approval rating of 65%, higher than that of every other departing president measured since Harry Truman. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA TODAY/Gallup poll revealed 45% said theyd miss him, 47% of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. 47% said he would be remembered as either outstanding or above average as a president while 22% said he would be remembered as below average or poor. The Gallup Organization published a poll in February 2007 asking respondents to name the greatest president in U. S. history, Clinton came in fourth place, capturing 13% of the vote. In a 2006 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll asking respondents to name the best president since World War II, ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, You cant trust him, hes got weak morals and ethics – and hes done a heck of a good job. Clintons 65% Gallup Poll approval rating was also the highest Gallup approval rating of any postwar President leaving office, as the first Baby Boomer president, Clinton was the first president in a half-century not to have been alive during World War II. When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, Clinton was sometimes described by religious conservatives as the MTV president, since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as The Big Dog or Big Dog. Other nicknames include Slick Willie, The Comeback Kid, Bubba, Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency. In 2008, Morrisons sentiments were raised anew as Barack Obama, after endorsing Obama, Morrison distanced herself from her 1998 remark about Clinton, saying that it was misunderstood. Throughout his career, Clinton has been subject to allegations of sexual misconduct, though only his extramarital sexual relationships with Lewinsky. For alleged misconduct during his governorship Paula Jones brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton while he was president, Clinton argued that as a sitting president, he should not be vulnerable to a civil suit of this nature. The case landed in the U. S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court held that Deferral of this litigation until petitioners Presidency ends is not constitutionally required. However, Republican judge Susan Webber Wright of Arkansas dismissed the case, soon afterwards, Jones appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. On November 18,1998, Clinton agreed to an out-of-court settlement, Clinton, however, still offered no apology to Jones and still denied ever engaging in a sexual affair with her. In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged Clinton sexually assaulted her four years previously, in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged she was raped by Clinton some twenty years previously. The independent counsel determined Willey gave false information to the FBI, broaddricks only sworn testimony about Clinton was a previous denial of any harassment by Clinton
8.
Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1978
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The Arkansas gubernatorial election of 1978, held on November 7, was the first time that future President of the United States Bill Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas. At this time, one term was two years. Incumbent two-term Democratic Governor David Pryor decided to not seek re-election in order to run for the United States Senate, as his predecessor, senator J. William Fulbright and since 1977 the state Attorney General, won the nomination easily. A. Lynn Lowe, a Texarkana farmer, who served as state Republican Party chairman from 1974–1980, was unopposed for the 1978 gubernatorial nomination and he had also been the Republican nominee for Arkansass 4th congressional district seat in 1966. His campaign budget combined $709,234.00 while Lynns was $171,382, in 1992 he was elected third-youngest U. S. President. Lowes total was the highest for a Republican nominee in Arkansas since Winthrop Rockefellers third term bid in 1970 and he carried fourteen out of seventy-five counties, including Miller, Columbia, and Union counties in South Arkansas
9.
Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1980
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The Arkansas gubernatorial election of 1980 was only that states third election since Reconstruction when a Republican candidate won the governorship, and the first in which an incumbent was defeated. One-term Democratic Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton was narrowly defeated by Republican Frank D. White, which him, as he joked. He ran again two years later and regained the governorship, continuing to serve until he was elected President of the United States in 1992, both the Democratic and Republican primaries were held on May 27. He was also hurt by President Jimmy Carters decision to thousands of Cuban refugees, some unruly, to a detention camp at Fort Chaffee. 1980 general election was marked by decisive Republican victories—the GOP won the White House, clintons narrow loss was viewed as part of Reagans coattails. Frank White narrowly won the election, Clinton’s defeat in 1980 was a turning point in his career as the loss allowed him to uncover what had set up his loss but also how to aim himself right for another run at the governor position. Clinton himself said, “I spent a lot of time trying to figure out where I messed up. How did I turn people off, what decisions could I have made differently. How could I have maintained a level of support for change. As a result, he became more sensitive to the vagaries of public opinion. This supports his New Democrat philosophy which becomes a part of Clinton’s politics especially during his presidential runs in the 1990’s. Although he was distraught by his defeat, he seemed optimistic even though Clinton publicly would not acknowledge if he would pursue the governor seat. As Clinton embraced his loss and worked to move from it, he joined his good friend Bruce R. Lindsey at Lindsey’s law firm called Wright, Lindsey, Jennings, had always been a Clinton ally and served as one of his advisors during his presidency. Clinton was young, exciting, and branded himself as a “New Democrat” where he felt he could negotiate, with Jimmy Carter’s defeat in the 1980 Presidential Election, the New Democrats began to grain traction among prominent political movements as an answer to combat Reagan and the Republicans. For the sake of argument, let’s assume Bill Clinton takes this route and becomes head of the Democratic National Committee in 1981 or 1982, sometime after Jimmy Carter’s landslide defeat in 1980. For example, Clinton drew young people and was popular among people in the South which is a region the GOP seemingly had on lock. To put things into perspective, Clinton dominated among younger voters in 1992 where he won 46% to 33%. W, Bush in a region the Republicans confidently believed they had. Instead, Bush barely got by with a 43% to 41% edge and this sets up an interesting election in 1984 where President Reagan and the GOP would be aiming to reclaim the seat they had lost and then some
10.
Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1982
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The Arkansas gubernatorial election of 1982 was the second since Reconstruction in which an incumbent was defeated. Coincidentally, the first had been the preceding election, one-term Democratic Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton regained the position after having narrowly been defeated by Republican Frank D. White at the previous election. Clinton continued to serve until shortly after he was elected President of the United States in 1992, gov. Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas 1979-1981 Lt. Frank White easily won renomination from the Republican party, White was hurt politically due to several unpopular decisions that he made, and Clinton ran an aggressive campaign. Bill Clinton, who was defeated in the last election, won the election, and elected again in 1984,1986, and 1990, until his presidential victory in November 1992
11.
Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1984
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The Arkansas gubernatorial election of 1984 was held on November 6,1984. Incumbent Governor Bill Clinton won reelection with a 25% margin of victory over Jonesboro businessman Woody Freeman and this was the last gubernatorial election in Arkansas before the implementation of Amendment 63, lengthening the term of the governor of Arkansas from two to four years. Winning his third of five terms as Governor of Arkansas, Clinton continued to serve this office until shortly after he was elected President of the United States in 1992. Freeman attacked Clinton on not focusing on issues, pledging not to raise taxes. Freeman saw some high profile visits from prominent Republicans, including then President Ronald Reagan, during a rally for the Reagan/Bush reelection campaign just days before election day Reagan told an audience, Please send Woody Freeman to the Statehouse. Kissinger tells us everything he knows about what Arkansas needs, and I hope my opponent tells Mr. Kissinger everything he knows about what Arkansas needs in a utility contractor
12.
Presidency of Bill Clinton
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The presidency of Bill Clinton began on January 20,1993 at noon Eastern Standard Time, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,2001. His running mate, Al Gore, took office as Vice President on the same day, Clinton, a Democrat, took office after defeating Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, he defeated Republican Bob Dole and Ross Perot to win a term of office. During both elections, Clinton ran as a New Democrat, and many of many of his administrations policy proposals reflected his centrist, Third Way thinking. He was succeeded in office by Republican George W. Bush, months into his first term, he signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which raised taxes and set the stage for future budget surpluses. He also signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade pact negotiated by President George H. W. Bush among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. His most ambitious legislative initiative, a plan to provide health care. Clintons party suffered a strong rebuke in the 1994 elections, the Republican Revolution, as the 1994 elections came to be known, empowered Congressional Republicans led by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich to propose several conservative policies. While Clinton vetoed many of these policies, he signed some, including the Personal Responsibility. After disagreements with Congressional Republicans led to two shutdowns of the government between 1995 and 1996. In foreign policy, Clintons first term saw American interventions in Haiti and the Balkans, Clinton also appointed two Supreme Court Justices, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer. Clintons second term saw the first federal budget surpluses since the 1960s and his impeachment arose after he denied having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Though the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton, he was acquitted of all charges by the Senate, in 1997, Clinton signed into law a bill creating the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, which was to help provide health care coverage for millions of children. In 1999, he signed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which allowed for the consolidation of investment banks, commercial banks, in foreign policy, Clinton launched a major bombing campaign in the Balkans, which led to the creation of a United Nations protectorate in Kosovo. Clinton also pursued trade agreements, most notably with China. Since the end of his presidency, historians and political scientists have tended to rank Clinton as an average to above average president. In the 1992 presidential election, Clinton defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush to become the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter left office in 1981, Clinton took office with Democratic majorities in both houses, and attempted to pass an ambitious health care reform bill. Republicans took control of both houses of Congress in 1994 and retained control throughout Clintons presidency, but Clinton won reelection in 1996
13.
Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration
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President Clinton oversaw a very robust economy during his tenure. The U. S. had strong growth and record job creation. He raised taxes on higher income taxpayers early in his first term and cut defense spending and these factors helped bring the federal budget into surplus from fiscal years 1998-2001, the only surplus years after 1969. Debt held by the public, a measure of the national debt. Clinton signed NAFTA into law along with other free trade agreements. He also enacted significant welfare reform and his deregulation of finance has been criticized as a contributing factor to the Great Recession. Clintons presidency included a period of economic growth in Americas history. Clintonomics encompassed both a set of policies as well as governmental philosophy. Clinton’s economic approach entailed modernization of the government, making it more enterprise-friendly while dispensing greater authority to state. The ultimate goal involved rendering the American government smaller, less wasteful, Clinton ran on the economic platform of balancing the budget, lowering inflation, lowering unemployment, and continuing the traditionally conservative policies of free trade. W. By the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. 2% of Americans and it also imposed a new energy tax on all Americans and subjected about a quarter of those receiving Social Security payments to higher taxes on their benefits. Republican Congressional leaders launched an opposition against the bill, claiming that the tax increase would only make matters worse. Republicans were united in opposition, and every Republican in both houses of Congress voted against the proposal. In fact, it took Vice President Gores tie-breaking vote in the Senate to pass the bill, after extensive lobbying by the Clinton Administration, the House narrowly voted in favor of the bill by a vote of 218 to 216. The budget package expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit as relief to low-income families and it reduced the amount they paid in federal income and Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax, providing $21 billion in relief for 15 million low-income families. Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 into law and this act created a 36 percent to 39.6 percent income tax for high-income individuals in the top 1. 2% of wage earners. Businesses were given a tax rate of 35%. The cap was repealed on Medicare, the taxes were raised 4.3 cents per gallon on transportation fuels and the taxable portion of Social Security benefits were increased
14.
Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration
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The foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under the Administration of President Bill Clinton. Clintons main foreign policy advisors were Secretaries of State Warren M. Christopher and Madeleine Albright and National Security Advisors Anthony Lake and Sandy Berger. President Clinton assumed office shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War, as such and soon after taking office, President Clinton had to decide whether and how the United States would deal with the violence of numerous conflicts internationally. Clinton also worked his foreign policy on long-running conflicts in Northern Ireland, which branch of government was to control the deployment of American troops occupied these debates almost as much as the merits of the individual interventions. Clinton would utilize both the multi-national cast and the blessing of international organizations for support in most of these involvements. These largely humanitarian operations during his term met much more congressional opposition and this involvement suggests that the president had found international organizations to be a useful ally in part to decrease and to overcome the resistance of the national legislature. The soldiers were sent to food and other relief supplies from being stolen by warring factions. After soldiers faced fire from armed clans and 19 soldiers were killed in 1993 in the Battle of Mogadishu, fearing chaos resulting in the starvation of Somalias civilians and to help U. S. Forces defend themselves, Clinton increased troop presence in the country, demands for withdrawal, however, grew louder and Clinton ordered troops out of the country in March 1994. This left Somalia in a state of chaos, with warlords battling for control, in April 1994, genocide in Rwanda erupted due to a conflict between Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups. Over the next few months, an estimated 500,000 to 1 million Rwandans, by July, the Rwandan Patriotic Front took over the country. Although the Clinton Administration and the community was aware of the genocide taking place in Rwanda. By the end of July, nearly two million of Hutus fled the country for safety, spawning the growth of refugee camps in neighboring countries. As thousands of people died of disease and starvation in these camps, Clinton ordered airdrops of food and supplies for the Hutu refugees. In July, he sent 200 non-combatant troops to the Rwanda capital of Kigali to manage the airport and these troops were subsequently withdrawn by October 1994. Clinton and the United Nations faced criticism for their non-response to the genocide, when Clinton traveled to Africa in 1998, he said that the international community, presumably including the US, must accept responsibility for the failure to respond to the massacres. When speaking about the Rwanda Crisis, Clinton called it his worst failure, during his African trip, Clinton also referred to the concept of the new generation of African leaders. In August 1998, terrorists bombed the United States embassies in the capitals of two East African countries, Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, about 250 people were killed, including 12 Americans, and more than 5,500 were injured. S
15.
Clinton Doctrine
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The Clinton Doctrine is not a clear statement in the way that many other United States Presidential doctrines were. However, in a February 26,1999, speech, President Bill Clinton said the following, which was generally considered to summarize the Clinton Doctrine, Its easy. To say that we really have no interests in who lives in this or that valley in Bosnia, or who owns a strip of brushland in the Horn of Africa, or some piece of parched earth by the Jordan River. But the true measure of our interests lies not in how small or distant these places are, the question we must ask is, what are the consequences to our security of letting conflicts fester and spread. We cannot, indeed, we should not, do everything or be everywhere, but where our values and our interests are at stake, and where we can make a difference, we must be prepared to do so. The Clinton Doctrine was used to justify the American involvement in the Yugoslav Wars, President Clinton was criticized for not intervening to stop the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Other observers viewed Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia as a mistake, in Clintons final National Security Strategy, he clarified this doctrine by differentiating between national interests and humanitarian interests. He described national interests as those that. do not affect our national survival, do affect our national well-being and the character of the world in which we live. Clintons National Security Strategy provided Bosnia and Kosovo as examples of such interests, in contrast, it described humanitarian interests as those that force the nation to act, because our values demand it. Obama Doctrine Bush Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Carter Doctrine Clinton, William J, a National Security Strategy For A Global Age. A National Security Strategy For A New Century, a National Security Strategy For A New Century. A National Security Strategy For A New Century, a National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. Meiertöns, Heiko, The Doctrines of US Security Policy - An Evaluation under International Law, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76648-7
16.
Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992
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The 1992 presidential campaign of Bill Clinton, then Governor of Arkansas, was announced on October 3,1991 in Little Rock, Arkansas. After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 1992, Clinton was the governor of a traditionally conservative Southern state, Arkansas. He had been viewed as a presidential candidate before his actual bid in 1992. Bill Clinton was seen as a candidate as he was a popular Democratic Governor in a state that had voted for Republicans in four of the last five presidential elections. The candidates in 1992 were considered one of the weakest starting grids the Democrats had ever chosen, most of this was due to President George H. W. Bushs sky-high approval ratings in the wake of Operation Desert Storm. The most notable front-runner Mario Cuomo, decided not to run on December 20,1991, when the early straw polls were finished, Bill Clinton was the candidate on the rise. The other primary contenders were Douglas Wilder, Bob Kerrey, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Clintons victory in the Florida straw poll over Harkin made him the early front-runner in the post-Cuomo vacuum. In the recent past, the Iowa caucus had been the launching pad for candidacies, but since Harkin was himself an Iowa Senator, attention turned to New Hampshire. In January 1992, Clinton led Tsongas by a solid 16 points with nobody else even close, but Clinton was undone by two damaging stories that cut against his credibility. The first was the allegation that he had a twelve-year extra-martial affair with Gennifer Flowers, the story that caused Clinton greater damage, however, was the notion that he had dodged the draft in order to avoid military service in the Vietnam War. The draft story put Clinton in what pollster Stan Greenberg called meltdown, Clinton lost nearly twenty points in less than a week. But the formation of the War Room helped Clinton overcome his troubles, Clinton was even able to write off Tsongas win by claiming that Tsongas home in Lowell, Massachusetts actually meant Tsongas should have won. There was actually a third accusation of Clinton smoking marijuana while in college in England and his now famous response was I only tried it once and never actually inhaled. Bob Kerrey then emerged as the survivor of the Harkin-Kerrey Midwest elimination by winning the South Dakota caucus, Clinton then took the lead in the primary season by winning Georgia. Clinton then won most of the rest of the primaries facing eliminated or diminished competition, Clintons advisors felt he won the nomination when Jerry Brown upset Tsongas in the Maryland primary. Brown later upset Clinton in the Connecticut primary, but Clintons road was relatively easy after the March 3,1992 win in Georgia, Clinton was a guest on The Arsenio Hall Show on June 3,1992, the day after he secured the Democratic party nomination. He played Heartbreak Hotel on the saxophone, the appearance is often considered an important moment in Clintons political career, helping build his popularity among minority and young voters. Clintons appearance on the show and subsequent media coverage of it catapulted Clinton ahead of Bush in the polls, in June and July 1992, speculation grew about who Clinton was going to pick as his running mate
17.
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1992
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During the aftermath of the Gulf War, President George H. W. Bushs approval ratings were extremely high. During one point after the performance by U. S forces in Kuwait. As a result, several candidates such as Mario Cuomo refused to seek the Democratic nomination for president. Senator Al Gore declined to seek the nomination because his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. The Democrats lacked a viable candidate to face an incumbent Republican president. Still, several such as Bill Clinton, Paul Tsongas. While Michael Dukakis received 111 electoral votes out of a possible 538 in 1988, notably, he won Illinois, New Jersey, Vermont, California, and Maine, states which hadnt been Democratic for a long time, and which have continued to swing Democratic through 2016. He prepared for a run in 1992 amidst a crowded field seeking to beat the incumbent President George H. W. Bush. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, Bush seemed unbeatable, Tom Harkin won his native Iowa without much surprise. Clinton, meanwhile, was still a relatively unknown national candidate before the season when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair. Clinton sought damage control by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton, Clinton swept nearly all of the Southern Super Tuesday primaries, making him the solid front runner. Jerry Brown, however, began to run a surprising insurgent campaign, Brown seemed to be the most left-wing and right-wing man in the field. Called for term limits, a tax, and the abolition of the Department of Education. Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut and Colorado and seemed poised to overtake Clinton, on March 17, Tsongas left the race when he decisively lost both the Illinois and Michigan primaries to Clinton, with Brown as a distant third. Exactly one week later, Brown eked out a win in the bitterly fought Connecticut primary. Jackson was still a figure in that community and Browns polling numbers suffered. On April 7, he lost narrowly to Bill Clinton in Wisconsin, in addition, his willingness to break with liberal orthodoxy on taxes led to denunciations from the party regulars, but by the end of the race he had been embraced by much of the Left. Although Brown continued to campaign in a number of states, he won no further primaries, despite this, he still had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would have deprived Clinton of sufficient support to win the nomination
18.
United States presidential election, 1992
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The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3,1992, there were three major candidates, Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. Clinton won a plurality in the vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides, northeastern, Upper Midwest, and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic. As of 2016, this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated, Perots campaign took 18. 9% of the vote, finishing second in Maine and Utah. This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912, as of 2017, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate. Buchanans best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes, unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party, Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his culture war speech alienated many moderates. After the successful performance by U. S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War and his re-election was considered very likely. As a result, several candidates, such as Mario Cuomo. In addition, Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, Senator Tom Harkin ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Senator Paul Tsongas highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism, nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat and he was still relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair, Clinton rebutted the story by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton. The primary season began with U. S, Senator Tom Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected
19.
First inauguration of Bill Clinton
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The first inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd President of the United States was held on January 20,1993 on the West Front of the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Bill Clinton as President, at 46 years,154 days of age time of his first inauguration, Clinton was the third-youngest person to become president, and the first from the Baby Boomer generation. Americas Reunion on the Mall was a two-day multi-stage festival as part of the 1993 Presidential Inaugural Celebration, one million people attended the event on the National Mall between Capitol Hill and the Washington Monument. With tents stretching from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, it was reported to be the largest festival held on the Mall. The two-hour outdoor concert that started the festival kicked off the Clinton/Gore Inaugural, hundreds of thousands of people attended the free concert, which featured entertainers Michael Jackson, Aretha Franklin, Michael Bolton, Tony Bennett, Bob Dylan, Diana Ross, and rapper LL Cool J. At 6 p. m. Clinton and Gore, with the help of their children, grasped the red rope attached to the bell, a spectacular display of fireworks ended the evening’s public events. On January 19, Clinton visited the Arlington Cemetery to visit the graves of John F. Kennedy, the visit was not on Clintons schedule, and only a small group of reporters and photographers was allowed to witness the gathering from 150 yards away. After kneeling at the graveside for a few moments, Mr. and Mrs. Clinton each placed a rose on the grave of Robert Kennedy. Mr. Clinton then walked alone to John F. Kennedys grave and he knelt for several seconds before the grave of the man who was shot on Nov.22,1963. Clinton had met President Kennedy briefly as a teenager in 1963, a specially re-formed Fleetwood Mac also took the stage to perform the song Dont Stop which had been Bill Clintons campaign song. Also on January 19, the Clintons took part in an event aimed at younger audiences at the Kennedy Center, billed as two separate one-hour specials, the Inaugural Celebration for Children and the Inaugural Celebration for Youth were both aired live on Disney Channel. The Inaugural Celebration for Children was hosted by Markie Post and featured appearances from Mr. Rogers, the Muppets, Raffi, Emmylou Harris, Rosanne Cash, ferguson, Al Gore, the Joffrey Ballet, the L. A. Youth Ensemble Theatre, and the cast of The Mickey Mouse Club, the inaugural ceremonies and luncheon for Clinton’s inauguration were planned and executed by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, as all inaugurations since 1901 have been. Senator Wendell H. Ford chaired the committee for Clinton’s first inauguration and it is estimated that the committee spent $33 million on the inauguration. The ceremony began with the Vice Presidential Oath of Office, byron White, the Associate Justice, administered the oath to Albert A. Gore Jr. ”At noon, the oath of office was administered to Clinton by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. The oath was sworn on a King James Bible, which was given to him by his grandmother, standing beside him were his daughter Chelsea and his wife Hillary, who was holding the Bible opened to Galatians 6,9. Clinton, the first Democratic president in 12 years, then delivered his inaugural address, in the 1, 598-word speech, Clinton informed the nation of his intentions as a leader. Clinton portrayed change as a factor, not something to be feared
20.
North American Free Trade Agreement
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The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1,1994 and it superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U. S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been a small net positive for the United States, large net positive for Mexico and had an insignificant impact on Canada. The signed agreement was ratified by each nations legislative or parliamentary branch. The earlier Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada, in that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives. Mulroney and the PCs had a majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada-U. S. FTA and NAFTA bills. However, he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell. S and it also required U. S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17,1993, the agreements supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20,1993, 61–38, Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8,1993, the agreement went into effect on January 1,1994, Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs, if I didnt believe that, I wouldnt support this agreement. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U. S. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1,1994 brought the elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexicos exports to the U. S. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U. S. -Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U. S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years, most U. S. -Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modelled after Chapter 69 of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evans, Constance Hunt, John Richard, Arlin M. Adams, Susan Getzendanner, George C. Pratt, Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day OConnor, securing U. S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA’s environmental impact
21.
Clinton health care plan of 1993
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The president had campaigned heavily on health care in the 1992 presidential election. The task force was created in January 1993, but its own processes were somewhat controversial and its goal was to come up with a comprehensive plan to provide universal health care for all Americans, which was to be a cornerstone of the administrations first-term agenda. A major health care speech was delivered by the president to the US Congress in September 1993, the core element of the proposed plan was an enforced mandate for employers to provide health insurance coverage to all of their employees. Opposition to the plan was heavy from conservatives, libertarians, the industry produced a highly effective television ad, Harry and Louise, in an effort to rally public support against the plan. Instead of uniting behind the proposal, many Democrats offered a number of competing plans of their own. On September 26,1994, the final compromise Democratic bill was declared dead by Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell, subsidies were to be provided to those too poor to afford coverage, including complete subsidies for those below a set income level. Users would choose plans offered by regional health alliances to be established by each state and these alliances would purchase insurance coverage for the states residents and could set fees for doctors who charge per procedure. The act provided funding to be sent to the states for the administration of the plan, beginning at $14 billion in 1993 and he delivered a major health care speech to a joint session of Congress on September 22,1993. In that speech, he explained the problem, Millions of Americans are just a pink slip away from losing their health insurance, and one serious illness away from losing all their savings. Millions more are locked into the jobs they have now just because they or someone in their family has once been sick, and on any given day, over 37 million Americans—most of them working people and their little children—have no health insurance at all. Her leading role in the project was unprecedented for a presidential spouse and this unusual decision by the president to put his wife in charge of the project has been attributed to several factors, such as his desire to emphasize his personal commitment to the enterprise. Starting on September 28,1993, Hillary Clinton appeared for several days of testimony before five congressional committees on health care, opponents of the bill organized against it before it was presented to the Democratic-controlled Congress on November 20,1993. The bill was a proposal of more than 1000 pages. The full text of the November 20 bill is available online, the long-term political effects of a successful. Health care bill will be even worse—much worse and it will revive the reputation of. Democrats as the protector of middle-class interests. And it will at the same time strike a blow against Republican claims to defend the middle class by restraining government. Time, CBS News, CNN, the Wall Street Journal, with its drastic prescriptions for controlling the conduct of state governments, employers, drug manufacturers, doctors, hospitals and you and me
22.
White House travel office controversy
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The White House travel office controversy, sometimes referred to as Travelgate, was the first major ethics controversy of the Clinton administration. It began in May 1993, when seven employees of the White House Travel Office were fired, the White House stated the firings were done because financial improprieties in the Travel Office operation during previous administrations had been revealed by an FBI investigation. Heavy media attention forced the White House to reinstate most of the employees in other jobs, Travel Office Director Billy Dale was charged with embezzlement but found not guilty in 1995. In 1998, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr exonerated Bill Clinton of any involvement in the matter, Hillary Clinton gradually came under scrutiny for allegedly having played a central role in the firings and making false statements about her involvement therein. In 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray issued his report on Travelgate. By the time of the start of the Clinton administration, it was quartered in the Old Executive Office Building, and had seven employees with a yearly budget of $7 million. Travel Office Director Billy Ray Dale had held that position since 1982, serving through most of the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, and had started in the Travel Office in 1961. According to the White House, the incoming Clinton administration had heard reports of irregularities in the Travel Office and they looked at a review by KPMG Peat Marwick which discovered that Dale kept an off-book ledger, had $18,000 of unaccounted-for checks, and kept chaotic office records. White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty and the White House counsels thus decided to fire the Travel Office staff, the actual terminations were done on May 19,1993, by White House director of administration David Watkins. Republicans and other saw the events differently. They alleged that friends of President Bill Clinton, including his third cousin Catherine Cornelius, had sought the firings in order to get the business for themselves. Dale and his staff had replaced with Little Rock, Arkansas-based World Wide Travel. The Clinton campaign had been TRMs sole client during 1992, collecting commissions from booking charter flights for the campaign. Martens wanted the White House to award TRM a $500,000 contract for an aircraft audit, FBI agents went there and, although initially reluctant, authorized a preliminary investigation. Deputy White House Counsel Vince Foster became worried about the firings about to place and ordered the KPMG Peat Marwick review. The accounting review started on May 14 and the report was given to the White House on May 17, one KPMG representative later described the office as an ungodly mess in terms of records with ten years of material piled up in a closet. When the review came back with its reports of irregularities, Watkins went ahead with the terminations on May 19, the travel office affair quickly became the first major ethics controversy of the Clinton presidency and an embarrassment for the new administration. Criticism from political opponents and especially the media became intense
23.
Whitewater controversy
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Little Rock U. S. Attorney Charles A. Banks and the FBI determined that the referral lacked merit, from 1992 to 1994, Lewis issued several additional referrals against the Clintons, and repeatedly called the U. S. Attorneys Office in Little Rock and the Justice Department regarding the case. Her referrals eventually became public knowledge, and she testified before the Senate Whitewater Committee in 1995, a U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project. Jim Guy Tucker, Bill Clintons successor as governor, was convicted of fraud, Susan McDougal served 18 months in prison for contempt of court for refusing to answer questions relating to Whitewater. Neither Bill Clinton nor Hillary were ever prosecuted, after three separate inquiries found insufficient evidence linking them with the conduct of others related to the land deal. The matter was handled by the Whitewater Independent Counsel, most known for being Kenneth Starr, the last of these conclusions came from the final Independent Counsel, Robert Ray, in 2000. Susan McDougal was granted a pardon by President Clinton before he left office, but Whitewater proper refers only to the matters stemming from the Whitewater Development Corporation and subsequent developments. Bill Clinton had known Arkansas businessman and political figure Jim McDougal since 1968 and it was around this time that Hillary Clinton also began trading cattle futures. The plan was to hold the property for a few years, the four borrowed $203,000 to buy land, and subsequently transferred ownership of the land to the newly created Whitewater Development Corporation, in which all four participants had equal shares. Susan McDougal chose the name Whitewater Estates and their sales pitch was, One weekend here, the business was incorporated on June 18,1979. By the time the Whitewater lots were surveyed and available for sale at the end of 1979, prospective buyers could no longer afford to buy vacation homes. Rather than take a loss on the venture, the four decided to build a model home, when Bill Clinton failed to win re-election in 1980, Jim McDougal lost his job as the governors economic aide and decided to go into banking. He acquired the Bank of Kingston in 1980 and the Woodruff Savings & Loan in 1982, renaming them the Madison Bank & Trust and the Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan, respectively. In spring 1985, McDougal held a fundraiser at Madison Guarantys office in Little Rock that paid off Clintons 1984 gubernatorial campaign debt of $50,000, McDougal raised $35,000, $12,000 of that was in Madison Guaranty cashiers checks. In 1985, Jim McDougal invested in a construction project called Castle Grande. The 1,000 acres, located south of Little Rock, were priced at about $1.75 million, according to current law, McDougal could borrow only $600,000 from his own savings and loan, Madison Guaranty. Therefore, McDougal involved others to raise the additional funds, among these was Seth Ward, an employee of the bank, who helped funnel the additional $1.15 million required. To avoid potential investigations, the money was moved back and forth among several other investors, Hillary Clinton, then an attorney at Rose Law Firm provided legal services to Castle Grande
24.
AmeriCorps
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The program is often seen as a domestic Peace Corps. It employs more than 75,000 Americans in intensive service each year, AmeriCorps is an initiative of the Corporation for National and Community Service, which also oversees the Senior Corps and the formerly-funded Learn and Serve America. It was created under President Bill Clinton by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, incorporating VISTA, a third division, AmeriCorps State and National, provides grants to hundreds of local community organizations throughout the United States. The program first became operational in 1994 and has expanded over time, members may be provided modest financial compensation in the form of cost-of-living allowances, student loan deferment, Public Service Loan Forgiveness, and the Americorps Education Award. Less tangible benefits include professional skill development and work experience, an internal study found that participation in AmeriCorps strengthened civic attitudes and sentiment, making members more likely to choose careers in public service. AmeriCorps VISTA, or Volunteers in Service to America, was founded in 1965 as a version of the Peace Corps. The program was incorporated into AmeriCorps and renamed AmeriCorps*VISTA with the creation of AmeriCorps in 1993, there are currently over 5,000 VISTA members serving in 1,200 VISTA programs nationwide. AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps is a full-time, residential team-based program for men and women ages 18–24, members serve at one of five regional campuses located throughout the United States. Each campus focuses efforts on states within its region but may travel to areas in response to national crises. Former campuses were located in Washington, DC, Charleston, SC, San Diego, CA, grants assist these groups in recruiting, training and placing AmeriCorps members to meet critical community needs in education, public safety, health, and the environment. Each states Service Commission dispenses funding from the Corporation for National, thousands of organizations across the nation have been awarded AmeriCorps State and National grants since the programs inception. After successfully completing their term of service, AmeriCorps State and National members may receive an Education Award of up to $5,750, the Education Award can pay for additional college or graduate school courses, or it can pay off existing student loans. Full-time members typically complete 1,700 hours of service over 11 months, these members additionally receive an allowance, health benefits. According to the AmeriCorps website, since the creation of AmeriCorps in 1993 more than 250,000 individuals across the United States have served hundreds of communities in every state of the nation. Some of the programs, organizations, and institutions partnering with AmeriCorps include Communities In Schools, Jumpstart for Young Children, Public Allies, Citizen Schools, City Year, YouthBuild. While discussion has occurred about the range and efficacy of evaluating the successes of AmeriCorps, AmeriCorps provided fiscal and personnel to support the start-up of national programs, including Public Allies and Teach For America. It also brought vital resources to established programs, including City Year, Boys and Girls Club, Big Brothers Big Sisters, Justicecorps, AmeriCorps is reported to increase the effectiveness of community service. AmeriCorps members take the same Oath of Service as other government employees
25.
Dayton Agreement
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These accords put an end to the 3 1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars. During September and October 1995, world powers, gathered in the Contact Group, the conference took place from 1–21 November 1995. The peace conference was led by U. S, a key participant in the US delegation was General Wesley Clark. The head of the UK team was Pauline Neville-Jones, political director of the Foreign, the UK military representative was Col Arundell David Leakey. Paul Williams, through the Public International Law & Policy Group served as counsel to the Bosnian Government delegation during the negotiations. Curbing the participants ability to negotiate via the media was an important consideration. Richard Holbrooke wanted to prevent posturing through early leaks to the press, the agreements main purpose is to promote peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to endorse regional balance in and around the former Yugoslavia, thus in a regional perspective. A key component of this was the delineation of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line, the State of Bosnia Herzegovina was set as of the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and of the Republika Srpska. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a state, as opposed to a confederation, no entity or entities could ever be separated from Bosnia. Although highly decentralised in its Entities, it would retain a central government, with a rotating State Presidency, a central bank. The agreement mandated a wide range of organizations to monitor, oversee. The NATO-led IFOR was responsible for implementing military aspects of the agreement and deployed on 20 December 1995, the Office of the High Representative was charged with the task of civil implementation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was charged with organising the first free elections in 1996. The Court also rejected the other request stating, This was one of the cases in which the Court had to deal with the question of the legal nature of the Constitution. In later decisions the Court confirmed this by using other annexes of the agreement as a direct base for the analysis. The Court used the same reasoning to dismiss the claim in a later case. Before the Dayton agreement Bosnian Serbs controlled about 46% of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks 28%, Bosnian Serbs got large tracts of mountainous territories back, but they were pressured to surrender Sarajevo and some vital Eastern Bosnian/Herzegovian positions. All in all by changing quality to quantity their percentage grew to 49% from a bit more than 46% prior to Dayton
26.
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1996
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With the advantage of incumbency, Bill Clintons path to renomination by the Democratic Party was uneventful. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton - along with incumbent Vice President Al Gore - was renominated following a race in which he faced only token opposition. Former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, and that left Jimmy Griffin, the former mayor of Buffalo, New York, as the highest-ranking challenger still in the race. After finishing in place, behind even the perennial candidates, in the New Hampshire primaries. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, larouche did score a victory in North Dakota, although this was largely due to the fact that Clinton was not on the ballot in the state. Activist Lyndon LaRouche from Virginia Former Mayor of Buffalo Jimmy Griffin from New York Republican Party presidential primaries,1996
27.
United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner
28.
Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
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The second inauguration of Bill Clinton as President of the United States was held on January 20,1997 on the West Front of the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Bill Clinton as President. This was the last presidential inauguration to take place in the 20th century, reverend Billy Graham gave an invocation to start the ceremony followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ruth Bader Ginsburg gave the oath to office for Vice President Al Gore, jessye Norman, the famed Georgian opera singer, then serenaded the crowd with a medley of patriotic songs. Following the performance, surrounded by members of Congress dignitaries, Justices of the Supreme Court, family, the oath to office was administered by Chief Justice William Rehnquist at 12,05 pm. The oath was ended with the words, “So help me God. ”The National Anthem was sung and then Arkansas poet Miller Williams read “Of History and Hope. The inauguration was celebrated that night by 14 different official galas held in honor of the President, January 20,1997 was also Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. The Presidents speech addressed Dr. King and his legacy as a champion of African-American rights, in addition, a meal was eaten after the oath was taken at the Capitols Statutory Hall that was based on traditional recipes from President Thomas Jeffersons era. Miller Williams, a poet from Clintons home state of Arkansas, penned the poem “Of History and we have memorized America, how it was born and who we have been and where. In ceremonies and silence we say the words, telling the stories and we like the places they take us. The great and all the dead are there. We know the sound of all the sounds we brought, the rich taste of it is on our tongues. But where are we going to be, and why, the disenfranchised dead want to know. We mean to be the people we meant to be, to keep on going where we meant to go But how do we fashion the future, who can say how except in the minds of those who will call it Now. And how does our garden grow, with waving hands -- oh, rarely in a row -- and flowering faces. And brambles, that we can no longer allow, who were many people coming together cannot become one people falling apart. Who dreamed for every child an even chance cannot let luck alone turn doorknobs or not, whose law was never so much of the hand as the head cannot let chaos make its way to the heart. Who have seen learning struggle from teacher to child cannot let ignorance spread itself like rot
29.
Operation Infinite Reach
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Operation Infinite Reach was the codename for American cruise missile strikes on al-Qaeda bases in Khost, Afghanistan, and the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan, on August 20,1998. Operation Infinite Reach was the first time the U. S. acknowledged a preemptive strike against a violent non-state actor. U. S. intelligence suggested financial ties between the Al-Shifa plant and Osama bin Laden, and a sample collected from Al-Shifa allegedly contained a chemical used in VX nerve gas manufacturing. Suspecting that Al-Shifa was linked to, and producing weapons for, bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network. The failure of the attacks to kill bin Laden also enhanced his image in the Muslim world. Further strikes were planned but not executed, as a 2002 congressional inquiry noted, in which the CIA or U. S. military carried out an operation directly against Bin Ladin before September 11. Deploring the stationing of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, the alleged U. S. aim to fragment Iraq, and U. S. In June 1998, Al Mukhabarat Al Aamah director Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud traveled to Tarnak Farms to meet with Taliban leader Mullah Omar to discuss the question of bin Laden. Turki demanded that the Taliban either expel bin Laden from Afghanistan or hand him over to the Saudis, American analysts believed Turki offered a large amount of financial aid to resolve the dispute over bin Laden. Omar agreed to the deal, and the Saudis sent the Taliban 400 pickup trucks, while the Taliban sent a delegation to Saudi Arabia in July for further discussions, the negotiations stalled by August. Around the same time, the U. S. was planning its own actions against bin Laden, michael Scheuer, chief of the CIAs bin Laden unit, considered using local Afghans to kidnap bin Laden, then exfiltrate him from Afghanistan in a modified Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Documents recovered from Wadih el-Hages Nairobi computer suggested a link between bin Laden and the deaths of U. S. troops in Somalia and these were used as the foundation for the June 1998 New York indictment of bin Laden, although the charges were later dropped. Al-Qaeda began reconnoitering Nairobi for potential targets in December 1993, using a team led by Ali Mohamed, in January 1994, bin Laden was personally presented with the teams surveillance reports, and he and his senior advisers began to develop a plan to attack the American embassy there. While U. S. authorities had investigated al-Qaeda activities in Nairobi, on August 7, al-Qaeda teams in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, attacked the cities U. S. embassies simultaneously with truck bombs. In Nairobi, the explosion collapsed the nearby Ufundi Building and destroyed the embassy, killing 213 people, including 12 Americans, another 4,000 people were wounded. In Dar es Salaam, the bomber was unable to get enough to the embassy to demolish it. National Security Advisor Sandy Berger called President Bill Clinton at 5,35 AM on August 7 to notify him of the bombings, the groups objective was to plan a military response to the East Africa embassy bombings. Based on electronic and phone intercepts, physical evidence from Nairobi, in an August 10 Small Group meeting, the principals agreed to use Tomahawk cruise missiles, rather than troops or aircraft, in the retaliatory strikes
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NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
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The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from March 24,1999 to June 10,1999, NATO claimed that the Albanian population in Kosovo were being persecuted by FRY forces, Serbian police, and Serb paramilitary forces, and that military action was needed to force the FRY to stop. NATO countries attempted to gain authorization from the United Nations Security Council for military action, NATO launched a campaign without UN authorization, which it described as a humanitarian intervention. The FRY described the NATO campaign as a war of aggression against a sovereign country that was in violation of international law because it did not have UN Security Council support. The bombing killed between 489 and 528 civilians, and destroyed bridges, industrial plants, public buildings, private businesses, as well as barracks, the NATO bombing marked the second major combat operation in its history, following the 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was the first time that NATO had used military force without the approval of the UN Security Council, after its autonomy was quashed, Kosovo was faced with state organized oppression, from the early 1990s, Albanian language radio and television were restricted and newspapers shut down. Kosovar Albanians were fired in large numbers from public enterprises and institutions, including banks, hospitals, in June 1991 the University of Priština assembly and several faculty councils were dissolved and replaced by Serbs. Kosovar Albanian teachers were prevented from entering school premises for the new year beginning in September 1991. Later, Kosovar Albanians started an insurgency against Belgrade when the Kosovo Liberation Army was founded in 1996, armed clashes between two sides broke out in early 1998. A NATO-facilitated ceasefire was signed on 15 October, but both sides broke it two months later and fighting resumed, after the Rambouillet Accords broke down on 23 March with Yugoslav rejection of an external peacekeeping force, NATO prepared to install the peacekeepers by force. Operation Allied Force predominantly used an air campaign to destroy Yugoslav military infrastructure from high altitudes. After the third day of bombing, NATO had destroyed almost all of its strategic military targets in Yugoslavia. Despite this, the Yugoslav Army continued to function and to attack Kosovo Liberation Army insurgents inside Kosovo, mostly in the regions of Northern and Southwest Kosovo. The NATO air forces also targeted infrastructure, such as plants, water-processing plants. Commentators have debated whether the capitulation of Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War of 1999 resulted solely from the use of air power, the Rand Corporation examined the issue in a study. According to John Keegan, the capitulation of Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War marked a point in the history of warfare. It proved that a war can be won by air power alone, by comparison, diplomacy had failed before the war, and the deployment of a large NATO ground force was still weeks away when Slobodan Milošević agreed to a peace deal. As for why air power should have been capable of acting alone and these normally come together only rarely, but all occurred during the Kosovo War, Bombardment needs to be capable of causing destruction while minimising casualties
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Impeachment of Bill Clinton
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Clinton was subsequently acquitted of these charges by the Senate on February 12,1999. Two other impeachment articles – a second charge and a charge of abuse of power – failed in the House. The Independent Counsel, Ken Starr, turned over documentation to the House Judiciary Committee, the Chief Prosecutor, David Schippers, and his team reviewed the material and determined there was sufficient evidence to impeach the president. The trial in the United States Senate began right after the seating of the 106th Congress, a two-thirds vote was required to remove Clinton from office. Fifty senators voted to remove Clinton on the obstruction of justice charge and 45 voted to him on the perjury charge. Clinton, like Johnson a century earlier, was acquitted on all charges, the charges arose from an investigation by Ken Starr, the Independent Counsel. In the course of the investigation, Linda Tripp provided Starr with taped phone conversations in which Monica Lewinsky, at the deposition, the judge rejected the plaintiffs lawyers definition of the term sexual relations that Clinton claims to have construed to mean only vaginal intercourse. Judge Wright then told the attorneys they could be as explicit as necessary in asking their questions, a much-quoted statement from Clintons grand jury testimony showed him questioning the precise use of the word is. If the—if he—if is means is and never has been, that is not—that is one thing, if it means there is none, that was a completely true statement. Starr obtained further evidence of behavior by seizing the computer hard drive. Based on the conflicting testimony, Starr concluded that Clinton had committed perjury. Starr submitted his findings to Congress in a document, and simultaneously posted the report on the internet. Starr was criticized by Democrats for spending $70 million on an investigation that substantiated only perjury, after rumors of the scandal reached the news, Clinton publicly stated, I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. In his Paula Jones deposition, he swore, I have never had relations with Monica Lewinsky. Ive never had an affair with her, months later, Clinton admitted that his relationship with Lewinsky was wrong and not appropriate. Lewinsky engaged in sex with Clinton several times. Nevertheless, impeachment was one of the issues in the election. In November 1998, the Democrats picked up five seats in the House, impeachment proceedings were initiated during the post-election, lame duck session of the outgoing 105th United States Congress
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One America Initiative
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On June 14,1997, U. S. President Bill Clinton announced One America in the 21st Century, The Presidents Initiative on Race. This initiative, established with Executive Order 13050, was an element in President Clintons effort to prepare the country to embrace the rapid diversification of the American population. The main thrust of the effort was convening and encouraging community dialogue throughout the country, President Clinton introduced the initiative during his commencement speech to the graduating class of the university. In the speech, he discussed his own growing up in the segregated south. He addressed the problems surrounding race in America and the need to find ways to solve them. President Clinton envisioned an America based on equal opportunity, fairness, and respect for all, as well as shared responsibility, Clinton viewed race relations as something that too often divided and weakened the nation even as America was rapidly becoming the worlds first truly multi-racial democracy. The Advisory Board, chaired by pre-eminent historian Dr. John Hope Franklin, was introduced to the audience as well, President Clinton identified three imperatives for the initiative to focus, expanding opportunity, demanding responsibility, and creating one American community based on respect and shared values. Winston served as Executive Director of the One America Initiative, several other senior civil rights Presidential appointees and leaders in the national civil rights community served as senior staff for the Initiative. One young student said, And that makes us one and we all are the same inside. And I got that very distinctly from the curriculum, from the expression of the parents, from the expression of the teachers. gov
33.
Clinton Presidential Center
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The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, the main building cantilevers over the Arkansas River, echoing Clintons campaign promise of building a bridge to the 21st century. The archives are the largest as well, containing 2 million photographs,80 million pages of documents,21 million e-mail messages, the Clinton Library is also the most expensive, with all funding coming from 112,000 private donations. The museum showcases artifacts from Clintons two terms as president and includes full-scale replicas of the Clinton-era Oval Office and Cabinet Room, preliminary planning for the library began in 1997, while groundbreaking for the complex occurred on December 5,2001. Early estimates put the librarys cost at about $125 million, in 2001, the Clinton Foundation hoped to gather $200 million in donations to cover project costs. Fund-raising for the center was led by Terry McAuliffe, a friend of Clintons who had contributed heavily to the Clinton-Gore campaign in 1995. Clinton himself was prohibited by law from personally soliciting donations for the center, there were no other legal restrictions on donations, and the Clinton Foundation was able to accept unlimited private donations, all of which were tax deductible. Approximately $10 million of contributions came from Saudi Arabia, however, the Clinton Foundation declined to release a full donor list, similar to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Donations exceeding $1 million were given from various other foreign governments. Various American organizations also contributed millions of dollars to the foundation, the Clinton Presidential Center was dedicated on November 18,2004. Although it was raining, the ceremony was attended by approximately 30,000 people and included a 20-minute speech made by Clinton, who had recently undergone bypass surgery. It also included performances by Bono, the African Drum Ballet, four U. S. presidents were on the same stage together. All three other presidents spoke at the event as well, overall, the ceremony lasted two hours and featured six speakers. On November 17,2009, the fifth anniversary saw Clinton giving a speech to approximately 1,000 people, urging for the passage of health-care reform. He specifically mentioned the center and school as places where discussion on such topics could take place, the five-story main building comprises 20,000 square feet of exhibition space, the Great Hall, Forty Two, and classrooms. A2, 000-square-foot executive apartment used by Clinton is located on the top floor of the main building, one level above the public museum area. The organization of the exhibits within the building was inspired by the famous Long Room in the Old Library at Trinity College, Dublin. The Cadillac One used during Clintons presidency is housed on the first floor, on the second floor, the main gallery houses a 110-foot timeline, representing each of Clintons years as President
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My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)
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My Life is a 2004 autobiography written by former President of the United States Bill Clinton, who left office on January 20,2001. It was released on June 22,2004, the book was published by the Knopf Publishing Group and became a bestseller, the book sold in excess of 2,250,000 copies. Clinton had received what was at the time the worlds highest book advance fee and it later had a peripheral role in his political public appearances. He had an early interest in politics, which he pursued in college and he eventually ran for and won the Governorship of Arkansas, and later, the Presidency of the United States. Along the way, Clinton offers anecdotes of ordinary people he had interacted with over the years, in a political battle, he said that one should wait for an attack from his opponent, then counterpunch as strong and as fast as possible. Early gaffes in Clintons political career were a result, he believed, Clinton spent about two and a half years on the book. He gathered material for four months, wrote an outline, the books editor was Justin Cooper. I wrote it out long hand, left blanks for research, hed do the research, put it in the computer, print it out, every page in this book has probably been gone over somewhere between three and nine times. The original draft for the book was completely in long-hand. At 1,008 pages, the memoir was chided for its length, with comedian Jon Stewart joking, I have to confess, I did not finish the entire book, former President George W. Bush joked that it was 10,000 pages long. Clintons former advisor Dick Morris wrote a rebuttal named Because He Could, in his own book, Morris presented what he believed to be factual inaccuracies of different events Clinton depicted in My Life. Clinton earned US$30 million as of April 2008 from the sales of My Life and his book, Giving. The audiobook edition, read by Clinton and published by Random House Audio and this was the second time Clinton had won the award, in February 2004, Clinton won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children. They were narrators for the Russian National Orchestras album Peter and the Wolf/Wolf Tracks, list of United States Presidential autobiographies Official webpage at Random House
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