1.
Parliamentary procedure
–
Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies. In the United States, parliamentary procedure is referred to as parliamentary law, parliamentary practice, legislative procedure. At its heart is the rule of the majority with respect for the minority and its object is to allow deliberation upon questions of interest to the organization and to arrive at the sense or the will of the assembly upon these questions. Self-governing organizations follow parliamentary procedure to debate and reach group decisions—usually by vote—with the least possible friction, Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself, but also usually supplemented by a published parliamentary authority adopted by the body. The term gets its name from its use in the system of government. In the 16th and 17th century, there were rules of order in the early Parliaments of England, in the 1560s Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the House of Commons in 1583. In Canada, for example, Parliament uses House of Commons Procedure, the rules of the United States Congress were developed from the parliamentary procedures used in Britain. The American parliamentary procedures are followed in nations, including Indonesia. The procedures of the Diet of Japan have moved away from the British parliamentary model, in Occupied Japan, there were efforts to bring Japanese parliamentary procedures more in line with American congressional practices. In Japan, informal negotiations are more important than formal procedures, voting determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of rules, these tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a standard book on parliamentary procedure. A parliamentary structure conducts business through motions, which cause actions, members bring business before the assembly by introducing main motions, or dispose of this business through subsidiary motions and incidental motions. Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, disciplinary action, appeals, dues, and the drafting of organization charters, constitutions, the most common procedural authority in use in the United States is Roberts Rules of Order. Other authorities include The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure and Demeters Manual of Parliamentary Law, a common text in use in the UK, particularly within trade unions, is Lord Citrines ABC of Chairmanship. In English-speaking Canada, popular authorities include Kerr & Kings Procedures for Meeting, the Conservative Party of Canada uses Wainbergs Society meetings including rules of order to run its internal affairs. In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include Victor Morins Procédures des assemblées délibérantes, legislative assemblies in all countries, because of their nature, tend to have a specialized set of rules that differ from parliamentary procedure used by clubs and organizations. In the United Kingdom, Thomas Erskine Mays Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament is the authority on the powers
2.
Debate
–
Debate is a method of formally presenting an argument in a structured manner. The outcome of a debate may depend upon consensus or some way of reaching a resolution. In a formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide on differences, Debating is carried out in debating chambers and assemblies of various types to discuss matters and to make resolutions about action to be taken, often by voting. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in debates, in particular, in parliamentary democracies a legislature debates and decides on new laws. Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the debates that are sometimes held in democracies. Debating is also carried out for educational and recreational purposes, usually associated with educational establishments, the major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop the ability to debate rationally from either position with equal ease. The outcome of a contest may be decided by vote, by judges. Debating teams are often helpful to high school students in teaching the writing process, Debating societies emerged in London in the early eighteenth century, and soon became a prominent fixture of national life. The origins of these societies are not certain in many cases however, by the mid-18th century, john Henley, a clergyman, founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal purpose of reforming the manner in which such public presentations should be performed. He made extensive use of the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory and these changes were further implemented when Henley moved his enterprise to Lincolns Inn Fields. The public was now willing to pay to be entertained, by the 1770s, debating societies were firmly established in London society. The year 1785 was pivotal, The Morning Chronicle announced on March 27, giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Dukes Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough. In 1780,35 differently named societies advertised and hosted debates for anywhere between 650 and 1200 people, the question for debate was introduced by a president or moderator who proceeded to regulate the discussion. Speakers were given set amounts of time to argue their point of view, and, at the end of the debate, a vote was taken to determine a decision or adjourn the question for further debate. Speakers were not permitted to slander or insult other speakers, or diverge from the topic at hand, the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, were formed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1795 and are still active. The first student debating society in Great Britain was the St Andrews Debating Society, the Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815, and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World. Over the next few decades, similar societies emerged at other prominent universities. Examples include the Oxford Union and the Yale Political Union, in parliaments and other legislatures, members debate proposals regarding legislation, before voting on resolutions which become laws
3.
National Assembly (France)
–
The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The upper house is the Senate, the National Assemblys members are known as députés. There are 577 députés, each elected by a constituency through a two-round voting system. Thus,289 seats are required for a majority, the assembly is presided over by a president, normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years, however and it is guarded by Republican Guards. The Constitution of the French Fifth Republic greatly increased the power of the executive at the expense of Parliament, the President of the Republic can decide to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new legislative elections. This is meant as a way to resolve stalemates where the Assembly cannot decide on a political direction. The National Assembly can overthrow the government by a vote of no confidence. For this reason, the minister and his cabinet are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. The Government used to set the priorities of the agenda for the Assemblys sessions and this, however, was amended on 23 July 2008. Under the amended constitution, the Government sets the priorities for two weeks in a month, another week is designated for the Assemblys control prerogatives. And the fourth one is set by the Assembly, also, one day per month is set by a minority or opposition group. Members of the assembly can ask written or oral questions to ministers, the Wednesday afternoon 3 p. m. session of questions to the Government is broadcast live on television. Like Prime Ministers Questions in Britain, it is largely a show for the viewers, with members of the majority asking flattering questions, while the opposition tries to embarrass the government. Since 1988, the 577 deputies are elected by universal suffrage with a two-round system by constituency, for a five-year mandate. The constituencies each have approximately 100,000 inhabitants, however, districts were not redrawn between 1982 and 2009. As a result of population movements over that period, there were inequalities between the less populous rural districts and the urban districts, the constituencies were redrawn in 2009, but this redistribution was controversial. Among other controversial measures, it created eleven constituencies and seats for French residents overseas, albeit without increasing the overall number of seats beyond 577
4.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
5.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
–
It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
6.
William Ewart Gladstone
–
William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was also Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government also passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years later aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh, Biggar and Dingwall to visit their relatives. William and his brother were both made freemen of the burgh of Dingwall, in 1815 Gladstone also travelled to London and Cambridge for the first time with his parents. In London he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at St Pauls Cathedral following the Battle of Waterloo, William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St Thomass Church at Seaforth, close to his familys residence, Seaforth House. In December 1831 he achieved the double first-class degree he had long desired, Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform, following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of Europe, visiting Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. On his return to England, William was elected to Parliament in 1832 as Tory Member of Parliament for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle
7.
Irish Parliamentary Party
–
Its central objectives were legislative independence for Ireland and land reform. Its constitutional movement was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Irish self-government through three Irish Home Rule bills, the IPP evolved out of the Home Rule League which Isaac Butt founded after he defected from the Irish Conservative Party in 1873. The League sought to gain a form of freedom from Britain in order to manage Irish domestic affairs in the interest of the Protestant landlord class. It was inspired by the 1868 election of William Ewart Gladstone and his Liberal Party under the slogan Justice for Ireland, at first the Catholic hierarchy supported Gladstone supervising Irish affairs, hoping to gain financial aid for a Catholic University. But his educational programme of 1873 did not provide for a denominational university, the Home Government Association adopted educational issues and land reform into its programme, the hierarchy then favouring a Dublin-based parliament. The increasing Catholic numbers within the association frightened off its Protestant, the association was dissolved and Butt replaced it with the Home Rule League, formed after a conference in Dublin in November 1873. Gladstone unexpectedly called a new election in February 1874, which helped bring the League to the foreground, since 1872 the Secret Ballots Act had been introduced, so that voting was to be done secretly for the first time from then on. The League put denominational education, land reform and release of prisoners at the centre of the movement. It had difficulty finding reliable candidates to support its Home Rule issue, though succeeded in winning fifty-nine Irish seats, after the election forty-six members assembled in Dublin and organised themselves into a separate Irish parliamentary party in the Commons. The political outlook appeared encouraging at first, but the party displayed no initiative to achieve anything, Butt displayed lack of leadership, did not commit his party to anything. He made some excellent speeches but failed to any of the major parties to support bills beneficial to Ireland. This did not bring Home Rule closer but helped to revitalise the Irish party, Butt considered obstructionism a threat to democracy, its greatest benefit undoubtedly was that it helped bring Parnell to the fore of the political scene. An internal struggle began between Butt’s majority and Parnell’s minority leading to a rift in the party, Parnell determined to control of the Home Rule League. Parnell first worked successfully to have Fenians who missed out on Gladstone’s earlier amnesty freed, including Michael Davitt, after his release in 1877, Davitt travelled to America to meet John Devoy, the leading Irish-American Fenian and raise funds. During 1878 Parnell also met with leading members of the Irish American Fenians, in October Devoy agreed to a New Departure of separating militancy from the constitutional movement in order to further its path to Home Rule. Isaac Butt died of strain later that year and Parnell held back in grabbing control of the party and he immediately understood that supporting land agitation was a means to achieving his objective of self-government. The Conservatives under Disraeli had been defeated in the election and Gladstone was again Prime Minister and he attempted to defuse the land question with Balfour’s dual ownership Second Land Act of 1881 which failed to eliminate tenant evictions. Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely, in April 1882 Parnell moved to make a deal with the government
8.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
9.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
10.
House of Commons of Canada
–
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
11.
Conservatism
–
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
12.
Prime minister
–
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
13.
Robert Borden
–
Sir Robert Laird Borden, GCMG PC KC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10,1911, to July 10,1920, after retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queens University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 notes produced since 1976 but in late 2016 the government announced Bordens image would be removed during the next redesign, also arriving in this group was a great great grandfather, Robert Denison, who had come from Connecticut at about the same time. Perry had accompanied his father, Samuel Borden, the chief surveyor chosen by the government of Massachusetts to survey the former Acadian land, Robert Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister born before Confederation. His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician, from 1868 to 1874, he worked as a teacher in Grand-Pré and Matawan, New Jersey. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874, despite having no formal university education, he went to article for four years at a Halifax law firm. In August 1878, he was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, Borden went to Kentville, Nova Scotia, as the junior partner of the Conservative lawyer John P. Chipman. In 1880, he was inducted into the Freemasons – St Andrews lodge #1, in 1882, he was asked by Wallace Graham to move to Halifax and join the Conservative law firm headed by Graham and Charles Hibbert Tupper. In the Autumn of 1889, when he was only 35, Borden became the senior partner following the departure of Graham and Tupper for the bench and politics, respectively. His financial future guaranteed, on September 25,1889, he married Laura Bond, in 1894, he bought a large property and home on the south side of Quinpool Road, which the couple called Pinehurst. In 1893, Borden successfully argued the first of two cases which he took to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He represented many of the important Halifax businesses, and sat on the boards of Nova Scotian companies including the Bank of Nova Scotia and the Crown Life Insurance Company. In 1896, he became President of the Nova Scotia Barristers Society, by the time he was prevailed upon to enter politics, Borden had what some judged to be the largest legal practice in the Maritime Provinces, and had become a wealthy man. Borden was a Liberal until he broke with the party in 1891 over the issue of Reciprocity and he was elected to Parliament in the 1896 federal election as a Conservative and in 1901 was selected by the Conservative caucus to succeed Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative Party. He was defeated in his Halifax seat in the 1904 federal election, despite his efforts, his party lost the 1908 federal election to Wilfrid Lauriers Liberals. Borden was however elected again for Halifax and his partys fortunes turned around in the 1911 federal election, however, when the Conservatives successfully campaigned against Lauriers proposals for a Reciprocity agreement with the United States. Borden countered with a version of John A. Macdonalds National Policy and appeals of loyalty to the British Empire
14.
Naval Aid Bill
–
The Naval Aid Bill was a bill introduced in the Canadian House of Commons, by Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden on December 5,1912. The 1911 federal election, in which the Conservatives defeated the Liberal government, was largely on the question of what role Canada should play in the common defence of the British Empire. At the time, Britain was in engaged in an arms race with the German Empire. As Opposition Leader, Borden argued that Laurier’s plan to operate an autonomous fleet five cruisers, what was not yet well known within Britain or Canada was that by 1912 the German government had quietly scaled back its naval ambitions in favour of strengthening its army. The Germans had made this change in secret, and in any event the Admiralty strenuously downplayed reports that the Germans might have been giving up on their attempt to surpass the Royal Navy. As the new Prime Minister of Canada, Borden visited the United Kingdom in 1912 to accept the knighthood that was granted at the time to Dominion Prime Ministers. While in the U. K. at the urging of the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, the Conservative plan was at least three times more costly than the Liberal plan to construct a Canadian-operated fleet, and would reap no benefits to Canadian industries whatsoever. On December 5,1912, Borden introduced the Naval Aid Bill as a contribution to Britains navy. After a bitter debate and a filibuster by the opposition Liberals. The Act was soundly defeated by the Liberal-majority Senate two weeks later, 2nd Session,12 Parliament,3 George V. 1912-13 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, CANADA Bill 21 An Act to authorize measures for increasing the effective naval forces of the Empire. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows and this Act may be cited as The Naval Aid Act. That said sum shall be used and applied under the direction of the Governor in Council in the construction and equipment of battleships or armoured cruisers of the most modern and powerful type. The said ships when constructed and equipped shall be placed by the Governor in Council at the disposal of His Majesty for the defence of the Empire. The First World War commenced about fourteen months after the bills defeat, at the time, none of the five Queen Elizabeth class battleships that were ultimately built for the Royal Navy had yet been commissioned
15.
Hong Kong
–
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
16.
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
–
The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the unicameral parliamentary legislature of the Hong Kong special administrative region of the Peoples Republic of China. Under the constitutional reform package passed in 2010, there are five District Council new functional constituencies nominated by the District Councillors, the Legislative Council was first established in 1843 under the Charter of the Colony of Hong Kong as an advisory council to the Governor. The powers and functions of the legislature expanded throughout its history, the PLC ceased to exist and was replaced after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on 1 July 1997. Article 68 of the Hong Kong Basic Law states the aim is the election of all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage. Together with the article for Chief Executive, The articles have made universal suffrage of the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council of Hong Kong was set up in 1843 as a colonial legislature under British rule, the Council had four Official members including the Governor who was President and Member when it was first established. The Letters Patent of 1888, which replaced the 1843 Charter, added the significant words, the first ever elections to the Council were held in 1985, following by the first direct elections of the Legislative Council were held in 1991. The Legislative Council became an elected legislature for the first time in 1995. The Peoples Republic of China government did not agree with reforms to the Legislative Council enacted in 1994, instead, the Chinese government resolved to set up an alternative legislative council in preparation for the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong from Britain to China. The Provisional Legislative Council, in operation from 25 January 1997 to 30 June 1998, the Legislative Council of the HKSAR was established on 1 October 1998 under The Basic Law of the HKSAR. The first meeting of the Council was held in July of the year in Hong Kong. Since the Basic Law came into effect, five Legislative Council elections have been held, the most recent constitutional reform proposal, which suggested the electoral method of the Legislative Council remained unchanged, was vetoed in 2015. The first meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, from 1844 to 1846, were convened in the residence of Governor Pottinger. In 1985, LegCo moved down to the nearby Old Supreme Court building in Central Hong Kong where it remained until November 2011 and it took up residence in its present accommodation at the Legislative Block of the Central Government Complex, Tamar in December 2011. Unlike many other former and current Commonwealth legislatures, the Hong Kong Legislative Council does not have a ceremonial mace placed in its chambers, however, the high courts of Hong Kong use a mace to open sessions, and it represents the authority and powers of the court. The high block, which will be named as the Office Block, mainly houses offices for members, officially opened on 1 August 2011, administrative staff had already taken occupation on 15 January 2011. The Legislative Council consists of 70 elected members, the term of office of a member is four years, except for the first term when it was set to be two years. In both the 2008 and 2004 elections,30 members were elected by universal suffrage from geographical constituencies and 30 were elected from functional constituencies
17.
Jasper Tsang
–
Jasper Tsang Yok-sing, GBM, JP was the 2nd President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. He is the founding Chairman of the largest Beijing-loyalist party the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong from 1992 to 2003, being the leading figure of the pro-Beijing camp, he is considered relatively liberal-minded in the camp. After his announcing his retirement from the Legislative Council, he expressed that he may run for the 2017 CE election, Tsang was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China on 17 May 1947. Tsangs father, Tsang Chiu-kan was a clerk at the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and his younger brother, Tsang Tak-sing, is the former Secretary for Home Affairs of Hong Kong. He moved to Hong Kong when he was two old and grew up in Sai Wans Academic Terrace. Tsang received his primary and secondary education at St. Pauls College run by the Hong Kong Anglican Church. He read Mathematics at the University of Hong Kong, graduating with first class honours, in 1966, he went back to Guangzhou with his mother and was impressed by the socialist life there. His brother, Tsang Tak-sing, was arrested, tried and convicted for distributing anti-government leaflets at school, after graduating from the University of Hong Kong, Tsang joined the leftist Piu Kiu Middle School. After the downfall of Gang of Four, Tsang began to question his own beliefs and he obtained a Graduate Diploma of Education in 1981 and a Master of Education at the University of Hong Kong in 1983. He went on to become the principal of the Piu Kiu Middle School in 1986 until he left his position to become a full-time politician and he became the supervisor of the school and was also the supervisor of a newly established direct-subsidised school, the Pui Kiu College. Tsang remained faithful to the Chinese Communist Party, due to his good education background, Tsang became a high-flyer within the leftist camp. He stepped into the politics in 1976 when he was appointed a member of the Guangdong provincial committee of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference and he became a member of the Conferences National Committee in 1993. In 1992, he founded the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong with other local traditional leftists under the direction of Beijing to counter the newly emerging pro-democracy camp, Tsang became the first chairman of the party. He was subsequently appointed to the responsible for the preparatory work for the establishment of Hong Kong. He ran for the DAB in the 1995 Legislative Council elections but was defeated by Bruce Liu from the pro-democracy Association for Democracy and he was subsequently elected to the Provisional Legislative Council in 1996 by the Beijing-controlled Selection Committee. Tsang was first directly elected to the Legislative Council in 1998, in 2002 he was appointed to the Executive Council by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. In 2002 the fifth anniversary of the Special Administrative Region, he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the government, as the ally of the Tung administration, the DAB suffered criticisms with the unpopular government. During the controversy surrounding the enactment of the security bill in Hong Kong, Tsang drew criticism for his partys support of the governments legislative initiatives. Following the 1 July 2003 protests and disappointing performance of his party in the 2003 District Council elections and he gave up his Kowloon West seat and ran in the Hong Kong Island in the 2008 LegCo election
18.
President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
–
The President of the Legislative Council is the speaker of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. From the establishment of the council in 1843 to 1993, the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong was the Governor, in 1991, a Deputy President, Sir John Joseph Swaine, was appointed by the governor from among the members to chair the sittings. The governor remained president and member, but systematically absented himself from most of the sittings, in February 1993, the governor ceased to be member and president of the council. The presidency was handed over to an elected from among the unofficial members. Under the Article 66 to 79 in the Basic Law, the Legislative Council Commission Ordinance Cap,443, the Legislative Council Ordinance Cap. In the absence of the President, the chairman of the House Committee serves as deputy to the President, the President determines the day and hours of the meetings. He or she may change agenda, suspend a meeting, and call a special meeting, the President shall call emergency meetings at the request of the Chief Executive. The President is responsible for the observance of the rules of order in the Legislative Council and he or she is the representative of the Legislative Council on ceremonial and formal occasions. Before 1993, the Legislative Council was presided by the Governor of Hong Kong, from 25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945, the office was suspended due to Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong. The representative advisory bodies during the time were Chinese Representative Council, before 1993, the Legislative Council was presided by the Governor of Hong Kong. The President was elected among members of the Legislative Council since 1993 家after the last Governor Chris Patten gave up the power of presidency. Politiical party, Nonpartisan Rita Fan Hsu Lai-tai Politiical party, Nonpartisan Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong
19.
Legislative Council (Amendment) Bill 2012
–
The Legislative Council Bill 2012 is a Bill of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It is an amendment to the Legislative Council Ordinance Cap,542 §39 to disqualify a resigned member of the Legislative Council from participating in a subsequent by-election. The original proposal was to avoid by-elections but it sparked vast controversies in the community, the revised Bill restricts a resigned member of the Legislative Council from standing in any by-elections within six months. They stood in the by-elections and were all re-elected, the 2010 by-election launched by the pro-democracy legislators was strongly criticised by the Beijing government. In mid-May 2011, the government revealed its plan to do away with by-elections entirely, the consultation document was opposed by the pro-democracy camp, professionals and legal experts. The government tabled a bill to amend current legislation for by-elections for 13 July 2011, however, by late June, the bills future looked in doubt when the Central Government Liaison Office suggested a re-think. On 28 June, the government revised its proposal stipulating replacement by a candidate on the same election ticket. Whilst pro-government legislators declared support for the plan in principle. The government bowed to pressure and announced one week later that it would suspend reading of the bill for two months, pending consultations on the revised proposals. In July 2011, the Government published a paper in which four options were proposed with regard to the arrangements for filling vacancies in the Legislative Council. After the consultation, the government modified the bill to bar the resigning legislator from running again for six months, the pan democrats remained in opposition to any restriction of the electoral system. A researcher in Britains Electoral Reform Society said it was indeed common for vacancies to be filled by a candidate who was next-in-line, but one who was on the specific list of the outgoing. He said that the proposal meant that a seat held by a party would automatically go to another party if its representative resigned or died. The Bar Association also opposed the proposal as its violation to the right to stand for election. Academics echoed the sentiments, and also brought to light the possibility, albeit slim, albert Chan and Wong Yuk-man of People Power start the filibuster by submitting 1306 amendments altogether to the revised Legislative Council Bill. Leung Kwok-hung of the League of Social Democrats and Andrew Cheng also participated in the filibustering, miriam Lau of the Liberal Party carried out a 30-hour hunger strike to voice her opposition against such act of obstructionism and waste of public coffers. The Legislative Council carried on multiple overnight debates on the amendments with the support of the pro-Beijing camp, in the end, all amendments were defeated and the Bill was passed on 1 June 2012. Legislative Council Ordinance Cap 542 s 39 Bills Committee on Legislative Council Bill 2012 Public Consultation on Arrangements for Filling Vacancies in the Legislative Council
20.
New Zealand House of Representatives
–
The New Zealand House of Representatives is the sole chamber of the legislature of New Zealand. The House and the Queen of New Zealand together constitute the New Zealand Parliament, the House of Representatives passes all laws, provides ministers to form a cabinet, and supervises the work of the Government. It is also responsible for adopting the states budgets and approving the states accounts, the House of Representatives is a wholly democratically elected body, usually consisting of 120 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected for limited terms, holding office until Parliament is dissolved, a government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of MPs. If no majority is then a minority government can be formed with a confidence. The chamber was created by the British New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established a legislature, however the upper chamber. Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, the seat of the House of Representatives is Parliament House in Wellington, the capital city. The House of Representatives takes the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as its model, the New Zealand Parliament is based on the Westminster system. As a democratic institution, the role of the House of Representatives is to provide representation for the people. The executive branch of the New Zealand government draws its membership exclusively from the House of Representatives, although it does not elect the Prime Minister, the position of the parties in the House of Representatives is of overriding importance. By convention, a minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the governor-general appoints the person most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party and this support is immediately tested through a motion of confidence. The House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members, known as Members of Parliament, the Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives has overall charge of the administration of the House, and presides over sittings. Seating in the chamber is arranged in a horseshoe pattern. The Speaker of the House sits in a chair at the open end of the horseshoe. Following the example of the British House of Commons, members of Government are seated on the hand of the Speaker. MPs are assigned seating on the basis of the seniority in a party caucus, for example, the prime minister sits on the front row, in the fourth seat along from the Speaker. The 51st New Zealand Parliament is the current sitting of the House and its membership was elected at the 2014 general election and, so far, one subsequent by-election
21.
Majority
–
A majority is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the sets elements, Majority can be used to specify the voting requirement, as in a majority vote. A majority vote is more than half of the votes cast, a majority can be compared to a plurality, which is a subset larger than any other subset considered. A plurality is not necessarily a majority as the largest subset considered may consist of less than half the sets elements and this can occur when there are three or more possible choices. In British English the term majority is also used to refer to the winning margin. Other related terms containing the majority have their own meanings. A majority is the part, or more than half. For example, say a group consists of 20 individuals, in this case, a majority would be 11 or more individuals. For this group, having 10 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority, in parliamentary procedure, the term majority simply means more than half. As it relates to a vote, a majority vote is more than half of the votes cast, abstentions or blanks are excluded in calculating a majority vote. Also, the totals do not include votes cast by someone not entitled to vote or improper multiple votes by a single member, depending on the parliamentary authority used, there may be a difference in the total that is used to calculate a majority vote due to illegal votes. Illegal votes are votes which are cast for unidentifiable or ineligible candidates or choices, in this definition, illegal refers to the choices made on the ballot and does not refer to the persons who cast the votes. In Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised, illegal votes are counted as votes cast, in The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, illegal votes are not included in the total and a majority vote is defined as being more than half of all eligible votes cast. The issue of illegal votes does not exist when only two options are possible, such as when a majority vote is required to adopt a proposal, in this context, a majority vote is more yes votes than no votes. A majority vote is not the same as a vote of a majority of the present or a vote of a majority of the entire membership. For example, assume that votes are cast for three people for an office, Alice, Bob, and Carol, in Scenario 1, Alice received a majority vote. There were 20 votes cast and Alice received more than half of them, in Scenario 2, assume all three candidates are eligible. In this case, no one received a majority vote and this example also illustrates that half the votes cast is not a majority vote
22.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
–
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
23.
House of Lords
–
The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
24.
Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)
–
The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdoms lower chamber of Parliament. The office is held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new Parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed, the Speaker presides over the Houses debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, the Speaker does not take part in debate or vote. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, the Speaker has the right and obligation to reside in Speakers House at the Palace of Westminster. The office of Speaker is almost as old as Parliament itself, the earliest year for which a presiding officer has been identified is 1258, when Peter de Montfort presided over the Parliament held in Oxford. Early presiding officers were known by the title parlour or prolocutor, Edward III was frail and in seclusion, his prestigious eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, terminally ill. It was left to the son, a furious John of Gaunt. He arrested De la Mare and disgraced other leading critics, in the next, Bad Parliament, in 1377, a cowed Commons put forward Gaunts steward, Thomas Hungerford, as their spokesman in retracting their predecessors misdoings of the previous year. On 6 October 1399, Sir John Cheyne of Beckford was elected speaker, the powerful Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel, is said to have voiced his fears of Cheynes reputation as a critic of the Church. Eight days later, Cheyne resigned on grounds of ill-health, although he remained in favour with the king, in such a situation, the influence of the speaker should not be underestimated. Sir Thomas More was the first speaker to go on to become Lord Chancellor, until the 17th century, members of the House of Commons often continued to view their Speaker as an agent of the Crown. As Parliament evolved, however, the Speakers position grew into one that involved more duties to the House than to the Crown, such was definitely the case by the time of the English Civil War. This change is said to be reflected by an incident in 1642. The development of Cabinet government under King William III in the late 17th century caused further change in the nature of the Speakership, Speakers were generally associated with the ministry, and often held other government offices. For example, Robert Harley served simultaneously as Speaker and as a Secretary of State between 1704 and 1705, the Speaker between 1728 and 1761, Arthur Onslow, reduced ties with the government, though the office did remain to a large degree political. The Speakership evolved into its modern form—in which the holder is an impartial and apolitical officer who does not belong to any party—only during the middle of the 19th century, over 150 individuals have served as Speaker of the House of Commons
25.
Lord Speaker
–
The Lord Speaker is the speaker of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The office is analogous to the Speaker of the House of Commons, until July 2006, the role of presiding officer in the House of Lords was undertaken by the Lord Chancellor. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the position of the Speaker of the House of Lords became a separate office, allowing the position to be held by someone other than the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor continued to act as speaker of the House of Lords in a period after the Act was passed while the House of Lords considered new arrangements about its speakership. The current Lord Speaker is Lord Fowler, following their recommendations, the new speaker was named Lord Speaker, and the number of deputy speakers has fallen from 25 to twelve. Lord Speaker was chosen in part because it was already in use in the Standing Orders, the role has less power than the Speaker of the House of Commons. The House of Lords is largely self-governing, and its presiding officer has taken a less active role in debates than the Speaker of the House of Commons. In practice, the task of the Lord Speaker in the Chamber is to formally put the question before a vote, to announce the result of any vote. Furthermore, the Lord Speaker may end the adjournment of the House during a public emergency, the debate was renewed with proposals put forward by a Leaders Group led by Alastair Goodlad. The proposals include allowing the Lord Speaker, during Question Time and ministerial statements, the Leader of the House, a Government minister, currently handles this task. The decision of who should speak would ultimately remain with the House, a similar proposal was made by the committee that initially discussed the new office. A further option would allow the Speaker even more power during Question Time, the Groups report has yet to be approved. Like the Speaker of the House of Commons, but unlike the Lord Chancellor, on election, the Lord Speaker resigns the party whip or crossbench group and certain outside interests to concentrate on being an impartial presiding officer. The Lord Speaker is elected for a term of five years. The election is conducted using the Alternative Vote method, under amendments made on 3 May 2011, elections must be held by 15 July of final year of a term, with the new term beginning on 1 September. When Helene Hayman was elected the first Lord Speaker, the Clerk of the Parliaments announced the result, Hayman then replaced the Lord Chancellor on the Woolsack. By Royal Warrant on 4 July 2006, the Queen declared that the Lord Speaker would have rank, the Lord Speaker earns a salary of £101,038, less than the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, is entitled to a grace, when presiding over debates, the Lord Speaker sits on the Woolsack
26.
Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom
–
In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are primary legislation passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These devolved legislatures are able to create legislation regarding all but reserved and excepted matters, however, Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom remain supreme and can overrule the devolved legislatures. By convention, the Parliament of the United Kingdom does not do this without a legislative consent motion, a draft piece of legislation is called a bill, when this is passed by Parliament it becomes an Act and part of statute law. Acts of Parliament are classified as either Public General Acts or Local and Personal Acts, Bills are also classified as public, private, or hybrid. Public General Acts form the largest category of legislation, in principle affecting the general law applying to everyone across the entire United Kingdom. Most Public General Acts proceed through Parliament as a bill, occasionally, however. Private Acts are either local or personal in their effect, applying to a specifically named locality or legal person in a different from all others. Private bills are usually promoted by organisations, like local authorities or private companies, to give themselves powers beyond, or in conflict with, Private bills only change the law as it applies to specific individuals or organisations, rather than the general public. Groups or individuals potentially affected by these changes can petition Parliament against the bill and present their objections to committees of MPs. Other private bills may affect particular companies established by Act of Parliament such as TSB Bank and Transas. Private bills, common in the 19th century, are now rare, as new planning legislation introduced in the 1960s removed the need for many of them, only a few, if any, are passed each year. They are subject to a different procedure from that for public bills, described above, Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all private bills before parliament. Hybrid bills combine elements of public and private Acts. While they propose to make changes to the law, they also contain provisions applying to specific individuals or bodies. Recent examples include the Crossrail Bill, a bill to build a railway across London from west to east. Once passed, hybrid bills are printed as part of the Public General Acts, Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all hybrid bills before parliament. It is important not to private bills with private members bills. The only difference from regular public bills is that they are brought forward by a private rather than by the government
27.
Second reading
–
A reading of a bill is a debate on the bill held before the general body of a legislature, as opposed to before a committee or an other group. In the Westminster system, there are several readings of a bill among the stages it passes through before becoming law as an Act of Parliament. Some of these readings are usually formalities rather than substantive debates, a first reading is when a bill is introduced to a legislature. Typically, in the United States, the title of the bill is read, the bill is then considered by committee between the first and second readings. In the United States Senate and most British-influenced legislatures, the committee consideration occurs between second and third readings, in Israel, the committee consideration occurs between first and second readings and between preliminary and first readings. In Ireland, the first reading is referred to as First Stage and is leave to introduce a bill into a House of the Oireachtas and it may be taken in either house, but it does not need to be taken in both. In New Zealand, once a bill passes first reading it is referred to a Select Committee. However, a Government can have a bill skip the select committee stage by a majority vote in Parliament. A bill can be defeated on first reading if a member introduces it, a second reading is the stage of the legislative process where a draft of a bill is read a second time. In most Westminster systems, a vote is taken on the outlines of the bill before being sent to committee. In Ireland it is referred to as Second Stage, though the motion at second stage is still that the Bill is to be read a second time, a bill introduced in one house enters the other house at Second Stage. Once the bill passes second stage it is referred to a Select Committee of that house or taken in Committee Stage by the whole house, in the United States Senate, a bill is either referred to committee or placed on the Calendar of Business after second reading. No vote is held on whether to read the bill a second time, in U. S. legislatures where consideration in committee precedes second reading, the procedure varies as to how a bill reaches second reading. In Illinois, for example, legislation is automatically read a second time, in New Zealand, once a bill passes a Second Reading it is then considered clause by clause by the whole Parliament. If a majority of Parliament agree, the bill can be considered part by part, because most bills must have majority support to pass a second reading, it is now very rare for a bill to be considered clause by clause. A third reading is the stage of a process in which a bill is read with all amendments. In legislatures whose procedures are based on those of the Westminster system, in bicameral legislatures, if the bill passes the third reading, it is then sent to the other chamber of parliament to start the process again at first reading in that chamber. Once the bill has passed third reading in both chambers, it is sent on for promulgation, such as Royal Assent in the Westminster system or signing by the president or governor in the U. S. model
28.
Second Gladstone ministry
–
After ardently campaigning against the foreign policy of Lord Beaconsfields government, William Gladstone led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1880 general election. The nominal leader of the Party, Lord Hartington, resigned in Gladstones favour and he pursued a policy of Parliamentary reform, but his government became wildly unpopular after the murder of General Gordon in 1885. Gladstone was held responsible, and resigned, leaving the way free for the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury to form a government, †Created Earl of Selborne in 1882. William Ewart Gladstone served as both First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer between April 1880 and December 1882, the Earl Spencer served as both Lord President and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between April 1882 and March 1883. The Earl of Kimberley served as both Colonial Secretary and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between July and December 1882, the Lord Carlingford served as both Lord Privy Seal and Lord President between March 1883 and March 1885. May 1881, The Lord Carlingford succeeds the Duke of Argyll as Lord Privy Seal, April 1882, The Earl Spencer becomes Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but retains his seat in the cabinet and his position as Lord President. May 1882, William Edward Forster resigns as Chief Secretary for Ireland and his successor is not in the cabinet. July 1882, The Earl of Kimberley succeeds John Bright as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster remaining also Colonial Secretary, December 1882, Hugh Childers succeeds William Ewart Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lord Hartington succeeds Childers as Secretary for War, Kimberley succeeds Hartington as Secretary for India. The Earl of Derby succeeds Kimberley as Colonial Secretary, John George Dodson succeeds Kimberley as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Sir Charles Dilke succeeds Dodson as President of the Local Government Board, March 1883, Carlingford succeeds Spencer as Lord President, remaining also Lord Privy Seal. Spencer remains in the Cabinet as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, october 1884, George Otto Trevelyan succeeds Dodson as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. March 1885, The Earl of Rosebery succeeds Carlingford as Lord Privy Seal, George John Shaw-Lefevre enters the cabinet as Postmaster-General. Cabinet members are listed in bold face
29.
First reading
–
A reading of a bill is a debate on the bill held before the general body of a legislature, as opposed to before a committee or an other group. In the Westminster system, there are several readings of a bill among the stages it passes through before becoming law as an Act of Parliament. Some of these readings are usually formalities rather than substantive debates, a first reading is when a bill is introduced to a legislature. Typically, in the United States, the title of the bill is read, the bill is then considered by committee between the first and second readings. In the United States Senate and most British-influenced legislatures, the committee consideration occurs between second and third readings, in Israel, the committee consideration occurs between first and second readings and between preliminary and first readings. In Ireland, the first reading is referred to as First Stage and is leave to introduce a bill into a House of the Oireachtas and it may be taken in either house, but it does not need to be taken in both. In New Zealand, once a bill passes first reading it is referred to a Select Committee. However, a Government can have a bill skip the select committee stage by a majority vote in Parliament. A bill can be defeated on first reading if a member introduces it, a second reading is the stage of the legislative process where a draft of a bill is read a second time. In most Westminster systems, a vote is taken on the outlines of the bill before being sent to committee. In Ireland it is referred to as Second Stage, though the motion at second stage is still that the Bill is to be read a second time, a bill introduced in one house enters the other house at Second Stage. Once the bill passes second stage it is referred to a Select Committee of that house or taken in Committee Stage by the whole house, in the United States Senate, a bill is either referred to committee or placed on the Calendar of Business after second reading. No vote is held on whether to read the bill a second time, in U. S. legislatures where consideration in committee precedes second reading, the procedure varies as to how a bill reaches second reading. In Illinois, for example, legislation is automatically read a second time, in New Zealand, once a bill passes a Second Reading it is then considered clause by clause by the whole Parliament. If a majority of Parliament agree, the bill can be considered part by part, because most bills must have majority support to pass a second reading, it is now very rare for a bill to be considered clause by clause. A third reading is the stage of a process in which a bill is read with all amendments. In legislatures whose procedures are based on those of the Westminster system, in bicameral legislatures, if the bill passes the third reading, it is then sent to the other chamber of parliament to start the process again at first reading in that chamber. Once the bill has passed third reading in both chambers, it is sent on for promulgation, such as Royal Assent in the Westminster system or signing by the president or governor in the U. S. model
30.
Protection of Persons and Property Act 1881
–
The provisions could be introduced by proclamation of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in any area of the island. Lists of internees had to be laid before Parliament, the 1881 act was one of more than 100 Coercion Acts applied to Ireland under the Union. W. E. Gladstone was returned to office in 1880, during the agrarian violence, william Edward Forster was made Chief Secretary for Ireland. He carried the Compensation for Disturbance Bill through the Commons, only to see it out in the Lords. On 24 January 1881, he introduced a new Coercion Bill in the Commons, the bill was strongly opposed by the Irish Parliamentary Party, which took its obstructionism tactic to new heights by filibustering the second reading for 41 hours. Eventually the Speaker resorted to ignoring IPP MPs requesting the right of speech and this controversial unprecedented move was soon formalised when Gladstone secured an amendment of the rules of order to allow for cloture motions. A total of 953 people were detained under the act, many of them were active in the Irish National Land League, this was sufficient for the reasonable suspicion required by the act. On 13 October 1881, IPP leader Charles Stewart Parnell was arrested under the act after his newspaper, the arrest warrant accused Parnell of acting as principal in inciting others to abstain from. pay rents lawfully due. He was interned in Kilmainham Gaol, United Ireland published a No Rent Manifesto the week after Parnells imprisonment, and the Land League was banned, only to reappear as the Irish National League. Detention of Irish Americans with U. S. citizenship caused a row between London and Washington. The act was due to expire 30 September 1882, a bill to repeal it was defeated on first reading in February 1882, having been introduced by Thomas Sexton, a signatory of the No Rent Manifesto. Forster proposed renewing the act indefinitely to deal with the crisis, but the rest of the government disagreed and these lead to the Kilmainham Treaty, which ended boycotting such that the act was allowed to expire. Both Forster and the Lord Lieutenant, John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, the act was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1894. Primary Bill for better Protection of Persons and Property in Ireland, Bill for better Protection of Persons and Property in Ireland. Regulations by Lord Lieutenant under Act for better Protection of Persons, list of Persons detained in Prison under Act for better Protection of Persons and Property in Ireland. Return of Persons in Custody under Protection of Persons and Property Act,1881, letter from Captain Barlow, in Reply to Statements in House of Commons by Mr. Sexton, relative to Treatment of Persons detained under Protection of Persons and Property Act,1881. Correspondence respecting Imprisonment in Ireland, under Protection of Persons and Property Act,1881, the Social Composition of the Land League. Education Act Forster, A Political Biography of W. E. Forster, an aggregate-data analysis of Irish agrarian discontent 1879-1882
31.
Land War
–
The Land War in Irish history was a period of agrarian agitation in rural Ireland in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. While there were violent incidents and some deaths in this campaign, it was not actually a war. The late 19th century witnessed major land reform, spearheaded by the Land League under Michael Davitt demanding what became known as the 3 Fs, fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Parliament passed laws in 1870,1881,1903, and 1909 that enabled most tenant farmers to purchase their lands and lowered the rents of the others. From 1870 and as a result of the Land War agitations and subsequent Plan of Campaign of the 1880s, various British governments introduced a series of Irish Land Acts. William OBrien played a role in the 1902 Land Conference to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union. This Act set the conditions for the break-up of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders and it effectively ended the era of the absentee landlord, finally resolving the Irish Land Question. At this point, most Irish tenant farmers outside Ulster had few rights at law, the Ulster Custom was itself an informal extra-legal business practice designed to attract busier and richer tenants. Tenant farmers had no right to be given a written lease, when evicted, they could not claim compensation for any improvements they had made on their farm, which was not the case in Britain or Ulster. If they had a lease, they could not sell the remaining term and this had passed into law rapidly in August, reforming some unfair contractual aspects where a land tenancy was economically viable. Gladstone found that Irish and English tenant farmers had different rights, unfortunately, the 1870 reforms became less relevant in the worsening economics of the following decade. Farm produce prices and earnings had been strong in the 1850s and 1860s and this was followed by years of low world prices, bad weather, and poor harvests after 1874 all over Europe, known now as the Long Depression. Wheat from new sources, such as the United States and Ukraine, many consider that the spark that set off the events in Ireland was the murder of the unpopular Earl of Leitrim at Carrigart in April 1878. The three assailants went unpunished for lack of evidence as no witness wanted to testify against them, further, the term of most Irish land tenancies had dropped from a typical 31 years or lease for three lives in the 18th century down to annual or 11-month tenancies after 1850. This made Gladstones attempt to equalise them with long-term English tenancies impractical, English tenants could also claim for the value of improvements and fertilisers when a lease came up for renewal, this sometimes applied in Ulster, but not in Connacht, the crucible of the Land War. The Long Depression resulted in violence, widespread upheavals, and extensive evictions when Irish tenant farmers were unable or unwilling to pay their rents and resorted to a rent strike. This was the case particularly in Connacht where the land is poorer, weather is wetter, farmers were poorer, the first monster meeting of tenant farmers was held on 20 April 1879 near Claremorris in County Mayo. This was followed by the localised, but worrying,1879 famine that occurred mainly in Connacht, the Land League was founded in 1879 by Michael Davitt - a former Irish Republican Brotherhood member and radical politician
32.
Charles Stewart Parnell
–
Charles Stewart Parnell was an Irish nationalist politician and one of the most powerful figures in the British House of Commons in the 1880s. Born into a wealthy and powerful Anglo-Irish Protestant landowning family, he entered the House of Commons in 1875 and he was imprisoned in Kilmainham Gaol in 1882 but, a very capable negotiator, was released when he renounced violent extra-Parliamentary action. That same year he reformed the Home Rule League as the Irish Parliamentary Party, the hung Parliament of 1885 saw him hold the balance of power between William Gladstones Liberals and Lord Salisburys Conservatives. His power was one factor in Gladstones adoption of Home Rule as the central tenet of the Liberal Party and his reputation peaked in 1889-90 when letters published in The Times linking him to the Phoenix Park murders of 1882 were shown to have been forged by Richard Pigott. He headed a minority faction until his death in 1891. Gladstone described him as, I do not say the ablest man, I say the most remarkable and the most interesting. Liberal leader H. H. Asquith called him as one of the three or four greatest men of the 19th century, while Lord Haldane described him as the strongest man the House of Commons had seen in 150 years. Taylor says, More than any man he gave Ireland the sense of being an independent nation. There were eleven children in all, five boys and six girls, admiral Stewarts mother, Parnells great-grandmother, belonged to the Tudor family, so Parnell had a distant relationship with the British Royal Family. The family produced a number of figures, including Thomas Parnell. Parnells grandfather William Parnell, who inherited the Avondale Estate in 1795, was a liberal Irish MP for Wicklow from 1817–1820, yet it was as a leader of Irish Nationalism that Parnell established his fame. Parnells parents separated when he was six, and as a boy he was sent to different schools in England and his father died in 1859 and he inherited the Avondale estate, while his older brother John inherited another estate in Armagh. The young Parnell studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge but, due to the financial circumstances of the estate he inherited, he was absent a great deal. In 1871, he joined his elder brother John Howard Parnell and their travels took them mostly through the South and apparently the brothers neither spent much time in centres of Irish immigration nor sought out Irish-Americans. In 1874, he became High Sheriff of Wicklow, his county in which he was also an officer in the Wicklow militia. He was noted as a landowner who played an important part in opening the south Wicklow area to industrialisation. His attention was drawn to the theme dominating the Irish political scene of the mid-1870s and it was in support of this movement that Parnell first tried to stand for election in Wicklow, but as high sheriff was disqualified. He failed again in 1874 as home rule candidate in a County Dublin by-election, historian Kevin Flynn reports, When Gladstone came to know him in later years, he was astonished to find that Parnell was ignorant even of the basic facts of Irish history
33.
Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden
–
Henry Bouverie William Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden GCB PC, was a British Liberal politician. He served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1872 to 1884, Brand was the second son of General Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, who inherited the barony in 1851, second son of Thomas Brand and Gertrude Roper, 19th Baroness Dacre. His mother was Pyne, daughter of the Very Reverend the Hon. Maurice Crosbie, Dean of Limerick and that is to say the 19th Baron Dacre was the great-great-granddaughter of The Patriot. He was educated at Eton and was a member of Brooks, Reform, Brand was in the Coldstream Guards for 12 years, from 20 April 1832 until 6 September 1844. His father, the General, had been their 690th officer serving 28 years between 1793 and 1821, Brand entered parliament as a Liberal in 1852, sat for Cambridgeshire, and for some time was Chief Whip of his party. He was a Lord of the Treasury during the first Palmerston ministry, at some point he was Keeper of the Privy Seal to the Prince of Wales. In 1872 he was elected speaker, and retained this post till February 1884 and he was appointed a GCB in 1881 and on his retirement he was created Viscount Hampden, of Glynde in the County of Sussex. In 1890 he also succeeded in the barony of Dacre on the death of his brother, according to John Bateman, who derived his information from statistics published in 1873, Hon. Sir Henry Bouverie William Brand, G. C. B. of Glynde, Lord Hampden married Eliza, daughter of General Robert Ellice by his wife Eliza, illegitimate daughter of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey by Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, in 1838. They had five sons and five daughters and his second son the Hon. Thomas Seymour Brand was a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy and inherited Glynde Place, while his third son the Hon. Arthur Brand was also a Liberal politician. A daughter, Maud Bevan, was made a DBE for services to the Red Cross, Lord Hampden died on 14 March 1892, aged 77, and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his eldest son Henry. Lady Hampden died in March 1899, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden
34.
Legislative session
–
In each country the procedures for opening, ending, and in between sessions differs slightly. A session may last for the term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of prorogation. In either event, the effect of prorogation is generally the clearing of all outstanding matters before the legislature, historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their constituencies. While a parliament is prorogued, between two sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i. e. no general election takes place. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, motions, prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered and this break takes place so as to prevent the upper house from sitting during an election campaign and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays, governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, and often, a new session will begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, each session begins with a speech from the throne, read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a viceroy or other representative. In the parliament of the United Kingdom, prorogation is immediately preceded by a speech to both chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. Instead, the speech is presented by the Lords Commissioners and read by the Leader of the House of Lords. Prior to 1977, it was common for the federal Parliament to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament went full term without prorogation, the practice of having multiple sessions in the same Parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all Parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. Since 1990, it has been the practice for the Parliament to be prorogued on the day that the House is dissolved so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period. However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 44th Parliament, elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date, in the Parliament of Canada and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne. It remains in recess until the monarch, governor general, or lieutenant governor summons parliamentarians again, historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home ridings. However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel, similarly, the provincial legislature for Ontario in Canada was prorogued in October 2012 under similar circumstances, and is alleged to have happened to avoid scrutiny on a number of issues
35.
Committee of the whole House
–
A committee of the whole is a device in which a legislative body or other deliberative assembly sits as a single committee with all assembly members being committee members. The committee stage of important bills is typically conducted by the committee of the whole, other main motions may also be considered by the committee of the whole. In the Australian House of Representatives, the Federation Chamber meets separately from the House and has its own committee room, and deals with uncontroversial matters. It is designed to be formal, with a quorum of only three members, the Deputy Speaker of the House, one government member, and one non-government member. Decisions must be unanimous, any divided decision sends the question back to the House at large, the Federation Chamber was introduced in 1994, and replaced the previous Main Committee. In the Canadian House of Commons, a Committee of the Whole is when all the MPs sit in the chamber in one large committee, the committee is chaired by the deputy speaker or the deputy chair of committees. It uses committee rules rather than House procedures, in the past, the Committee of the Whole considered a majority of bills, with few bills being sent to parliamentary committees. The increased workload of MPs has led to a decline in use of the Committee of the Whole. Now the Committee of the Whole is used mostly for monetary bills, on June 11,2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologized in the House of Commons for the governments historical role in the Canadian residential school system. A Committee of the Whole was used, so that aboriginal leaders could be allowed to respond to the apology on the floor of the House. In the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, when the debate of the second reading resumes, members debate the general merits, at the committee stage, the Legislative Council becomes a Committee of the whole Council and goes through the bill clause by clause, making amendments where necessary. After the bill has passed through Committee with or without amendments, in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the Committee of the Whole House is used instead of a standing committee for the clause-by-clause debate of important or contentious bills. The sitting is presided over by the Chairman of Ways and Means, in the House of Lords, the Committee of the Whole House examines the majority of bills. The Committee of the Whole House originated as a device by which to consider legislation without the presence of royal officers, the Speaker is considered to have duties both to the House and to the Crown. Thus, the House would resolve to form a committee, consisting of all the members, Mr. Speaker, in the United States House of Representatives, the Committee of the Whole is a device in which the House of Representatives is considered one large Congressional committee. The presiding officer is chosen by the Speaker of the House and is normally a member of the majority party who does not hold the chair of a standing committee. The United States Senate used the Committee of the Whole as a device for 197 years from the 1st Congress in 1789. Roberts Rules of Order states that the committee of the whole is suitable to large assemblies, the procedure is invoked by a motion to commit to the committee of the whole, or simply to go into a committee of the whole
36.
Second Salisbury ministry
–
The Second Salisbury ministry was formed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the Marquess of Salisbury on 25 July 1886, after the 1886 general election. October 1891, Arthur James Balfour succeeds William Henry Smith as First Lord of the Treasury, William Lawies Jackson succeeds him as Irish Secretary
37.
House of Lords Reform Bill 2012
–
The House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 was a proposed Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom introduced to the House of Commons in June 2012 by Nick Clegg. Among other reforms, the bill would have made the United Kingdoms upper chamber mostly elected and it was abandoned by the British Government in August 2012 and formally withdrawn on 3 September 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party. In the 2010 general election, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats mentioned an elected upper chamber in their manifestos, the Liberal Democrat manifesto said the party would, Replace the House of Lords with a fully-elected second chamber with considerably fewer members than the current House. The committee will come forward with a motion by December 2010. It is likely that this will advocate single long terms of office and it is also likely that there will be a grandfathering system for current Peers. The Government published a bill for House of Lords reform on 17 May 2011. A Joint Committee was established on 23 June 2011 to examine the draft bill and it consisted of twenty-six members, thirteen peers and thirteen MPs. It reported on 23 April 2012, twelve members of the Committee, however, also signed an Alternative Report. The final bill was published on 27 June 2012, Part I of the bill provided for the composition of the reformed House of Lords. The House would have to be composed of elected members, appointed members, bishops, the provisions would have been phased in over 10 years. Elected members would have served three periods, effectively 15-year terms. At each Commons election, one-third seats would be up for election, the voting system was set out in Part 2 and Schedule 3 of the bill. It provided for a semi-open list system, allowing voters to choose a party or an individual, in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland would have used the Single Transferable Vote. In the case of a vacancy, an interim replacement would have generally filled the seat until the next House of Lords election. In Northern Ireland, the party the member belong to at his or her election would have nominated an interim member, if the member did not belong to a registered party, the seat would remain vacant. In the rest of the UK, the next person available to be selected on the party list would have become the interim replacement and this bill put the House of Lords Appointments Commission on a statutory footing. Its purpose was to recommend to the Prime Minister 30 appointed members in the first two weeks of a period, generally near beginning of a new Parliament. The Prime Minister would then have required to advise the Queen to appoint those recommended as members
38.
History of the United States Senate
–
The United States Senate, named after the ancient Roman Senate, was designed as a more deliberative body than the House of Representatives. Edmund Randolph called for its members to be less than the House of Commons, to restrain, if possible, the fury of democracy. According to James Madison, The use of the Senate is to consist in proceeding with more coolness, with more system, and with more wisdom, than the popular branch. Instead of two-year terms as in the House, senators serve six-year terms, the smaller number of members and staggered terms also give the Senate a greater sense of community. Many of the founding fathers greatly admired the British government, at the Constitutional Convention, Alexander Hamilton called the British government the best in the world, and said he doubted whether anything short of it would do in America. In the minds of many of the Founding Fathers, the Senate would be an American kind of House of Lords, the Senate was also intended to give states with smaller populations equal standing with larger states, which are given more representation in the House. The apportionment scheme of the Senate was controversial at the Constitutional Convention, Hamilton, who was joined in opposition to equal suffrage by Madison, said equal representation despite population differences shocks too much the ideas of justice and every human feeling. Referring to those who demanded equal representation, Madison called for the Convention to renounce a principle which was confessedly unjust, the state delegations originally voted 6–5 for proportional representation, but small states without claims of western lands reopened the issue and eventually turned the tide towards equality. On the final vote, the five states in favor of equal apportionment in the Senate—Connecticut, North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, the four states that voted against it—Virginia, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia—represented almost twice as many people than the proponents. Convention delegate James Wilson wrote Our Constituents, had voted as their representatives did, would have stood as 2/3 against equality. 62, James Madison, the Father of the Constitution, openly admitted that the suffrage in the Senate was a compromise, a lesser evil. Even Gunning Bedford, Jr. of Delaware admitted that he only favored equal representation because it advanced the interests of his own state, can it be expected that the small states will act from pure disinterestedness. Are we to act with greater purity than the rest of mankind, once the issue of equal representation had been settled, the delegates addressed the size of the body, to how many senators would each state be entitled. Giving each state one senator was considered insufficient, as it would make the achievement of a more difficult. A proposal from the Pennsylvania delegates for each state to elect three senators was discussed, but the greater size was deemed a disadvantage. When the delegates voted on a proposal for two senators per state, all supported this number. Since 1789, differences in population between states have more pronounced. At the time of the Connecticut Compromise, the largest state, Virginia, had only twelve times the population of the smallest state, today, the largest state, California, has a population that is seventy times greater than the population of the smallest state, Wyoming
