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Cloverdale, California
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Cloverdale is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached Cloverdale in 1872, the Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California is headquartered here. The population was 8,618 at the 2010 census, Cloverdale began as an early stage stop, known as Markleville, on the Rancho Rincon de Musalacon Mexican grant. Markle and W. J. Miller bought 759 acres, which included the present site of the town from Johnson Horrell, in 1859, James Abram Kleiser bought Markles interest, and the town was laid out. The town was incorporated when the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad arrived in 1872, by 1878, the railroad service provided three trains a day between Cloverdale and Ferries of San Francisco Bay. In 1881 a colony based on the French Utopian movement, the Icarians, named Icaria Speranza was established by Jules Leroux and Armand Dehay, the settlement ended in 1886 and today south of town there is a marker where the schoolhouse was located. Cloverdale suffered severe economic impact losing 500 to 600 manufacturing jobs between 1988 and 1994 with the closing of a fire equipment factory and the shrinking of the logging industry,300 jobs were eliminated alone when Louisiana-Pacific closed its lumber mill in 1993. In 1994 Highway 101, which bisected the town, was routed around town with a by-pass. Many natives felt that the bypass radically changed the character of the town, in 1997 Clover Springs, a development with 362 houses, was opened on the south end of town. In 2011 the Sonoma County Agricultural Preservation and Open Space District transferred 250 acres of ranchland to the City of Cloverdale for use as a park. The Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians is a federally recognized tribe with a membership of almost 500. In 2008 the Tribe acquired 80 acres at the end of town. The Rancheria is a community of Pomo Indians who are indigenous to Sonoma County, Pomo people are renowned for their basket weaving, done by both men and women. Elsie Allen, considered to be one of the best California basketweavers of her generation, was a member of the Rancheria, according to Tribal history, the Pomo people lived peacefully in the area since ancient times. The Rancheria was created by the government in 1921 when the Tribe became federally recognized and deeded 27.5 acres on the southern edge of town. In 1958 the Rancheria was terminated, along with 43 other rancherias in California and this process transferred tribal community land into private ownership. In 1979 Tillie Hardwick, a Pomo woman, filed a class action suit on behalf of 16 of the illegally terminated rancherias, in 1983 the Courts reinstated the federal recognition of the illegally terminated tribes, including the Cloverdale Rancheria. In 1994 the Highway 101 bypass cut through the Rancheria land, in 2006 the Tribe began efforts to revive and restore their traditional culture
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Sonoma County Transit
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Sonoma County Transit is a public transportation system based in Sonoma County, California. SCT operates a number of routes as either local or inter-community routes, a place indicated in italics means that the area is not served by all trips of a route. Notes, Routes that have no lower supplemental text operate daily, commuter Services SCT fares vary according to the length of a patrons trip. The transit system is divided into zones, wherein the fare depends upon the number of zones traveled. Notes, Student fare is applied to anyone 18 years or younger or pursuing an education on a full-time basis, a valid I. D. current class schedule, or student activities card must be shown by the driver to pay student fare. Half-fare is applied to seniors over 60 years old or persons with disabilities, proofs of identity that may be shown to pay half-fare include any proof of age, Medicare Card, documentation for a DMV placard, or a Regional Transit Connection Discount Card*. SCT offers various passes that can be used for all services, notes, Although the MonthlyPASS and the 31-DayPASS are valid for one month, there are certain differences between the two. The MonthlyPASS is a pass good for the calendar month for which it is issued. The MonthlyPASS is nontransferable, and it is to be used only by the person for whom it was purchased. The 31-DayPASS is valid for 31 days from the date of first use, the 20-Ride CountywidePASS is a convenient 20-ride pass that eliminates the need to have the exact change for bus fare. The FastPASS is not discounted, however, it has the value as paying cash fare. There is no date for this PASS, and it is good on any Sonoma County Transit route for the number of zones purchased. During the summer, SCT offers a Cruisin Pass that allows unlimited rides to patrons 18 years old and younger for $23. SCT provides free transfers to passengers after paying a fare for the number of zones intended to travel. Prices for Additional Zones, Adults, $0.55 Students, $0.50 Half-fare, $0.25 Transferring from Santa Rosa CityBus, Petaluma Transit, valid transfers from all other systems are worth $0.25 of the total fare. Customers transferring from Sonoma County Transit to Golden Gate Transit will receive a $1.00 fare credit for adults for continuing travel on GGT, hand the SCT transfer to the bus operator to receive the appropriate credit. SCT also has agreements with Healdsburg Transit aside from the three transit agencies mentioned above. Sonoma County Paratransit is designed to serve the needs of individuals with disabilities within Sonoma County and it adheres to ADA standards to serve areas within 3/4 of a mile from any public fixed-route service
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Bus station
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A bus station is a structure where city or intercity buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers. While the term bus depot also refers to a bus station, a bus station is larger than a bus stop, which is usually simply a place on the roadside, where buses can stop. It may be intended as a station for a number of routes. Bus station platforms may be assigned to fixed bus lines, or variable in combination with a passenger information system. The latter requires fewer platforms, but does not supply the passenger the comfort of knowing the platform well in advance, the largest underground bus station in Europe is Kamppi Centre of Helsinki, Finland completed in 2006. The terminal cost 100 million Euro to complete and took 3 years to design, today, the bus terminal, which covers 25,000 square meters, is the busiest bus terminal in Finland. Every day, the terminal has around 700 bus departures, transporting some 170,000 passengers, Bus depot Bus stop Bus terminus Intermodal passenger transport Railway station Ticket
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Intermodal passenger transport
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Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey. Mixed-mode commuting is often used to combine the strengths of various transportation options, a major goal of modern intermodal passenger transport is to reduce dependence on the automobile as the major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. To assist the traveller various intermodal journey planners such as Rome2rio and Google Transit have been devised to help travellers to plan and schedule their journey. Mixed-mode commuting often centers on one type of transit, such as regional rail. Trains offer quick transit from a suburb into an urban area, most transportation modes have always been used intermodally, for example, people have used road or urban railway to an airport or inter-regional railway station. Passenger transport has always been intermodal, people switched from carriages to ferries at the edge of a river too deep to ford. In the 19th century, people who lived inland switched from train to ship for overseas voyages, Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey was built to let commuters to New York City from New Jersey switch to ferries to cross the Hudson River in order to get to Manhattan. A massive ferry slip, now in ruins, was incorporated into the terminal building, later, when a subway was built through tunnels under the Hudson, now called the PATH, a station stop was added to Hoboken Terminal. More recently, the New Jersey Transits Hudson-Bergen Light Rail system has included a stop there, ferry service has recently been revived, but passengers must exit the terminal and walk across the pier to the more modest ferry slip. With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, public transportation systems such as train or metro systems have the most efficient means and highest capacity to transport people around cities. Therefore, mixed-mode commuting in the environment is largely dedicated to first getting people onto the train network. Although automobiles are used as a single-mode form of transit. They can provide a commute to train stations, airports, and piers. Used in this context, cars offer commuters the relative comfort of single-mode travel, taxicabs and Rental cars also play a major role in providing door-to-door service between airports or train stations and other points of travel throughout urban, suburban, and rural communities. Transport planners often try to encourage commuters to make much of their journey by public transport. Similar to Park-and-Ride is what is often termed Kiss-and-Ride, rather than drive to the train or bus station and park the commuter is driven to the station by a friend or relative The Kiss refers to the peck on the cheek as the commuter exits the car. Kiss-and-Ride is usually conducted when the station is close to home, so that the driver doing dropping the commuter off has a short journey to. Many large cities link their railway network to their bus network and this enables commuters to get to places that are not serviced directly by rail as they are often considered to be too far for walking
