1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
River Clyde
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The River Clyde is a river, that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the eighth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the second-longest in Scotland, flowing through the major city of Glasgow, it was an important river for shipbuilding and trade in the British Empire. In the early medieval Cumbric language it was known as Clud or Clut, the Clyde is formed by the confluence of two streams, the Daer Water and the Potrail Water. The Southern Upland Way crosses both streams before they meet at Watermeetings to form the River Clyde proper. At this point the Clyde is only 10 kilometres from Tweeds Well, the source of the River Tweed, and 13 kilometres from the Devils Beef Tub, the source of the River Annan. From there it meanders northeastward before turning to the west, its flood plain used for major roads in the area. On the banks of the Clyde, the industrialists David Dale and Robert Owen, built their mills, the mills harness the power of the Falls of Clyde, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A hydroelectric power station generates electricity here, although the mills are now a museum. Between the towns of Motherwell and Hamilton the course of the river has altered to create an artificial loch within Strathclyde Park. Part of the course can still be seen, and lies between the island and the east shore of the loch. The river then flows through Blantyre and Bothwell, where the ruined Bothwell Castle stands on a defensible promontory, past Uddingston and into the southeast of Glasgow the river begins to widen, meandering a course through Rutherglen and Dalmarnock. From there, it flows past the shipbuilding heartlands, through Govan, Partick, Whiteinch, Scotstoun and Clydebank, all of which housed major shipyards, of which only two remain. The river flows out west of Glasgow, past Renfrew, opposite, on the south shore, the river continues past the last Lower Clyde shipyard at Port Glasgow to Greenock where it reaches the Tail of the Bank as the river merges into the Firth of Clyde. At the mouth of the River Clyde there has been a significant issue of oxygen depletion in the water column, the valley of the Clyde was the focus for the G-BASE project from the British Geological Survey in the summer of 2010. The success of the Clyde at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was driven by the location of Glasgow, tobacco and cotton trade began the drive in the early 18th century. However, the shallow Clyde was not navigable for the largest ocean-going ships, in 1768 John Golborne advised the narrowing of the river and the increasing of the scour by the construction of rubble jetties and the dredging of sandbanks and shoals. A particular problem was the division of the river into two channels by the Dumbuck shoal near Dumbarton. After James Watts report on this in 1769, a jetty was constructed at Longhaugh Point to block off the southern channel and this being insufficient, a training wall called the Lang Dyke was built in 1773 on the Dumbuck shoal to stop water flowing over into the southern channel
3.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
4.
Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
5.
Finnieston
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Finnieston is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, situated on the North bank of the River Clyde and between the citys West End and the city centre. It is home to the SECC, where many musical concerts and it is also the location of Glasgow City Heliport, home base of both the Strathclyde Police air support unit and the Scottish Ambulance Service Helimed 5. The village of Finnieston was established in 1768 on the lands of Stobcross by Matthew Orr, Orr named the new village Finnieston in honour of the Reverend John Finnie, who had been his tutor. Exhibition Centre railway station, on the Argyle Line, was known as Stobcross station. Built by the Glasgow Central Railway and opened in 1894, it was closed in 1955, when it was reopened in 1979 it was called Finnieston until it was given its current name in 1986. A separate Finnieston railway station of the Glasgow City and District Railway was opened in 1886 but is now disused, however, the line is still in use as part of the North Clyde Line. The area has had a significant change in land-use since deindustrialisation, previously, Finnieston was an area of warehouses and docks — the film Deathwatch, used this aspect extensively in location shots. Today there are modern housing, office, retail, leisure, Finnieston Street is a major junction on the Clydeside Expressway, and on 18 September 2006, was augmented with the addition of the Clyde Arc over the River Clyde
6.
SEC Armadillo
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The SEC Armadillo is an auditorium located in Glasgow, Scotland. It is one of three venues on the Scottish Event Campus, near the River Clyde, adjacent to the SEC Centre, plans for a new building to increase the capacity of the SECC complex were initiated in 1995. The building has become one of the most recognisable on Clydeside. Its success has led to the construction of a venue on the complex. It is connected by passageways to the SEC Centre, and the Crowne Plaza hotel for easy access, the building held the Scottish auditions of Britains Got Talent series 2 -4 and the auditions for series 1 -4 of The X Factor. It is the place where singer Susan Boyle was discovered, ian Reilly, the sites engineer, named the Auditorium the Armadillo during the construction phase. The building served as the venue for the competitions of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. More recently the Auditorium is famous for its Family Pantomimes, SEC Centre Armadillo SECC web site Photographs of the Clyde Auditorium in Glasgow Queens Dock regeneration project SECC Armadillo features in Delhi - Clyde Waterfront regeneration
7.
SEC Centre
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The SEC Centre is Scotlands largest exhibition centre, located in the district of Finnieston on the north bank of the River Clyde, Glasgow. It is one of the three venues within the Scottish Event Campus. Since the opening of the buildings in 1985, the complex has undergone two major expansions, the first being the SEC Armadillo in 1997, and then the SSE Hydro in 2013. The venues holding company SEC Limited, is 91% owned by Glasgow City Council and it is probably best known for hosting concerts, particularly in Hall 4 and Hall 3. The Scottish Development Agency first supported the construction of a centre in Glasgow in 1979. A site at the former Queens Dock on the bank of the Clyde at Finnieston. Land reclamation works started in 1982 using rubble from the demolished St Enoch railway station, the construction of the SECC buildings began on the site in 1983. The Main Building was completed and opened in 1985, with a concert by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra in Hall 1 and it later held the Grand International Show in Hall 4 as part of the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival. In 1990, the SECC was one of the hubs of Glasgows year as European City of Culture, hosting concerts by Luciano Pavarotti, the nickname became redundant after the Main Building was painted grey in 1997. The SECC occupies 64 acres of land — most of which is surface car parking space — and hosts music concerts, exhibitions. The SECC also has its own station, Exhibition Centre. The 16-storey Forum Hotel was opened on the site in 1989, in September 1996, a new 5,095 m2 exhibition hall, Hall 3, was opened. In May 1997, the conversion of Hall 1 into the Loch Suite conference venue was completed, in 1995, construction began on a new building — the SEC Armadillo — to become part of the SECC complex. Designed by award-winning architect Sir Norman Foster and often called the armadillo by Glaswegians and this project incorporated The SSE Hydro, a 12,500 seat, £50 million concert arena for the SECC, which opened in September 2013. The centre is also to be served by the Clyde FastLink, the surface carparks to the West of the site will be sold for residential development and land to the east has also been identified for commercial development. On 6 September 2008, it played host to the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008, the 59th International Astronautical Congress was held here between 29 September and 3 October 2008. IAC2008 was organised by the British Interplanetary Society, the SECC also hosted the MOBO Awards in September 2009 and October 2011. In 2008 and 2009, it played host to Grand Prix snooker, the SECC also hosted the Girls Day Out Show in 2009,2010 and 2012
8.
Pacific Quay
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Pacific Quay is an area south of the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. It is located at the former Plantation Quay and Princes Dock Basin, the Princes Dock Basin was the largest on the River Clyde when it was opened by the Clyde Navigation Trust in 1900. It ceased to be used as a commercial dock by the Clyde Port Authority in the 1970s as the volume of Shipping using the Upper Clyde declined with the onset of containerization, the site was later used for the Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988. The name Pacific Quay has no significance, as it was created simply as a marketing enterprise following the land being reclaimed for commercial use after the Garden Festival closure. It did not reflect the site as a point for ships bound for the Pacific rim. Today Pacific Quay includes, Glasgow Science Centre BBC Pacific Quay, BBC Scotland headquarters, STV, headquarters and studios for the Scottish ITV network. ChoiceQuote Insurance Services, taxi insurance broker, the Clyde Navigation Trust opened its first Graving Dock at Govan in 1875 and a second in 1886. The third and largest, at 880 ft in length, was opened in 1897, the facility was operated by the Clyde Navigation Trust until 1967, when it was taken over by Alexander Stephen and Sons as a ship repair yard, which lasted until 1976. This was subsequently taken over by Clyde Dock Engineering Ltd in 1977, residential regeneration schemes have been repeatedly put forward for the site over the years and then shelved. Planning permission for a residential and commercial development of the docks was refused by Glasgow District Council in 1990, early in 2016 the organisation ran an online consultation survey on the future of the Govan dry dock site in which 92% of respondents expressed opposition to housing development. Campaigners have called for a purchase order of the Govan graving docks site
9.
Glasgow Science Centre
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Glasgow Science Centre is a visitor attraction located in the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration area on the south bank of the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. Queen Elizabeth II opened Glasgow Science Centre on 5 June 2001 and it is one of Scotlands most popular paid-for visitor attractions. It is a science centre composed of three principal buildings which are the Science Mall, Glasgow Tower and an IMAX cinema. The Scottish tourist board, VisitScotland, awarded Glasgow Science Centre a five star rating in the visitor attraction category, as well as its main location, Glasgow Science Centre also manages the visitor centre at Whitelee Wind Farm, which opened to the public in 2009. The largest of the three main, titanium-clad buildings takes a crescent shape structure and houses a Science Mall. In architectural terms it represents the hull of a ship, a reference to the adjacent canting basin. Internally, there are three floors of over 250 science-learning exhibits, as is usual for science centres, the exhibits aim to encourage interaction, and can be used or played with as part of the informal learning experience the centre aims to deliver. The building was designed by BDP, on Floor 1, amongst the many interactive exhibits that demonstrate scientific principles, visitors can access a Science Show Theatre and the Glasgow Science Centre Planetarium. The planetarium contains a Zeiss optical-mechanical projector that projects images of the sky onto a 15m diameter dome. There is an area aimed at young children called, The Big Explorer. On Floor 2, visitors can explore opportunities in STEM careers in the My World of Work Live interactive exhibition space, there is also The Lab, primarily used as an educational workshop space. Floor 3 was refurbished in 2012 and reopened to the public on 28 March 2013 and it now houses an interactive exhibition about human health and wellbeing in the 21st century called, BodyWorks. Visitors are invited to consider their bodies, health and lifestyle from a new perspective through 115 interactive exhibits, research capsules, the Ground Floor of the Science Mall contains the Ticket desk, Cafes, Gift Shop, and a cloakroom. Access to Glasgow Tower for the public is also via the Ground Floor, the Glasgow Tower was designed to be the tallest freely-rotating tower in the world. It missed its opening date in 2001 and has plagued by problems ever since. It has been closed for over 80% of its life, and was closed from August 2010 until July 2014, the IMAX cinema was the first IMAX cinema to be built in Scotland. The single auditorium seats 370 in front of a screen measuring 25 m by 18.9 m and has the capability to show 3D films as well as standard 2D films in IMAX format. It opened to the public in October 2000 Premiered The First Film Entitled Dolphins, on 6 September 2013, Cineworld agreed a 10-year lease to operate the IMAX cinema and opened a Starbucks on site
10.
Govan
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Govan is a district, parish, and former burgh now part of southwest City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated 2.5 miles west of Glasgow city centre, on the bank of the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Kelvin. Historically it was part of the County of Lanark, according to medieval legend, Constantine, a 7th-century King of Strathclyde, founded a monastery under the rule of Columbanus in Govan. During the Middle Ages, Govan was the site of a ferry linked the area with Partick for seasonal cattle drovers. In the 18th and 19th centuries, textile mills and coal mining were important, in 1864, Govan gained burgh status, and was Scotlands fifth largest burgh. It was incorporated into the city of Glasgow in 1912, recent studies of the archaeology of old Govan have revealed the presence of an ancient Christian church. Two associated Christian burials are dated to the 5th or 6th centuries. Govan is believed to have then been part of a kingdom ruled from Dumbarton Rock, known as Alt Clut, the rock on the Clyde. During the Viking Age, perhaps following the sack of Dumbarton Rock in 878, according to John of Fordun, Constantine, a 7th-century king of Strathclyde, founded a monastery at Govan, where he died and was buried. In 1855, a carved sandstone sarcophagus was found during digging in the churchyard. It is now kept inside the church and it may have been used to contain the body or relics of Constantine, although the style of carving indicates an origin in the 10th or 11th centuries. This King Constantine is first mentioned in the 12th-century Life of St. Kentigern by Jocelyn of Furness and he is likely a literary invention. The early church in Govan is dedicated to a Saint Constantine, Govans earliest recorded name may be found in the Historia Regnum Anglorum attributed to Symeon of Durham. This is a 12th-century Latin source, but one believed to be based on earlier materials. Based on this, Govans Cumbric language name has been reconstructed as *uovan, Govan is Baile a Ghobhainn in Scottish Gaelic. Bishop Leslie in his Scotia Descriptio of 1578 says it got its name from the excellence of its ale, whereas Chalmers in his Caledonia says it is derived from Scottish Gaelic, the earliest references to Govan are found in connection with the Christian church. In 1136, when Glasgow Cathedral was formally consecrated, King David I gave to the See the lands of Partick and also of the church at Govan, the Govan Old Parish Church was rebuilt in 1762,1826, and again 1884-1888. Within it and its roughly circular churchyard is one of the finest collections of Early Christian stones in the United Kingdom, by the 16th century, extensive coal mine workings had been developed around Craigton and Drumoyne
11.
Kingston Bridge, Glasgow
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The Kingston Bridge is a balanced cantilever dual-span ten lane road bridge made of triple-cell segmented prestressed concrete box girders crossing the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. The largest urban bridge in the United Kingdom, it carries the M8 motorway through the city centre, the Kingston Bridge is also one of the busiest road bridges in Europe, carrying around 150,000 vehicles every day. The name of the referred to the erstwhile Kingston Dock which was located on the south bank of the river. It was Glasgows first enclosed dock, the dock was eventually closed to navigation in 1966, when work began on the construction of the Kingston Bridge, the basin was subsequently filled in and apartments built on the site. The bridge was designed by William Fairhurst and built by Logan-Marples Ridgway, the bridge connects Anderston and the city centre at Junction 18/19 with Tradeston and the Gorbals at Junction 20. It consists of two spans, each 21 m wide, with each supporting a five lane deck. The eastern span carrying southbound traffic and the western span carrying northbound traffic over the river, the approaches to the bridge are also linked with many junctions of their own, including major city centre ramps and the M77, that are two lanes wide. The outer spandrels of the bridge are clad with panels showing vertical joints. When opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1970, the bridge was designed to handle 120,000 vehicles a day and it was described by the contractor, Balfour Beatty, as one of the most ambitious civil engineering projects to take place in the city. Indeed, the operation involved 128 hydraulic jacks, making it the biggest ever bridge lift, a longer-term attempt to solve the problem of chronic congestion is the M74 northern extension, to act as the southern flank of the unbuilt Glasgow Inner Ring Road first planned in the 1960s. The existing ski ramp where the Inner Ring was intended to continue on has remained unused, the M74 extension opened on 28 June 2011. There is a urban myth that the fourth man in the Linwood bank robbery is buried in the pillars of the bridge. A long-exposure image of the bridge was featured on the rear album cover of Deacon Blues album, Raintown. Glasgow City Council page on Transport in Glasgow Chroma Streams, Tide and Traffic - lighting art project Photograph of the Kingston Bridge in Glasgow Kingston Bridge at Structurae
12.
Halcrow Group
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Halcrow Group Limited was a multinational engineering consultancy company, based in the United Kingdom Halcrow was one of the UKs largest consultancies, with origins stretching back to 1868. The UK-based consultancy specialised in the provision of planning, design, with interests in transportation, water, maritime and property, the company undertook commissions in over 70 countries from a network of more than 90 offices. In 2011, the company was acquired by US firm CH2M Hill, the parent subsequently rebranded the whole group to CH2M. The company was founded in 1868 by civil engineer Thomas Meik, and originally bore his name and it worked extensively on port, maritime and railway projects in the North of England, in Wales and in Scotland, before undertaking its first commissions outside the UK in the 1890s. During the first half of the 20th century, William Halcrow established the firm in other areas, notably tunnelling and hydroelectric schemes. The firm had several names, including CS Meik and Buchanan, CS Meik and Halcrow, WT Halcrow and Partners, Sir William Halcrow and Partners. Halcrows consultancy work included water, transportation, maritime, environment, power and its customers included government departments, public sector authorities and utilities, industrial and commercial companies, international funding agencies and financial institutions. In 2008, the company reported a turnover of £468 million, projects undertaken outside the UK accounted for 48% of turnover. Owned and managed by its employees and staff shareholders, Halcrow remained an independent firm until 2011, on 10 November 2011 CH2M Hill announced that it had completed the acquisition of Halcrow for £124m. Toronto Pearson International Airport - Halcrow Yolles was the engineer of record for the passenger terminal facility. Clyde Arc Bridge - Halcrow designed this landmark bridge structure across the River Clyde in central Glasgow, the bridge provides access to the Pacific Quay development. One King Street West - Halcrow provided full structural engineering services to this slender 51-storey condominium-hotel linked to the existing 14-storey Toronto Dominion Bank building. Abu Dhabi International Airport - Halcrow was commissioned to carry out planning, design, busan-Geoje Fixed Link - Halcrow TEC JV was appointed Technical Advisers to Daewoo Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, who were leading the consortium which had awarded the concession to design, construct
13.
Kilsyth
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Kilsyth is a town and civil parish in North Lanarkshire of 10,100 roughly halfway between Glasgow and Stirling in Scotland. Kilsyth is at 60 metres above sea level and occupies a strip of land between the Kilsyth Hills to the north and the River Kelvin to the south. To the east and west it is bordered by marshland and bogs, the centre of the town is close to the confluence of the Garrell and Ebroch burns. The main A80/M80 motorway is close by to the south, formerly two separate stations existed in the town on separate, although linked, railway lines. One, The Kelvin Valley Railway went to Glasgow, Maryhill while the other, the town occupies a sheltered position in the Kelvin Valley, and is bisected by the A803 between Kirkintilloch and Falkirk. The old drovers road from Stirling, and the south to Cumbernauld via Auchinstarry Bridge. The Civil War Battle of Kilsyth took place on hillsides between Kilsyth and Banton, North Lanarkshire in 1645, Kilsyth was later closely associated with the various attempts by the Jacobites to regain the crown. The town economy has shifted over the past three centuries from farming, handloom weaving and extractive industries to light engineering, transport and service industries, many of the townsfolk of working age now commute to work in nearby Glasgow and other larger towns nearby. William Irvine was born in Kilsyth in 1863, the formation of the new Church of God, the first Pentecostal Church in Scotland in 1902 led to further outbreaks of revival in 1908 and to Kilsyth becoming an early focus of Pentecostalism. Kilsyth was originally part of the earldom of Lennox, the parish was called variously Monyabroch, Monaeburgh, or Moniabrocd, but part of the parish was called Kelvesyth by the beginnings of the 13th century. The lands passed through the hands of branches of the Callendar and Livingston families as their fortunes waxed and waned, Kilsyth was established as a Burgh of Barony in 1620. A Town Charter was granted in 1826, permitting the holders of plots to elect a Town Council and it used to be part of Stirlingshire, but is now within North Lanarkshire jurisdiction. In 2012, the ward was represented by three elected councillors, Jean Jones, Heather McVey and Alan Stevenson. Jamie Hepburn MSP was elected as Cumbernauld and Kilsyth member of the Scottish Parliament on 5 May 2011 with a majority of 3459, since May 2015, Stuart MacDonald has been Westminster MP for the Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East. Kilsyth Community Council, as the elected representative body, is an active community group. The nearby villages of Croy, Banton, Queenzieburn, and Twechar are within walking distance from Kilsyth. Townhead reservoir, known locally as Banton Loch, is the site of the Battle of Kilsyth and is the reservoir for the Fort. A thriving marina has been developed at Auchinstarry close to the climbing wall, Kilsyth Lennox Golf Club was founded in 1899
14.
Civil engineering
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Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
15.
BAM Nuttall
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BAM Nuttall Limited is a construction and civil engineering company headquartered in Camberley, United Kingdom. It has been involved in a portfolio of road, rail, nuclear and it is a subsidiary of the Dutch Royal BAM Group. In the 1900s and 1910s James Nuttall Snrs two sons—Sir Edmund Nuttall, 1st Baronet, who was made a baronet in 1922, and James Nuttall —built the company into a nationwide business. In the 1920s and 1930s the company was run by Sir Edmunds son, Sir Keith Nuttall, 2nd Baronet, during the Second World War the company was one of the contractors engaged in building the Mulberry harbour units. Once staff joined, they remained more or less lifelong with Nuttall, they were well treated and looked after. Until 1978, Dulux Paints actually had a shade called Nuttall Green - such was the firms gravitas. After 1979, the green has changed to a lighter shade. The EN logo safety helmet commanded much respect in Liverpool and on the Wirral and most of us engineers rode free on Merseyrail, in 1978 the company was bought by Hollandsche Beton Groep, a Dutch group, and in 2002 HBG was acquired by Royal BAM Group. On 10 October 2008 Edmund Nuttall Limited changed its name to BAM Nuttall Limited, Nuttall were also involved in several projects for the 2012 Summer Olympics including, soil remediation and civils works in the South of the Park. The company is involved in the construction of the Crossrail railway line in the UK. On 5 June 2005, following their bid for a contract to construct the Kingsnorth power station, thirteen protesters took part in invading the offices, asking to speak about the chairman, distributing leaflets and unfurling a banner. The action resulted in five arrests, however the cases were thrown out with no case to answer, british industrial narrow gauge railways Interserve Speller Metcalfe Clancy Docwra Wirral Line Hartcup, Guy. Code Name Mulberry, The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours
16.
Glasgow City Council
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Glasgow City Council, the local government body of the city of Glasgow in Scotland, became one of the newly created single tier local authorities in 1996, under the Local Government etc. The early city was run by the old Glasgow Town Council, in 1895, the Town Council became The Corporation of the City of Glasgow. It retained this title until local government re-organisation in 1975, when it became City of Glasgow District Council, in 1996, following the dissolution of Strathclyde Regional Council and the transfer of its responsibilities to Glasgow District Council, the authority was renamed Glasgow City Council. The title Lord Provost of Glasgow, used now for the leader of the city council, has history dating from the 15th century. During World War I, the council was unique in the United Kingdom in appointing an official war artist, the city council established in 1996, took on the powers and responsibilities previously divided between councils of the Glasgow City district and the Strathclyde region. The council area borders onto East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, the council is ceremonially headed by the Lord Provost of Glasgow, who is elected to convene the council and perform associated tasks as a general civic leader and Lord Lieutenant. The current incumbent is Sadie Docherty, the councils executive branch is headed by a Leader of the Council, who is the leader of the largest political grouping, currently the Labour Party. The council consists of 79 councillors elected for a term from 21 wards. These wards were introduced for the 2007 election and each three or four members by the single transferable vote system of election. This system was introduced by the Local Governance Act 2004, as a means of ensuring a reasonably proportionately representative outcome, the most recent full council election took place on Thursday 3 May 2012. No Scottish Socialist Party, Solidarity or independent councillors were returned, a multi-member ward system was introduced for the 2007 council election, Prior to the 2007 election, there were 79 councillors elected from 79 single-member wards by the plurality system of election. There were also three Liberal Democrat councillors, one Conservative councillor, one Scottish Socialist Party councillor, and one independent councillor
17.
Scottish Enterprise
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Scottish Enterprise supports ambitious Scottish companies to compete within the global marketplace, and helps to build Scotland’s globally competitive sectors. The organisation also works with a range of partners in the public and private sectors to attract new investment to Scotland, Scottish Enterprise started operations on 1 April 1991 under the Enterprise and New Towns Act 1990. That act merged the former Scottish Development Agency, created in 1975, on 1 April 2008, the skills function of Scottish Enterprise moved out of the organisation to the newly formed Skills Development Scotland. Scottish Enterprise’s Executive Leadership Team consists of management and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation. Scottish Enterprise is a public body of the Scottish Government. The Resource Budget for 2015/16 amounts to £256 million, Scottish Development International is also responsible for delivering the Scottish Government’s inward investment targets. Scottish Enterprise’s investment arm, the Scottish Investment Bank, operates across Scotland in partnership with Highlands and Islands Enterprise, SIB aims to increase the supply of finance and help more Scottish SMEs with growth and export potential to access it. Scottish Enterprise website Highlands and Islands Enterprise Scottish Investment Bank Enterprise and New Towns Act 1990
18.
Scottish Government
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The Scottish Government is Scotlands devolved government. It was formally renamed in 2012 to the Scottish Government by section 12 of the Scotland Act 2012, the government consists of cabinet secretaries, who attend cabinet meetings, and ministers, who do not. It is led by the first minister, who selects the cabinet secretaries, the Scottish Government is responsible for devolved matters, and those not explicitly reserved to the British Parliament in Westminster, by Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act 1998. Devolved matters that were decided on by the Scotland Act 1998 included healthcare provision, education, justice, policing, rural affairs, economic development, the Scottish Government also has administrative responsibility for some matters where it does not have legislative power. An example is Sections 36 &37 of the Electricity Act 1989 which allow the Scottish Government to authorise power transmission lines and grant power generation consents. The Scottish Governments budget is decided upon by the grant that is formulated using the Barnett Formula with the ability to also increase or decrease income tax rates. In the financial year of 2016–17, the annual budget was £37.2 billion. The government is led by the First Minister, the Scottish Parliament nominates one of its members to be appointed as first minister by the monarch. He or she is assisted by various cabinet secretaries with individual portfolios, Ministers are similarly appointed to assist cabinet secretaries in their work. The Scottish law officers, the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General, can be appointed from outside the parliaments membership and they are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the first minister. The first minister, the secretaries and the Scottish law officers are the members of the Scottish Government. They are collectively known as the Scottish Ministers, the members of the government have substantial influence over legislation in Scotland, putting forward the majority of bills that are successful in becoming Acts of the Scottish Parliament. The structure of the team used by the Scottish National Party after its election victory in May 2007 differs from those used by previous governments. The title cabinet secretary was introduced to replace what were called ministers, the cabinet secretaries and ministers are, The Scottish Cabinet is the group of ministers who are collectively responsible for all Scottish Government policy. While parliament is in session, the cabinet meets weekly, normally meetings are held on Tuesday afternoons in Bute House, the official residence of the first minister. The cabinet consists of the secretaries, excluding the Scottish Law Officers. The Lord Advocate attends meetings of the cabinet only when requested by the first minister, the cabinet is supported by the Cabinet Secretariat, which is based at St Andrews House. Scottish Government also includes a service that supports the Scottish ministers
19.
Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
20.
Tradeston Bridge
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The Tradeston Bridge is a pedestrian bridge across the River Clyde in Glasgow which opened on 14 May 2009. The design was prepared by Dissing+Weitling, a Danish architectural firm, the bridge was built by BAM Nuttall. It cost £7 million to construct and is used by pedestrians, the span is horizontally curved in an S shape with outward canting on both curves
21.
Dry dock
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A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, the use of dry docks in China goes at least as far back the 10th century A. D. The upper works included several decks with cabins and saloons. After many years, their hulls decayed and needed repairs, so in the Hsi-Ning reign period a palace official Huang Huai-Hsin suggested a plan. A large basin was excavated at the end of the Chin-ming Lake capable of containing the dragon ships. Then so that the quickly filled with water, after which the ships were towed in above the beams. The the water was pumped out by wheels so that the ships rested quite in the air, when the repairs were complete, the water was let in again, so that the ships were afloat once more. The first English and oldest surviving dry dock still in use was commissioned by Henry VII of England at HMNB Portsmouth in 1495 and this dry dock currently holds the worlds oldest commissioned warship, HMS Victory. Possibly the earliest description of a floating dock comes from a small Italian book printed in Venice in 1560, called Descrittione dellartifitiosa machina. In the booklet, an unknown author asks for the privilege of using a new method for the salvaging of a ship and then proceeds to describe. The included woodcut shows a ship flanked by two large floating trestles, forming a roof above the vessel, the ship is pulled in an upright position by a number of ropes attached to the superstructure. The Alfredo da Silva Dry Dock, of the Lisnave Dockyards in Almada, Portugal, was the largest in the world until 2000, harland and Wolff Heavy Industries in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is the site of a large dry dock 556 by 93 metres. The massive cranes are named after the Biblical figures Samson and Goliath, Goliath stands 96 m tall, while Samson is taller at 106 m. The Saint-Nazaires Chantiers de lAtlantique owns one of the biggest in the world,1,200 by 60 metres, the largest graving dock of the Mediterranean as of 2009 is at the Hellenic Shipyards S. A. The largest roofed dry dock is at the German Meyer Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, it is 504 m long,125 m wide, Dry Dock 12 at Newport News Shipbuilding is 662 by 76 metres the largest dry dock in the USA. The largest floating-dock in North America named The Vigorous and it is operated Vigor Industries in Portland, OR, in the Swan Island industrial area along the Willamette River. The keel blocks as well as the block are placed on the floor of the dock in accordance with the docking plan of the ship. Routine use of dry docks is for the graving i. e. the cleaning, removal of barnacles and rust, some fine-tuning of the ships position can be done by divers while there is still some water left to manoeuvre it about
22.
Rutherglen
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Rutherglen is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. In 1996 Rutherglen was reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area, Rutherglen received the status of Royal Burgh in 1126 by Royal Charter from King David I of Scotland who ruled from 1124 to 1153. In the 14th century Walter Stewart, father of King Robert II, was granted Farme Castle and this was located close to Farme Cross in the east of Rutherglen, and stood until the 1960s. Rutherglen was a centre of industry, having a long coal mining tradition which died out by 1950. Today there is a significant legacy of soluble chromium waste in the area, Rutherglen, and most of the other towns encircling the city, are dormitory suburbs of Glasgow. The name of Rutherglen, as well as its Scots name Ruglen, is perhaps from Scottish Gaelic An Ruadh-Ghleann, the derivation may also however be Welsh, or Cumbric and mean the valley of Rydderch. Rydderch - pronounced rutherch - ruther as in brother and ch as in loch - was one of the most famous associated with the Welsh-speaking kingdom which centred on Dumbarton. Rutherglen was a parliamentary burgh represented in the UK Parliament as a component of Glasgow Burghs constituency from 1708 to 1832, in 1918, the Rutherglen constituency was created, which became Glasgow Rutherglen in 1983. In 1999, the Scottish Parliamentary constituency of Glasgow Rutherglen was created, in 2005, Scottish constituencies for the UK parliament were mostly replaced with new constituencies, and Rutherglen is now within the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency. As of 2015 Margaret Ferrier is the local MP, in 2011 The Scottish Parliament constituency was redrawn and renamed Rutherglen. As of 2016 Clare Haughey is the MSP for Rutherglen, the defeated incumbent James Kelly is now a list MSP for the Glasgow region which includes Rutherglen. All three local representatives have strong ties to the area. Rutherglen Main Street is served by Rutherglen railway station and there are numerous bus links into Glasgow City Centre. Completion of the M74 Extension means that there is a motorway going through the town, that allow easier access to places such as Glasgow Airport. The local newspaper is the Rutherglen Reformer, the local community radio station is CamGlen Radio. The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen has expanded over the years and now many other areas. Since being granted Royal Burgh status by King David I, the town has grown from strength to strength and it now covers a much larger region than the initial Burgh boundary. The nearby village of Burnside and High Burnside fall under the Rutherglen boundary but have their own Community Council, the current area of Rutherglen can be divided into 22 areas
23.
Dalmarnock
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Dalmarnock is a district in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde opposite the town of Rutherglen and it is bounded by the Clyde to the south and east, Parkhead to the north, and Bridgeton at Dunn Street to the north west. The area covers part of a loop in the River Clyde called the Cuningar Loop, there is a bridge over the River Clyde on Dalmarnock Road called Dalmarnock Bridge. The first bridge in the area was a wooden one erected in 1821 to connect Dalmarnock and it was replaced by a new timber bridge in 1848, and in 1891 by the current Dalmarnock Bridge, designed by Glasgow consulting engineers, Crouch & Hogg. The Glasgow side of the bridge is a convenient point for walkers, there have also been two railway bridges in Dalmarnock crossing the River Clyde. The first bridge was built in 1861, but was replaced in 1897 by a wider bridge to accommodate the Dalmarnock branch line. The stone pillars of the old bridge are still in situ adjacent to the newer bridge, both bridges were designed by George Graham. The area was heavily industrialised. Sir William Arrol & Co. had its extensive engineering works at Dunn Street, from its beginnings in boiler making, the firm later became renowned for its achievements in the field of Structural engineering. Amongst the many bridges constructed throughout Britain were the Forth Railway Bridge and Forth Road Bridge, the company was eventually taken over by Clarke Chapman in 1969 and the Dalmarnock Works closed in 1986. There was also a large coal-fired power station located near Dalmarnock Bridge and it was built by Glasgow Corporation in two stages, with phase one opening in 1920 and phase two in 1926. It was closed in 1977 by the South of Scotland Electricity Board, the east side of Allan Street was bombed during the Second World War. Most of the Victorian red-sandstone tenements on Dalmarnock Road and Springfield Road were demolished in the 60s and early 70s, Springfield Road remains the centre of the community, with several retailers and small businesses. In the 1960s, a new housing scheme was built, consisting of four storey tower blocks. Two of the towers,40 &50 Millerfield Road, were demolished on 3 February 2002, One other tower was demolished on 1 July 2007, and the final one on 9 September 2007. Dalmarnock now, August 2011, has no housing on Ardenlea St / Sunnybank St side of the area, due to the construction in the area pertaining to the Commonwealth Games and City Legacy. After the departure of all local retailers from the all that remains is a small shop which was set up by the workers in the Community Centre. This has been a boon for the area residents as the nearest shops are not within walking distance
24.
2014 Commonwealth Games
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It took place in Glasgow, Scotland, from 23 July to 3 August 2014. Glasgow was selected as the host city on 9 November 2007 during CGF General Assembly in Colombo, Sri Lanka, defeating Abuja, england finished top of the medal table for the first time since the 1986 Commonwealth Games, also held in Scotland. Kiribati also won its first ever medal at a Commonwealth Games, Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh following an analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, to inspect the citys existing, Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government. That left Abuja and Glasgow as the remaining bidders, with Abuja seen as a likely favourite due to the basis of its campaign that an African nation has never hosted the Commonwealth Games. The deadline for submission of bids to the Commonwealth Games Federation. This put Glasgow ahead in terms of the technical comprehensiveness of its bid, each bid city made a presentation to the General Assembly, the order of which was determined by drawing lots. The presentation also included a film narrated by Sean Connery. Abujas delegation was led by General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Abuja 2014 Commonwealth Games bid team, the CGF members later voted for their preferred candidate in a secret ballot. As there were two bids, the winner was announced by the CGF President, Mike Fennel, after the first round of voting. These venues hosted the Badminton as well as Track cycling, the Road cycling and Cycling Time-trial events started and finished at Glasgow Green. Glasgow Green was the venue for Field hockey and saw the construction of a new Glasgow Green Hockey Centre, tollcross International Swimming Centre, was the venue for Swimming events. It already had one Olympic standard 50 metre swimming pool, which was upgraded. The existing permanent seating capacity was increased by 1,000, combined with additional temporary seating there was over 5,000 seats for the Games. Ibrox Stadium, in the South Side, was the venue for the Rugby Sevens tournament, mountain biking was held on the Cathkin Braes in Rutherglen, the Royal Burgh neighbouring the City. The Marathon began and ended at Hampden Park in the South Side, the Clyde Auditorium hosted Weightlifting, whilst the new SSE Hydro was used for the Gymnastics and Netball events
25.
Strathclyde Police
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The Police Authority contained members from each of these authorities. Strathclyde Police had the largest numbers of staff and served the largest population, an Act of the Scottish Parliament, the Police and Fire Reform Act 2012, created a single Police Service of Scotland—known as Police Scotland—with effect from 1 April 2013. This act merged the eight police forces in Scotland, together with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency. The force was portrayed in the television series Taggart, the force was created on 16 May 1975 as part of the restructuring of local government in Scotland. The police area matched the boundaries of the new Strathclyde Regional Council, from 23 October 2007 until abolition, the Force was organised into 8 Territorial Divisions, a Headquarters Division, a Support Services Division and a Road Policing Division. The Territorial Divisions were commanded by a Chief Superintendent supported by 2 Superintendents who held various portfolios and these Divisions were further sub-divided into a number of Sub Divisions, which may have been further split into areas commanded by an Area Commander of Chief Inspector rank. There were 33 Area Commands within the Force, the unit was set up to bring together communities and agencies to tackle the root causes of violence. The work of the VRU has now extended throughout the whole of Scotland. From the formation of Strathclyde Police in 1975, uniform was similar to the previously used by the antecedent City of Glasgow Police. This was a tunic and trousers, white shirt and black tie. The tunic was abandoned in 1994 in favour of a woollen NATO-style pullover, headgear consisted of a peaked cap for males or a round reinforced bowler style for females. Both types of hat featured Sillitoe Tartan design and the standard Scottish Police cap badge in metal for Constables and Sergeants or embroidered for Inspectors, the caps of the Roads Policing Unit also had a white cover. Footwear was not prescribed except for those in a few specialist roles such as Public Order, a trial uniform was introduced in February 2002, a light blue shirt worn with or without a tie with body armour worn on top. Cargo trousers and fleeces were introduced at this time, headgear and epaulettes showing Divisional identifier number and rank insignia were unchanged from previous uniforms. Cargo trousers continued to be issued until 2008, after which came without cargo pockets due to the introduction of new body armour with pockets. A stab vest was worn over the T-shirt top on all operational duties and these featured blue and white chequered reflective bands across the front and back, force insignia sewn on the left breast, and a blue and white reflective POLICE patch sewn onto the back. There were several attachments for handcuffs and other equipment, a black fleece was worn over body armour before November 2009, and subsequently underneath. There is also a fluorescent bomber style jacket with reflective markings to the stab vests
26.
Steel
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Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steels base metal is iron, which is able to take on two forms, body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the elements, primarily carbon. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an atom in the centre of each cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in steel alloys may contribute up to 2. 1% of its weight. Steels strength compared to pure iron is possible at the expense of irons ductility. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century and this was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron, further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the product. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world and it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations, the noun steel originates from the Proto-Germanic adjective stakhlijan, which is related to stakhla. The carbon content of steel is between 0. 002% and 2. 1% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys and these values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction, too little carbon content leaves iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, while iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are important in steel, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper. Alloys with a higher than 2. 1% carbon content, depending on other element content, cast iron is not malleable even when hot, but it can be formed by casting as it has a lower melting point than steel and good castability properties
27.
Hulme Arch Bridge
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The Hulme Arch Bridge in Hulme, Manchester, England, supports Stretford Road as it passes over Princess Road, and is located at grid reference SJ838968. The location was occupied by a footbridge. The bridge consists of a deck supported by cables from an arch that spans the bridge diagonally. The design was selected in June 1995, with construction running between May 1996 and April 1997 and it was opened on 10 May 1997 by Alex Ferguson. Stretford Road was divided into two halves in 1969 by the construction of Princess Road, a footbridge was subsequently constructed, crossing Princess Road at the same place as the road previously ran. As part of the regeneration of the Hulme district, it was decided to construct a new bridge to rejoin the two sections of the road, and also to provide a local landmark. The design of the bridge was selected via a two-staged, closed design competition, commissioned by Hulme Regeneration Ltd, the first stage of the competition was held in March 1995, and had six entries. The winning design was selected in June 1995, and was from architects Chris Wilkinson Architects, the reference for the design of the bridge was Eero Saarinens Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The bridge consists of a 50 metres bridge deck of three 17 by 17 m steel and concrete decking segments covered with tarmac, the deck is supported by twenty-two 51 mm diameter spiral steel cables originating from both sides of a 25 metres high arch. The parabolic arch is made of six prefabricated trapezoid steel box sections, the bridge is illuminated at night. The arch varies between 1.6 metres wide by 1.5 metres deep at the bases to 3 metres wide and 0.7 metres deep at the top. It is supported by a pair of 8.5 by 6.5 by 5.5 m concrete blocks, the deck is supported by piled abutments, which incorporate areas for bearing and expansion joint inspection and maintenance. The arch is kept in shape by a number of internal stiffeners and diaphragms, the three sections of decking were assembled on the broad central reservation of Princess Road, and were craned into position over a weekend when Princess Road was closed. The decking was temporarily supported by trestles until the arch was ready, the six sections of the arch were welded together on site into two halves before being lifted into position during a second weekend. The cables were connected on third weekend, the bridge was formally opened on 10 May 1997 by Alex Ferguson in a ceremony including the Lord Mayor of Manchester and Tony Wilson. The ceremony was concluded by them being driven over the bridge in a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, in 1997 the bridge was shortlisted for the British Construction Civil Engineering Award
28.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
29.
South Lanarkshire
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South Lanarkshire is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the City of Glasgow and contains some of Greater Glasgows suburbs and it also contains many towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire and it includes part of the historic county of Lanarkshire. South Lanarkshire Council has its headquarters in Hamilton, has 16,000 employees, there are 20 council wards in South Lanarkshire, each represented on the council by 3 or 4 elected councillors using single transferable vote. South Lanarkshire shares borders with the authorities of Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, City of Glasgow, North Lanarkshire, West Lothian. The area was formed in 1996, from the areas of Clydesdale, Hamilton and East Kilbride districts, since the 2012 local government election, a by-election was held for Rutherglen South on Thursday 14 February 2013 and for Hamilton South on Thursday 24 October 2013. The current political composition is 2 Independents,3 Conservative,35 Labour,1 Liberal Democrat and 26 SNP, the Council is currently ruled by a Labour Group majority administration. The Council Headquarters building, on Almada Street, Hamilton, was built as the Lanark County Buildings in 1963, the 16 storey,165 foot tower is the largest in Hamilton, and is a highly visible landmark across this part of the Clyde Valley. The modernist design was influenced by the United Nations building in New York, glass curtain walls cover the north and south facades, with the narrow east and west sides being blank white walls. At the front of the building is the council chamber. It is known by locals as the County Buildings
30.
North Lanarkshire
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North Lanarkshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the northeast of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgows suburbs and commuter towns and it also borders East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Stirling, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian. The council covers parts of the counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire. Cumbernauld -52,270 Coatbridge -41,170 Airdrie -37,130 Motherwell -31,906 Wishaw -28,565 Bellshill -20,705 Kilsyth -10,100 Note, Votes are the first preference votes. The net gain/loss and percentage changes relate to the result of the previous Scottish local elections on 3 May 2007 and this may differ from other published sources showing gain/loss relative to seats held at dissolution of Scotlands councils
31.
West Dunbartonshire
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West Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland. The area lies to the west of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgows commuter towns and villages, West Dunbartonshire also borders onto Argyll and Bute, East Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire and Stirling. The area was formed on 1 April 1996 from part of the former Strathclyde Region, namely the entire district of Clydebank, act 1994 that created the council area its name was Dumbarton and Clydebank. The council, elected as an authority in 1995, resolved to change the name of the area to West Dunbartonshire. The area is composed of three parts, the towns of Clydebank, Dumbarton and the Vale of Leven district. West Dunbartonshire is administered from Dumbarton, although Clydebank is the largest town, the council is run by 22 councillors elected from 6 wards. On 18 September 2014, West Dunbartonshire was one of four areas which had a majority Yes vote in the Scottish Independence Referendum at 54% with a 87. 9% turnout rate. Kilpatrick Hills Loch Lomond Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park River Leven West Dunbartonshire at DMOZ
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Renfrewshire
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Renfrewshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It also shares borders with Glasgow, North Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire borders the south-west of Glasgow, lying on the south bank of the River Clyde, and contains many of Glasgows commuter towns and villages, as well as rural areas. Present day Renfrewshire borders the south-west of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgows commuter towns, Renfrewshire also has boundaries with North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde and West Dunbartonshire. The ancient county of Renfrewshire covered a larger area — including both Inverclyde and East Renfrewshire and this area still exists in the form of a lieutenancy area and registration county, and has a statutory funding board called the Renfrewshire Valuation Joint Board. The county was based around its seat, the Royal Burgh of Renfrew. There was also a district named Renfrew which existed between 1975 and 1996, Renfrewshire Council is the elected local authority for Renfrewshire, which is one of 32 local council areas in Scotland. The council is based at Renfrewshire House in Paisley, Renfrewshire Council recently won more awards than any other council in Scotland at the CoSLA Awards ceremony—winning three gold awards with a further three silver awards. This is the highest number of awards won by a single Scottish council since CoSLA started handing out its awards. Renfrewshire Council is administered by the Scottish Labour Party, the Provost of Renfrewshire is Anne Hall. Each department is headed by a Director, who is also an apolitical, as of 4 May 2012, the composition of the council is as follows, As such, the election resulted in the Scottish Labour Party gaining full control of the Renfrewshire Council. There was no party in control of Renfrewshire Council so therefore a Scottish National Party/Scottish Liberal Democrats coalition was formed to run the council for that four-year period. The electoral system of councils in Scotland is governed by the Local Governance Act 2004. Renfrewshire is represented by three constituencies in the Scottish Parliament, Renfrewshire North and West, Paisley and Renfrewshire South, the two constituencies covering Renfrewshire in the Westminster Parliament are Paisley and Renfrewshire North and Paisley and Renfrewshire South. The constituencies are represented by Gavin Newlands and Mhairi Black respectively and it is served by the M8 motorway, which terminates in the area, just east of Langbank, and is a major artery between northwest and southwest Scotland, via the Erskine Bridge. The presence of the airport and the proximity to Glasgow means that Renfrewshire supports one of the busiest transport infrastructures in Scotland, and is frequently congested. Renfrewshire also has bus links provided by, Mcgills Bus Services. The Braehead Arena in Renfrewshire close to the boundary with Glasgow is home to leading professional team, the Scottish Rocks. The arena was also host to the 2000 Ford World Curling Championships, Renfrewshire has 11 secondary schools,51 primary schools and 3 schools for children with additional support needs
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Inverclyde
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Inverclyde is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. It borders the North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire council areas, and is surrounded by the Firth of Clyde. Inverclyde was formerly one of nineteen districts within Strathclyde Region, from 1975 until 1996 and its landward area is bordered by the Kelly, North and South Routen burns to the south west, part of the River Gryfe and the Finlaystone Burn to the south-east. It is one of the smallest in terms of area and population out of the 32 Scottish unitary authorities, the name derives from the extinct barony of Inverclyde conferred upon Sir John Burns of Wemyss Bay and his heirs. ‡ Taken from Inverclyde Ward 1 figure, minus Kilmacolm settlement population and this was rectified in the 2006 review. Following the Council elections of 2012,10 Labour Councillors were elected,6 SNP,2 Liberal Democrats,1 Conservative and 1 Independent, therefore, the current composition of Inverclyde Council is, • denotes coalition parties The election resulted in no overall control of the council. The council gained national notoriety in 2005 following harsh criticism from the Accounts Commission regarding poor leadership, following this criticism the Chief Executive of Inverclyde Council Robert Cleary stepped down and a new chief executive John Mundell was appointed. The position of Chief Executive commands a salary of £112,000. There was criticism over the benefits the outgoing chief executive received on leaving—he was given a six figure severance payment, in June 2006, changes were still ongoing, Inverclyde Council altered its directorship structure by adding new corporate director positions and removing senior manager positions. It was expected that the £90,000 a year posts will mostly be filled by new applicants, there was some criticism with regards to the merging of council services, for instance, Education and Social Work merged and now share the same director. This was frowned upon as at the time the Director responsible for the two merged departments had a qualification, not a social work one. The 2007 council elections took place at the time as the Scottish Parliament elections. The Liberal Democrats lost nine seats, Labour gained two, but fell short of a majority, the SNP and Conservatives both entered the council with five seats and one seat respectively, while an independent candidate also won a place. On the 18th September 2014, Inverclyde said No in the Scottish Independence Referendum with a 87% turnout - just, Inverclyde was one of nineteen local government districts in the Strathclyde region of Scotland, which existed between 1975 and 1996. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1973 from part of the county of Renfrewshire, the boundaries remain the same as those of the modern council area. The remaining parts of the County of Renfrew where divided between two districts, Eastwood and Renfrew District. In 1996 Inverclyde District was abolished under the provisions of the Local Government etc, most of its area became the new Inverclyde council area, with the regions - such as Strathclyde - disappearing entirely. These are, Aileymill Primary School, Greenock, Head Teacher is Mrs Catriona Miller
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Argyll and Bute
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Argyll and Bute is both one of 32 unitary authority council areas and a lieutenancy area in Scotland. The administrative centre for the area is in Lochgilphead. Argyll and Bute covers the second largest administrative area of any Scottish council, the council area adjoins those of Highland, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire. Its border runs through Loch Lomond, the present council area was created in 1996, when it was carved out of the Strathclyde region, which was a two-tier local government region of 19 districts, created in 1975. Argyll and Bute merged the existing Argyll and Bute district and one ward of the Dumbarton district. The Dumbarton ward, called Helensburgh and Lomond, included the burgh of Helensburgh and consisted of an area to the west of Loch Lomond, north of the Firth of Clyde and mostly east of Loch Long. The council area can also be described by reference to divisions of the counties which were abolished in 1975, the council area includes most of the county of Argyll, part of the county of Bute and part of the county of Dunbartonshire. The later scenes of the 1963 James Bond film From Russia with Love were filmed around the lochs and hills of Argyll, the Colintraive in Cowal to Rhubodach on the Isle of Bute route, across the Kyles of Bute, is operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. The Portavadie in Cowal to Tarbert on the Kintyre Peninsula route, as a result of the investigation, a council employee was suspended for setting up fake social media accounts to monitor what was being said about the council. The councils own investigation later confirmed it had no evidence of any form of spying or covert surveillance having been carried out by any employee within the councils communication team. In June 2012, the council was criticised for banning a local primary student, Martha Payne. The blog, NeverSeconds, had been praised by the celebrity chef, on the day the story broke, the blog had raised over £40,000. After an initial statement from the defending the decision, the ban was subsequently overturned by council leader. In November 2012 a book written by David Payne, father of Neverseconds blogger Martha Payne, revealed the background to the attempt to censor. The book states about the council, My anger and frustration at Argyll, thinly veiled attacks on our parenting on national radio and an abusive phonecall stood out as examples of a public body sick to the very top. Complaints via the proper procedures and through elected councillors had no visible changes. Far from being contrite they seemed to take a pride in being untouchable, Argyll and Bute Council election,2012 Censorship in the United Kingdom List of places in Argyll and Bute Gaelic place names of Scotland Argyll and Bute Council Argyll and Bute at DMOZ
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Firth of Clyde
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The Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth of Clyde, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. Within the Firth of Clyde is another major island - the Isle of Bute, given its strategic location, at the entrance to the middle/upper Clyde, Bute played a vitally important military role during World War II. The Firths climate enjoys the benefit of the Gulf Stream from America, at its entrance the firth is some 26 miles wide. Its upper reaches include an area where it is joined by Loch Long and this includes the large anchorage off Greenock known as the Tail of the Bank in reference to the sandbar which separates the firth from the estuary of the River Clyde. The Clyde is still almost 2 miles wide at the sandbar, in Scottish Gaelic the landward end is called Linne Chluaidh, while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas. The Firth encompasses many Islands and Peninsulas and has ferry routes connecting them to the mainland. Sometimes called the Clyde Waters, this body is customarily considered an element of the Irish Sea. The ferry services are run by Caledonian MacBrayne and by Western Ferries, a great number of sea lochs adjoin the Firth, the largest being Loch Fyne. The Cowal peninsula extends into the Firth of Clyde and forms the upper firth west shoreline. The main town on the Cowal peninsula is Dunoon and these routes across the Firth of Clyde save time, rather than traveling round by road, via Loch Eck side, the Rest and be thankful and Loch Lomond side. The service between Dunoon and Gourock in Inverclyde, operated by the Caledonian MacBrayne subsidiary Argyll Ferries LTD is a passenger only service. This service connects directly with the ScotRail service to Glasgow, Western Ferries LTD operate the service between Hunters Quay and McInroys Point near Gourock and carry all types of vehicular transport and foot passengers. This lists the towns and some of the numerous villages along the firth. There are many islands in the firth, the largest all have thriving communities and regular ferry services connecting them to the mainland. They are, Arran Bute Cumbrae The Clyde formed an important sea route from the earliest times, and the Battle of Largs in 1263 marked the turning point for the end of Viking ambitions in Britain. During World War II Glasgow and the Clyde became Britains main entry point for Allied merchant shipping, military personnel and equipment, the Clyde formed the largest base of naval ships. The area became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding with notable designers including, William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G L Watson and it was also the location of many famous yacht yards. Clyde-built wooden yachts are known for quality and style today
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North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)
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The North Channel is the strait between north-eastern Ireland and south-western Scotland. The southern boundary of the strait is a line joining the Mull of Galloway, the northern boundary is a line joining Portnahaven and Benbane Head. The narrowest part of the strait is between the Mull of Kintyre and Torr Head where its width is 21 kilometres, the deepest part is called Beauforts Dyke. It is crossed by a number of ferry services. In 1953, it was the scene of a maritime disaster. In August 2007 the Centre for Cross-Border Studies proposed the construction of a 34-kilometre long rail bridge or tunnel, in the Victorian era, engineers proposed a rail tunnel between Stranraer and Belfast. This strait was known as the Irish Channel. In the 19th century, Alexander Keith Johnstons suggested name St Patricks Channel had currency, according to the ILDSA, this was first accomplished in 1947 by Tom Blower. The first two-way crossing was completed by a relay team on 28 July 2015. Straits of Moyle St Georges Channel
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Elvanfoot
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Elvanfoot is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Elvanfoot is located at the confluence of the River Clyde and Elvan Water, the Clyde is crossed by a pedestrian suspension bridge that has been closed since 2007 for want of repair. The apparently-abandoned church is on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland, as are the stables of Newton House, once home to the Scottish judge Alexander Irving, the name Elvan apparently includes the element *al-, which occurs in river names in Roman Britain and continental Europe. A number of meanings have been suggested, including bright, shining, white, sparkling, speckled, almost all attestations of the root occur with the Proto-Indo-European suffix -*awe- and root-determinative -*n- or participial -*ant-, giving the proto-form *al-au-n-. Andrew Breeze has suggested that the name is derived from Cumbric *halẹ, n salt, cognate with Welsh halen, as Elvan Water passes through a mining area, Breeze suggests that there may be high levels of salt in the river. The loss of initial /h/ is explained as a result of the names supposed transmission via Gaelic, Elvanfoot is at the junction of the A702 and B7040 roads and 1 1⁄2 miles south from junction 14 of the M74 motorway. Until 1965 it was served by Elvanfoot railway station on the West Coast Main Line
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Symington, South Lanarkshire
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Symington is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland,3 miles southwest of Biggar,10 miles east of Douglas and 13 miles southeast of Carluke. Geographical features near Symington include Tinto Hill, the Coulter Hills, a map by Pont in 1596 showed two St Johns Kirks in a small settlement, and another map by Roy in 1754 showed a mill to the east. The Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway operated initially between 1858 and 1861 between Symington and Peebles, with nine stations, including Stobo railway station and its successor was the Caledonian Railway Main Line. Symington was painted by John Pairman of Biggar around 1830
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New Lanark
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New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde, approximately 1.4 miles from Lanark, in Lanarkshire, and some 40 km southeast of Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills, Dale built the mills there in a brief partnership with the English inventor and entrepreneur Richard Arkwright to take advantage of the water power provided by the only waterfalls on the River Clyde. The New Lanark mills operated until 1968, after a period of decline, the New Lanark Conservation Trust was founded in 1974 to prevent demolition of the village. By 2006 most of the buildings have restored and the village has become a major tourist attraction. It is one of six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland, the New Lanark cotton mills were founded in 1786 by David Dale in a brief partnership with Richard Arkwright. M. W. Turner and many other artists, the mills used the recently developed water-powered cotton spinning machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. Dale sold the mills, lands and village in the early 19th century for £60,000, payable over 20 years, to a partnership that included his son-in-law Robert Owen. Owen, who became manager in 1800, was an industrialist who carried on his father-in-laws philanthropic approach to industrial working. New Lanark, with its social and welfare programmes, epitomised his Utopian socialism, the New Lanark mills depended upon water power. A dam was constructed on the Clyde above New Lanark and water was drawn off the river to power the mill machinery, the water first travelled through a tunnel, then through an open channel called the lade. It then went to a number of wheels in each mill building. It was not until 1929 that the last waterwheel was replaced by a water turbine, Water power is still used in New Lanark. A new water turbine has been installed in Mill Number Three to provide electricity for the tourist areas of the village, in Owens time some 2,500 people lived at New Lanark, many from the poorhouses of Glasgow and Edinburgh. Although not the grimmest of mills by far, Owen found the conditions unsatisfactory, the mills thrived commercially, but Owens partners were unhappy at the extra expense incurred by his welfare programmes. Unwilling to allow the mills to revert to the old ways of operating, in 1813 the Board forced an auction, hoping to obtain the town and mills at a low price but Owen and a new board that was sympathetic to his reforming ideas won out. New Lanark became celebrated throughout Europe, with many statesmen, reformers and they were astonished to find a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owen’s philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village’s excellent housing and amenities, the planning of employment in the mills alongside housing for the workers and services such as a school also makes the settlement iconic in the development of urban planning in the UK
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Lanark
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Lanark is a small town in the central belt of Scotland. The name is believed to come from the Cumbric Lanerc meaning clear space, Lanark is traditionally the county town of Lanarkshire, though there are several larger towns in the county. Lanark railway station and coach station have frequent services to Glasgow, there is little industry in Lanark and some residents commute to work in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Its shops serve the agricultural community and surrounding villages. There is a modern livestock auction market on the outskirts of the town. Lanark has served as an important market town since medieval times, King David I realised that greater prosperity could result from encouraging trade. He decided to create a chain of new towns across Scotland and these would be centres of Norman civilisation in a largely Celtic country, and would be established in such a way as to encourage the development of trade within their area. These new towns were to be known as Burghs, bastides were established in France for much the same reason. When a site had been selected for a new town the King’s surveyors would lay out an area for the town’s market, each merchant who came to the town was granted a plot of land bordering on the marketplace. These plots were known as feus or rigs, each feu in a burgh was the same size, though the size varied between burghs. In Forres in the north of Scotland each feu was 24 feet 10 inches wide and 429 feet deep, the layout of the feus in Lanark can still be easily seen between the north side of Lanark High Street and North Vennel, a lane which runs behind the feus. A motte and bailey castle was constructed at the bottom of Castlegate. Lanark had four gates, West Port, East port. West Port gate was demolished in the 1770s, the first aviation meeting to be held in Scotland was held at Lanark Racecourse between 6 and 13 August 1910. The aeroplanes were transported to the meeting by rail, as aviation technology at the time was not advanced enough to fly there. The Lanark meeting took place shortly after an event in Bournemouth at which Charles Rolls lost his life. Influenced by this, it was decided that no aircraft would fly closer than 300 yards away from the spectators, for the first time, aeroplanes were accurately timed over a straight measured distance, allowing the first world records to be set, covering flights over 1 mile. The meeting was described by The Aero magazine as the most successful yet held in Britain, a permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Winston Barracks in 1930
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Wishaw
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Wishaw is a town and former burgh in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is on the edge of the Clyde Valley,15 miles south-east of Glasgow City Centre, the main areas of Wishaw are, Cambusnethan, Coltness, Craigneuk, Gowkthrapple, Dimsdale, Greenhead, Wishawhill, Netherton, Pather and Waterloo. There are two adjoining villages, often included as part of the town for administrative purposes, Overtown, the Motherwell and Wishaw constituency is represented in the UK Parliament by Marion Fellows MP. In the Scottish Parliament the constituency is represented by Clare Adamson, in the census of 2011, the population of Wishaw was 39,369. It is not certain how the name Wishaw came about and it was probably in these days that the estate was named, wis being Old Scotch for water, and shaw meaning forest or wood. Other theories exist, one such is that it may be derived from the Scots for Wicket gate in the wood, alternatively, it may be from the Old English for Willow Wood. Others believe the name was originally Viashaw, meaning way or road through the wood, yet another theory is that the name derives from Wee Shaw, meaning small wood. The area then known as the parish of Cambusnethan. The site of the church remains as a ruined burial ground, including an impressive mausoleum to Lord Belhaven. The village itself was out in 1794, named Cambusnethan. On 4 September 1855, the town was incorporated with the villages of Coltness and Stewarton to form the Burgh of Wishaw, one notable visitor to Wishaw in the middle of the 19th Century was the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin. In the summer of 1848 Chopin travelled to Scotland at the behest of his Scottish benefactor Miss Jane Stirling, Chopin stayed with a number of families and played concerts in both Glasgow and Edinburgh. Chopin was entertained at Wishaw house and played there for the family, Chopin was already gravely ill with Tubercolosis and died in the following year. It can be imagined that the damp and smoke-filled air of central Scotland would not have helped his condition, in November 1996, the worlds worst recorded outbreak of E. coli O157 occurred in the town, in which 21 people died and around 200 were infected. The Wishaw Press is the local newspaper, and has been serving the town for over 50 years. Notable people from Wishaw include, The town has a bus network operated by First. Other smaller providers include, JMB Travel, Stuarts, Henderson Travel, Coakley, destinations that can be reached by bus from the town include, Historically, bus services in the Wishaw area were operated by a local company, Hutchisons. Their distinctive blue and cream buses finally gave way in 2007 to a takeover by one time rival First
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Motherwell
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Motherwell is a large town and former burgh in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, south east of Glasgow. These organisations cover a population of 327,000 people throughout the 183 square miles of North Lanarkshire. The main Roman road through central Scotland ran along Motherwell’s side of the River Clyde, at this crossing a fort and bath house were erected, but the Roman presence in Scotland did not last much later than this. There were definitely people living in the area from an early point, the name comes from an ancient religious well, the Mothers Well, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The site of this well is now marked by a plaque on Ladywell Road, the name Moderwelt appears on a map of Lanarkshire made by Timothy Pont some time between 1583 and 1611 and printed in the Netherlands in around 1652. By the start of the 19th century Motherwell was a small hamlet, Motherwell’s fortunes changed dramatically in the second half of the 19th century. With the coming of the railway in 1848, came industry, by 1881 David Colville had opened both an iron and steel works, Motherwell had a new piped water supply, had been granted burgh status and had its population swelled to 13,800 people. By the end of the 19th century Motherwell Town Hall and Dalziel High School had been built, the football club had been founded. At the start of the 20th century Motherwell stood a large and growing industrial centre, a town of 37,000 people, by the 1930s most of Scotland’s steel production was in Motherwell, and owned by the Colville family. In 1959 the Colville family were persuaded by the government to work of a vast new steel works. Within a few years, Ravenscraig was producing more than a million tonnes of steel per year, following nationalisation of the steel industry, production at the plant was raised, with the Motherwell blast furnaces producing 3 million tonnes each year. By the middle of the 1970s, Motherwell’s steel industry employed more than 13,000 people, the 1980s brought a catastrophic collapse in the industry of Motherwell. Ravenscraig closed on 24 June 1992, and was demolished in July 1996, today the Dalzell Plate Mill is all that remains of Motherwell’s industrial heritage, rolling steel from Middlesbrough into steel plates of various sizes. By the start of the 21st century Motherwell had begun to transform itself with the service industry thriving, Motherwell hosted the National Mòd in 1983. Strathclyde Park previously hosted the major Scottish music festival, T in the Park, until 1996 and it has also hosted other music festivals such as Retrofest. Modern authors Des McAnulty and Mark Wilson have written novels of critical acclaim which are based in the town, the Ravenscraig plant had one of the longest continuous casting, hot rolling, steel production facilities in the world before it was decommissioned. The closure of Ravenscraig signalled the end of large steel making in Scotland. In the past decade, Motherwell has to an extent recovered from the high unemployment, a number of call centres and business parks such as Strathclyde Business Park have since set up in the region
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Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
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Hamilton is a town in South Lanarkshire, in the central Lowlands of Scotland. It serves as the administrative centre of the South Lanarkshire council area. It is the fourth-biggest town in Scotland and it sits 12 miles south-east of Glasgow,35 miles south-west of Edinburgh and 74 miles north of Carlisle, Cumbria. It is situated on the bank of the River Clyde at its confluence with the Avon Water. Hamilton is the county town of Lanarkshire which was preceded anciently by Lanark. The town of Hamilton was originally known as Cadzow or Cadyou, during the Wars of Scottish Independence the Hamilton family initially supported the English and Walter fitz Gilbert was governor of Bothwell Castle on behalf of the English. However, he later changed loyalty to Robert the Bruce, following the Battle of Bannockburn, and ceded Bothwell to him. For this act, he was rewarded with a portion of land which had been forfeited by the Comyns at Dalserf and later the Barony and lands of Cadzow, which in time would become the town of Hamilton. Cadzow was renamed Hamilton in the time of James, Lord Hamilton, who was married to Princess Mary, the Hamilton family themselves most likely took their name from the lands of Humbleton or Homildon in Northumberland, or perhaps from a place near Leicester. The Hamiltons constructed many buildings in the area including the Hamilton Mausoleum in Strathclyde Park. The Hamilton family are major land-owners in the area to this day, Hamilton Palace was the seat of the Dukes of Hamilton until the early-twentieth century. Other historic buildings in the area include Hamilton Old Parish Church, a Georgian era building completed in 1734, the graveyard of the old parish church contains some Covenanter remains. The former Edwardian Town Hall now houses the library and concert hall, the Townhouse complex underwent a sympathetic modernization in 2002 and opened to the public in summer 2004. The ruins of Cadzow Castle also lie in Chatelherault Country Park,2 miles from the town centre, Hamilton Palace was the largest non-royal residence in the Western world, located in the north-east of the town. A former seat of the Dukes of Hamilton, it was built in 1695, subsequently much enlarged and it is widely acknowledged as having been one of the grandest houses in Scotland, was visited and admired by Queen Victoria, and was written about by Daniel Defoe. Hamilton Barracks was formerly the Depot of the Cameronians and the home of the 1st Battalion of the Regiment, the Regimental Museum is part of the Low Parks Museum. The Low Parks Museum is housed in what was a 16th-century inn, recently refurbished, it is the oldest building in Hamilton and is to the north of the Palace Grounds. Renowned explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstones house still stands at 17 Burnbank Road and has a plaque about him, by road the town is to the west of the M74 motorway, the main southerly link to England, which joins the M6 just north of Carlisle
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Bothwell
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Bothwell is a conservation village in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. It lies on the bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Uddingston and Hamilton,9 miles east-south-east of Glasgow city centre. Bothwell is an affluent commuter town that has attracted a number of celebrities including a number of Celtic. Thanks to a rise in property prices, Bothwell has earned its reputation as one of Glasgows most prosperous satellites. Bothwell has a sense of community and a reputation of prosperity, the new houses built have significantly increased the population. The Population of Bothwell is estimated, as of 2008, at 3,000, the majority of Bothwells residents own their own property, and annual incomes are well above average. Bothwell is well known for its many walkways, nature trails, woodlands, Bothwell has many popular restaurants including rosso, riva, dalucianos, the grapevine and The cricklewood. The parish church contains the choir of the old Gothic church of 1398, a memorial honours the poet Joanna Baillie who was born in the manse. This fortress belonged to Sir Andrew de Moray, who was wounded at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. It passed by marriage to the House of Douglas, the lordship was bestowed in 1487 on Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Lord Hailes, 1st Earl of Bothwell. When he resigned in 1491 the title passed to Bell-the-Cat, Archibald Douglas, the title ultimately passed to the Earls of Home. The castle is an example of Gothic architecture. It consists of a quadrangle with circular towers on the south. At the east end stand the remains of the chapel, an unpretentious mansion was built nearby by Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar, and was known as New Bothwell Castle, but suffered mining subsidence and was demolished in 1926. The castle can be accessed through scenic Clyde walkways, Bothwell has two primary schools, the newly rebuilt Bothwell Primary School and St Brides Roman Catholic Primary School, Bothwell Castle Golf Club golf and Bothwell bowling clubs. There are several shops and businesses in the towns Main Street, along with a handful of pubs. Speedway racing was staged in the Bothwell Castle estate area in the late 1940s, the track was constructed on old railway land by club members who used it as a training track. Occasional team matches saw the Bothwell Bulls take on other training venues such as Newtongrange, tommy Miller, who had a meteoric rise to fame with Glasgow Tigers in 1950, and Ken McKinlay, arguably the best ever Scottish speedway rider, both started out at Bothwell
45.
Uddingston
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Uddingston is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is on the side of the River Clyde, about 7 miles south-east of Glasgow city centre. Uddingston acts as a suburb for the city. Uddingston is a suburb of Glasgow,7 miles to the south-east of the city centre and it is bounded to the south-west by the River Clyde as it flows north-west through Glasgow and separates Uddingston, along with some woodland, from Blantyre and Cambuslang. As such, the Clyde Walkway and National Cycle Route 75 both traverse the town, the nearest settlement to Uddingston is the village of Bothwell,2 miles to the south-east. The village of Uddingston, which is contained exclusively within the boundaries of South Lanarkshire Council, as a result, the population of this larger manifestation of Uddingston is approximately 25,000 residents. Greater Uddingston shares a boundary with the town of Bellshill, is 4 miles south of Coatbridge. Uddingston is home to Tunnocks factory, famed for its caramel wafers, the factory contributes much to the villages economy, as does the industrial estate located on the Bellshill Road. In earlier times, mining was an industry, with the village of Flemington an example of a settlement that failed to survive following the closure of its pit in the 1930s. Uddingston has a station, three supermarkets, traditional main street shops, restaurants, pubs and a rail station. Uddingston railway station runs two regular services on the Argyle Line and a third hourly service on the Glasgow Central to Edinburgh Line. On the Train running north to Dalmuir or Milngavie via Glasgow, Uddingston is served by three buses, two operated by First and one by Coakley. The First 255 and 240 buses run from Motherwell to Buchanan Street Bus Station in Glasgow, the 255 runs through Hamilton and Bothwell then through the east end of Glasgow via Parkhead to the city centre. The 240 runs via Bellshill and adjoins with the 255s route after Uddingston, the Coakley 107 service runs circularly through Uddingston, Hamilton, Wishaw, Motherwell and Bellshill. Uddingston was also home to Glasgow Zoo from when it opened in 1947 till it closed in 2003 and it was once a major attraction before its closure due to lack of finances. The site now contains several private housing developments, effectively creating a new suburb known as Broomhouse, there are two local primary schools, the Roman Catholic St John the Baptist Primary School on North British Road and the non-denominational Muiredge Primary School on Watson Street. Uddingston Grammar School, the secondary school, is located on the Meadowbank Floodplain off Old Glasgow Road. The closest Roman Catholic secondary schools are Holy Cross High School in Hamilton, david Kettle, who won numerous Scottish age group swimming titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s, also came from Uddingston
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Cambuslang
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Cambuslang /ˈkæmbəsˈlæŋ/ is a suburban town on the south-eastern outskirts of Glasgow, Scotland. It is within the authority area of South Lanarkshire and directly borders the town of Rutherglen to the west. Historically, it was a civil parish incorporating the nearby hamlets of Newton, Flemington. The town is located just south of the River Clyde and about 6 miles south-east of the centre of Glasgow and it has a long history of coal mining, iron and steel making, and ancillary engineering works, most recently Hoover. The Clydebridge Steelworks and other manufacturing businesses continue but most employment in the area comes from the distribution or service industries. Cambuslang is an ancient part of Scotland where Iron Age remains loom over 21st century housing developments, the local geography explains a great deal of its history. It has been very prosperous time, depending first upon its agricultural land. These were jealously guarded by the medieval Church, and later by the local aristocracy, because of its relative prosperity, Cambuslang has been intimately concerned in the politics of the country and of the local Church. Bishop John Cameron of Glasgow, the Scottish King James Is first minister, and Cardinal Beaton and this importance continued following the Protestant Reformation. The religious movements of the 18th century, including the Cambuslang Wark, were linked to similar movements in North America. The Scottish Enlightenment was well represented in the person of Rev Dr James Meek and his troubles with his parishioners foreshadowed the split in the Church of Scotland during the 19th century. The manufacturing industries grew up from the agricultural and mineral resources attracted immigrants from all over Scotland and Ireland. Cambuslang benefited at all times from its closeness to the city of Glasgow, brought closer in the 18th century by a turnpike road then, in the 19th century. In the 21st century, it continues to benefit from its proximity to Glasgow and to wider communication networks. Its increasing population posed problems, over the centuries, of employment and housing as well as of schooling and health, in this regard, it is fairly typical of most Scottish towns. In sport, Cambuslang F. C. were founder members of the Scottish Football League whose most notable achievement was being the runners-up of the Scottish Cup in 1888. They folded, as did Scottish Junior Cup winners Cambuslang Hibernian, Cambuslang is in the Rutherglen and Hamilton West Constituency for elections to the House of Commons at Westminster. Margaret Ferrier won the seat for the Scottish National Party in 2015, replacing Tom Greatrex, Cambuslang was originally in the Glasgow Rutherglen Constituency for the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood
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Renfrew
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Renfrew is a town 6 miles west of Glasgow, and the historical county town of Renfrewshire. Called the Cradle of the Royal Stewarts for its link with Scotlands former royal house. As the county town, Renfrew once was a centre of government for the surrounding area. Whilst the county remained known as Renfrewshire, the focus of local government gradually shifted from Renfrew to its larger neighbour Paisley, the boundaries of the historic County of Renfrew remain for a number of ceremonial and administrative purposes. The name Renfrew comes from the Old British rhyn frwd meaning point at the current, Renfrews recorded history began with the granting of land in the area to Walter fitz Alan, the High Steward of Scotland by King David I in the 12th century. The strategic location of this castle was to prevent the expansion of the lordship belonging to Somerled, the Lord of the Isles. Eventually the hereditary title of High Steward came to form the surname Stewart, the castle was situated in what is now part of the well-known Braehead shopping complex. It was located on the Kings inch or Kings island and this location both added to the castles defences but also added to its strategic positioning on the Clyde. Many street names close to this area demonstrate the survival of knowledge of this citadel, orchard Street is a reference to the royal orchards for example. Later in the 12th century, King Malcolm IV, grandson of David, in 1164, Somerled sailed to Renfrew and attacked an assembling Scottish army in a conflict known as the Battle of Renfrew. The outcome was a defeat of the Lordship of the Isles, the Lords of the Isles were eventually stripped of their lands and titles in 1493, as a consequence of conspiring with an earlier King of England to overthrow the Scottish monarchy. Since that time, Lord of the Isles - as with Baron of Renfrew - has been a title of the heir to the throne. The role of the Stewarts continued to grow and in 1315 Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward married Marjorie and their son succeeded to the throne as Robert II of Scotland. The Argyle Stones in the mark the site where his capture took place. During the night of 13 March 1941, three Polish airmen saved Renfrews Roman Catholic church of Saint James, lance Corporal Pawel Radke, Aircraftman Antoni Ptaszkowski and Aircraftman Zygmunt Sokolowski were at the church and at great risk were extinguishing incendiaries. These had caused a number of fires in the church, two of the airmen were killed by a bomb and the third died in Alexandria Hospital the following day. When 309 Squadron transferred to Dunino in Fife in May 1941, the plaque was crafted by a local Polish jeweller, Eugeniusz Waclawski. Renfrew also has two Masonic Lodges, Prince of Wales and Lodge Moorpark, numbers 426 and 1263 respectively, the early origins of Renfrewshire lie in the expanding influence of the Stewarts of Renfrew, the family holding the hereditary High Stewardship of Scotland
