1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
River Clyde
–
The River Clyde is a river, that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the eighth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the second-longest in Scotland, flowing through the major city of Glasgow, it was an important river for shipbuilding and trade in the British Empire. In the early medieval Cumbric language it was known as Clud or Clut, the Clyde is formed by the confluence of two streams, the Daer Water and the Potrail Water. The Southern Upland Way crosses both streams before they meet at Watermeetings to form the River Clyde proper. At this point the Clyde is only 10 kilometres from Tweeds Well, the source of the River Tweed, and 13 kilometres from the Devils Beef Tub, the source of the River Annan. From there it meanders northeastward before turning to the west, its flood plain used for major roads in the area. On the banks of the Clyde, the industrialists David Dale and Robert Owen, built their mills, the mills harness the power of the Falls of Clyde, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A hydroelectric power station generates electricity here, although the mills are now a museum. Between the towns of Motherwell and Hamilton the course of the river has altered to create an artificial loch within Strathclyde Park. Part of the course can still be seen, and lies between the island and the east shore of the loch. The river then flows through Blantyre and Bothwell, where the ruined Bothwell Castle stands on a defensible promontory, past Uddingston and into the southeast of Glasgow the river begins to widen, meandering a course through Rutherglen and Dalmarnock. From there, it flows past the shipbuilding heartlands, through Govan, Partick, Whiteinch, Scotstoun and Clydebank, all of which housed major shipyards, of which only two remain. The river flows out west of Glasgow, past Renfrew, opposite, on the south shore, the river continues past the last Lower Clyde shipyard at Port Glasgow to Greenock where it reaches the Tail of the Bank as the river merges into the Firth of Clyde. At the mouth of the River Clyde there has been a significant issue of oxygen depletion in the water column, the valley of the Clyde was the focus for the G-BASE project from the British Geological Survey in the summer of 2010. The success of the Clyde at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was driven by the location of Glasgow, tobacco and cotton trade began the drive in the early 18th century. However, the shallow Clyde was not navigable for the largest ocean-going ships, in 1768 John Golborne advised the narrowing of the river and the increasing of the scour by the construction of rubble jetties and the dredging of sandbanks and shoals. A particular problem was the division of the river into two channels by the Dumbuck shoal near Dumbarton. After James Watts report on this in 1769, a jetty was constructed at Longhaugh Point to block off the southern channel and this being insufficient, a training wall called the Lang Dyke was built in 1773 on the Dumbuck shoal to stop water flowing over into the southern channel
3.
Glasgow
–
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
4.
Dual carriageway
–
A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
5.
Finnieston
–
Finnieston is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, situated on the North bank of the River Clyde and between the citys West End and the city centre. It is home to the SECC, where many musical concerts and it is also the location of Glasgow City Heliport, home base of both the Strathclyde Police air support unit and the Scottish Ambulance Service Helimed 5. The village of Finnieston was established in 1768 on the lands of Stobcross by Matthew Orr, Orr named the new village Finnieston in honour of the Reverend John Finnie, who had been his tutor. Exhibition Centre railway station, on the Argyle Line, was known as Stobcross station. Built by the Glasgow Central Railway and opened in 1894, it was closed in 1955, when it was reopened in 1979 it was called Finnieston until it was given its current name in 1986. A separate Finnieston railway station of the Glasgow City and District Railway was opened in 1886 but is now disused, however, the line is still in use as part of the North Clyde Line. The area has had a significant change in land-use since deindustrialisation, previously, Finnieston was an area of warehouses and docks — the film Deathwatch, used this aspect extensively in location shots. Today there are modern housing, office, retail, leisure, Finnieston Street is a major junction on the Clydeside Expressway, and on 18 September 2006, was augmented with the addition of the Clyde Arc over the River Clyde
6.
SEC Armadillo
–
The SEC Armadillo is an auditorium located in Glasgow, Scotland. It is one of three venues on the Scottish Event Campus, near the River Clyde, adjacent to the SEC Centre, plans for a new building to increase the capacity of the SECC complex were initiated in 1995. The building has become one of the most recognisable on Clydeside. Its success has led to the construction of a venue on the complex. It is connected by passageways to the SEC Centre, and the Crowne Plaza hotel for easy access, the building held the Scottish auditions of Britains Got Talent series 2 -4 and the auditions for series 1 -4 of The X Factor. It is the place where singer Susan Boyle was discovered, ian Reilly, the sites engineer, named the Auditorium the Armadillo during the construction phase. The building served as the venue for the competitions of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. More recently the Auditorium is famous for its Family Pantomimes, SEC Centre Armadillo SECC web site Photographs of the Clyde Auditorium in Glasgow Queens Dock regeneration project SECC Armadillo features in Delhi - Clyde Waterfront regeneration
7.
SEC Centre
–
The SEC Centre is Scotlands largest exhibition centre, located in the district of Finnieston on the north bank of the River Clyde, Glasgow. It is one of the three venues within the Scottish Event Campus. Since the opening of the buildings in 1985, the complex has undergone two major expansions, the first being the SEC Armadillo in 1997, and then the SSE Hydro in 2013. The venues holding company SEC Limited, is 91% owned by Glasgow City Council and it is probably best known for hosting concerts, particularly in Hall 4 and Hall 3. The Scottish Development Agency first supported the construction of a centre in Glasgow in 1979. A site at the former Queens Dock on the bank of the Clyde at Finnieston. Land reclamation works started in 1982 using rubble from the demolished St Enoch railway station, the construction of the SECC buildings began on the site in 1983. The Main Building was completed and opened in 1985, with a concert by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra in Hall 1 and it later held the Grand International Show in Hall 4 as part of the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival. In 1990, the SECC was one of the hubs of Glasgows year as European City of Culture, hosting concerts by Luciano Pavarotti, the nickname became redundant after the Main Building was painted grey in 1997. The SECC occupies 64 acres of land — most of which is surface car parking space — and hosts music concerts, exhibitions. The SECC also has its own station, Exhibition Centre. The 16-storey Forum Hotel was opened on the site in 1989, in September 1996, a new 5,095 m2 exhibition hall, Hall 3, was opened. In May 1997, the conversion of Hall 1 into the Loch Suite conference venue was completed, in 1995, construction began on a new building — the SEC Armadillo — to become part of the SECC complex. Designed by award-winning architect Sir Norman Foster and often called the armadillo by Glaswegians and this project incorporated The SSE Hydro, a 12,500 seat, £50 million concert arena for the SECC, which opened in September 2013. The centre is also to be served by the Clyde FastLink, the surface carparks to the West of the site will be sold for residential development and land to the east has also been identified for commercial development. On 6 September 2008, it played host to the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008, the 59th International Astronautical Congress was held here between 29 September and 3 October 2008. IAC2008 was organised by the British Interplanetary Society, the SECC also hosted the MOBO Awards in September 2009 and October 2011. In 2008 and 2009, it played host to Grand Prix snooker, the SECC also hosted the Girls Day Out Show in 2009,2010 and 2012
8.
Pacific Quay
–
Pacific Quay is an area south of the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. It is located at the former Plantation Quay and Princes Dock Basin, the Princes Dock Basin was the largest on the River Clyde when it was opened by the Clyde Navigation Trust in 1900. It ceased to be used as a commercial dock by the Clyde Port Authority in the 1970s as the volume of Shipping using the Upper Clyde declined with the onset of containerization, the site was later used for the Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988. The name Pacific Quay has no significance, as it was created simply as a marketing enterprise following the land being reclaimed for commercial use after the Garden Festival closure. It did not reflect the site as a point for ships bound for the Pacific rim. Today Pacific Quay includes, Glasgow Science Centre BBC Pacific Quay, BBC Scotland headquarters, STV, headquarters and studios for the Scottish ITV network. ChoiceQuote Insurance Services, taxi insurance broker, the Clyde Navigation Trust opened its first Graving Dock at Govan in 1875 and a second in 1886. The third and largest, at 880 ft in length, was opened in 1897, the facility was operated by the Clyde Navigation Trust until 1967, when it was taken over by Alexander Stephen and Sons as a ship repair yard, which lasted until 1976. This was subsequently taken over by Clyde Dock Engineering Ltd in 1977, residential regeneration schemes have been repeatedly put forward for the site over the years and then shelved. Planning permission for a residential and commercial development of the docks was refused by Glasgow District Council in 1990, early in 2016 the organisation ran an online consultation survey on the future of the Govan dry dock site in which 92% of respondents expressed opposition to housing development. Campaigners have called for a purchase order of the Govan graving docks site
9.
Glasgow Science Centre
–
Glasgow Science Centre is a visitor attraction located in the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration area on the south bank of the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. Queen Elizabeth II opened Glasgow Science Centre on 5 June 2001 and it is one of Scotlands most popular paid-for visitor attractions. It is a science centre composed of three principal buildings which are the Science Mall, Glasgow Tower and an IMAX cinema. The Scottish tourist board, VisitScotland, awarded Glasgow Science Centre a five star rating in the visitor attraction category, as well as its main location, Glasgow Science Centre also manages the visitor centre at Whitelee Wind Farm, which opened to the public in 2009. The largest of the three main, titanium-clad buildings takes a crescent shape structure and houses a Science Mall. In architectural terms it represents the hull of a ship, a reference to the adjacent canting basin. Internally, there are three floors of over 250 science-learning exhibits, as is usual for science centres, the exhibits aim to encourage interaction, and can be used or played with as part of the informal learning experience the centre aims to deliver. The building was designed by BDP, on Floor 1, amongst the many interactive exhibits that demonstrate scientific principles, visitors can access a Science Show Theatre and the Glasgow Science Centre Planetarium. The planetarium contains a Zeiss optical-mechanical projector that projects images of the sky onto a 15m diameter dome. There is an area aimed at young children called, The Big Explorer. On Floor 2, visitors can explore opportunities in STEM careers in the My World of Work Live interactive exhibition space, there is also The Lab, primarily used as an educational workshop space. Floor 3 was refurbished in 2012 and reopened to the public on 28 March 2013 and it now houses an interactive exhibition about human health and wellbeing in the 21st century called, BodyWorks. Visitors are invited to consider their bodies, health and lifestyle from a new perspective through 115 interactive exhibits, research capsules, the Ground Floor of the Science Mall contains the Ticket desk, Cafes, Gift Shop, and a cloakroom. Access to Glasgow Tower for the public is also via the Ground Floor, the Glasgow Tower was designed to be the tallest freely-rotating tower in the world. It missed its opening date in 2001 and has plagued by problems ever since. It has been closed for over 80% of its life, and was closed from August 2010 until July 2014, the IMAX cinema was the first IMAX cinema to be built in Scotland. The single auditorium seats 370 in front of a screen measuring 25 m by 18.9 m and has the capability to show 3D films as well as standard 2D films in IMAX format. It opened to the public in October 2000 Premiered The First Film Entitled Dolphins, on 6 September 2013, Cineworld agreed a 10-year lease to operate the IMAX cinema and opened a Starbucks on site
10.
Govan
–
Govan is a district, parish, and former burgh now part of southwest City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated 2.5 miles west of Glasgow city centre, on the bank of the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Kelvin. Historically it was part of the County of Lanark, according to medieval legend, Constantine, a 7th-century King of Strathclyde, founded a monastery under the rule of Columbanus in Govan. During the Middle Ages, Govan was the site of a ferry linked the area with Partick for seasonal cattle drovers. In the 18th and 19th centuries, textile mills and coal mining were important, in 1864, Govan gained burgh status, and was Scotlands fifth largest burgh. It was incorporated into the city of Glasgow in 1912, recent studies of the archaeology of old Govan have revealed the presence of an ancient Christian church. Two associated Christian burials are dated to the 5th or 6th centuries. Govan is believed to have then been part of a kingdom ruled from Dumbarton Rock, known as Alt Clut, the rock on the Clyde. During the Viking Age, perhaps following the sack of Dumbarton Rock in 878, according to John of Fordun, Constantine, a 7th-century king of Strathclyde, founded a monastery at Govan, where he died and was buried. In 1855, a carved sandstone sarcophagus was found during digging in the churchyard. It is now kept inside the church and it may have been used to contain the body or relics of Constantine, although the style of carving indicates an origin in the 10th or 11th centuries. This King Constantine is first mentioned in the 12th-century Life of St. Kentigern by Jocelyn of Furness and he is likely a literary invention. The early church in Govan is dedicated to a Saint Constantine, Govans earliest recorded name may be found in the Historia Regnum Anglorum attributed to Symeon of Durham. This is a 12th-century Latin source, but one believed to be based on earlier materials. Based on this, Govans Cumbric language name has been reconstructed as *uovan, Govan is Baile a Ghobhainn in Scottish Gaelic. Bishop Leslie in his Scotia Descriptio of 1578 says it got its name from the excellence of its ale, whereas Chalmers in his Caledonia says it is derived from Scottish Gaelic, the earliest references to Govan are found in connection with the Christian church. In 1136, when Glasgow Cathedral was formally consecrated, King David I gave to the See the lands of Partick and also of the church at Govan, the Govan Old Parish Church was rebuilt in 1762,1826, and again 1884-1888. Within it and its roughly circular churchyard is one of the finest collections of Early Christian stones in the United Kingdom, by the 16th century, extensive coal mine workings had been developed around Craigton and Drumoyne
11.
Kingston Bridge, Glasgow
–
The Kingston Bridge is a balanced cantilever dual-span ten lane road bridge made of triple-cell segmented prestressed concrete box girders crossing the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. The largest urban bridge in the United Kingdom, it carries the M8 motorway through the city centre, the Kingston Bridge is also one of the busiest road bridges in Europe, carrying around 150,000 vehicles every day. The name of the referred to the erstwhile Kingston Dock which was located on the south bank of the river. It was Glasgows first enclosed dock, the dock was eventually closed to navigation in 1966, when work began on the construction of the Kingston Bridge, the basin was subsequently filled in and apartments built on the site. The bridge was designed by William Fairhurst and built by Logan-Marples Ridgway, the bridge connects Anderston and the city centre at Junction 18/19 with Tradeston and the Gorbals at Junction 20. It consists of two spans, each 21 m wide, with each supporting a five lane deck. The eastern span carrying southbound traffic and the western span carrying northbound traffic over the river, the approaches to the bridge are also linked with many junctions of their own, including major city centre ramps and the M77, that are two lanes wide. The outer spandrels of the bridge are clad with panels showing vertical joints. When opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1970, the bridge was designed to handle 120,000 vehicles a day and it was described by the contractor, Balfour Beatty, as one of the most ambitious civil engineering projects to take place in the city. Indeed, the operation involved 128 hydraulic jacks, making it the biggest ever bridge lift, a longer-term attempt to solve the problem of chronic congestion is the M74 northern extension, to act as the southern flank of the unbuilt Glasgow Inner Ring Road first planned in the 1960s. The existing ski ramp where the Inner Ring was intended to continue on has remained unused, the M74 extension opened on 28 June 2011. There is a urban myth that the fourth man in the Linwood bank robbery is buried in the pillars of the bridge. A long-exposure image of the bridge was featured on the rear album cover of Deacon Blues album, Raintown. Glasgow City Council page on Transport in Glasgow Chroma Streams, Tide and Traffic - lighting art project Photograph of the Kingston Bridge in Glasgow Kingston Bridge at Structurae
12.
Halcrow Group
–
Halcrow Group Limited was a multinational engineering consultancy company, based in the United Kingdom Halcrow was one of the UKs largest consultancies, with origins stretching back to 1868. The UK-based consultancy specialised in the provision of planning, design, with interests in transportation, water, maritime and property, the company undertook commissions in over 70 countries from a network of more than 90 offices. In 2011, the company was acquired by US firm CH2M Hill, the parent subsequently rebranded the whole group to CH2M. The company was founded in 1868 by civil engineer Thomas Meik, and originally bore his name and it worked extensively on port, maritime and railway projects in the North of England, in Wales and in Scotland, before undertaking its first commissions outside the UK in the 1890s. During the first half of the 20th century, William Halcrow established the firm in other areas, notably tunnelling and hydroelectric schemes. The firm had several names, including CS Meik and Buchanan, CS Meik and Halcrow, WT Halcrow and Partners, Sir William Halcrow and Partners. Halcrows consultancy work included water, transportation, maritime, environment, power and its customers included government departments, public sector authorities and utilities, industrial and commercial companies, international funding agencies and financial institutions. In 2008, the company reported a turnover of £468 million, projects undertaken outside the UK accounted for 48% of turnover. Owned and managed by its employees and staff shareholders, Halcrow remained an independent firm until 2011, on 10 November 2011 CH2M Hill announced that it had completed the acquisition of Halcrow for £124m. Toronto Pearson International Airport - Halcrow Yolles was the engineer of record for the passenger terminal facility. Clyde Arc Bridge - Halcrow designed this landmark bridge structure across the River Clyde in central Glasgow, the bridge provides access to the Pacific Quay development. One King Street West - Halcrow provided full structural engineering services to this slender 51-storey condominium-hotel linked to the existing 14-storey Toronto Dominion Bank building. Abu Dhabi International Airport - Halcrow was commissioned to carry out planning, design, busan-Geoje Fixed Link - Halcrow TEC JV was appointed Technical Advisers to Daewoo Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, who were leading the consortium which had awarded the concession to design, construct
13.
Kilsyth
–
Kilsyth is a town and civil parish in North Lanarkshire of 10,100 roughly halfway between Glasgow and Stirling in Scotland. Kilsyth is at 60 metres above sea level and occupies a strip of land between the Kilsyth Hills to the north and the River Kelvin to the south. To the east and west it is bordered by marshland and bogs, the centre of the town is close to the confluence of the Garrell and Ebroch burns. The main A80/M80 motorway is close by to the south, formerly two separate stations existed in the town on separate, although linked, railway lines. One, The Kelvin Valley Railway went to Glasgow, Maryhill while the other, the town occupies a sheltered position in the Kelvin Valley, and is bisected by the A803 between Kirkintilloch and Falkirk. The old drovers road from Stirling, and the south to Cumbernauld via Auchinstarry Bridge. The Civil War Battle of Kilsyth took place on hillsides between Kilsyth and Banton, North Lanarkshire in 1645, Kilsyth was later closely associated with the various attempts by the Jacobites to regain the crown. The town economy has shifted over the past three centuries from farming, handloom weaving and extractive industries to light engineering, transport and service industries, many of the townsfolk of working age now commute to work in nearby Glasgow and other larger towns nearby. William Irvine was born in Kilsyth in 1863, the formation of the new Church of God, the first Pentecostal Church in Scotland in 1902 led to further outbreaks of revival in 1908 and to Kilsyth becoming an early focus of Pentecostalism. Kilsyth was originally part of the earldom of Lennox, the parish was called variously Monyabroch, Monaeburgh, or Moniabrocd, but part of the parish was called Kelvesyth by the beginnings of the 13th century. The lands passed through the hands of branches of the Callendar and Livingston families as their fortunes waxed and waned, Kilsyth was established as a Burgh of Barony in 1620. A Town Charter was granted in 1826, permitting the holders of plots to elect a Town Council and it used to be part of Stirlingshire, but is now within North Lanarkshire jurisdiction. In 2012, the ward was represented by three elected councillors, Jean Jones, Heather McVey and Alan Stevenson. Jamie Hepburn MSP was elected as Cumbernauld and Kilsyth member of the Scottish Parliament on 5 May 2011 with a majority of 3459, since May 2015, Stuart MacDonald has been Westminster MP for the Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East. Kilsyth Community Council, as the elected representative body, is an active community group. The nearby villages of Croy, Banton, Queenzieburn, and Twechar are within walking distance from Kilsyth. Townhead reservoir, known locally as Banton Loch, is the site of the Battle of Kilsyth and is the reservoir for the Fort. A thriving marina has been developed at Auchinstarry close to the climbing wall, Kilsyth Lennox Golf Club was founded in 1899
14.
Civil engineering
–
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
15.
BAM Nuttall
–
BAM Nuttall Limited is a construction and civil engineering company headquartered in Camberley, United Kingdom. It has been involved in a portfolio of road, rail, nuclear and it is a subsidiary of the Dutch Royal BAM Group. In the 1900s and 1910s James Nuttall Snrs two sons—Sir Edmund Nuttall, 1st Baronet, who was made a baronet in 1922, and James Nuttall —built the company into a nationwide business. In the 1920s and 1930s the company was run by Sir Edmunds son, Sir Keith Nuttall, 2nd Baronet, during the Second World War the company was one of the contractors engaged in building the Mulberry harbour units. Once staff joined, they remained more or less lifelong with Nuttall, they were well treated and looked after. Until 1978, Dulux Paints actually had a shade called Nuttall Green - such was the firms gravitas. After 1979, the green has changed to a lighter shade. The EN logo safety helmet commanded much respect in Liverpool and on the Wirral and most of us engineers rode free on Merseyrail, in 1978 the company was bought by Hollandsche Beton Groep, a Dutch group, and in 2002 HBG was acquired by Royal BAM Group. On 10 October 2008 Edmund Nuttall Limited changed its name to BAM Nuttall Limited, Nuttall were also involved in several projects for the 2012 Summer Olympics including, soil remediation and civils works in the South of the Park. The company is involved in the construction of the Crossrail railway line in the UK. On 5 June 2005, following their bid for a contract to construct the Kingsnorth power station, thirteen protesters took part in invading the offices, asking to speak about the chairman, distributing leaflets and unfurling a banner. The action resulted in five arrests, however the cases were thrown out with no case to answer, british industrial narrow gauge railways Interserve Speller Metcalfe Clancy Docwra Wirral Line Hartcup, Guy. Code Name Mulberry, The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours
16.
Glasgow City Council
–
Glasgow City Council, the local government body of the city of Glasgow in Scotland, became one of the newly created single tier local authorities in 1996, under the Local Government etc. The early city was run by the old Glasgow Town Council, in 1895, the Town Council became The Corporation of the City of Glasgow. It retained this title until local government re-organisation in 1975, when it became City of Glasgow District Council, in 1996, following the dissolution of Strathclyde Regional Council and the transfer of its responsibilities to Glasgow District Council, the authority was renamed Glasgow City Council. The title Lord Provost of Glasgow, used now for the leader of the city council, has history dating from the 15th century. During World War I, the council was unique in the United Kingdom in appointing an official war artist, the city council established in 1996, took on the powers and responsibilities previously divided between councils of the Glasgow City district and the Strathclyde region. The council area borders onto East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, the council is ceremonially headed by the Lord Provost of Glasgow, who is elected to convene the council and perform associated tasks as a general civic leader and Lord Lieutenant. The current incumbent is Sadie Docherty, the councils executive branch is headed by a Leader of the Council, who is the leader of the largest political grouping, currently the Labour Party. The council consists of 79 councillors elected for a term from 21 wards. These wards were introduced for the 2007 election and each three or four members by the single transferable vote system of election. This system was introduced by the Local Governance Act 2004, as a means of ensuring a reasonably proportionately representative outcome, the most recent full council election took place on Thursday 3 May 2012. No Scottish Socialist Party, Solidarity or independent councillors were returned, a multi-member ward system was introduced for the 2007 council election, Prior to the 2007 election, there were 79 councillors elected from 79 single-member wards by the plurality system of election. There were also three Liberal Democrat councillors, one Conservative councillor, one Scottish Socialist Party councillor, and one independent councillor
17.
Scottish Enterprise
–
Scottish Enterprise supports ambitious Scottish companies to compete within the global marketplace, and helps to build Scotland’s globally competitive sectors. The organisation also works with a range of partners in the public and private sectors to attract new investment to Scotland, Scottish Enterprise started operations on 1 April 1991 under the Enterprise and New Towns Act 1990. That act merged the former Scottish Development Agency, created in 1975, on 1 April 2008, the skills function of Scottish Enterprise moved out of the organisation to the newly formed Skills Development Scotland. Scottish Enterprise’s Executive Leadership Team consists of management and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation. Scottish Enterprise is a public body of the Scottish Government. The Resource Budget for 2015/16 amounts to £256 million, Scottish Development International is also responsible for delivering the Scottish Government’s inward investment targets. Scottish Enterprise’s investment arm, the Scottish Investment Bank, operates across Scotland in partnership with Highlands and Islands Enterprise, SIB aims to increase the supply of finance and help more Scottish SMEs with growth and export potential to access it. Scottish Enterprise website Highlands and Islands Enterprise Scottish Investment Bank Enterprise and New Towns Act 1990
18.
Scottish Government
–
The Scottish Government is Scotlands devolved government. It was formally renamed in 2012 to the Scottish Government by section 12 of the Scotland Act 2012, the government consists of cabinet secretaries, who attend cabinet meetings, and ministers, who do not. It is led by the first minister, who selects the cabinet secretaries, the Scottish Government is responsible for devolved matters, and those not explicitly reserved to the British Parliament in Westminster, by Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act 1998. Devolved matters that were decided on by the Scotland Act 1998 included healthcare provision, education, justice, policing, rural affairs, economic development, the Scottish Government also has administrative responsibility for some matters where it does not have legislative power. An example is Sections 36 &37 of the Electricity Act 1989 which allow the Scottish Government to authorise power transmission lines and grant power generation consents. The Scottish Governments budget is decided upon by the grant that is formulated using the Barnett Formula with the ability to also increase or decrease income tax rates. In the financial year of 2016–17, the annual budget was £37.2 billion. The government is led by the First Minister, the Scottish Parliament nominates one of its members to be appointed as first minister by the monarch. He or she is assisted by various cabinet secretaries with individual portfolios, Ministers are similarly appointed to assist cabinet secretaries in their work. The Scottish law officers, the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General, can be appointed from outside the parliaments membership and they are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the first minister. The first minister, the secretaries and the Scottish law officers are the members of the Scottish Government. They are collectively known as the Scottish Ministers, the members of the government have substantial influence over legislation in Scotland, putting forward the majority of bills that are successful in becoming Acts of the Scottish Parliament. The structure of the team used by the Scottish National Party after its election victory in May 2007 differs from those used by previous governments. The title cabinet secretary was introduced to replace what were called ministers, the cabinet secretaries and ministers are, The Scottish Cabinet is the group of ministers who are collectively responsible for all Scottish Government policy. While parliament is in session, the cabinet meets weekly, normally meetings are held on Tuesday afternoons in Bute House, the official residence of the first minister. The cabinet consists of the secretaries, excluding the Scottish Law Officers. The Lord Advocate attends meetings of the cabinet only when requested by the first minister, the cabinet is supported by the Cabinet Secretariat, which is based at St Andrews House. Scottish Government also includes a service that supports the Scottish ministers
19.
Public transport
–
Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
20.
Tradeston Bridge
–
The Tradeston Bridge is a pedestrian bridge across the River Clyde in Glasgow which opened on 14 May 2009. The design was prepared by Dissing+Weitling, a Danish architectural firm, the bridge was built by BAM Nuttall. It cost £7 million to construct and is used by pedestrians, the span is horizontally curved in an S shape with outward canting on both curves
21.
Dry dock
–
A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, the use of dry docks in China goes at least as far back the 10th century A. D. The upper works included several decks with cabins and saloons. After many years, their hulls decayed and needed repairs, so in the Hsi-Ning reign period a palace official Huang Huai-Hsin suggested a plan. A large basin was excavated at the end of the Chin-ming Lake capable of containing the dragon ships. Then so that the quickly filled with water, after which the ships were towed in above the beams. The the water was pumped out by wheels so that the ships rested quite in the air, when the repairs were complete, the water was let in again, so that the ships were afloat once more. The first English and oldest surviving dry dock still in use was commissioned by Henry VII of England at HMNB Portsmouth in 1495 and this dry dock currently holds the worlds oldest commissioned warship, HMS Victory. Possibly the earliest description of a floating dock comes from a small Italian book printed in Venice in 1560, called Descrittione dellartifitiosa machina. In the booklet, an unknown author asks for the privilege of using a new method for the salvaging of a ship and then proceeds to describe. The included woodcut shows a ship flanked by two large floating trestles, forming a roof above the vessel, the ship is pulled in an upright position by a number of ropes attached to the superstructure. The Alfredo da Silva Dry Dock, of the Lisnave Dockyards in Almada, Portugal, was the largest in the world until 2000, harland and Wolff Heavy Industries in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is the site of a large dry dock 556 by 93 metres. The massive cranes are named after the Biblical figures Samson and Goliath, Goliath stands 96 m tall, while Samson is taller at 106 m. The Saint-Nazaires Chantiers de lAtlantique owns one of the biggest in the world,1,200 by 60 metres, the largest graving dock of the Mediterranean as of 2009 is at the Hellenic Shipyards S. A. The largest roofed dry dock is at the German Meyer Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, it is 504 m long,125 m wide, Dry Dock 12 at Newport News Shipbuilding is 662 by 76 metres the largest dry dock in the USA. The largest floating-dock in North America named The Vigorous and it is operated Vigor Industries in Portland, OR, in the Swan Island industrial area along the Willamette River. The keel blocks as well as the block are placed on the floor of the dock in accordance with the docking plan of the ship. Routine use of dry docks is for the graving i. e. the cleaning, removal of barnacles and rust, some fine-tuning of the ships position can be done by divers while there is still some water left to manoeuvre it about
22.
Rutherglen
–
Rutherglen is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. In 1996 Rutherglen was reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area, Rutherglen received the status of Royal Burgh in 1126 by Royal Charter from King David I of Scotland who ruled from 1124 to 1153. In the 14th century Walter Stewart, father of King Robert II, was granted Farme Castle and this was located close to Farme Cross in the east of Rutherglen, and stood until the 1960s. Rutherglen was a centre of industry, having a long coal mining tradition which died out by 1950. Today there is a significant legacy of soluble chromium waste in the area, Rutherglen, and most of the other towns encircling the city, are dormitory suburbs of Glasgow. The name of Rutherglen, as well as its Scots name Ruglen, is perhaps from Scottish Gaelic An Ruadh-Ghleann, the derivation may also however be Welsh, or Cumbric and mean the valley of Rydderch. Rydderch - pronounced rutherch - ruther as in brother and ch as in loch - was one of the most famous associated with the Welsh-speaking kingdom which centred on Dumbarton. Rutherglen was a parliamentary burgh represented in the UK Parliament as a component of Glasgow Burghs constituency from 1708 to 1832, in 1918, the Rutherglen constituency was created, which became Glasgow Rutherglen in 1983. In 1999, the Scottish Parliamentary constituency of Glasgow Rutherglen was created, in 2005, Scottish constituencies for the UK parliament were mostly replaced with new constituencies, and Rutherglen is now within the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency. As of 2015 Margaret Ferrier is the local MP, in 2011 The Scottish Parliament constituency was redrawn and renamed Rutherglen. As of 2016 Clare Haughey is the MSP for Rutherglen, the defeated incumbent James Kelly is now a list MSP for the Glasgow region which includes Rutherglen. All three local representatives have strong ties to the area. Rutherglen Main Street is served by Rutherglen railway station and there are numerous bus links into Glasgow City Centre. Completion of the M74 Extension means that there is a motorway going through the town, that allow easier access to places such as Glasgow Airport. The local newspaper is the Rutherglen Reformer, the local community radio station is CamGlen Radio. The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen has expanded over the years and now many other areas. Since being granted Royal Burgh status by King David I, the town has grown from strength to strength and it now covers a much larger region than the initial Burgh boundary. The nearby village of Burnside and High Burnside fall under the Rutherglen boundary but have their own Community Council, the current area of Rutherglen can be divided into 22 areas
23.
Dalmarnock
–
Dalmarnock is a district in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde opposite the town of Rutherglen and it is bounded by the Clyde to the south and east, Parkhead to the north, and Bridgeton at Dunn Street to the north west. The area covers part of a loop in the River Clyde called the Cuningar Loop, there is a bridge over the River Clyde on Dalmarnock Road called Dalmarnock Bridge. The first bridge in the area was a wooden one erected in 1821 to connect Dalmarnock and it was replaced by a new timber bridge in 1848, and in 1891 by the current Dalmarnock Bridge, designed by Glasgow consulting engineers, Crouch & Hogg. The Glasgow side of the bridge is a convenient point for walkers, there have also been two railway bridges in Dalmarnock crossing the River Clyde. The first bridge was built in 1861, but was replaced in 1897 by a wider bridge to accommodate the Dalmarnock branch line. The stone pillars of the old bridge are still in situ adjacent to the newer bridge, both bridges were designed by George Graham. The area was heavily industrialised. Sir William Arrol & Co. had its extensive engineering works at Dunn Street, from its beginnings in boiler making, the firm later became renowned for its achievements in the field of Structural engineering. Amongst the many bridges constructed throughout Britain were the Forth Railway Bridge and Forth Road Bridge, the company was eventually taken over by Clarke Chapman in 1969 and the Dalmarnock Works closed in 1986. There was also a large coal-fired power station located near Dalmarnock Bridge and it was built by Glasgow Corporation in two stages, with phase one opening in 1920 and phase two in 1926. It was closed in 1977 by the South of Scotland Electricity Board, the east side of Allan Street was bombed during the Second World War. Most of the Victorian red-sandstone tenements on Dalmarnock Road and Springfield Road were demolished in the 60s and early 70s, Springfield Road remains the centre of the community, with several retailers and small businesses. In the 1960s, a new housing scheme was built, consisting of four storey tower blocks. Two of the towers,40 &50 Millerfield Road, were demolished on 3 February 2002, One other tower was demolished on 1 July 2007, and the final one on 9 September 2007. Dalmarnock now, August 2011, has no housing on Ardenlea St / Sunnybank St side of the area, due to the construction in the area pertaining to the Commonwealth Games and City Legacy. After the departure of all local retailers from the all that remains is a small shop which was set up by the workers in the Community Centre. This has been a boon for the area residents as the nearest shops are not within walking distance
