1.
Coral Harbour, Nunavut
–
Coral Harbour, is a small Inuit community that is located on Southampton Island, Kivalliq Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Its name is derived from the coral that can be found around the waters of the community which is situated at the head of South Bay. The name of the settlement in Inuktitut is Salliq, sometimes used to refer to all of Southampton Island, the plural Salliit, means large flat island in front of the mainland. The Sadlermiut whose name is derived from Salliq previously occupied the area, the Sadlermiut are thought to be the last vestige of the Tuniit. The Tuniit, a culture, officially went ethnically and culturally extinct in 1902-03 when a Western illness killed all of the Sallirmiut in a matter of weeks. However, others believe that the Sadlermiut were in fact descendants of the Thule, a third theory indicates that the Sadlermiut did not necessarily belong to either group, but because of intermarriage, their roots may have in fact been part of both Dorset and Thule cultures. Baffin Islanders arrived 25 years later, john Ell, who as a young child travelled with his mother Shoofly on Comers schooners, eventually became the most famous of Southampton Islands re-settled population. At the 2016 census the population was 891, an increase of 6. 8% from the 2011 census, Coral Harbour is the only Nunavut community that does not observe daylight saving time, remaining on Eastern Standard Time year-round. Despite the harsh climate there is plentiful wildlife around the island, among some of the species found there are walruses, polar bears, barren-ground caribou, ringed seals, gyrfalcons, and peregrine falcons. James Arvaluk, Nunavuts first Minister of Education and current member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Tununiq, Arvaluk had previously been elected in Nanulik representing the hamlets of Chesterfield Inlet and Coral Harbour. Prior to 1 April 1999 division of the Northwest Territories he served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories for the Aivilik electoral district, tagak Curley, founder and first president Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Curley is currently a member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Rankin Inlet North, prior to division he represented Keewatin South and Aivilik and also stood as the Liberal candidate in the 1979 election for the Nunatsiaq riding. Patterk Netser, former member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Nanulik, pudlo Pudlat, notable artist who was born on Baffin Island but lived in the Coral Harbour area until the age of six. Manitok Thompson, former member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Rankin Inlet South/Whale Cove and she was Nunavuts first female cabinet minister. Throughout December 2010 and early January 2011, Nunavut, northern Quebec, in Coral Harbour, a high of 3.3 °C in mid-December broke the old record of 1.7 °C set in 1963. The daily minimum temperature on 6 January 2011, was about 30 °C warmer than normal, the unusual warmth was due largely to an unseasonal area of high pressure over Greenland, and very negative values of the Arctic oscillation and North Atlantic oscillation. Mostly in the 21st century, the conditions have combined to produce an Arctic dipole anomaly that brings warm air to the Arctic regions, the limestones around Coral Harbour predominantly have a Low Purity value for industrial use. List of municipalities in Nunavut The Atlas of Canada, Coral Harbour The Coral Harbour website
Coral Harbour, Nunavut
–
Coral Harbour
Coral Harbour, Nunavut
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The Hamlet Office in Coral Harbour
2.
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
"
O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall,
Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories (1965)
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
Alberta Legislature Building
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
British Columbia Parliament Buildings
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Manitoba Legislative Building
3.
British Columbia
–
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
British Columbia
–
Strait of Georgia, near
Vancouver.
British Columbia
–
Flag
British Columbia
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The Okanagan region has a climate suitable to vineyards.
British Columbia
–
Mount Robson,
Canadian Rockies, BC
4.
List of cities in Canada
–
This is a list of incorporated cities in Canada, in alphabetical order categorized by province or territory. More thorough lists of communities are available for each province, to qualify as a city in Alberta, a sufficient population size must be present and a majority of the buildings must be on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 square metres. A community is not always incorporated as a city if it meets these requirements. The urban service areas of Fort McMurray and Sherwood Park are hamlets recognized as equivalents of cities, nine towns are also eligible for city status but remain incorporated as towns. Chestermere is Albertas newest city, incorporating from town status on January 1,2015, notes, In British Columbia, a community can be incorporated as a city if its population exceeds 5,000. Once so incorporated, a city does not lose this status even if its population later declines, notes, A community in Manitoba may seek city status once reaching a population of 7,500. Manitobas newest city is Morden, which changed from town to city status on August 24,2012, notes, New Brunswick has eight cities. Notes, Newfoundland and Labrador has three cities, notes, As in the other two Canadian territories, the only incorporated city in the Northwest Territories is its capital, Yellowknife. Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities, as they were amalgamated into regional municipalities in the 1990s, in Ontario, city status is conferred by the provincial government, generally upon the request of the incorporated municipality. A municipality may apply for city status anytime after its population surpasses 10,000, not all municipalities which reach this population target have pursued city designation. For example, Ajax, Oakville, Richmond Hill and Whitby, once designated a city, however, a municipality does not lose this status even if its population later falls back below 10,000. Ontarios newest city is Markham, which changed from town to city status on July 1,2012, notes, Prince Edward Island has two cities. Notes, In Quebec, provincial law does not currently distinguish between towns and cities — one designation, ville, covers both types of communities regardless of size. A ville might be referred to as a town or a city in English. Quebec does, however, distinguish between villes and municipalités, the City of Melville retains its city status despite dropping below 5,000 people in the 1990s. Kindersley has expressed an interest in applying for city status upon reaching the 5,000 milestone, saskatchewans newest city is Warman, which changed from town to city status on October 24,2012. Notes, As in the other two Canadian territories, the incorporated city in the Yukon is its capital, Whitehorse. Dawson was also incorporated as a city, but when the criteria were changed in the 1980s
List of cities in Canada
–
BC
5.
Pacific Time Zone
–
The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
Pacific Time Zone
–
Pacific Time Zone
6.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
7.
Pacific Daylight Time
–
The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
Pacific Daylight Time
–
Pacific Time Zone
8.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had 2,463,431 versus 2,313,328 in 2011, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
Vancouver
–
Clockwise from top: Downtown Vancouver as seen from the southern shore of False Creek, The
University of British Columbia,
Lions Gate Bridge, a view from the
Granville Street Bridge,
Burrard Bridge, The Millennium Gate (
Chinatown), and
totem poles in
Stanley Park
Vancouver
–
A portrait of the first Vancouver City Council meeting after the 1886 fire. The tent shown was on the east side of the 100 block Carrall.
Vancouver
–
Panorama of Vancouver, 1898
Vancouver
–
Kitsilano Beach is one of Vancouver's many beaches
9.
Burrard Inlet
–
For other places with the same name, see Burrard. Burrard Inlet is a relatively shallow-sided coastal fjord in southwestern British Columbia, what is now known as Burrard Inlet has been home to the Indigenous peoples of the Musqueam, Sḵwxwú7mesh and Tsleil-waututh, who have resided in this territory for thousands of years. They failed to find the Fraser River, mistaking the lowland of the delta as a major inlet of the sea. This led to one of the objectives of the 1792 expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. Galiano spent many days exploring the area, realizing that there was a great river there. Just days later, the inlet was named by Captain George Vancouver, after his friend. In 1888, the inlet was described in The British Columbia Pilot published by the British Admiralty as follows and it is divided into three distinct harbours, viz. English bay or the outer anchorage, Vancouver, above the First Narrows, the inlet runs almost directly east from the Strait of Georgia to Port Moody and is urbanized on most of its shores. From Point Atkinson and Point Grey on the west to Port Moody in the east, settlements on the shores of Burrard Inlet include Vancouver, West Vancouver, North Vancouver, Burnaby, and Port Moody. Three bridges, the First Narrows Bridge, the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing and the CNR railway bridge at the Second Narrows, and it is widest between the First and Second Narrows, also the busiest part of Vancouvers port. Protected from the ocean, the calm waters of Burrard Inlet form Vancouvers primary port area. While some of the shoreline is residential and commercial, much is port-industrial, including railyards, terminals for container and bulk cargo ships, grain elevators, and oil refineries. Only in 2003 was a wilderness hiking trail around the whole of Indian Arm completed. Lions Gate Bridge Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing Second Narrows Bridge SeaBus 2002 Aerial Photos of Vancouver, including views of Burrard Inlet
Burrard Inlet
–
Burrard Inlet and the
Second Narrows Ironworkers Memorial Bridge, looking west from Capitol Hill in Burnaby
Burrard Inlet
–
The eastern arm of Burrard Inlet towards Port Moody (taken from Burnaby Mountain)
Burrard Inlet
–
Indian Arm extends north (to the upper right of the photo) from Burrard Inlet, in this view from the southeast at Burnaby Mountain.
Burrard Inlet
–
Satellite photo of Vancouver region, with Burrard Inlet running left to right near the top of the image
10.
Stanley Park
–
Stanley Park is a 405-hectare public park that borders the downtown of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada and is almost entirely surrounded by waters of Vancouver Harbour and English Bay. The park has a history and was one of the first areas to be explored in the city. The land was used by indigenous peoples for thousands of years before British Columbia was colonized by the British during the 1858 Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. For many years after colonization, the park with its abundant resources would also be home to nonaboriginal settlers. The land was turned into Vancouvers first park when the city incorporated in 1886. It was named after Lord Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, unlike other large urban parks, Stanley Park is not the creation of a landscape architect, but rather the evolution of a forest and urban space over many years. Most of the structures present in the park were built between 1911 and 1937 under the influence of then superintendent W. S. Rawlings. Additional attractions, such as a polar bear exhibit, aquarium, and miniature train, were added in the post-war period. Much of the remains as densely forested as it was in the late 1800s, with about a half million trees. Thousands of trees were lost after three major windstorms that took place in the past 100 years, the last in 2006, significant effort was put into constructing the near-century-old Vancouver Seawall, which can draw thousands of residents and visitors to the park every day. The park also features forest trails, beaches, lakes, childrens play areas, on June 18,2014 Stanley Park was named top park in the entire world by TripAdvisor. Archaeological evidence suggests a human presence in the park dating back more than 3,000 years, the area is the traditional territory of different coastal indigenous peoples. From the Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound regions, Squamish Nation had a village in the park. From the lower Fraser River area, Musqueam Nation used its natural resources, where Lumbermans Arch is now, there once was a large village called Whoi Whoi, or Xwayxway, roughly meaning place of masks. One longhouse, built from cedar poles and slabs, was measured at 200 feet long by 60 feet wide and these houses were occupied by large extended families living in different quadrants of the house. The larger houses were used for ceremonial potlatchs where a host would invite guests to witness and participate in ceremonies, another settlement was further west along the same shore. This place was called Chaythoos, meaning high bank, the site of Chaythoos is noted on a brass plaque placed on the lowlands east of Prospect Point commemorating the parks centennial. Both sites were occupied in 1888, when residents were forcefully removed to allow a road to be constructed around the park
Stanley Park
–
Stanley Park
Stanley Park
–
View of
Siwash Rock taken from the forest trail above.
Stanley Park
–
A painting of ships used in
George Vancouver 's exploration of the west coast of North America in his 1791-95 expedition.
Stanley Park
–
A
traditional seagoing canoe dug out of a single cedar tree using stone tools. For years, hundreds of such canoes competed in local
Dominion Day celebrations.
11.
City of Vancouver
–
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
City of Vancouver
–
Clockwise from top: Downtown Vancouver as seen from the southern shore of False Creek, The
University of British Columbia,
Lions Gate Bridge, a view from the
Granville Street Bridge,
Burrard Bridge, The Millennium Gate (
Chinatown), and
totem poles in
Stanley Park
City of Vancouver
–
A portrait of the first Vancouver City Council meeting after the 1886 fire. The tent shown was on the east side of the 100 block Carrall.
City of Vancouver
–
Panorama of Vancouver, 1898
City of Vancouver
–
Kitsilano Beach is one of Vancouver's many beaches
12.
Burrard Street
–
Burrard Street is a major thoroughfare in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is the street of Downtown Vancouver and the Financial District. The street is named for Burrard Inlet, located at its northern terminus, the street starts at Canada Place near the Burrard Inlet, then runs southwest through downtown Vancouver. It crosses False Creek via the Burrard Bridge, south of False Creek, on what used to be called Cedar Street before the completion of the bridge in 1932, the street runs due south until the intersection with West 16th Avenue. At and due northeast of the centre is the heart of the Financial District, finally at the Harbour lies Canada Place and the Vancouver Convention Centre. Nearer to Burrard Bridge is located St. Pauls Hospital, established on Burrard Street in 1894. Burrard Street served as the line between the two district lots laid out on the downtown peninsula in the second half of the 19th century, District Lot 185. The two grids were oriented differently, with the result that every third northwest-southeast street in DL185 actually continuing southeast beyond Burrard into DL541. Burrard currently serves as the boundary between West End and Downtown, as defined by the City of Vancouver, Burrard Street is served by SkyTrains Burrard Station, located underground between the intersections with Melville and Dunsmuir Streets in the heart of the Financial District. Along the downtown portion, there is a lane on the southwest-bound direction towards the Burrard Bridge. - CBC video on Burrard Bridge bikelanes BurrardStreet. com - Businesses along the street
Burrard Street
–
Burrard Street in the Financial District, with a vista of the
North Shore Mountains in the distance. The
Marine Building is on the near left.
Burrard Street
–
Burrard Street entrance to St. Paul's Hospital
Burrard Street
–
Centre Downtown, with
Bentall 5 skyscraper (left) and 666 Burrard Street landmark tower, circa 2006.
13.
Financial District, Vancouver
–
The Financial District is a highrise office area of within the central business district of in Vancouver, British Columbias downtown peninsula. The citys financial district emerged in the early 1900s when the boom in the area began. Vancouvers financial district is compact area when compared to other world cities, most of the skyscrapers in the district are regional offices of the Big Five Canadian-based or International banks and various financial services institutions. In the heart of the Financial District lies Burrard Station, providing access to thousands of commuters daily via SkyTrains Expo Line. A short distance to the north is Waterfront Station which provides access to Seabus, West Coast Express commuter rail, downtown Vancouver Economy of Vancouver Vancouver Economic Development Commission
Financial District, Vancouver
–
Skyscrapers of Vancouver's Financial District, taken from the
Harbour Centre tower.
14.
Georgia Street
–
Georgia Street is an east-west street in the cities of Vancouver and Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. West of Seymour Street, the thoroughfare is part of Highway 99, the entire section west of Main Street was previously designated part of Highway 1A, and markers for the 1A designation can still be seen at certain points. Starting from its terminus at Chilco Street by the edge of Stanley Park, Georgia Street runs southeast. The eastern portion of West Georgia features the Theatre District, Library Square, Rogers Arena, West Georgias centre lane between Pender Street and Stanley Park is used as a counterflow lane. East Georgia Street begins at the intersection with Main Street in Vancouvers Chinatown, then eastwards through Strathcona, Grandview–Woodland. East of the boundary, Georgia Street continues eastwards through Burnaby until its terminus at Grove Avenue in the Lochdale neighbourhood. This portion of Georgia Street is interrupted at several locations, such as Templeton Secondary School, Highway 1, Georgia Street was named in 1886 after the Strait of Georgia, and ran between Chilco and Beatty Streets. After the first Georgia Viaduct opened in 1915, the eastern end was connected to Harris Street. The second Georgia Viaduct, opened in 1972, connects to Prior Street at its eastern end instead, as a result, East Georgia Street has been disconnected from West Georgia ever since. On June 15,2011 Georgia Street became the point of the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot
Georgia Street
–
The intersection of Georgia and
Burrard, with
Hotel Vancouver to the left
Georgia Street
–
Georgia Viaduct's entry point from Beatty Street, between BC Place (right) and Rogers Arena (left)
Georgia Street
–
West Georgia Street
15.
West End, Vancouver
–
The definition of the official neighbourhood of the West End, according to the city, is the area west of Burrard Street, east of Denman Street, and south of West Georgia Street. Like all of Vancouver, the West End was originally a forested wilderness, when those plans failed they sold a good portion of the area, by then known as the Brickmakers Claim, to Victoria investors who in turn tried to promote its development as New Liverpool. The only thing that happened with that scheme was a subdivision plan registered with the Land Titles office in New Westminster, another name used for the property was the Brighouse Estate. Later, with the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its terminus at nearby Coal Harbour, many of these families lived along Georgia Street, known at that time as Blue Blood Alley for all the posh mansions built there. Later mansions were built in then remoter areas of the West End as the districts land values displaced the high-toned residences. This role was dropped with the increasing vogue for the upscale Shaughnessy neighbourhood. The West End is bordered by downtown on the one side, Stanley Park on the other, the West End is home to a mixed population, old and young, of Canadians, immigrants and international transient residents. Like other downtown neighbourhoods, the West End is very densely populated, close to 45,000 people of all ages, incomes, ethnicities, and sexual orientations live in the West End. The age group of 20-39 years consistently ranks the largest at 48%, followed by 40-64 at 34%, 65+ at 13%, containing 7. 4% of the City’s population, the West End welcomed 14% of new Vancouverites between 2001 and 2006. The West End is also home to Western Canada’s largest LGBTQ community, Vancouvers gay village, called Davie Village, is centred primarily on Davie Street between Burrard and Bute. The share of single-parent families in the West End is about 12%, statistics also show that the West End is home to many children — the downtown peninsula now has more children than traditional family neighbourhoods such as West Point Grey or Kerrisdale. Lord Roberts Annex offers kindergarten to grade 3, the student population of Lord Roberts Elementary School represents 43 countries and 37 languages. King George Secondary School celebrated 100 years in 2014, West End residents have been very active in shaping their neighbourhood and maintaining its liveability. In the 1970s, residents banded together to calm traffic that was using the neighbourhood as a shortcut between downtown Vancouver and the suburbs of the North Shore, across the Lions Gate Bridge. They also staged a successful Shame the Johns campaign to rid the West End of the prostitution that was prevalent in the neighbourhood. This campaign was aided by a 1984 injunction granted by then-B. C, supreme Court Justice Allan McEachern which banned prostitutes from working west of Granville Street. The West End is particularly famous among visitors for Robson Street, many restaurants and shops can also be found along Denman Street closer to Stanley Park, and Davie Street between Burrard and Jervis streets. Numerous parks and beaches can be throughout the West End including Alexandra Park, Cardero Park, Nelson Park, Stanley Park
West End, Vancouver
–
View of the West End and
English Bay at sunset
West End, Vancouver
–
A couple of typical older-era houses on Comox Street
16.
Marina
–
A marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large ships or cargo from freighters. The word marina is also used for inland wharves on rivers, marinas may be located along the banks of rivers connecting to lakes or seas and may be inland. They are also located on coastal harbors or coastal lagoons, either as stand alone facilities or within a port complex, a marina may have refueling, washing and repair facilities, marine and boat chandlers, stores and restaurants. A marina may include facilities such as parking lots for vehicles. Slipways transfer a trailered boat into the water, a marina may have a boat hoist well operated by service personnel. A marina may provide in- or out-of-water boat storage, fee-based services such as parking, use of picnic areas, pubs, and clubhouses for showers are usually included in long-term rental agreements. Visiting yachtsmen usually have the option of buying each amenity from a fixed schedule of fees, arrangements can be as wide as a use, such as a shower. The right to use the facilities is frequently extended at overnight or period rates to visiting yachtsmen, since marinas are often limited by available space, it may take years on a waiting list to get a permanent berth. Boats are moored on buoys, on fixed or floating walkways tied to an anchoring piling by a roller or ring mechanism, buoys are cheaper to rent but less convenient than being able to walk from land to boat. Harbor shuttles, may transfer people between the shore and boats moored on buoys, the alternative is a tender such as an inflatable boat. Facilities offering fuel, boat ramps and stores will normally have a common-use dock set aside for such short term parking needs, where the tidal range is large, marinas may use locks to maintain the water level for several hours before and after low water. Marinas may be owned and operated by a club, especially yacht clubs —. Marinas may be private businesses, components of a resort. List of marinas MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority
Marina
–
Aerial view of a typical marina (harbor dredge and lighthouse in lower right)
Marina
–
Hohe Düne Marina and
Yacht club in
Rostock, Germany
Marina
–
A marina with floating docks on
False Creek inlet in
Vancouver
17.
Sport rowing
–
Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
Sport rowing
–
Eight classes of racing boats, six of which are part of the
Summer Olympic Games.
Sport rowing
–
Oars are held in an oarlock at the end of outriggers attached to the side of the boat
Sport rowing
–
For rowing as a method of transport or for recreation, see
Rowing. For other uses, see
Rowing (disambiguation).
Sport rowing
–
The finish of the
Doggett's Coat and Badge. Painting by
Thomas Rowlandson.
18.
Gregory Henriquez
–
He is the managing partner of Henriquez Partners Architects and has designed multiple award-winning projects throughout the region. Gregory Henriquez was born in 1963 in Winnipeg, Manitoba and he graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture from Carleton University in 1987. In 1989, he joined his father Richard Henriquez practice, Henriquez and Partners Architects, as an associate and he taught at the University of British Columbias School of Architecture in 1990 and 1993 and has served as a guest critic in various university architecture schools. In 2007, Henriquez was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Architecture Institute of Canada, in 2011, he was awarded the Design Exchange Gold Medal and the AIBC Special Jury Award for the Woodwards Building redevelopment. Henriquez’ book Towards an Ethical Architecture discusses the role that architects can have in society. Called a “pragmatic utopian, ” Henriquez understands both the aesthetic-practical and deeply moral-social dimensions of architecture and strives to integrate them in built space, Henriquez draws inspiration from residents personal stories. He applies Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s concept of corporeity to create architecture that considers the body in connection to the physical environment. This is evidenced in his recent proposal for the erection of temporary modular housing communities called Stop Gap Housing. While modular and social housing projects are often large-scale and impersonal, each Stop Gap unit includes its own bathroom and opens directly to the outdoors under a wood overhang. Eight to 14 units form a dormitory, with dormitories stacked two storeys high, a covered central patio, second storey meeting room, site manager’s office and an entrance that accommodates a meal-delivery van anchor a cluster of dormitories to create a small community. Symbolic references to the body pervade Henriquez’ work, the central stair in the Woodward’s atrium is a symbol of the site’s rebirth, emerging from a shallow pool like a giant umbilical cord. Henriquez took inspiration for the outdoor amphitheatre at Coal Harbour Community Centre from the rounded belly of his pregnant wife. For Henriquez, the architecture of the Woodward’s redevelopment is not about what it looks like, instead, the social ideas and urban issues were of primary concern in the design process. The building includes a 30’ x 60’ mural depicting the 1971 Gastown Riots by artist Stan Douglas, bruce Eriksen Place provides 35 self-contained units for low-income residents of the Downtown Eastside. Developers were permitted more height and density which allowed them to more amenities which then subsidized social housing, community benefits. A political process embraced by a process and supported by the real estate community sustained the necessary political leadership. Henriquez believes the key to affordable housing and ending homelessness is in projects where market, rental. Woodward’s has gained attention as a symbol of diversity and inclusion in urban renewal
Gregory Henriquez
–
Woodwards development W43 tower.
19.
HMCS Discovery
–
HMCS Discovery is a Royal Canadian Navy Reserve division and shore facility based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Discovery continued in its training following the war, and also serves as headquarters for several Reserve. The stone frigate takes its name from HMS Discovery, the used by George Vancouver to chart most of North Americas north-western coast. Originally based at the Stanley Park Barracks, in 1944 Discovery moved to its current location on Deadmans Island, in Coal Harbour, HMCS Discovery has a crew of about 140 officers and non-commissioned members. Discovery traces its history to the creation of the Number 2 Company of the Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve at the beginning of World War I. This small group was composed of 87 members of the Royal Vancouver Yacht Club who served and were demobilized at the end of the war. It was not until May 1924 that Lieutenant-Commander J. W. Hobbs was given permission to form the first Vancouver Half Company of the Naval Volunteer Reserve, robert Louis Stevensons schooner Casco was used for a time to train cadets in the 1920s. During World War II, the role of the reserves had to increase in order to maintain sufficient manpower, on 1 November 1941, the division was newly commissioned as HMCS Discovery and it moved into Stanley Park Barracks. In 1944, the unit was permitted to occupy Deadman Island in Stanley Park, during World War II, Discovery was one of the greatest sources of naval recruits in Canada, having enrolled 372 officers,6,974 ratings and 650 WRENS. Of those,15 were killed in action, at the end of the war, Discovery became the discharge centre for the whole of the British Columbia mainland, and 8,378 men and women were discharged through the base. HMCS Discovery continues to see service as a training facility, Discovery personnel have been deployed to Korea, the Persian Gulf, Egypt, Bosnia and Afghanistan. The facility provided support for the 1997 APEC meeting in Vancouver and it was the Olympic Maritime Operations Centre for the 2010 Winter Olympics and conducted port security around the country. It is also the site of the Western Region Diving Centre, the unit continues to serve as host and ambassador to dozens of foreign vessels visiting the Port of Vancouver. In addition to the Naval Reserve, Discovery houses Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Captain Vancouver, Discovery is also the site of the Naval Museum of Vancouver and Vancouver Naval Veterans Association. It was suggested by Sir Arthur W. Cochran, KCVO and it depicts a gold disc on top of a shake-fork that looks like the letter Y, a disc over Y. Discovery, A History of the Naval Reserve in Vancouver, davis, Chuck, The History of Metropolitan Vancouver HMCS Discovery - official site
HMCS Discovery
–
HMCS Discovery as seen from Stanley Park
20.
High-rise
–
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas it may be referred to as an MDU, in the United States, such a structure is referred to as an apartment building or office building, while a group of such buildings is called an apartment complex or office complex. High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, the materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. They also pose challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed, in order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land, various bodies have defined high-rise, Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors. According to the code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as a building having many storeys, most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall. The lower floors were occupied by either shops or wealthy families. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, in Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, the residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height, the oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. Tower blocks were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses
High-rise
–
A high-rise
residential apartment building in
Hong Kong
High-rise
–
High-rise residential complexes are a prominent feature of the
borough of
Fort Lee,
Bergen County,
New Jersey, United States, in the
New York City Metropolitan Area, with
several over 90 metres (300 ft) tall.
High-rise
–
There are numerous high-rise
apartments in
Navi Mumbai,
India
High-rise
–
16-floor Rusland Court tower block in
Charlestown, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
21.
Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome
–
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre, previously Vancouver Harbour Water Airport or Vancouver Coal Harbour Seaplane Base, is located at Coal Harbour in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The flight centre is within walking distance of the HeliJet heliport and Waterfront Station, after five years of preparation, consultation and construction, Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre seaplane terminal opened for passenger service on May 25,2011. The Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre is a partnership between the Clarke Group of Companies and Ledcor Group of Companies and it is classified as an airport and as an airport of entry by Nav Canada. It is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency, CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers. The Vancouver Harbour Control Tower is the one in Canada specifically for a water aerodrome. At 142 m above ground it is the highest control tower in the world, and is located on top of the Granville Square building. In 2009 the airport handled 54,741 aircraft movements, the 35th busiest in Canada and it is also the 8th busiest aerodrome in BC and the busiest water aerodrome in Canada. Itinerant aircraft movements for the aerodrome were 54,711 while local movements were 30, the actual aircraft docking area, at 49°17′26. 44″N 123°07′08. 90″W, is situated just west of Canada Place. This part of Vancouver harbour is listed by Nav Canada as an area and no aircraft are permitted to take off. Just north of Canada Place is a section called Area Alfa, centered on the official coordinates. In 2007, the link to Victoria Inner Harbour Airport was, according to the Official Airline Guide, Vancouver Harbour Control Tower List of airports in the Vancouver area CXH - Vancouver, British Columbia Accident history for CXH, Vancouver-Coal Harbour SPB at Aviation Safety Network
Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome
–
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre Vancouver Coal Harbour Seaplane Base
Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome
–
Vancouver Harbour Control Tower
Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome
–
A
Whistler Air de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver docked at Vancouver Harbour Water Airport
22.
Canada Place
–
Canada Place is a building situated on the Burrard Inlet waterfront of Vancouver, British Columbia. It is the home of the Vancouver Convention Centre, the Pan Pacific Vancouver Hotel, Vancouvers World Trade Centre, the buildings exterior is covered by fabric roofs resembling sails. It is also the main cruise ship terminal for the region, the building was designed by architects Zeidler Roberts Partnership in joint venture with Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership and DA Architects + Planners. Canada Place can be reached via the SkyTrain line at the nearby Waterfront Station terminus or via West Cordova Street in Vancouver. The structure was expanded in 2001 to accommodate another cruise ship berth and in 2009/10, for the 2010 Winter Olympics, Canada Place was built on the land which was originally the Canadian Pacific Railways Pier B-C. Built in 1927, its purpose was to serve CPR. In 1978 Federal, Provincial and Municipal governments commenced planning for development of convention, cruise ship, four years later, the Government of Canada created a crown corporation, Canada Harbour Place Corporation, to develop the Canada Place project on the Pier B-C site. Construction began when HM Queen Elizabeth II arrived on the Royal Yacht Britannia with The Right Hon, pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada and The Hon. William R. Bennett, Premier of BC to initiate the first concrete pour. During Expo 86, the Canada Pavilion at Canada Place was opened by HRH Prince Charles and The Right Hon. Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada. Among the largest and most elaborate pavilions presented by any nation at any Worlds Fair, Canada Place Corporation, a Crown agent, continues to act as the coordinating landlord for Canada Place facilities. Events Throughout the year many community events are held at and hosted by Canada Place, the Pan Pacific Vancouver has 504 rooms and suites and several restaurants and a lounge. The Hotel is operated by Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts, the Heritage Horns, formerly known as the 12 Oclock Horn, sound the first four notes of O Canada every day at noon and can be heard throughout Downtown Vancouver and beyond. The ten horns have five facing north and five facing east on the roof of the Pan Pacific hotel and have an output of 115 Decibels and they were the brainchild of Les Southwell, designed and constructed by Robert Swanson for Expo 67, and funded by BC Hydro. They were originally on the roof of the BC Hydro building and were silent when the headquarters was converted to condominiums in the early 1990s, the horns started sounding again on November 8,1994 after being acquired, refurbished, and relocated to Canada Place. Due to complaints the timer was changed from mechanical to electrical soon after to make them accurate and they sounded 26 times during the 2010 Olympics, once for each medal won by Canada. The first was at 7, 30pm on February 13 for a silver won by Jennifer Heil, another notable time signal in the area is the 9 OClock Gun across the harbour in Stanley Park. Ballantyne Pier - overflow cruise ship terminal in Vancouver CPR Pier B and C Expo 86 The Drop Official website
Canada Place
–
Canada Place
Canada Place
–
Panorama view of Canada Place's sails with the
North Shore in the background.
Canada Place
–
Canada Place, night view
Canada Place
–
The North five of the ten Heritage Horns.
23.
Vancouver Convention Centre
–
The Vancouver Convention Centre, is a convention centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, it is one of Canadas largest convention centres. With the opening of the new West Building in 2009, it now has 466,500 ft² of meeting space and it is owned by the British Columbia Pavilion Corporation, a crown corporation owned by the government of British Columbia. The East Building is located in Canada Place, which it shares with a ship terminal. It has 133,000 ft² of space, including a 91,205 ft² column-free, dividable exhibition hall,20 meeting rooms, the East building served as the Main Press Centre for the 2010 Winter Olympics. Surrounding the building are 400,000 square feet of walkways, bikeways, public space and plazas. The project also supplies infrastructure for water based developments including an expanded marina, a float plane terminal. The design architect for the expansion is LMN Architects of Seattle, in association with Vancouver firms MCM Architects, morrison Hershfield ensured quality assurance and conducted enhanced field review during construction of all building envelope components including innovative curtain wall glazing and green roof. On February 9,2010 the building was certified LEED Platinum by the Canada Green Building Council, the West Building opened to the public on April 4,2009. It effectively tripled the capacity of the convention centre, the building hosted the International Broadcast Centre for the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics. Connecting to the centre is the Fairmont Pacific Rim hotel, adjacent to the West building is the Jack Poole Plaza, in honour of Jack Poole, who died of pancreatic cancer in 2009. He was responsible for securing the bid of the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics to Vancouver, the new west Building expansion is certified LEED Platinum and is designated a PowerSmart Convention Centre by BC Hydro. It was awarded a GO GREEN certificate from the Building Owners and Managers Association for industry-approved, the living roof, seawater heating and cooling, on-site water treatment and fish habitat built into the foundation of the West Building make it one of the greenest convention centres in the world. The Centre recycles an average of 180,000 kilograms of materials annually, nearly half of the volume of waste generated. It avoids canned goods, disposable utensils and dishes, and donates food to local charities. The 6-acre living roof is the largest in Canada and the largest non-industrial living roof in North America, no public access is allowed to the roof, which made it possible to create a fully functional ecosystem with natural drainage and seed migration patterns using the roofs architectural topography. The landscape functionally connects to nearby Stanley Park via a corridor of waterfront parks, irrigation to the roof is provided by the buildings wastewater treatment plant. All wastewater generated in the building is treated and recycled for use in toilet and urinal flushing, the treatment system is designed for an average daily flow of 75 cubic metres per day, and maximum flows of up to 150 cubic metres per day. With the City of Vancouver 2012 commercial metered water and sewer rates at $2.803 and $1.754, respectively, the convention centre can save over $21,000 per month in utility fees through water reuse
Vancouver Convention Centre
–
Canada Place, which houses the East Building of the convention centre
Vancouver Convention Centre
–
West Building
Vancouver Convention Centre
–
Completed West Building
Vancouver Convention Centre
–
Olympic Cauldron at Jack Poole Plaza
24.
Gas station
–
A filling station is a facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold in the 2010s are gasoline and diesel fuel, Fuel dispensers are also known as bowsers, petrol pumps or gas pumps. Also, many filling stations incorporate a convenience store, which like most other buildings generally have electricity sockets, the convenience stores found in filling stations typically sell candy, soda/pop, snacks and, in some cases, a small selection of grocery items. Some also sell propane or butane and have added shops to their primary business, conversely, some chain stores, such as supermarkets, discount superstores, warehouse clubs, or traditional convenience stores, have provided filling stations on the premises. The term gas station is used in the United States, Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean. In some regions of Canada, the term gas bar is used, elsewhere in the English-speaking world, mainly in the Commonwealth, the fuel is known as petrol, and the term petrol station or petrol pump is used. In the United Kingdom and South Africa garage is still commonly used, similarly, in Australia, the term service station describes any petrol station. In Japanese English, it is called a gasoline stand, in Indian English, it is called a petrol pump or a petrol bunk. In some regions of America and Australia, many filling stations have a mechanic on duty, latest figures show there are now 8,455 petrol stations in the UK down from about 18,000 in 1992 and a peak of around 40,000 in the mid-1960s. The USA had 114,474 filling stations in 2012, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, in Canada, the number is on the decline. As of December 2008,12,684 were in operation, significantly down from about 20,000 stations recorded in 1989 In Japan, in Germany, the number dropped down to 14,300 in 2011. In China, according to different reports, the number is about 95,000 to 97,000. India –43,000 Russia - there were about 25,000 gas stations in the Russian Federation In Argentina, as of 2014, the first places that sold gasoline were pharmacies, as a side business. The first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch, Germany, since 2008 the Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event. The increase in automobile ownership after Henry Ford started to sell automobiles that the class could afford resulted in an increased demand for filling stations. The worlds first purpose built gas station was constructed in St. Louis, the second gas station was constructed in 1907 by Standard Oil of California in Seattle, Washington at what is now Pier 32. Reighards Gas Station in Altoona, Pennsylvania claims that it dates from 1909 and is the oldest existing gas station in the United States, early on, they were known to motorists as filling stations. The first drive-in filling station, Gulf Refining Company, opened to the public in Pittsburgh on December 1,1913 at Baum Blvd & St Clairs Street
Gas station
–
The
Skovshoved Filling Station, in operation since 1935, in Copenhagen, Denmark
Gas station
–
A
Shell filling station in
Sabah, Malaysia
Gas station
–
Filling station in
Luduș, Transylvania, Romania
Gas station
–
The world's first "filling station", the City Pharmacy in
Wiesloch, Germany
25.
Coal
–
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time, throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, the extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, since 1983, the worlds top coal producer has been China. In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal –47. 7% of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production, in 2015 other large producers were United States, India, European Union and Australia. The word originally took the col in Old English, from Proto-Germanic *kula. In Old Turkic languages, kül is ash, cinders, öčür is quench, the compound charcoal in Turkic is öčür kül, literally quenched ashes, cinders, coals with elided anlaut ö- and inflection affixes -ülmüş. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, due to natural processes such as flooding, these forests were buried underneath soil. As more and more soil deposited over them, they were compressed, the temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. As the process continued the plant matter was protected from biodegradation and oxidation and this trapped the carbon in immense peat bogs that were eventually covered and deeply buried by sediments. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation was slowly converted to coal, as coal contains mainly carbon, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, the exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae, in its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. It is also used as a conditioner for soil to make it able to retain. Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, jet, a compact form of lignite, is sometimes polished and has been used as an ornamental stone since the Upper Palaeolithic
Coal
–
Anthracite coal
Coal
–
Bituminous coal
Coal
–
Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam (Nova Scotia)
Coal
–
Coal miner in Britain, 1942
26.
1862
–
As of the start of 1862, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. This year was named by Mitchell Stephens as the greatest year to read newspapers, january 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island in modern-day Nigeria. January 6 – French, Spanish, and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico, january 10 – John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California, is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford. January 30 – American Civil War, The first US ironclad warship, january 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University. February 1 – American Civil War, Julia Ward Howes Battle Hymn of the Republic is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly, february 2 – First railway opens in New Zealand, by Dun Mountain Copper Mining Company. February 6 – American Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant gives the United States its first victory of the war, by capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee. February 11–16 – American Civil War, Battle of Fort Donelson, General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee, february 20 – Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas, named director of Spains Real Academia Española. February 21 – American Civil War, Battle of Valverde fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory, february 22 – American Civil War, Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a 6-year term as president of the Confederate States of America. March 7 – American Civil War, The Battle of Pea Ridge, march 8 – American Civil War, The iron-clad CSS Virginia is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia, the Battle of Hampton Roads starts the same day. March 9 – American Civil War, First battle between two warships, the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia, begins. A smallpox epidemic in San Francisco spreads to British Columbia, march 28 – American Civil War – Battle of Glorieta Pass, In New Mexico, Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico Territory. March 31 – Publication of Victor Hugos epic French historical novel Les Misérables begins, april 1 – The Spanish and the British end their alliance with France in the French intervention in Mexico. April 5 – American Civil War – Battle of Yorktown, The battle begins when Union forces under General George B. McClellan close in on the Confederate capital Richmond, april 6 – American Civil War, In Tennessee, the Battle of Shiloh begins. April 7 – American Civil War – Battle of Shiloh, The Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, april 13 – Government of Vietnam is forced to cede the territories of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France. April 25 – American Civil War – Capture of New Orleans, april 26 – American Civil War, The besieged Confederate garrison at Fort Macon, North Carolina surrenders. May 1– November 1 –1862 International Exhibition held at South Kensington in London, may 2 – The California State Normal School is created by an Act of the California Legislature. May 5 – French intervention in Mexico – Battle of Puebla, Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army, may 11 – American Civil War, The ironclad CSS Virginia is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia. May 15 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture, may 20 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law
1862
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January 30:
USS Monitor.
1862
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February 6:
Battle of Fort Henry.
1862
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Diagram of US Federal Government and American Union. Published: 1862, July 15.
1862
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Dec. 30:
Monitor sinks.
27.
Squamish people
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The Squamish people are an indigenous people in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. In 2012, there was population of 3,893 band members registered with the Squamish Nation and their language is the Squamish language or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, considered a part of the Coast Salish languages, and is categorized as nearly extinct with just 10 fluent speakers as of 2010. The traditional territory covered Point Grey as the southern border, from here, it continued northward to Roberts Creek on the Sunshine Coast, up the Howe Sound. The northern part included the Squamish, Cheakamus, Elaho and Mamquam rivers, up the Cheakamus River it included land past Whistler, British Columbia. The southern and eastern part of their territory includes Indian Arm, along Burrard Inlet, through False Creek then English Bay, today the Squamish people live mostly in seven communities, located in West Vancouver, North Vancouver, and within and nearby to the District of Squamish. The Squamish people’s history, culture, societal customs, and other knowledge was transmitted by tradition from generation to generation without a writing system. Today oral tradition continues to be an aspect of their traditional culture. This continued until European contact and diseases in 1791, which caused changes to the people. Charles Hill-Tout became the first European to document Squamish oral history in the early 1900s, later, many anthropologists and linguists came to work with Squamish informants and elders to document Squamish culture and history. Although first recorded contact with Europeans happened with George Vancouver and José María Narváez in 1791–1792 disease had devastated much of the population before in the 1770s, for decades following, more diseases, including influenza, reduced the population significantly. Oral tradition transmits history, literature, law and other knowledges verbally across generations, without a writing system, the passing on of this history is regarded as the duty of responsible elders. Those who possessed a great deal of knowledge were regarded as aristocrats, like other Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, the Squamish have stories of the Transformer brothers who went around the world transforming things and people. Other stories transmitted through generations are of ancestral characters doing things or involved in events, oral tradition and history, including new events, continues to be passed on in this form to this day. Squamish oral history traces back to founding fathers of their people, an aged informant of the Squamish people named Mel̓ḵw’s, said to be over 100 years old, was interviewed by Charles Hill-Tout in 1986. He recited oral history on the origins of the world, but the tops of the mountains came out of the sea and land was formed. The first man to appear was named X̱i7lánexw and he was given a wife, an adze, and a salmon trap. X̱i7lánexw and his wife populated the land and the Squamish descend from these ancestors, dominic Charlie told a similar story in 1965 about the origins of his people. Their oral history talks about the Great Flood also, in a story said to happen at Chʼiyáḵmesh, in the Squamish Valley, a man who survived the flood was walking down the river, feeling depressed about the loss of his people from the flood
Squamish people
Squamish people
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In 1906,
Joe Capilano traveled with
Cowichan Chief Charley Isipaymilt and
Secwepemc Chief Basil David to London to seek an audience with King
Edward VII.
Squamish people
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Howe Sound is a core are of Skwxwu7mesh territory, and the site of many of their villages.
28.
Captain Vancouver
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He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia. George Vancouver was born in Kings Lynn on 22 June 1757 as the sixth, and youngest, child of John Jasper Vancouver, a Deputy Collector of Customs, and Bridget Berners. In 1771, at the age of 13, George Vancouver entered the Royal Navy as a young gentleman and he was selected to serve as a midshipman aboard HMS Resolution, on James Cooks second voyage searching for Terra Australis. He also accompanied Cooks third voyage, this time aboard Resolutions sister ship, Discovery, upon his return to Britain in October 1780, Vancouver was commissioned as a lieutenant and posted aboard the sloop Martin initially on escort and patrol duty in the English Channel and North Sea. He accompanied the ship when it left Plymouth on 11 February 1782 for the West Indies, on 7 May 1782 he was appointed fourth Lieutenant of the HMS Fame which was at the time part of the British West Indies Fleet and assigned to patrolling the French-held Leeward Islands. Vancouver returned to England in June 1783, in the late 1780s the Spanish empire commissioned an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. However, the 1789 Nootka Crisis intervened, spain and Britain came close to war over ownership of the Nootka Sound on contemporary Vancouver Island, and of greater importance, the right to colonize and settle the Pacific Northwest coast. Henry Roberts and Vancouver joined Britains more warlike vessels, Vancouver went with Joseph Whidbey to HMS Courageux. When the first Nootka Convention ended the crisis in 1790, Vancouver was given command of Discovery to take possession of Nootka Sound, departing England with two ships on 1 April 1791, Vancouver commanded an expedition charged with exploring the Pacific region. In its first year the expedition travelled to Cape Town, Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti and he formally claimed at Possession Point, King George Sound Western Australia, now the town of Albany, Western Australia for the British. Proceeding to North America, Vancouver followed the coasts of present-day Oregon and Washington northward, in April 1792 he encountered American Captain Robert Gray off the coast of Oregon just prior to Grays sailing up the Columbia River. Vancouver entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Vancouver Island and the Washington state mainland on 29 April 1792 and his orders included a survey of every inlet and outlet on the west coast of the mainland, all the way north to Alaska. Most of this work was in small craft propelled by sail and oar, maneuvering larger sail-powered vessels in uncharted waters was generally impractical and dangerous. Mount Rainier – after his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier, Discovery Bay, Discovery Island and Port Discovery. Vancouver was the second European to enter Burrard Inlet on 13 June 1792 and it is the present day main harbour area of the City of Vancouver beyond Stanley Park. George Vancouver surveyed Howe Sound and Jervis Inlet over the nine days. Then, on his 35th birthday on 22 June 1792, he returned to Point Grey, here he unexpectedly met a Spanish expedition led by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores. For three weeks they cooperatively explored the Georgia Strait and the Discovery Islands area before sailing separately towards Nootka Sound, after the summer surveying season ended, in August 1792, Vancouver went to Nootka, then the regions most important harbour, on contemporary Vancouver Island
Captain Vancouver
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A portrait from the late 18th century by an unknown artist believed to depict George Vancouver
Captain Vancouver
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In The Caneing in Conduit Street (1796),
James Gillray caricatured Pitt's streetcorner assault on Vancouver.
Captain Vancouver
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Grave of George Vancouver in churchyard of
St Peter's Church, Petersham, London
Captain Vancouver
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Statue of George Vancouver in King's Lynn
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