1.
IATA airline designator
–
This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
IATA airline designator
–
IATA Flight coupon stock control number
2.
ICAO airline designator
–
This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
ICAO airline designator
–
IATA Flight coupon stock control number
3.
Airline call sign
–
This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
Airline call sign
–
IATA Flight coupon stock control number
4.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
Airline hub
–
Frankfurt Airport serves as a hub city for
Lufthansa and receives flights from
Star Alliance carriers, among other airlines.
5.
Julius Nyerere International Airport
–
Julius Nyerere International Airport is the international airport of Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania. It is located about 12 kilometres southwest of the city centre, the airport has flights to destinations in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. It is named after Julius Nyerere, the nations first president, in October 2005, Dar es Salaam International Airport was renamed Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere International Airport and on 1 November 2006, Julius Nyerere International Airport. A total of 9,501,265 passengers used the airport from 1980 to 2004, averaging 2,770 passengers per day.5 million passengers per year. In November 2015, the phase was also awarded to BAM, at a contract price of US$110 million. After completion of Terminal III, it is expected that Terminal II will be devoted solely to domestic passengers and it is proposed to build a rail shuttle link from the airport to the city and rail coaches have already been bought for this. The following airlines operate at the airport, Notes,1, Some of KLMs inbound flights from Amsterdam to Dar es Salaam make a stop in Kilimanjaro, however, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kilimanjaro and Dar es Salaam. 2, Swiss International Air Lines flights from Zürich to Dar es Salaam make a stop in Nairobi, however, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. On 3 January 1950, United Air Services flight, flying an Avro Anson C.19 with registration VP-TAT, on 18 May 1989, Aeroflot flight flying a Ilyushin 62 was hijacked by a South African after the plane took off from Luanda, Angola. The hijacker was armed with a grenade and attempted to hold hostage the occupants of the plane carried members of the African National Congress. The Hijacker was shot by a security guard as he attempted to enter the cockpit, the plane continued its scheduled stop at Dar es Salaam International Airport. On 11 April 2014, Kenya Airways flight KQ-482 flying an Embraer ERJ-190AR had an accident upon landing in heavy rains. The plane veered off the runway, all passengers and crew were evacuated, there were no reported fatalities and 3 passengers sustained minor injuries. Accident history for DAR at Aviation Safety Network Airport information for HTDA at Great Circle Mapper, current weather for HTDA at NOAA/NWS Airport information for HTDA at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006
Julius Nyerere International Airport
–
Julius Nyerere International Airport
Julius Nyerere International Airport
–
The
reinforced concrete roof at Terminal II resembles a
forest canopy
Julius Nyerere International Airport
–
Control Tower
Julius Nyerere International Airport
–
Air Tanzania is the flag carrier
6.
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam is the largest city of Tanzania and the largest city in eastern Africa by population, as well as a regionally important economic centre. It is Tanzanias most prominent city in arts, fashion, media, music, film and it is Tanzanias leading financial centre with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange being the countrys first and most important stock exchange market. Dar es Salaam is the largest and most populous Swahili-speaking city in the world, the city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit tourism areas in Tanzania like the national parks for safaris and the islands of Zanzibar. The region had a population of 4,364,541 as of the official 2012 census, although Dar es Salaam lost its status as the nations capital to Dodoma in 1974, it remains the focus of the permanent central government bureaucracy. In the 19th century, Mzizima was a fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes. In 1865 or 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima, the name is commonly translated as abode/home of peace, based on the Arabic dar, and the Arabic es salaam. Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majids death in 1870, German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and became Tanganyika, with Dar es Salaam the administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule, separate European and African areas developed at a distance from the city centre, the citys population also included a large number of south Asians. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth, political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union, led to Tanganyika attaining independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when in 1964 Tanganyika, in 1973, however, provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma, a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process has not yet completed, and Dar es Salaam remains Tanzanias primary city. In 1967, the Tanzanian government declared the Ujamaa policy, that set Tanzania into a socialist path, the move slowed down the potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move in cities but stay in Ujamaa socialist villages. But by 1980s the Ujamaa policy proved to be a failure into combating increasing poverty, hunger and this led to the 1980s liberalization policy that virtually ended socialism and its spirit within the Tanzanias government. The move led to increasing migration of rural dwellers from rural areas into cities with Dar es Salaam becoming the city in receiving migrants from rural areas. Until the late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not put into the category as Africas leading cities like Nairobi, Johannesburg, Lagos. The CBD skyline hosts tall buildings, among them the 35-floor PSPF Tower, finished in 2015, Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48 South, 39°17 East, on a natural harbour on the eastern coast of Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas. Administratively, the Dar es Salaam region is divided into five districts, Ilala, Kinondoni, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania. With a population increase of 5.6 percent per year from 2002 to 2012, the city is the third fastest growing in Africa, after Bamako and Lagos
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam city skyline
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam in 1930s
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam Cenotaph
Dar es Salaam
–
Bank of Tanzania
7.
Tanzania
–
Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
Tanzania
–
An ancient stone chopping tool discovered at
Olduvai Gorge and currently on display at the
British Museum
Tanzania
–
Flag
Tanzania
–
General
Lettow-Vorbeck in
Dar es Salaam with a British Officer (left) and German Officer (right), March 1919
Tanzania
–
Arusha Declaration Monument
8.
Cessna 208 Caravan
–
The Cessna 208 Caravan is an American single-engined turboprop, fixed-tricycle landing gear, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft that is built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers with a pilot, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver it can seat up to fourteen passengers. The aircraft is used for cargo feederliner operations. The Cessna 208 is a high-wing braced cabin monoplane powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop in tractor configuration and it has a fixed tricycle landing gear but can also be fitted with floats or skis. The cabin has room for nine passengers and two crew when used as an aircraft with four doors, one for each crew member and an airstair door on right-side. The aircraft can be fitted with an underslung cargo pod. The basic 208 airframe can be outfitted with various types of landing gear, some common adaptations include skis, enlarged tires for unprepared runways, and floats on the Caravan Amphibian model. The Caravan interior can be outfitted with seats or as cargo holds, the standard high-density airline configuration has four rows of 1-2 seating behind the two seats in the cockpit. This variant is capable of holding up to thirteen passengers, although it is marketed as being able to make a profit carrying just four. The cabin can be configured in a low density passenger configuration, with 1-1 seating, as a combination of passengers and cargo, many variants include an underbelly cargo pod, which can be used for additional freight capacity, or for passenger baggage. A number of Caravans are operated as skydiving aircraft with the cargo hatch converted to a roll-up door. The prototype first flew in December 1982, the production model was certified by the FAA in October 1984. Since then, the Caravan has undergone a number of design evolutions, working with FedEx, Cessna produced first the Cargomaster and followed that with the stretched and upgraded Super Cargomaster. The passenger model, the Grand Caravan, was derived from the Super Cargomaster, in January 2013 a higher-powered version, the Grand Caravan EX, received FAA certification. This higher-powered version will be produced by a Cessna-AVIC joint venture in China, on April 28,2008, Cessna announced that the Garmin G1000 glass cockpit will be standard equipment on all new Caravans. In May 2012 Cessna announced that a line for the 208 would be established in China. The government-owned China Aviation Industry General Aircraft will conduct final assembly of Caravans at its plant in Shijiazhuang for the Chinese market, the move was made to make room for the Citation Longitude and Cessna Denali in Wichita. 208 Caravan I First production variant with a PT6A-114 turboprop engine, official named Caravan it is sometimes known as Caravan I to distinguish it from later variants
Cessna 208 Caravan
–
Cessna 208 Caravan
Cessna 208 Caravan
–
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan factory demonstrator, with underbelly baggage locker, bearing the Cessna Caravan motto "Sure Thing"
Cessna 208 Caravan
–
An
RCMP 208 Caravan on amphibious floats
Cessna 208 Caravan
–
An
Iraqi Air Force Cessna 208B Grand Caravan flies over
Iraq on a training sortie.
9.
Selous Game Reserve
–
The Selous Game Reserve is one of the largest faunal reserves of the world, located in the south of Tanzania. Scottish explorer and cartographer Keith Johnston also died at Beho Beho in 1879 while leading a RSGS expedition to the Great Lakes of Africa with Joseph Thomson, the Selous was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982 due to the diversity of its wildlife and undisturbed nature. The reserve covers a area of 54,600 km2 and has additional buffer zones. Within the reserve no permanent human habitation or permanent structures are permitted, all entry and exit is carefully controlled by the Wildlife Division of the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Some of the animals of the savanna can be found in this park in larger numbers than in any other African game reserve or national park. The area was first designated an area in 1896 by the German Governor Hermann von Wissmann. There are several high end lodges and camps mainly situated along the river, rather difficult road access means most visitors arrive by small aircraft from Dar es Salaam, though train access is also possible. Interesting places in the include the Rufiji River, which flows into the Indian Ocean opposite Mafia Island and the Stiegler Gorge. Habitats include grassland, typical Acacia savanna, wetlands and extensive Miombo woodlands, although total wildlife populations are high, the reserve is large and densities of animals are lower than in the more regularly visited northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. Walking safaris are permitted in the Selous, and boat trips on the Rufiji are a popular activity, a boundary change to allow the use of uranium deposits has been approved. The approval for the change was given by the UNESCO and seriously criticized by environmentalists and organizations e. g. Uranium-Network. In 1976, the Selous Game Reserve contained about 109,000 elephants, by 2013, the numbers had dropped to about 13,000 - including a 66% drop from 2009 to 2013. Sources blame corrupt politicians, officials and businessmen who help poachers, peter Matthiessen and Hugo van Lawick, Sand Rivers. Aurum Press, London 1981, ISBN 0-906053-22-6. wildlife-baldus. com/selous_game. html Selous Game Reserve Information in the United Nations Environment Programme
Selous Game Reserve
–
Elephants in the Selous Game Reserve
Selous Game Reserve
–
Aerial photo of the reserve
Selous Game Reserve
–
Giraffes and gnu at Selous
Selous Game Reserve
–
Elephants
10.
Cessna 208
–
The Cessna 208 Caravan is an American single-engined turboprop, fixed-tricycle landing gear, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft that is built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers with a pilot, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver it can seat up to fourteen passengers. The aircraft is used for cargo feederliner operations. The Cessna 208 is a high-wing braced cabin monoplane powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop in tractor configuration and it has a fixed tricycle landing gear but can also be fitted with floats or skis. The cabin has room for nine passengers and two crew when used as an aircraft with four doors, one for each crew member and an airstair door on right-side. The aircraft can be fitted with an underslung cargo pod. The basic 208 airframe can be outfitted with various types of landing gear, some common adaptations include skis, enlarged tires for unprepared runways, and floats on the Caravan Amphibian model. The Caravan interior can be outfitted with seats or as cargo holds, the standard high-density airline configuration has four rows of 1-2 seating behind the two seats in the cockpit. This variant is capable of holding up to thirteen passengers, although it is marketed as being able to make a profit carrying just four. The cabin can be configured in a low density passenger configuration, with 1-1 seating, as a combination of passengers and cargo, many variants include an underbelly cargo pod, which can be used for additional freight capacity, or for passenger baggage. A number of Caravans are operated as skydiving aircraft with the cargo hatch converted to a roll-up door. The prototype first flew in December 1982, the production model was certified by the FAA in October 1984. Since then, the Caravan has undergone a number of design evolutions, working with FedEx, Cessna produced first the Cargomaster and followed that with the stretched and upgraded Super Cargomaster. The passenger model, the Grand Caravan, was derived from the Super Cargomaster, in January 2013 a higher-powered version, the Grand Caravan EX, received FAA certification. This higher-powered version will be produced by a Cessna-AVIC joint venture in China, on April 28,2008, Cessna announced that the Garmin G1000 glass cockpit will be standard equipment on all new Caravans. In May 2012 Cessna announced that a line for the 208 would be established in China. The government-owned China Aviation Industry General Aircraft will conduct final assembly of Caravans at its plant in Shijiazhuang for the Chinese market, the move was made to make room for the Citation Longitude and Cessna Denali in Wichita. 208 Caravan I First production variant with a PT6A-114 turboprop engine, official named Caravan it is sometimes known as Caravan I to distinguish it from later variants
Cessna 208
–
Cessna 208 Caravan
Cessna 208
–
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan factory demonstrator, with underbelly baggage locker, bearing the Cessna Caravan motto "Sure Thing"
Cessna 208
–
An
RCMP 208 Caravan on amphibious floats
Cessna 208
–
An
Iraqi Air Force Cessna 208B Grand Caravan flies over
Iraq on a training sortie.
11.
Cessna 206
–
The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210 and is produced by Cessna. The lines combination of an engine, rugged construction and a large cabin has made these aircraft popular bush planes. Cessna describes the 206 as the sport-utility vehicle of the air and these airplanes are also used for aerial photography, skydiving and other utility purposes. They can also be equipped with floats, amphibious floats and skis, alternatively, they can be fitted with luxury appointments for use as a personal air transport. From 1962 to 2006 Cessna produced 8,509 aircraft in the 205,206 and 207 variants, the Cessna 205 was introduced late in 1962 as a 1963 model year. The six-seat aircraft was essentially a Cessna 210 with fixed landing gear and with changes to the crew and passenger door arrangement, the 205 retained the early 210’s engine cowling bulge, originally where the 210 stowed its nosewheel on retraction. This distinctive cowling was more streamlined on the later Cessna 206. The 205 is powered by a Continental IO-470-S engine producing 260 hp, the 205 was produced in only two model years -1963 and 1964 before being replaced in production by the Cessna 206. A total of 576 Cessna 205s were produced, the six-seat Model 206 was introduced as a 1964 model and was built until 1986, when Cessna halted production of its single-engined product line. It was then re-introduced in 1998 and remains in production in 2013, there were many sub-variants, including the U206, P206 all certified to CAR3 standards and later 206H certified to FAR Part 23. The total Model 206 production between 1964 and 2004 was 6,581 aircraft, the original 1964 model was the U206, powered by a 285 hp Continental IO-520-A. The “U” designation indicated “utility” and this model was equipped with a side door. There was a TU206 turbocharged version powered by the Continental TSIO-520-C engine producing 285 hp, after 1967 the turbo TU206 was powered by a TSIO-520-F of 300 hp. The extra 15 hp was obtained by turning the engine at a higher rpm, due to the large propeller diameter, the additional engine speed meant that the propeller tips were pushed to transonic speeds, which required much more power. From 1964 to 1969 the U206 was known as the “Super Skywagon”, from 1970 it was named the “Stationair”, a contraction of “Station Wagon of the Air”, which is a good description of the aircrafts intended role. Sub-variants were designated U206 to U206G, in 1977 the U206 had its engine upgraded to a Continental IO-520-F of 300 hp and the TU206 powerplant was changed to the TSIO-520-M producing 310 hp. Production of all versions of the U206 was halted in 1986 when Cessna stopped manufacturing all piston-engined aircraft, a total of 5,208 U206s had been produced. The P206 was added to the line in 1965, in this case the “P” stood for “people”, as the P206 had passenger doors similar to the Cessna 210 from which it was derived, on both sides
Cessna 206
–
Cessna 205, 206 & 207
Cessna 206
–
A Cessna 205, showing its distinctive cowling
Cessna 206
–
Cessna 205A
Cessna 206
–
Civil Air Patrol Cessna 206
12.
Cessna 172
–
The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is a four-seat, single-engine, high wing, fixed-wing aircraft made by the Cessna Aircraft Company. First flown in 1955, more 172s have been built any other aircraft. Measured by its longevity and popularity, the Cessna 172 is the most successful aircraft in history, Cessna delivered the first production model in 1956 and as of 2015, the company and its partners had built more than 43,000. The aircraft remains in production today, the Skyhawks main competitors have been the Beechcraft Musketeer and Grumman AA-5 series, the Piper Cherokee, and, more recently, the Diamond DA40 and Cirrus SR22. The Cessna 172 started life as a landing gear variant of the taildragger Cessna 170. In January 1955, Cessna flew an improved variant of the Cessna 170, a Continental O-300-A-powered Cessna 170C with larger elevators and a more angular tailfin. Although the variant was tested and certified, Cessna decided to modify it with a landing gear. To reduce the time and cost of certification, the type was added to the Cessna 170 type certificate as the Model 172, later, the 172 was given its own type certificate, 3A12. The 172 became a sales success, and over 1,400 were built in 1956. Early 172s were similar in appearance to the 170s, with the same straight aft fuselage and tall landing gear legs, although the 172 had a straight tailfin while the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. In 1960, the 172A incorporated revised landing gear and the swept-back tailfin, the final aesthetic development, found in the 1963 172D and all later 172 models, was a lowered rear deck allowing an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as Omni-Vision, production halted in the mid-1980s, but resumed in 1996 with the 160 hp Cessna 172R Skyhawk. Cessna supplemented this in 1998 with the 180 hp Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP, the Cessna 172 may be modified via a wide array of supplemental type certificates, including increased engine power and higher gross weights. Available STC engine modifications increase power from 180 to 210 hp, add constant-speed propellers, a Cessna 172 was used in 1958 to set the world record for flight endurance, the record still stands. On December 4,1958, Robert Timm and John Cook took off from McCarran Airfield in Las Vegas, Nevada, in a used Cessna 172, registration number N9172B. They landed back at McCarran Airfield on February 4,1959 after 64 days,22 hours,19 minutes and 5 seconds in flight, the flight was part of a fund-raising effort for the Damon Runyon Cancer Fund. Food and water were transferred by matching speeds with a car on a straight stretch of road in the desert. The drivers steered while a second person matched speeds with the aircraft with his foot on the accelerator pedal
Cessna 172
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Cessna 172 Skyhawk
Cessna 172
–
The record-setting 1958-built Cessna 172
Cessna 172
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1956 Cessna 172, Toowoomba, Australia, 2010.
Cessna 172
–
Early Cessna 172s, like this 1957 model, had a "
fastback " rear cabin with no rear window and featured a "square" fin design.
13.
Pilatus PC-12
–
The Pilatus PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. The main market for the aircraft is corporate transport and regional airliner operators, the United States Air Forces designation is the U-28A. The PC-12 holds the distinction of being the best selling pressurized, single-engine, in October 1989, Pilatus announced the development of the PC-12 at the annual convention of the National Business Aviation Association. The two prototypes were completed on 1 May 1991, with the first flight taking place on 31 May 1991, Swiss certification of the type had been originally planned for mid-1991, however, a redesign of the wings delayed progress. On 30 March 1994, the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation issued the certificate for the PC-12. Other aviation firms, such as Finoff Aviation Products, have produced their own independent products. Pilatus announced the PC-12NG at the 2006 NBAA meeting in Orlando, the NG features a more powerful Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67P engine with better climb performance and an increase in maximum cruise speed to 280 knots TAS. The NG also features a Honeywell Primus Apex glass cockpit, prior to this, the revised cockpit includes automatic pressurization control as well as cursor controlled inputs to the navigation system. The PC-12 NG winglets have also modified from the original version. Within two years of launch, over 200 orders reportedly had been placed for the PC-12 NG, in May 2008, the first PC-12 NG was delivered. The PC-12M is based on the PC-12 NG, but equipped with a powerful electrical generation system that enables addition of additional power-consuming equipment. This enable the PC-12M to perform such as flight inspection, air ambulance, aerial photography. An optional utility door accommodates parachute drops of people and cargo and this version is marketed in the United States as the PC-12 Spectre paramilitary special missions platform. The PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop-powered business aircraft, designed for performing in roles and to deliver equal performance. A trailing arm landing gear arrangement is used to enable the PC-12 to access thousands of airfields that most jet aircraft would be incapable of using, an atypically large cargo door is installed to accommodate more bulky items, including palletised cargo. The PC-12 incorporates numerous safety measures, the PT6A-67 engine has a reputation for considerable reliability, a factor that has reportedly been decisive to some prospective operators. To counteract stall and spin conditions, dual angle-of-attack sensors near the wingtips force the stick forwards in advance of a potential stall. For greater redundancy, the PC-12 NG has a complete split-bus dual electrical system as akin to modern jet aircraft, Aviation Week describe the PC-12 as possessing. comparatively slow take-off and landing speeds, excellent short-field performance, and easy handling characteristics
Pilatus PC-12
–
PC-12
Pilatus PC-12
–
Pilatus PC-12
Pilatus PC-12
–
Pilatus PC-12 in landing configuration
Pilatus PC-12
–
2007 Pilatus PC-12 at
Mariposa Yosemite Airport
14.
Arusha
–
Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region, with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District. Located below Mount Meru on the edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley. Arusha is an international diplomatic hub. The city hosts the East African Community, from 1994 to 2015, the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but that entity has ceased operations. Religions of the Arushan population are Christian, Muslim, and Hindu, the current site of Arusha was first settled in the 1830s by the agro-pastoral Arusha Maasai from the Arusha Chini community, south of Mount Kilimanjaro. They traded grains, honey, beer, and tobacco with the pastoral Kisongo Maasai in exchange for livestock, milk, meat, and skins. Demand for Arushas foodstuffs increased substantially during the 1860s when the Pangani Valley trade route was extended through Old Moshi, Arusha, although it was not yet a town, it was a regional centre and had a number of urban features. Arusha was conquered by the Germans in 1896 after the murder of the first two missionaries who attempted to settle on nearby Mount Meru, the Germans established a permanent presence in 1900 when a military fort was built and soldiers were garrisoned there. The boma was a statement, meant to impress German moral and political order on the surrounding countryside. Set on a rise overlooking the plains, the building dominated the surrounding landscape complete with a machine gun. Many Africans were forcibly displaced from their lands by the Germans. The British took Arusha from the Germans in 1916 during World War I, German officials left the area, the British deported German missionaries and settlers, and only a skeletal military administration of the town remained. The extension of the railroad from Moshi to Arusha in 1928-29 greatly increased commerce, the Great Depression soon thereafter, however, squelched commerce, and Arusha in 1940 had less than 2,000 residents. Growth resumed during World War II and by 1948, the population had increased to more than 5,000, in the 1960s parts of the movie Hatari. with John Wayne were filmed at Momella. Arusha has been a city in the history of modern Tanzania. Official documents ceding independence to Tanganyika were signed by the United Kingdom at Arusha in 1961, also, the Arusha Declaration was signed in 1967 in Arusha. The Arusha Accords were signed at the city of Arusha on August 4,1993 and it provided that all SPLM members who were dismissed be reinstated to their previous positions and a secret ballot system be adopted. In 1994 the UN Security Council decided by its Resolution 955 of 8 November 1994 that Arusha should host the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the establishment of the tribunal with its foreign employees has influenced the local economy of the city increasing the cost of living for residents
Arusha
–
Mt.Meru in the background of the City of Arusha
Arusha
–
Arusha clock tower area, 1953.
Arusha
–
East African Legislative Assembly
Arusha
–
Arusha Declaration Monument in Arusha
15.
Mount Kilimanjaro
–
Mount Kilimanjaro, with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, is a dormant volcano in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa, and rises approximately 4,900 m from its base to 5,895 metres above sea level, the first recorded ascent to the summit of the mountain was by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889. The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies because of its shrinking glaciers. Kilimanjaro rises approximately 4,900 m from its base in the plains near the municipality of Moshi to its summit height of 5,895 metres. Kilimanjaro is the highest volcano outside South America, Kilimanjaro is a large stratovolcano and is composed of three distinct volcanic cones, Kibo, the highest, Mawenzi at 5,149 metres, and Shira, the shortest at 4,005 metres. Mawenzi and Shira are extinct, while Kibo is dormant and could erupt again, Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibos crater rim. The Tanzania National Parks Authority, a Tanzanian governmental agency, and that height is based on a British Ordnance Survey in 1952. Since then, the height has been measured as 5,892 metres in 1999,5,891 metres in 2008, the interior of the volcanic edifice is poorly known, given the lack of large scale erosion that could have exposed the interiors of the volcano. Shira is topped by a plateau at 3,800 metres. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion, before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 m and 5,200 m high. It is mostly composed of lavas with some pyroclastics. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from ring fractures, two cones formed subsequently, the phonolitic one at the northwest end of the ridge and the doleritic Platzkegel in the caldera centre. Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago and they are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 metres elevation. The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old, Mawenzi forms a horseshoe shaped ridge with pinnacles and ridges opening to the northeast which has a tower like shape resulting from deep erosion and a mafic dyke swarm. Several large cirques cut into the ring, the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge, also notable are the Ost and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a peak named Neumann Tower. Kibo is the largest cone and is more than 15 miles wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude, the last activity here has been dated to between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and created the current Kibo summit crater
Mount Kilimanjaro
–
Kibo summit of Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro
–
Aerial view of Mount Kilimanjaro in December 2009
Mount Kilimanjaro
–
Historical map with " Kilima-Ndscharo " in
German East Africa, 1888
16.
Serengeti
–
The Serengeti ecosystem is a geographical region in Africa. It is located mainly in northern Tanzania and extends into south-western Kenya between 1 and 3 degrees south and between 34 and 36 degrees east, the Kenyan part of the Serengeti is known as Maasai Mara. The Serengeti hosts the largest terrestrial mammal migration in the world, the Serengeti is also renowned for its large lion population and is one of the best places to observe prides in their natural environment. The region contains the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and several game reserves, approximately 70 large mammal and 500 bird species are found there. This high diversity is a function of diverse habitats, including forests, swamps, kopjes, grasslands. Blue wildebeests, gazelles, zebras, and buffalos are some of the commonly found large mammals in the region, there has been controversy about a proposed road to be built through the Serengeti. Serengeti is derived from the Maasai language, Maa, specifically, much of the Serengeti was known to outsiders as Maasailand. The Maasai are known as warriors and live alongside most wild animals with an aversion to eating game and birds. Historically, their strength and reputation kept the newly arrived Europeans from exploiting the animals, a rinderpest epidemic and drought during the 1890s greatly reduced the numbers of both Maasai and animal populations. The Tanzanian government later in the 20th century re-settled the Maasai around the Ngorongoro Crater, poaching and the absence of fires, which had been the result of human activity, set the stage for the development of dense woodlands and thickets over the next 30–50 years. Tsetse fly populations now prevented any significant human settlement in the area, by the mid-1970s, wildebeest and the Cape buffalo populations had recovered and were increasingly cropping the grass, reducing the amount of fuel available for fires. The reduced intensity of fires has allowed acacia to once again become established and this migration is a natural phenomenon determined by the availability of grazing. Few calves are born ahead of time and of these, hardly any survive, the main reason is that very young calves are more noticeable to predators when mixed with older calves from the previous year. As the rains end in May, the start moving northwest into the areas around the Grumeti River. The crossings of the Grumeti and Mara rivers beginning in July are a popular attraction because crocodiles are lying in wait. The herds arrive in Kenya in late July / August, where they stay for the remainder of the dry season, except that the Thomsons and Grants gazelles move only east/west. About 250,000 wildebeest die during the journey from Tanzania to the Maasai Mara National Reserve in southwestern Kenya, death is usually from thirst, hunger, exhaustion, or predation. The Serengeti has some of East Africas finest game areas, besides being known for the great migration, the Serengeti is also famous for its abundant large predators
Serengeti
–
Migrating wildebeests
Serengeti
–
Map of Tanzania showing national parks—and regions of the Serengeti at northern Tanzania and south-western Kenya
Serengeti
–
Wildebeests crossing the river during the Serengeti migration
Serengeti
–
Lioness on a kopje, or rock outcropping
17.
Zanzibar
–
Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres off the coast of the mainland, the capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site, the name Zanzibar is apparently derived from the Persian zang-bâr signifying black coast. Zanzibars main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism, in particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the islands, together with Tanzanias Mafia Island, are called the Spice Islands. Zanzibar is the home of the endemic Zanzibar red colobus monkey, the Zanzibar servaline genet, the word Zanzibar came from Arabic Zanjibār, which is in turn from Persian Zang-bār, a compound of Zang + bār. The presence of microlithic tools suggest that it has been home to humans for at least 20,000 years, a Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias, which is probably Unguja. Little is known about the history of Zanzibar between the time of the Periplus and the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, from that point forward, wars in Asia and increasing trade motivated Persians, Arabs, and Indians to visit or migrate to Zanzibar. Persian traders used Zanzibar as a base for voyages between the Middle East, India, and Africa and they established garrisons on the islands and built the first Zoroastrian fire temples and mosques in the Southern Hemisphere. The impact of these traders and immigrants on the Swahili culture is uncertain, during the Middle Ages, Zanzibar and other settlements on the Swahili Coast were advanced. The littoral contained a number of autonomous trade cities and these towns grew in wealth as the Bantu Swahili people served as intermediaries and facilitators to local, Arab, Persian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Indian, and Chinese merchants. This interaction contributed in part to the evolution of the Swahili culture, although a Bantu language, Swahili as a consequence today includes some elements that were borrowed from other civilizations, particularly Arabic loanwords. With the wealth that they had acquired through trade, some of the Arab traders also became rulers of the coastal cities, vasco da Gamas visit in 1498 marked the beginning of European influence. In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace, Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general, around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar, the first English ship to visit Unguja, the Edward Bonaventure in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local king and this hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on Pemba around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasas slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier
Zanzibar
–
The old castle in Zanzibar
Zanzibar
Zanzibar
–
The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p.234), London Missionary Society
Zanzibar
–
A
Zanj slave gang in Zanzibar (1889)
18.
Kigali
–
Kigali, with a population of more than 1 million, is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is situated near the centre of the nation. The city has been the economic, cultural, and transport hub of Rwanda since it became capital at independence in 1962, the main residence and offices of the President of Rwanda are located in the city, as are the government ministries. The city is coterminous with the province of Kigali City, which was enlarged in January 2006, kigalis city limits covers the whole province, it is consolidated. The citys urban area covers about 70% of the municipal boundaries, Kigali was founded in 1907 by Dr. Richard Kandt under German colonial rule, but did not become the capital until Rwandan independence in 1962. The traditional capital was the seat of the mwami in Nyanza, while the seat of power was in Butare. Butare was initially the leading contender to be the capital of the new independent nation, since then the city has grown very quickly and is now the major political, economic and cultural centre of Rwanda. Beginning on April 6,1994, Kigali was the scene of the Rwandan Genocide – the slaughter of one million Tutsi by Hutu militias. There was fierce fighting between the army and Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front, although damaged, the citys structure has recovered. The city is built in country, sprawling across about four ridges. The city centre is located on one of these ridges, with the government area on another. The tops of the ridges have an elevation of 1,600 metres or 5,250 feet. The bigger houses and office buildings tend to be on the tops of the ridges, the city is ringed most of the way round by higher hills, with some suburban sprawl rising up these. The highest of these is Mt. Kigali, with an elevation of 1,850 metres or 6,070 feet above sea level, Kigali possesses a tropical savanna climate with a pronounced dry season, the Köppen Climate Classification subtype being Aw. Kigali houses several memorials, museums, and centers dedicated to the Rwandan Genocide, other museums include the Kandt House Museum of Natural History. Urugwiro is the residence of the President of Rwanda. It constitutes a village within the Kacyiru district of Kigali. The city has international class hotels, some played a role in history and this hotel became a refugee centre during the genocide, as famously depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda
Kigali
–
Kigali, Rwanda
Kigali
–
The
Hôtel des Mille Collines
Kigali
–
Kigali International Airport
Kigali
–
A row of minibus share taxis waiting to depart in Kigali, Rwanda
19.
Rwanda
–
Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is elevated, its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two seasons and two dry seasons each year. The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa, Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda, although within this group there are three subgroups, the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people descended from Rwandas earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, the language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans, with English. Rwanda has a system of government. The president is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, who took office in 2000, Rwanda today has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, although human rights organisations report suppression of opposition groups, intimidation and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by an administrative hierarchy since pre-colonial times. Rwanda is one of two countries with a female majority in the national parliament. Hunter gatherers settled the territory in the stone and iron ages, the population coalesced first into clans and then into kingdoms. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the century, with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power. Germany colonised Rwanda in 1884 as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, both European nations ruled through the kings and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population revolted in 1959 and they massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated state in 1962. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a war in 1990. Social tensions erupted in the 1994 genocide, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 1.3 million Tutsi, the RPF ended the genocide with a military victory. Rwandas economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, but has since strengthened, the economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture
Rwanda
–
A reconstruction of the
King of Rwanda 's palace at
Nyanza
Rwanda
–
Flag
Rwanda
–
Juvénal Habyarimana, president from 1973 to 1994
Rwanda
–
Human skulls at the
Nyamata Genocide Memorial
20.
Nairobi
–
Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero, the name Nairobi comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to cool water. The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, however, it is popularly known as the Green City in the Sun, and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the authorities in British East Africa. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907, after independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenyas colonial period, the city became a centre for the coffee, tea. The city lies on the River Athi in the part of the country. With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the area of Nairobi,3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs, the Nairobi Securities Exchange is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africas fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day, Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, which generates about 60% of the entire nations wealth. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi and it was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water, however, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, as the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters, Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the citys suburbs
Nairobi
–
Clockwise from top: Central business district,
Nairobi National Park,
Parliament of Kenya, Nairobi City Hall and the
Kenyatta International Conference Centre.
Nairobi
Nairobi
–
Nairobi in 1973
Nairobi
–
Nairobi showing Fedha Towers, ICEA Building, the Nairobi Safari Club and Anniversary Towers
21.
Kenya
–
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
Kenya
–
A giraffe at
Nairobi National Park, with Nairobi's skyline in background
Kenya
–
Flag
Kenya
–
The
Turkana boy, a 1.6-million-year-old
hominid fossil belonging to
Homo erectus.
Kenya
–
A traditional
Swahili carved wooden door in
Lamu.
22.
Air Tanzania
–
Air Tanzania Company Limited is the flag carrier airline of Tanzania based in Dar es Salaam with its hub at Julius Nyerere International Airport. It was established as Air Tanzania Corporation in 1977 after the dissolution of East African Airways and has been a member of the African Airlines Association since its inception, the government therefore reduced its shareholding to 51 percent and entered into a partnership with South African Airways. The partnership lasted for four years and had accumulated losses of more than Tsh 24 billion. The government repurchased the shares in 2006 and it is again a wholly owned government company. Over the years, it has served a variety of domestic, regional, despite being the national airline, its market share has deteriorated over the years from 19.2 percent in 2009 to 0.4 percent in 2011. Air Tanzania Corporation was established on 11 March 1977 after the break-up of East African Airways, the liquidation of EAA followed its accumulation of US$120 million of debt. Prior to its formation, EAA had served the region since 1946 during the British rule of East Africa, after the dissolution of EAA, Kenya and Uganda also formed its own flagcarriers, Kenya Airways and Uganda Airlines respectively. It was wholly owned by the government. According to Sir Andy Chande, the founding Chairman of the board, Tanzania, the airline commenced operations with a Douglas DC-9-32 leased from Kenya Airways and purchased an additional two Boeing 737, financed by a US bank. It also leased an aircraft from Air Madagascar, four Fokker F27s and four DHC-6-300 Twin Otters were added in 1980. Due to less demand, two of the Fokker 27s were disused in 1981 and these aircraft returned to service in 1983 but was once again removed. In May 1991, Air Tanzania began operating a Boeing 767-200ER that it leased from Ethiopian Airlines, the airline reported a profit of US$650,000 in 1994. During the nineties, the airlines acronym ATC was humorously referred to as Any Time Cancellation due to its flight schedule. In 1994, Air Tanzania joined with Uganda Airlines and South African Airways to form Alliance Air, Air Tanzania had a 10 percent stake in the venture. Flights operated from Dar es Salaam to London–Heathrow via Entebbe on a Boeing 747SP initially and this venture ceased operations in October 2000, after accumulating losses of about US$50 million. The losses had been funded by Transnet, the parent company of SAA, when Transnet refused to continue funding the deficit, Air Tanzania accused SAA of using Alliance Air as a Trojan Horse to take over national airlines in the region. In February 2002, the government began the process of privatising ATC through the Presidential Parastatal Sector Reform Commission, advertisements were placed in the local, regional, and international media inviting potential bidders. The International Finance Corporation advised the government in this transaction, a second new company Air Tanzania Holding Company would be created to take over the non-operating assets and all other liabilities of ATC. By 19 September 2002, the bid deadline date, only SAA had submitted a bid, Kenya Airways and Nationwide Airlines had informed the government that they did not intend to submit bids
Air Tanzania
–
An ATCL B737 at
OR Tambo International Airport in July 2006
Air Tanzania
–
An ATC
Fokker F27 at
Moi Airport in April 1986
Air Tanzania
–
The leased Airbus A320.
Air Tanzania
–
The leased B737-500
23.
Fastjet Tanzania
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Fastjet Airlines Limited, also known as Fastjet Tanzania, is a low-cost airline that operates flights under the fastjet brand in Tanzania. The airline was founded in 2011 as Fly540 Tanzania, but through the acquisition of Fly540 in 2012 and it is based in Dar es Salaam. The airline carried more than 350,000 passengers in the first year of operations, Fastjet Tanzania was founded in 2011 as Fly540 Tanzania, a subsidiary of Kenya-based Fly540. Using a Bombardier CRJ100 and a Dash 8-100, it flew to eight destinations in Tanzania, in June 2012, Fly540 was acquired by Rubicon Diversified Investments, which intended to merge all of Fly540s operations into its new venture Fastjet. Fly540 Tanzania suspended operations on 13 October 2012 before being rebranded as Fastjet Tanzania, Fastjet Tanzania started operations as Fastjets first operating base in Africa, with flights from Julius Nyerere International Airport commencing on 29 November 2012. Initial flights operated successfully between Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro, and between Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, further routes were to be added quickly, both domestically and to other East African destinations. Fastjet Tanzania is 49% owned by Fastjet Plc, on 14 November 2014 it was announced that Fastjet Plc had entered into an agreement to sell an interest in fastjet Tanzania to Tanzanian investors. The issue of the shares brings the total Tanzanian legal and beneficial ownership of fastjet Tanzania to 51%, Fastjet Tanzania began trading on 29 November 2012, and financial results have been incorporated in the Fastjet Plc group accounts. Some information has made available for the Tanzanian operation, Fastjet Tanzania maintains a head office in Samora Avenue, Dar es Salaam
Fastjet Tanzania
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Fastjet Tanzania Airbus A319 at Dar es Salaam
Fastjet Tanzania
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Fastjet Tanzania
24.
Precision Air
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Precision Air Services Plc is a Tanzanian airline based at Julius Nyerere International Airport in Dar es Salaam, with a minihub at Mwanza Airport. In 2013, it had the largest market share of all traffic in Tanzania. The airline operates scheduled services to Nairobi and airports in Tanzania. Precision Air was incorporated in Tanzania in January 1991 as a private airline, at first, it operated as a private charter air transport company but in November 1993 changed to offering scheduled services to serve the growing tourist market. In 2006, Precision Air became the first Tanzanian airline to pass the IATA Operational Safety Audit and its registration will expire 22 September 2016. In April 2011, the became a public company. The remaining 51 percent was retained by Michael Shirima, the founder of the airline.86 percent, as of March 2013, the major shareholders were, The trends for the Precision Air group over recent years are shown below. Because it was a company until 2011, published figures were not generally available before the initial public offering prospectus of 12 September 2011. The increase was caused primarily by the high cost of maintaining its Boeing 737 fleet and those flights ended in September 2012. The Citizen, a Tanzanian newspaper, reported in August 2013 that the airline desperately needed a US $32 million bailout package from the Tanzanian government or other non-shareholder sources. The airlines problems increased in 2011 when it received only US $7.4 million of the US $17.5 million in cash that the airline hoped to receive when first listed on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. Increasing fuel prices, taxes, and levies plus currency fluctuations,26 July 1999, A Let L-410UVP-E9, tail number 5H-PAB, made a belly landing at Arusha Airport on a training flight while doing touch and go. The two crew and three passengers were not injured,16 November 2004, A Let L-410UVP-E20, tail number 5H-PAC, crash landed while on a training flight at Kilimanjaro Airport. The two pilots, who had not put on their shoulder straps, sustained facial injuries,8 July 2007, An ATR 72-212, tail number 5H-PAR, had a runway excursion on landing at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport runway 06. It veered off to the right, went over a ditch, the four crew and 62 passengers were not injured. The probable cause of accident was power asymmetry during application of reverse thrust on landing. The control levers were jammed in one position,10 July 2014, An ATR 72-500, tail number 5H-PWA, was halfway en route to Dar es Salaam from Mwanza during normal cruise when the number 2 engine seized. This necessitated a diversion to Kilimanjaro International Airport, on 13 December 2013, an ATR 42-600 made a safe landing at Arusha Airport after its four tires deflated upon landing
Precision Air
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A Precision Air
Boeing 737-300 at
Mwanza Airport in 2010
Precision Air
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A Precision Air
ATR 72-212A at
Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, in 2012
Precision Air
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A Precision Air
ATR 42-300 at
Kilimanjaro International Airport in 2006
Precision Air
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ATR-42-600
25.
Regional Air
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Regional Air Services is an airline based in Arusha, Tanzania. It is the Tanzanian division of Airkenya and operates domestic services and charter flights in East, the airline was established in 1997 and started operations in July 1997. It is wholly owned by Airkenya Aviation, scheduled services are operated to Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Zanzibar, Manyara, Seronera, Grumeti, Fort Ikoma and Tarime. Charter fights are also operated throughout the country, the Regional Air Services fleet comprises the following aircraft, Official Website
Regional Air
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Regional Air DHC-7 at Arusha Airport
