Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

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Coastal Forces
Active1914-1918, 1939-1968
Country United Kingdom
BranchNaval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Navy
TypeNaval force
Commanders
Ceremonial chiefRear Admiral Coastal Forces
Motor Torpedo Boats in the Mediterranean, February 1945

Coastal Forces was a division of the Royal Navy initially established during World War I, and then again in World War II under the command of Rear-Admiral, Coastal Forces[1]. It remained active until the last minesweepers to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were taken out of reserve in 1968.

History[edit]

The Steam Gun Boat Grey Goose
Motor Torpedo Boat MTB 5
Crewmen with a Molins Molins autoloading 57-mm gun on a Fairmile D motor torpedo boat during World War II
The Royal Navy Captain-class frigate HMS Rutherford (K558) underway during World War II. She served as a Coastal Forces Control Frigate (CFCF) in 1944 and 1945.

Predecessor[edit]

The Royal Navy had previously operated flotillas of small torpedo- and depth-charge-armed craft (Coastal Motor Boats) during World War I (1914-1918). They operated as often in action against the enemy coast as in defence of British coastal areas.

Establishment[edit]

During World War II (1939-1945), the first Coastal Forces headquarters was set up at HMS Vernon in 1940 under Rear Admiral Piers Kekewich, Flag Officer Coastal Forces. The Chief Staff Officer to the Rear Admiral was Augustus Agar, VC, who had commanded coastal motor boats during World War I and in British operations in the Baltic Sea in 1918 and 1919 in support of White Russian forces during the Russian Civil War.

World War II operations[edit]

Royal Navy Coastal Forces craft operated mainly in the English Channel and North Sea waters, especially in the build up to the Normandy invasion of 1944. They were also used in the Mediterranean[2] and off Norwegian coastline.[3]" They raided St. Nazaire and Dieppe. They were used to attack German convoys and their S-boat (known to the Allies as "E-Boat") escorts, carry out clandestine raids and landings, and pick up secret agents in Norway and Brittany. The coastal craft were manned by various Allied nationalities including Dutch, Norwegian, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealanders."[4]

A number of Captain-class frigates were configured to operate as "Coastal Forces Control Frigates" (CFCF).[5] Operating with Coastal Forces officers embarked and responsible for controlling and providing radar support to groups of Coastal Forces motor torpedo boats intercepting German motor torpedo boats in the North Sea,[6] these frigates were involved in the destruction of at least 26 E-Boats.[7]

By 1944 Coastal Forces numbered 3,000 officers and 22,000 ratings. Altogether there were 2,000 British Coastal Forces craft. Affectionately known as the Royal Navy's "Little Ships", they fought over 900 actions and sank around 400 enemy vessels, including 48 E-boats and 32 midget submarines. They fired 1,169 torpedoes, shot down 32 enemy aircraft and carried out many mine laying operations. 170 of the "Little Ships" were sunk or otherwise destroyed.[8]

Post-World War II[edit]

After World War II, the Royal Navy redesignated all its motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and motor gun boats (MGBs) as "fast patrol boats." The Brave-class fast patrol boats were the last craft to be built for the Coastal Forces, and the Coastal Forces were disbanded as a separate unit and their last base, (HMS Hornet), decommissioned in 1956.

The last sailors to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were the ship's companies of the inshore minesweepers HMS Dittisham (M2621) and HMS Flintham (M2628) on being taken out of reserve in 1968, before individual cap tallies for the minesweepers had been manufactured and issued.

Craft types used[edit]

Coastal Forces included the following types of coastal defence craft:[9]

Type[10] Designation Built Lost Designed purpose
Motor Launches ML, HDML, RML Harbour defence and submarine chasing or rescue motor launches.
Motor Gun Boats MGB
Steam Gun Boats SGB 7 1 Hunting down German E-boats
Motor Torpedo Boats MTB

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 there were three flotillas of Motor Torpedo "short boats" between 60 ft (18 m) and 72 feet (22 m) long. These could typically maintain 40 knots and were armed with two torpedo tubes. They were built mainly by the British Power Boat Company, Vospers, and Thornycroft.

In 1940 a modified craft, the Motor Gun Boat, was introduced. These were armed with weapons such as the 0.5 in Vickers machine gun, 2 pounder "pom pom", a single or twin 20 mm Oerlikon and ultimately the autoloader fitted 6-pounder gun.[11]

It was also apparent that larger craft were needed as the operational capability of the short boats was too restricted by sea conditions. Fairmile designed a series of larger coastal craft, up to 120 feet (37 m) long. The Fairmile A Type and B Type were motor launches and the C Type was a motor gun boat.[12]

In 1943 the Fairmile D Type appeared. It was a motor torpedo boat – nicknamed the "Dog Boat" – and was designed as a counter to the German S-boat (known to the Allies as the "E-boat"). It could be fitted as either a gun or a torpedo boat, so the designation "MGB" disappeared and all the craft were labelled MTBs. It was a good sea boat and could maintain 30 knots (56 km/h) at full load. The later D types carried four 18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes.[13]

The Vosper Type I MTB appeared in 1943. This was a 73-foot (22 m) craft with four 18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes and was capable of a maximum speed of 40 knots (74 km/h).

Bases[edit]

Coastal Forces bases were located around the British coast and at major locations overseas.[14][15][16][17]

Commonwealth coastal forces[edit]

Although British Commonwealth coastal forces operated independently from British ones, they used similar vessels:

Coastal forces of Type Built Lost Notes
Canada Fairmile B motor launch
Fairmile D motor torpedo boat
BPB Motor Torpedo Boat 		80[20]
10[21]
11[22]
Australia Harbour Defence Motor Launch
Fairmile B motor launch 		31[23]
35[24]
New Zealand Harbour Defence Motor Launch
Fairmile B motor launch 		16[25]
12[26]

Surviving craft[edit]

Vessel Description Built Builder In the care of Condition
HDML 1387 Medusa Harbour defence launch which took part in the Normandy landings.[27] 1943 R.A.Newman & sons Medusa Trust[28] restored to original condition
MTB102 Prototype for World War II MTBs[29] 1937 Vosper MTB102 Trust[30] still seaworthy
MTB 331 55 ft (17 m) Stepped-hull motor torpedo boat - sole survivor[31] 1941 Thornycroft British Military Powerboat Trust[32] Intention to get her seaworthy
MGB 81 71.5 ft (21.8 m) Motor gun boat 1942 British Power Boat Company British Military Powerboat Trust[33] Fully operational
MTB 71 60 ft (18 m) Motor torpedo boat 1940 Vosper Static exhibit

Some surviving motor launches in British waters were taken on as pleasure boats and a number of them are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

See also[edit]

Coastal Forces memorial at the former HMS Hornet, Gosport

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Royal Navy Coastal Forces
  2. ^ Reynolds, L.C. and Cooper, H.F. (1999) Mediterranean MTBs at War: Short MTB Flotilla Operations, 1939-45
  3. ^ for example Operation Brandy or MTB 345
  4. ^ Coastal Forces of World War Two (Royal Naval Museum)
  5. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 31.
  6. ^ Naval History: HMS Rutherford (K 558)
  7. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. pp. 124, 139.
  8. ^ The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust: Coastal Forces Achievements
  9. ^ The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust: Our Objectives
  10. ^ Note that minesweepers, trawlers and landing craft are not included.
  11. ^ Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume II: Vosper designs and US Elcos - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1993 ISBN 0-85177-602-7
  12. ^ Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume I: Fairmile designs and US Submarine Chasers - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1990 ISBN 978-0-85177-519-7
  13. ^ The Fairmile D Motor Torpedo Boat (Anatomy of the Ship's series) by John Lambert, 1985 ISBN 0-85177-321-4
  14. ^ Coastal Forces Shore establishments
  15. ^ Combined Operations Training Establishments
  16. ^ List of Royal Navy shore establishments
  17. ^ Western Approaches Command Bases
  18. ^ [1]
  19. ^ "Things to Do – Dartmouth Museum". Dartmouth Museum. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. The Royal Dart Hotel between the ferries played a vital role in the Second World War. It was called HMS Cicala then.
  20. ^ Canadian Fairmile Bs Archived 2007-09-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ Canadian Fairmile Ds Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ BPB Motor Torpedo Boat Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ Australian HDMLs Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ Australian Fairmile Bs Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ^ New Zealand HDMLs Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ^ New ZealandFairmile Bs Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ^ HDML 1387 Medusa Archived 2007-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ Medusa Medusa Trust
  29. ^ MTB102 Archived 2007-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ^ MTB102 Trust
  31. ^ MTB-331 - 55 ft (17 m) coastal motor torpedo boat Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ British Military Powerboat Trust MTB 331
  33. ^ British Military Powerboat Trust MGB 81

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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