1.
Strategy game
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A strategy game or strategic game is a game in which the players uncoerced, and often autonomous decision-making skills have a high significance in determining the outcome. Almost all strategy games require internal decision tree style thinking, the term strategy comes ultimately from Greek, meaning generalship. It differs from tactics in that it refers to the scheme of things. In abstract strategy games, the game is loosely tied to a thematic concept. The rules do not attempt to simulate reality, but rather serve the internal logic of the game, a purists definition of an abstract strategy game requires that it cannot have random elements or hidden information. This definition includes such games as chess, Go and Arimaa, a smaller category of non-perfect abstract strategy games incorporate hidden information without using any random elements, for example, Stratego. One of the most focused team strategy games is contract bridge and this card game consists of two teams of two players, whose offensive and defensive skills are continually in flux as the games dynamic progresses. Some argue that the benefits of playing this team strategy card game extend to those skills and strategies used in business, eurogames, or German-style boardgames, are a relatively new genre that sit between abstract strategy games and simulation games. They generally have simple rules, short to medium playing times, indirect player interaction, the games emphasize strategy, play down chance and conflict, lean towards economic rather than military themes, and usually keep all the players in the game until it ends. This type of game is an attempt to simulate the decisions, most of the rules are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction to almost pure simulation. Wargames are simulations of military battles, campaigns or entire wars, players will have to consider situations that are analogous to the situations faced by leaders of historical battles. As such, war games are usually heavy on simulation elements, popular miniature wargames include Warhammer 40,000 or its fantasy counterpart Warhammer Fantasy. Popular strategic board wargames include Risk, Axis and Allies, Diplomacy, advanced Squad Leader is a successful tactical scale wargame. Strategy video games are categorized based on whether they offer the continuous gameplay of real-time strategy, Game of chance Game of skill Mind sport
2.
Card game
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A card game is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Countless card games exist, including families of related games, a small number of card games played with traditional decks have formally standardized rules, but most are folk games whose rules vary by region, culture, and person. Many games that are not generally placed in the family of games do in fact use cards for some aspect of their gameplay. Similarly, some games that are placed in the game genre involve a board. Given the association of card games and gambling, the pope, Benedict XIV, a card game is played with a deck or pack of playing cards which are identical in size and shape. Each card has two sides, the face and the back, normally the backs of the cards are indistinguishable. The faces of the cards may all be unique, or there can be duplicates, the composition of a deck is known to each player. In some cases several decks are shuffled together to form a pack or shoe. The first playing cards appeared in the century during Tang dynasty China. The Song dynasty statesman and historian Ouyang Xiu has noted that playing cards arose in connection to an earlier development in the book format from scrolls to pages. During the Ming dynasty, characters from novels such as the Water Margin were widely featured on the faces of playing cards. A precise description of Chinese money playing cards survived from the 15th century, mahjong tiles are a 19th-century invention based on three-suited money playing card decks, similar to the way in which Rummikub tiles were derived recently from modern Western playing cards. The same kind of games can also be played with tiles made of wood, plastic, bone, the most notable examples of such tile sets are dominoes, mahjong tiles and Rummikub tiles. Chinese dominoes are also available as playing cards and it is not clear whether Emperor Muzong of Liao really played with domino cards as early as 969, though. Legend dates the invention of dominoes in the year 1112,500 years later domino cards were reported as a new invention. Playing cards first appeared in Europe in the last quarter of the 14th century, the 1430s in Italy saw the invention of the tarot deck, a full Latin-suited deck augmented by suitless cards with painted motifs that played a special role as trumps. Tarot card games are played with these decks in parts of Central Europe. A full tarot deck contains 14 cards in suit, low cards labeled 1–10, and court cards Valet, Chevalier, Dame, and Roi, plus the Fool or Excuse card
3.
Playing card
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Playing cards are typically palm-sized for convenient handling. A complete set of cards is called a pack, deck, or set, a pack of cards may be used for playing a variety of card games, with varying elements of skill and chance, some of which are played for money. Playing cards are used for illusions, cardistry, building card structures, cartomancy. The front of each card carries markings that distinguish it from the cards in the pack. The back of each card is identical for all cards in any particular pack to create an imperfect information scenario, usually every card will be smooth, however, some packs have braille to allow blind people to read the card number and suit. Dedicated deck card games have sets that are used only for a specific game, the cards described in this article are used for many games and share a common origin stemming from the standards set in Mamluk Egypt. These sets divide their cards into four suits each consisting of three cards and numbered or pip cards. The scholarly consensus is that playing cards were invented in Imperial China and they first appeared as early as 9th century Tang China. The first known book on the game was called the Yezi Gexi and was allegedly written by a Tang woman. However, Ouyang claimed the leaves were pages of a book for a game played with dice. In any case, Ouyang asserted that the rules for the game were lost by 1067 and it may be that the first deck of cards ever printed was a 32-card Chinese domino pack, in whose cards all 21 combinations of a pair of dice are depicted. According to the Gui Tian Lu, an 11th-century Chinese text redacted, domino cards were printed during the Tang dynasty, there is difficulty distinguishing paper cards and gaming tiles in many early sources as the Chinese word pái is used to describe both. Playing cards are paper pái while tiles are called bone pái, paper playing cards and the woodblocks to print them are unambiguously attested in 1294. William Henry Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for, as in trading card games. As using paper money was inconvenient and risky, they were substituted by play money known as money-suited cards, one of the earliest games of which we know the rules is Madiao, a trick-taking game, which dates to the Ming Dynasty. 15th century scholar Lu Rong described it is as being played with 38 money-suited cards divided into four suits,9 in coins,9 in strings of coins,9 in myriads, and 11 in tens of myriads. The two latter suits had Water Margin characters instead of pips on them with Chinese ideograms to mark their rank, the pips were copied directly from Chinese banknotes such as the Songs Jiaozi or the Yuans Chao currencies. The suit of coins is in order with 9 of coins being the lowest going up to 1 of coins as the high card
4.
Work of art
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A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation. The term objet dart is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings, prints, drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures, the term oeuvre is used to describe the complete body of work completed by an artist throughout a career. A work of art in the arts is a physical two- or three- dimensional object that is professionally determined or otherwise considered to fulfill a primarily independent aesthetic function. A singular art object is seen in the context of a larger art movement or artistic era, such as. It can also be seen as an item within a body of work or oeuvre. The term is used by, museum and cultural heritage curators, the interested public, the art patron-private art collector community. Physical objects that document immaterial or conceptual art works, but do not conform to artistic conventions can be redefined and reclassified as art objects, some Dada and Neo-Dada conceptual and readymade works have received later inclusion. Also, some architectural renderings and models of projects, such as by Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Frank Lloyd Wright. Legal definitions of work of art are used in copyright law, Marcel Duchamp critiqued the idea that the work of art should be a unique product of an artists labour, representational of their technical skill or artistic caprice. Artist Michael Craig-Martin, creator of An Oak Tree, said of his work - Its not a symbol, I have changed the physical substance of the glass of water into that of an oak tree. The actual oak tree is present, but in the form of a glass of water. Some art theorists and writers have made a distinction between the physical qualities of an art object and its identity-status as an artwork. For example, a painting by Rembrandt has an existence as an oil painting on canvas that is separate from its identity as a masterpiece work of art or the artists magnum opus. Many works of art are initially denied museum quality or artistic merit, works by the Impressionists and non-representational abstract artists are examples. Some, such as the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp including his infamous urinal Fountain, are reproduced as museum quality replicas. Contemporary and archeological indigenous art, industrial design items in limited or mass production, the term has been consistently available for debate, reconsideration, and redefinition. The classic philosophical enquiry into what a work of art is
5.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
6.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
7.
Horror fiction
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Horror is a genre of fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle their readers or viewers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon has defined the horror story as a piece of fiction in prose of variable length, which shocks or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing. It creates an eerie and frightening atmosphere, Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The genre of horror has ancient origins with roots in folklore and religious traditions, focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and these were manifested in stories of beings such as witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. 18th century Gothic horror drew on these sources with the seminal and controversial The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and this marked the first incorporated elements of the supernatural instead of pure realism. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as a medieval romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. Once revealed as contemporary, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste — but it proved to be immediately popular. That first novel of Gothic horror inspired such works as Vathek by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance, The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian by Ann Radcliffe and The Monk by Matthew Lewis. A significant amount of fiction of this era was written by women and marketed at a female audience. The Gothic tradition blossomed into the modern readers call horror literature in the 19th century. Each of these novels and novellas created an icon of horror seen in modern re-imaginings on the stage. The proliferation of periodicals, as early as the turn of the century. One writer who specialized in fiction for mainstream pulps such as All-Story Magazine was Tod Robbins, whose fiction dealt with themes of madness. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, including Weird Tales, influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Early cinema was inspired by aspects of horror literature, and early horror cinema started a strong tradition of horror films. This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence they were frequently censored, many modern novels claim an early description of the living dead in a precursor to the modern zombie tale, including Dennis Wheatleys Strange Conflict, H. P. Lovecraft stories such as Cool Air, In The Vault, richard Mathesons novel I Am Legend would also influence an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematic of the films of George A. Romero
8.
Cartoon
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A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
9.
Sport
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Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game, others provide tie-breaking methods, to one winner. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion, many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against each other, however, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues. Sports betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport, kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013. The worlds most accessible and practised sport is running, while football is the most popular spectator sport. The word Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling, hunting, and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Rogets defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation, the singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, with sports used to describe multiple activities. American English uses sports for both terms, the precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. They also recognise that sport can be physical, primarily mind, predominantly motorised, primarily co-ordination. The inclusion of sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted. Whilst SportAccord recognises a number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2, other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, in competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their result and often divided into groups of comparable performance
10.
Multiplayer game
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A multiplayer game has several players, who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyse formally using game theory as the players may form coalitions, the term game in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment, or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory. John Nash proved that games with several players have a solution provided that coalitions between players are not allowed. He won the Nobel prize for economics for this important result which extended von Neumanns theory of zero-sum games, such a stable strategy is called a Nash equilibrium. If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game is more complex, many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had partial success in the fields of economics, politics and conflict. In quantum game theory, it has found that the introduction of quantum information into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy which is not found in traditional games. The entanglement of playerss choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from betrayal, board games – A played on a game board with set rules
11.
Dice
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Dice are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers. Dice are suitable as gambling devices for games like craps and are used in non-gambling tabletop games. A traditional die is a cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots from 1 to 6. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing on its surface a random integer from one to six. A variety of devices are also described as dice, such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes. They may be used to produce other than one through six. Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement. A dice tray, a used to contain thrown dice, is sometimes used for gambling or board games. Dice have been used since before recorded history, and it is uncertain where they originated, the oldest known dice were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800–2500 BCE. Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin, the Egyptian game of Senet was played with dice. Senet was played before 3000 BC and up to the 2nd century AD and it was likely a racing game, but there is no scholarly consensus on the rules of Senet. Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, there are several biblical references to casting lots, as in Psalm 22, indicating that dicing was commonplace when the psalm was composed. Knucklebones was a game of skill played by women and children, although gambling was illegal, many Romans were passionate gamblers who enjoyed dicing, which was known as aleam ludere. Dicing was even a popular pastime of emperors, letters by Augustus to Tacitus and his daughter recount his hobby of dicing. There were two sizes of Roman dice, tali were large dice inscribed with one, three, four, and six on four sides. Tesserae were smaller dice with sides numbered one to six. Twenty-sided dice date back to the 2nd century AD and from Ptolemaic Egypt as early as the 2nd century BC, dominoes and playing cards originated in China as developments from dice. The transition from dice to playing cards occurred in China around the Tang dynasty, in Japan, dice were used to play a popular game called sugoroku
12.
Counter (collectible card games)
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In physical terms, it is an object that serves said purpose. Effects that involve counters include, In games where creatures are used, counters may be used to represent creatures generated by card effects, time counters may be placed on a card to act as a countdown timer. Such counters are removed at designated intervals, usually once per the players turn. Accumulation counters can build up, usually at a rate of one counter per the players turn. When the effect is triggered, the number of counters is usually removed. Most cards that accumulate counters can continue to do so as long as the card is in play, none of these uses should be confused with effects that negate cards. Customarily, counters used in CCGs are small, easily carried objects, such as coins, tokens, Bingo chips, various game manufacturers sell tokens specifically intended for use in CCGs, from cheaply made cardboard tokens and glass beads to higher quality metallic tokens. In CCGs, a life counter refers to any item or device used to track of the number of life points possessed by each player. Though items as simple as a polyhedral die can serve, devices have made available by game manufacturers for the purpose. Some players even use stacks or piles of game counters to keep track of life points
13.
Card sleeve
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Plastic card sleeves are devices used to protect trading cards from damage, especially collectible card game cards from wear and tear and to store them. The term may refer to 9-pocket pages designed to store trading cards in binders or card albums. Once collectible card games became popular after the advent of Magic, The Gathering, first of all, existing devices were not made with shuffling in mind, rigid top-loaders are effectively impossible to shuffle, and traditional card sleeves break easily during shuffling. Card sleeves also became all the more important because of Magic tournaments, cards that were worn were considered to be marked, furthermore, the card sleeves themselves could become marked through wear. In 1995, the Ultra Pro company released the first card sleeves designed specifically for collectible card games, deck protectors were a tougher and more uniform version of traditional card sleeves, made of polypropylene, and specifically designed to snugly fit traditional cards. Other colors soon followed, and now a variety of deck protectors are available in many colors. These early sleeves would have the quality control problem of all the sleeves in the not being all evenly cut. Despite other companies like KMC and Players Choice bringing this issue under control, today, players can get card sleeves specifically designed for other trading card games like Yu-Gi-Oh. With the popularity of games in other countries, other companies such as Players Choice, Dragon Shield. These card sleeves are now offered in six sizes and two thicknesses for over 500 board games, in 2009 Fantasy Flight Games also entered the board-game card sleeve market with a line of premium thickness sleeves of its own. Modern tournament rules for most trading card games allows the use of card sleeves and this is also mandated to help differentiate whose cards are whose at larger events
14.
Magic: The Gathering
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Magic, The Gathering is a trading card game created by Richard Garfield. First published in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast, Magic was the first trading card game produced and it continues to thrive, with approximately twenty million players as of 2015. Each game represents a battle between wizards known as planeswalkers, who employ spells, artifacts, and creatures depicted on individual Magic cards to defeat their opponents, new cards are released on a regular basis through expansion sets. An organized tournament system played at a level and a worldwide community of professional Magic players has developed. Certain Magic cards can be due to their rarity and utility in game play. Richard Garfield was a candidate at University of Pennsylvania when he first started to design the game. During his free time he worked with local volunteer playtesters to help refine the game and he had been brought on as an adjunct professor at Whitman College in 1991 when Peter Adkison first met with Garfield to discuss Garfields new game RoboRally. Adkison saw the game as very promising, but decided that Wizards of the Coast lacked the resources to produce it at that point. He did like Garfields ideas and mentioned that he was looking for a game that could be played in the downtime that frequently occurs at gaming conventions. Garfield returned and presented the general outline of the concept of a card game. Adkison immediately saw the potential of this idea and agreed to produce it, Magic, The Gathering underwent a general release on August 5,1993. While the game was simply called Magic through most of playtesting, mana Clash was instead chosen to be the name used in the first solicitation of the game, however, everybody involved with the game continued to refer to it as Magic. After further consultation with the lawyer, it was decided to rename the game Magic, The Gathering, the patent has aroused criticism from some observers, who believe some of its claims to be invalid. In 2003, the patent was an element of a legal dispute between Wizards of the Coast and Nintendo, regarding trade secrets related to Nintendos Pokémon Trading Card Game. The legal action was settled out of court, and its terms were not disclosed, Magic was an immediate success for Wizards of the Coast. Early on they were reluctant to advertise the game because they were unable to keep pace with existing demand. Initially Magic attracted many Dungeons & Dragons players, but the following included all types of people as well. The success of the game led to the creation of similar games by other companies as well as Wizards of the Coast themselves
15.
Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game
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Trading Card Game, known as the Yu-Gi-Oh. Official Card Game in Asia, is a Japanese collectible card game developed and published by Konami, the game was launched by Konami in 1998. It was named the top selling trading card game in the world by Guinness World Records on July 7,2009, as of March 31,2011, Konami Digital Entertainment Co. Ltd. Japan has sold over 25 billion cards globally since 1999. From March 2002 to December 2008, Konamis trading cards were distributed in territories outside of Asia by The Upper Deck Company, in December 2008, Konami filed a lawsuit against Upper Deck alleging that it had distributed inauthentic Yu-Gi-Oh. TCG cards made without Konamis authorization, Upper Deck also sued Konami alleging breach of contract and slander. A few months later, a court in Los Angeles issued an injunction preventing Upper Deck from acting as the authorized distributor. In December 2009, the court decided that Upper Deck was liable for counterfeiting Yu-Gi-Oh, TCG cards, and it dismissed Upper Decks countersuit against Konami. Konami is the manufacturer and distributor of the Yu-Gi-Oh and it runs Regional and National tournaments and continues to release new Yu-Gi-Oh. The game is a card game in which players draw cards from their respective decks. Each player uses a deck containing forty to sixty cards, there is also an optional fifteen card side deck, which allows players to swap cards from their main deck and/or extra deck between games. Players are restricted to three of each card per deck and must follow the Forbidden/Limited card list, which restricts selected cards by Konami to be limited to two, one, or zero. Each player starts with 8,000 Life Points, with the aim of the game to use attacks. The game ends upon reaching one of the conditions, A player loses if their Life Points reaches zero. If both players reach zero Life Points at the time, the game ends in a draw. A player loses if they are required to draw a card, certain cards have special effects which trigger an automatic win or loss when its conditions are met. A player can surrender at any time, Cards are laid out in the following manner, Deck, The players deck which consists of forty to sixty cards. Extra Deck, The players deck which may contain up to fifteen cards consisting of Fusion, Synchro, Xyz, Pendulum Monster cards are placed here when they would be destroyed and sent to the Graveyard. Graveyard, A zone where cards are sent when they are discarded, Main Monster Card Zone, A field of five spaces where Monster cards are placed when successfully summoned
16.
Star Wars Customizable Card Game
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Star Wars, Customizable Card Game is a customizable card game based on the Star Wars fictional universe. It was created by Decipher, Inc. which also produced the Star Trek Customizable Card Game, the game was produced from December 1995 until December 2001. Operation and oversight of the game was taken over by a Decipher created volunteer group called the Star Wars Customizable Card Game Players Committee. To date, the Players Committee, or PC, still runs the game and creates new cards known as cards that are released online in PDF format. SW, CCG can also be played online, Holotable. com is the official Player Committee platform, Star Wars CCG was first released in December 1995 after game play rights were purchased from a game designer. Over the years, Decipher added 11 full expansions to the card base, as well as numerous smaller expansions, special purpose sets. The last set, Theed Palace, was offered in the fall of 2001, the game spanned all of the classic Star Wars trilogy as well as The Phantom Menace. At the end of 2001, after negotiation, Lucasfilm chose not to renew Deciphers license to use the Star Wars intellectual property. The license was granted to Wizards of the Coast, which used it to create their own game, Decipher can no longer legally create new expansions to SWCCG, many cards that were in development can never be released to the public. As of 2016, SWCCG still has a playing community. The game is administered by a Players Committee, which rules, organizes tournaments. The new virtual cards function as new cards and keep the game environment constantly evolving. The virtual card overlays are available for free on the Players Committee website, to date, the Players Committee has produced 8 blocks of virtual sets. SWCCG is also available online on Holotable, Each game requires one player to play the Light Side of the Force while the other plays the Dark Side. In friendly play, a player can specialize in one side or the other and this two-sided aspect is rare in customizable card games. The action of the game occurs at various Location cards familiar from the Star Wars Universe, locations can be deployed as the game progresses, furthermore, most locations come in both Dark and Light-side flavors, and an on-the-table location can be converted at any time. Most locations affect game play in some way, all also provide Force icons, Force is the games resource, similar to mana from Magic, the Gathering, however, it is executed quite differently and is the games defining trait. Each unit of Force is simply a card from the top of a players deck, when used to deploy something, each unit of Force is placed on another pile, the Used Pile, which then cycles back to the bottom of the deck
17.
Vampire: The Eternal Struggle
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Vampire, The Eternal Struggle, published as Jyhad in the first or Limited edition and often abbreviated as VTES, V, TES or V, tES, is a multiplayer collectible card game set in the World of Darkness. It was published by White Wolf Publishing, the game was designed in 1994 by Richard Garfield and initially published by Wizards of the Coast and was the third CCG ever created. After the 1996 Sabbat expansion, Wizards of the Coast abandoned the game, White Wolf announced that Vampire, The Eternal Struggle would cease production on 10 September 2010. Richard Garfield noted that the experiences he had made with the Magic, in an interview with Robert Goudie, Garfield particularly notes dedicated multi-player rules, a lack of land cards, and a more rapid card drawing mechanism. The game is set in the World of Darkness, drawing mainly from the Vampire, in VTES, each player takes on the role of a Methuselah, an ancient and manipulative vampire, who is not itself present in the struggle, but acts from afar. Each Methuselah will try to eliminate all others by nullifying their influence, to that end, the Methuselahs will control and manipulate a number of minions to attack and destroy the other Methuselahs resources. The game is played by a group of four or five players. Group play with more than six players is rare, as a turn can easily take two to three minutes, causing a slow game for all. Two-player games also suffer from lack of opportunity for the kind of inter-player alliances, as in most other collectible card games, each player designs his or her own deck. Each deck is built with two components, Crypt - containing cards representing vampires that the player may control during the game, library - containing cards generally representing assets or actions to be taken during the game. Most cards in the library can only be used in conjunction with vampires, some cards have no cost in resources to play, in other cases to put a card in play it must be paid for using pool or the blood on his vampires. Pool represents the influence, and if it is reduced to zero the player is out of the game. Each turn one player directs his minions to perform a number of actions and attacks, each player attempts to oust his prey while defending himself from his predator. This continues until one player is left on the table. Ousting ones prey is worth one point, and being the last person left at the table is worth an additional victory point. However, ousting ones prey also nets the player 6 pool, gameplay offers many options for alliance or betrayal. Short-term deals and trade-offs are typical, games can take anything from half an hour to three or more hours. In tournament play and in informal games, a time limit may be imposed
18.
World of Warcraft Trading Card Game
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The World of Warcraft Trading Card Game was a collectible card game based on Blizzard Entertainments MMORPG, World of Warcraft. The game was announced by Upper Deck Entertainment on August 18,2005, players can fight against each other one-on-one, or can join others in order to defeat dungeon/raid bosses based on those in the MMORPG. In March 2010, Upper Deck Entertainment lost the license from Blizzard Entertainment, on March 24,2010 Cryptozoic Entertainment announced the acquisition of the games license and that planned card sets would be released. On August 23,2013, Blizzard Entertainment announced that the TCG would be discontinued, in March 2014, Blizzard released Hearthstone, Heroes of Warcraft, an online collectible card game featuring many of the same characters, abilities and artwork. Each player uses a card and a deck consisting of allies and other supporting cards, such as weapons, abilities, armor, items. Many cards include an icon, which limits what heroes can include the card in their decks. Some booster packs also contain legendary rares, or loot cards which contain a scratch-off code and this code can then be redeemed in the online game for a virtual prize. The prizes include special tabards, gimmick items, non-combat pets, during play, players start with a single hero. Once per turn, players can play any card from their hand as a resource, once brought into play by paying the appropriate cost, all cards remain until destroyed or removed from play. As in games such as Magic, The Gathering, the goal is to reduce the health of the opposing hero to zero. Unlike Magic, combat attacks are directed at individual heroes or allies. Furthermore, damage done to characters accumulates between turns, making more expensive for both the attacker and defender. The following types of cards are featured in the game, Hero - The character which a player is playing as. Each hero has an amount of starting health, faction affiliation, race, class, specializations, the heros traits determine what other cards can be included in the deck. Lastly, each hero has a power which can be used once per game. Starting with Worldbreaker, Hero cards no longer have professions, Master Hero - Master Hero cards, when played, replace a players hero with a new card. The original hero is removed from the game and any damage, abilities, equipment, Master Heroes, unless specified otherwise, can use all equipment and abilities, but abilities on cards that look for specific types cannot be activated. Powers originally on heroes do not carry on to the Master Hero, ability - Cards that cause some immediate impact to the game
19.
Hearthstone (video game)
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Hearthstone, originally known as Hearthstone, Heroes of Warcraft, is a free-to-play online collectible card video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment. Having been released worldwide on March 11,2014, Hearthstone builds upon the already existing lore of the Warcraft series by using the elements, characters. It was first released for Microsoft Windows and macOS, with support for iOS, the game features cross-platform play, allowing players on any device to compete with each other, restricted only by geographical region account limits. The game is a card game between two opponents, using constructed decks of thirty cards along with a selected hero with a unique power. Players use mana points to cast spells or summon minions to attack the opponent, winning matches can earn in-game gold, rewards in the form of new cards, and other in-game prizes. Players can then buy packs of new cards through gold or microtransactions to customize, the game features several modes of play, including casual and ranked matches, as well as daily quests and weekly challenges to help earn more gold and cards. In contrast to games developed by Blizzard, Hearthstone was an experimental game developed by a smaller team based on the appreciation of collectible card games at the company. Many of the concepts as well as art assets were based on previously published in the physical World of Warcraft Trading Card Game printed around 2008. The game has been reviewed by critics and proven successful for Blizzard. By April 2016, Blizzard has reported more than 50 million Hearthstone players, the game has become popular as an eSport, with cash-prize tournaments hosted by Blizzard and other organizers. Hearthstone is a collectible card game that revolves around turn-based matches between two opponents using pre-made decks of cards from their collection. Players can choose from a number of modes, with each offering a slightly different experience. Blizzard has added new cards sets through Expansions and Adventures, roughly three times a year, to increase the pool of available cards, Hearthstone is set within the Warcraft universe, with its characters, spells and locations drawing from existing lore. Each player is represented by a hero, a character from Warcraft lore representing one of nine specific classes. The classes are defined by their unique power that can be used during a players turn. The game features modes of gameplay. The standard Play mode allows players to other players or computer opponents. Solo Adventures allow players to complete challenges against computer opponents, often with unique conditions, cards, or powers, the boss encounters feature unique dialogue elements
20.
Icon (computing)
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In computing, an icon is a pictogram or ideogram displayed on a computer screen in order to help the user navigate a computer system or mobile device. It can serve as an electronic hyperlink or file shortcut to access the program or data, the user can activate an icon using a mouse, pointer, finger, or recently voice commands. Their placement on the screen, also in relation to other icons, in activating an icon, the user can move directly into and out of the identified function without knowing anything further about the location or requirements of the file or code. Graphically, the icon is a picture of objects that users are familiar with from office environment or from other professional arenas. One group of icons was taken from the symbols found across all devices, such as the power on/off symbol. Another group is metaphorically representing desktop objects from the 1980s office environment, a third group of icons are the brand icons used to identify commercial software programs. These commercial icons serve as links on the system to the program or data files created by a specific software provider. Although icons are depicted in graphical user interfaces, icons are sometimes rendered in a TUI using special characters such as MouseText or PETSCII. The design of all computer icons is constricted by the limitations of the device display and they are limited in size, with the standard size about a thumbnail for both desktop computer systems and mobile devices. They are frequently scalable, as they are displayed in different positions in the software, the colors used, of both the image and the icon background, should stand out on different system backgrounds. The detailing of the image needs to be simple, remaining recognizable in varying graphical resolutions. Computer icons are by definition language-independent, they do not rely on letters or words to convey their meaning and these visual parameters place rigid limits on the design of icons, frequently requiring the skills of a graphic artist in their development. Because of their size and versatility, computer icons have become a mainstay of user interaction with electronic media. Icons also provide rapid entry into the system functionality, on most systems, users can create and delete, replicate, select, click or double-click standard computer icons and drag them to new positions on the screen to create a customized user environment. Some common computer icons are taken from the field of standardized icons used across a wide range of electrical equipment. Examples of these are the symbol and the USB icon. The standardization of electronic icons is an important safety-feature on all types of electronics, as a subset of electronic devices, computer systems and mobile devices use many of the same icons, they are incorporated into the design of both the computer hardware and on the software. On the hardware, these identify the functionality of specific buttons
21.
Randomness
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Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps has no order, individual random events are by definition unpredictable, but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events is predictable. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome, rather than haphazardness, and applies to concepts of chance, probability, the fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. In statistics, a variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events, Random variables can appear in random sequences. A random process is a sequence of variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern. These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the applications of randomness. Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties, Monte Carlo methods, which rely on random input, are important techniques in science, as, for instance, in computational science. By analogy, quasi-Monte Carlo methods use quasirandom number generators, Random selection is a method of selecting items from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population. For example, with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles, note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations where a population consists of items that are distinguishable and that is, if the selection process is such that each member of a population, of say research subjects, has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random. In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate, many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. Most ancient cultures used various methods of divination to attempt to circumvent randomness, the Chinese of 3000 years ago were perhaps the earliest people to formalize odds and chance. The Greek philosophers discussed randomness at length, but only in non-quantitative forms and it was only in the 16th century that Italian mathematicians began to formalize the odds associated with various games of chance. The invention of the calculus had a impact on the formal study of randomness. The early part of the 20th century saw a growth in the formal analysis of randomness. In the mid- to late-20th century, ideas of information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness
22.
Trading card
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There is a wide variation of different types of cards. Modern cards even go as far as to include swatches of game worn memorabilia, autographs, trading cards are traditionally associated with sports, baseball cards are especially well-known. Cards dealing with subjects like Pokémon are often considered a separate category from sports cards. These often feature cartoons, comic characters, television series. In the 1990s, cards designed specifically for playing games became popular enough to develop into a distinct category and these tend to use either fantasy subjects or sports as the basis for game play. Trade cards are the ancestors of trading cards, allen and Ginter in the U. S. in 1886, and British company W. D. & H. O. Wills in 1888, were the first tobacco companies to print advertisements, a couple years later, lithograph pictures on the cards with an encyclopedic variety of topics from nature to war to sports — subjects that appealed to men who smoked - began to surface as well. By 1900, there were thousands of card sets manufactured by 300 different companies. Children would stand outside of stores to ask customers who bought cigarettes for the promotional cards, World War II put an end to cigarette card production due to limited paper resources, and after the war cigarette cards never really made a comeback. After that collectors of prizes from retail products took to collecting tea cards in the UK, the first baseball cards were trade cards printed in the late 1860s by a sporting goods company, around the time baseball became a professional sport. Most of the baseball cards around the beginning of the 20th century came in candy and it was during this era that the most valuable baseball card ever printed was produced - the infamous T206 tobacco card featuring Honus Wagner. The T206 Set, distributed by the American Tobacco Company in 1909, is considered by collectors to be the most popular set of all time. In 1933, Goudey Gum Company of Boston issued baseball cards with players biographies on the backs and was the first to put baseball cards in bubble gum, the 1933 Goudey set remains one of the most popular and affordable vintage sets to this day. Bowman Gum of Philadelphia issued its first baseball cards in 1948, Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. now known as The Topps Company, Inc. Topps produced its first baseball trading card set in 1951, with the design resembling that of playing cards. Topps owner and founder Sy Berger created the first true baseball card set, complete with playing record and statistics. This is one of the most popular sets of all time, Topps purchased their chief competitor, Bowman Gum, in 1956. Topps was the leader in the trading industry from 1956 to 1980, not only in sports cards
23.
Fantasy Flight Games
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Fantasy Flight Games is a game company based in Roseville, Minnesota, United States, that creates and publishes role-playing, board, and card games. Fantasy Flight Publishing was founded in 1995 by its CEO Christian T. Petersen, since the release of its first game product in 1997, the company has been doing business as Fantasy Flight Games. In 2008, FFG partnered with Games Workshop to represent Warhammer and Warhammer 40K settings in role-playing, board, FFG announced the end of that partnership on September 9th,2016. Effective February 28th,2017 FFG no longer offers for any games made in conjunction with Games Workshop. In August 2011, Fantasy Flight Games acquired the license for card, miniature, additionally, they are known for revising and reprinting popular or cult classic games, including Cosmic Encounter, Arkham Horror, Talisman, and Netrunner. From 2010 to 2013 FFG was Dust Studios partner in publishing and distributing Paulo Parentes Miniature Wargame Dust Tactics. Commenting on the shift in 2013 Christian stated “it became clear that Paolo and the Dust games would be served by a partner who specializes in the unique business of miniature games. ”Fantasy Flight Games was known for their game franchise Midnight. As of 2012, it appears that Midnight is no longer produced or supported by Fantasy Flight, on November 17,2014 it was announced that Fantasy Flight Games had agreed on a merger with French board game publisher Asmodée Éditions. Fantasy Flight Games defines a Living Card Game as a variant of collectible card games, LCGs have regular expansions and deck construction like CCGs, but do not have the blind buy purchase model of CCGs. Instead of randomized starter decks and booster packs, LCGs have core sets, expansion packs, the core set comes with pre-constructed starter decks, and is designed to be self-contained. Expansion packs are released on a monthly or near-monthly basis, and have 3 copies of 20 new cards, deluxe expansions are released less frequently, and typically contain 3 copies of 55 new cards, for a total of 165 cards. For example, Upper Deck Entertainment relaunched VS System in 2015 as an LCG-style game, Petersen Role-Playing Game Star Wars, Force and Destiny, designed by Jay Little Official website Fantasy Flight Games at BoardGameGeek
24.
European dragon
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European dragons are legendary creatures in folklore and mythology among the overlapping cultures of Europe. Some depictions show dragons with feathered wings, crests, ear frills, fiery manes, ivory spikes running down its spine, others have no legs or multiple heads. In folktales, dragons blood often contains magical properties, keeping them alive for longer or giving them magical power, for example, in the opera Siegfried, dragons blood allows Siegfried to understand the language of the Forest Bird. The typical dragon protects a cavern or castle filled with gold, an evil dragon is often associated with a great hero who tries to slay it, and a good one is said to give wise advice. Though a winged creature, the dragon is generally to be found in its underground lair, possibly, the dragons of European and Mid-Eastern mythology stem from the cult of snakes found in religions throughout the world. Dragon is derived from the Latin word draco, as in the constellation, Draco, roman dragons evolved from serpentine Greek ones, combined with the dragons of the Near East, in the mix that characterized the hybrid Greek/Eastern Hellenistic culture. From Babylon, the muš-ḫuššu was a representation of a Near Eastern dragon. Johns Book of Revelation—Greek literature, not Roman—describes Satan as a dragon, flaming red, with seven heads. Much of Johns literary inspiration is late Hebrew and Greek, with the jaws facing into the wind, the silken body inflated and rippled, resembling a windsock. Several vague incarnations of evil in the Old Testament were given the translation draco in Jeromes Vulgate, to changes in meaning. Dragons in Greek mythology often guard treasure such as Ladon, a hundred headed dragon which guarded the tree of Herdias until he was slain by Heracles, likewise Python guarded the oracle of Delphi until he was likewise slain by Apollo out of revenge for Python tormenting his mother. The Lerneaen Hydra, a multiple headed serpentine swamp monster is said to be a dragon, being killed by Heracles later, but the matter if hes a true dragon or not is still over controversy. Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard and this traces back to the continental dragon, commonly referred to as a fire-breathing dragon. The continental, like many other European dragons, has bat-like wings growing from its back and it has been speculated that accounts of spitting cobras may be the origin of the myths of continental dragons. In Western folklore, dragons are usually portrayed as evil, with the mainly in Asturian and Welsh folklore. This is in contrast to Asian dragons, who are depicted as more benevolent creatures. In the modern period, the European dragon is depicted as a huge fire-breathing, scaly and horned lizard-like creature, with wings. It is sometimes shown with feathered wings, crests, fiery manes, ivory spikes running down its spine, Dragons blood often has magical properties, for example, in the opera Siegfried it let Siegfried understand the language of the Forest Bird
25.
Poker
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Poker is a family of card games that combine gambling, strategy, and skill. Poker games vary in the number of cards dealt, the number of shared or community cards, the number of cards that remain hidden, and the betting procedures. In most modern games, the first round of betting begins with one or more of the players making some form of a forced bet. In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank they believe their hand is worth as compared to the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match, or call, a player who matches a bet may also raise, or increase the bet. The betting round ends when all players have called the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any round, the player collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. If more than one remains in contention after the final betting round, a showdown takes place where the hands are revealed. By the 1990s some gaming historians including David Parlett started to challenge the notion that poker is a derivative of As-Nas. There is evidence that a game called poque, a French game similar to poker, was played around the region where poker is said to have originated. The name of the game likely descended from the Irish Poca or even the French poque, yet it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the Renaissance game of primero, the English game brag clearly descended from brelan and incorporated bluffing. It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now, the unique features of poker have to do with the betting, and do not appear in any known older game. In this view poker originated much later, in the early or mid-18th century and it was played in a variety of forms, with 52 cards, and included both straight poker and stud. 20 card poker was a variant for two players, the development of poker is linked to the historical movement that also saw the invention of commercial gambling. English actor Joseph Crowell reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, and four players betting on which players hand was the most valuable. As it spread north along the Mississippi River and to the West during the gold rush, soon after this spread, the full 52-card French deck was used and the flush was introduced. The draw was added prior to 1850, during the American Civil War, many additions were made including stud poker, and the straight
26.
Crazy Eights
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Crazy Eights is a shedding-type card game for two to seven players. The object of the game is to be the first to get rid of all the cards to a discard pile. The game is considered a pre-extension of Switch and Mau Mau, a standard 52-card deck is used when there are five or fewer players. When there are more than five players, two decks are shuffled together and all 104 cards are used, bartok, Mao, Quango, Zar, Taki, and Uno are more extreme variations. David Parlett describes Crazy Eights as not so much a game as a pattern of play on which a wide variety of changes can be rung, noting that players can easily invent. Eight cards are dealt to each player, the remaining cards of the deck are placed face down at the center of the table. The top card is turned face up to start the game. Players discard by matching rank or suit with the top card of the discard pile, starting with the player left of the dealer. If a player is unable to match the rank or suit of the top card of the pile and does not have an eight. When a player plays an eight, they must declare the suit that the player is to play. That player collects a payment from each opponent equal to the point score of the remaining in that opponents hand. Eights score 50, court cards 10 and all other cards face value, if the players run out of cards in the deck, the player with the lowest point score in their hand scores the difference between that hand and each opponents hand. The winner of the game is the first player to reach a number of points. For two players it is 100pts, three players 150pts, four 200pts, five 250pts, six 300pts and for seven players 350pts. A similar version of the game is played in Zimbabwe following a different set of rules. This version is more complicated but more dynamic, five to 8 cards are dealt to each player and the remaining cards of the deck are placed face down at the center of the table. The top card is turned face up to start the game. Players discard by matching rank or suit with the top card of the discard pile, there are a number of special functions cards these are either game shifting cards, offensive cards or defensive cards
27.
Baseball card
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A baseball card is a type of trading card relating to baseball, usually printed on some type of paper stock or card stock. A card will feature one or more baseball players or other baseball-related sports figures. Cards are most often found in the U. S. but are common in countries such as Canada, Cuba, and Japan. Some companies that are notable for making these cards include Topps, Upper Deck, previous manufacturers include Fleer, Bowman, and Donruss. Baseball cards can be highly collectible and valuable, while baseball cards were first produced in the United States, as the popularity of baseball spread to other countries, so too did the production of baseball cards. Sets appeared in Japan as early as 1898, in Cuba as early as 1909, the obverse of the card typically displays an image of the player with identifying information, including, but not limited to, the players name and team affiliation. The reverse of most modern cards displays statistics and/or biographical information, many early trade cards displayed advertisements for a particular brand or company on the back. Tobacco companies were the most instrumental in the proliferation of baseball cards, although the function of trading cards had much in common with business cards, the format of baseball cards most resembled that of playing cards — at least initially. For an example, one need look no further than the design of 1951 Topps Baseball, while there are no firm standards that limit the size or shape of a baseball card, most cards of today are rectangular, measuring 2½ inches by 3½ inches. Since early baseball cards were produced primarily as a marketing vehicle, the system implemented by Jefferson Burdick in The American Card Catalog has become the de facto standard in identifying and organizing trade cards produced in the Americas pre-1951. The catalog itself extends into other areas of collecting beyond the sport of baseball. Sets like 1909–1911 White Borders,1910 Philadelphia Caramels, and 1909 Box Tops are most commonly referred to by their ACC catalog numbers, the rarest baseball cards are the ones which are difficult to find and also the most expensive ones. The rare type of cards are the oldest baseball cards and those from limited edition sets, a rare card generally must be kept in good condition in order to be valuable, although the rarest cards can be worth tens of thousands of dollars even in poor condition. Price also increases if there is an autograph on it, rare baseball cards or the vintage baseball cards do not have a certain price established. Their value is judged upon their quality, condition, rarity, vintage baseball cards have been a prime focus of countless collectors and historians of one of Americas favorite pastimes. Some baseball card collectors pay large sums of money to gain possession of these cards, since rare baseball cards are difficult to find, collectors seek for ways to be aware of the rare cards that come into the trading or selling market. Baseball card collectors normally obtain them from other card collectors or from specialized dealers, some collectors may sell rare baseball cards over the internet and very often on eBay. Rare baseball cards may also be purchased at major baseball card shows and these events are held periodically in different cities, allowing baseball card collectors and dealers to meet
28.
Wizards of the Coast
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Wizards of the Coast is an American publisher of games, primarily based on fantasy and science fiction themes, and formerly an operator of retail stores for games. The companys corporate headquarters are located in Renton, Washington in the United States of America, Wizards of the Coast publishes role-playing games, board games, and collectible card games. They have received awards, including several Origins Awards. The company has been a subsidiary of Hasbro since 1999, all Wizards of the Coast stores were closed in 2004. Wizards of the Coast was founded by Peter Adkison in 1990 just outside Seattle, Washington, originally the company only published role-playing games such as the third edition of Talislanta and its own The Primal Order. The 1992 release of The Primal Order, a supplement designed for use with any system, brought legal trouble with Palladium Books suing for references to Palladiums game. The suit was settled in 1993, instead, Adkison asked Garfield if he could invent a game that was both portable and quick-playing, to which Garfield agreed. Adkison set up a new corporation, Garfield Games, to develop Richard Garfields collectible card game concept, originally called Manaclash, into Magic, Wizards debuted Magic in July 1993 at the Origins Game Fair in Dallas. The game proved popular at Gen Con in August 1993, selling out of its supply of 2.5 million cards. In 1994, Magic won both the Mensa Top Five mind games award and the Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game of 1993. In 1994, Wizards began an association with The Beanstalk Group, after the success of Magic, Wizards published RoboRally in 1994, and it soon won the 1994 Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game. Wizards also expanded its role-playing game line by buying SLA Industries from Nightfall Games and Ars Magica from White Wolf, in 1995, Wizards published another card game by Richard Garfield, The Great Dalmuti, which won the 1995 Best New Mind Game award from Mensa. In August 1995, Wizards released Everway and then four months later closed its roleplaying game product line, Peter Adkison explained that the company was doing a disservice to the games with lack of support and had lost money on all of Wizards roleplaying game products. Also in 1995, Wizards annual sales passed US$65 million, Wizards announced the purchase of TSR, the cash-strapped makers of Dungeons & Dragons on April 10,1997. Wizards acquired TSR and Five Rings Publishing Group for $25 million, many of the creative and professional staff of TSR relocated from Wisconsin to the Renton area. Wizards used TSR as a name for a while, then retired it. In Summer 1997, Wizards revisited the concept of a 3rd edition of Dungeons & Dragons, and given the change in ownership we thought this would be an excellent opportunity for WotC to put its stamp on D&D. He later Set overall design direction for the new edition of D&D. Wizards released the edition of Dungeons & Dragons in 2000
29.
Allen Varney
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Allen Varney is an American writer and game designer. Varney has produced books, role-playing game supplements, technical manuals, articles, reviews, columns. Since the 1990s, he has worked primarily in computer games, Varney was born in St. Louis, Missouri and was raised by his mother, Marcelene Varney. He graduated from Reno High School in 1976 and has a dual B. A. in English and history from the University of Nevada, Varney designed the pen & paper roleplaying game Necromancer, which was published by Steve Jackson Games. Varney wrote Son of Toon, the supplement to the Toon RPG. From 1984 to 1986 he worked as Assistant Editor at Steve Jackson Games editing Space Gamer magazine, Warren Spector and Varney wrote the supplement Send in the Clones for West End Games Paranoia RPG. In 1986, he left Steve Jackson Games to freelance, from this time onward, he wrote a large body of game supplements for companies like TSR, Inc. FASA Corporation, West End Games, and White Wolf, Inc and he also edited modules for the Ravenloft, Planescape, and Forgotten Realms settings, and was a game reviewer and news columnist for Dragon magazine. Varney wrote the AD&D Gamebook The Vanishing City in 1987, Varney served as the line editor for a new version of the roleplaying game Paranoia, published in 2004. He wrote the new rules and packaged the games support line with the help of his Traitor Recycling Studio for Mongoose Publishing until 2006 when the gameline was put on hold, enspire Learning produces a computer version of Varneys multiplayer business ethics and leadership simulation, the Executive Challenge. Executive Challenge was covered in The Wall Street Journal and he wrote character dialogue for Star Wars Galaxies, and worked again with Warren Spector on Epic Mickey. He also writes for The Escapist, in 1993, Varney designed an expansion set for Magic, The Gathering. This was not published, but the design concepts later surfaced in the web-based Vanguard format of the game, Varney has participated in the Texas Juggling Society at the University of Texas since 1985. Allen Varneys website Pen & Paper RPG Database Bibliography for Allen Varney Allen Varney at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
30.
Dragon (magazine)
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Dragon is one of the two official magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game and associated products, Dungeon is the other. TSR, Inc. originally launched the monthly printed magazine in 1976 to succeed the earlier publication. The final printed issue was #359 in September 2007, the last published issue was No.430 in December 2013. A digital publication called Dragon+, which replaces the Dragon magazine and it is created by Dialect in collaboration with Wizards of the Coast, and restarted the numbering system for issues at No.1. In 1975, TSR, Inc. began publishing The Strategic Review, after twelve issues, Little Wars ceased independent publication and issue 13 was published as part of Dragon issue 22. The magazine debuted as The Dragon in June 1976, at no time did I ever contemplate so great a success or so long a lifespan. Dragon was the point for a number of rules, spells, monsters, magic items. A prime example is the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, which first became known through a series of Dragon articles in the 1980s by its creator Ed Greenwood and it subsequently went on to become one of the primary campaign worlds for official Dungeons and Dragons products, starting in 1987. The magazine appeared on the cover as simply Dragon from July 1980, Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR and its intellectual properties, including Dragon in 1997. Production was then transferred from Wisconsin to Washington state, in 1999, Wizards of the Coast was itself purchased by Hasbro, Inc. Dragon remained published by TSR as a subsidiary of WotC starting September 1997, the magazine changed its name to Dragon starting June 2000. In 1999 a compilation of the first 250 issues was released in PDF format with a special viewer including an article, also included were the 7 issues of The Strategic Review. This compilation is known as the software title Dragon Magazine Archive, because of issues raised with the 2001 ruling in Greenberg v. In 2002, Paizo Publishing acquired the rights to publish both Dragon and Dungeon under license from Wizards of the Coast, Dragon was published by Paizo starting September 2002. It tied Dragon more closely to Dungeon by including articles supporting and promoting its major multi-issue adventures such as the Age of Worms, class Acts, monthly one or two-page articles offering ideas for developing specific character classes, were also introduced by Paizo. On April 18,2007, Wizards of the Coast announced that it would not be renewing Paizos licenses for Dragon and Dungeon. Scott Rouse, Senior Brand Manager of Dungeons & Dragons at Wizards of the Coast stated, by moving to an online model we are using a delivery system that broadens our reach to fans around the world. Paizo published the last print editions of Dragon and Dungeon magazines for September 2007, in August 2007, Wizards of the Coast announced plans for the 4th edition of the Dungeons & Dragons game
31.
Cosmic Encounter
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Cosmic Encounter is a science fiction–themed strategy board game designed by Future Pastimes and originally published by Eon Games in 1977. In it, each player takes the role of an alien species, each with a unique power to break one of the rules of the game. In 1992, a new edition of Cosmic Encounter won the Origins Award for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Boardgame of 1991, the game was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame in 1997. Cosmic Encounter is a dynamic and social game, with players being encouraged to interact, argue, form alliances, make deals, double-cross, most editions of the game are designed for three to six players, although official rules exist for playing with as many as eight players. Cosmic Encounter is based on a set of rules which are subsequently modified by other elements of the game. Each player begins with a home system containing five planets. A central Warp is used to place defeated ships for all players, the object of the game is to establish five colonies on planets outside ones home system. Each player is dealt a hand of eight cards from the cosmic deck, on a players turn, they retrieve one ship from the warp, and then draw a card from the Destiny deck, containing color-coded cards which indicate which players system they must attack. Using a special hyperspace gate indicator, the player selects which opponent on which planet to attack, both the attacker and defender can ask the other players individually to ally with their side, committing up to 4 ships to either side of the conflict. Once allies have committed, the attacker and defender both select encounter cards from their hands to place face-down, then reveal them. If the attacking side wins, the colony is lost and all ships and allies ships are sent to the warp, while the attacker. If the defending side wins, the attacker and allies ships are sent to the warp, and defending allies gain a bonus of either a ship from the warp or a new card from the deck for each ship risked. If one side plays a Negotiate card against a card, they immediately lose. If both players use Negotiate cards, they have one minute to make a deal, such as exchanging colonies or cards from their hands, if a deal cant be made, both players lose ships as a penalty. Play then proceeds to the next player, to aid in timing, each turn is broken down into a number of phases, and cards and powers will typically indicate which phases the game elements can be played in. The game becomes complex with the introduction of alien powers, a players alien power is only active if they have three or more colonies in their home system, and if lost, can be regained by taking back a third colony. More advanced optional game components can add further levels of complexity and unpredictability, no edition has all of the optional components. They include, Flares, Cards that grant a limited version of a power, or, if used by the player that possesses that power
32.
Top Trumps
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Top Trumps is a card game published in 1968. Each card contains a list of data, and the aim of the game is to compare these values to try to trump. A wide variety of different packs of Top Trumps has been published, each pack of cards is based on a theme, such as cars, aircraft, boats, dinosaurs, or characters from a popular film or television series. Each card in the shows a list of numerical data about the item. For example, in a pack based on cars, each shows a different model of car, and the stats and data may include its engine size, its weight, its length. If the theme is about a TV series or film, the cards include characters, All the cards are dealt among the players. There must be at least two players, and at least one card for each player, the starting player selects a category from his or her topmost card and reads out its value. Each other player then reads out the value of the category from their cards. The best value wins the trick, and the winner all the cards of the trick. The winner then looks at their new topmost card, and chooses the category for the next round, in the event of a draw the cards are placed in the center and a new category is chosen from the next card by the same person as in the previous round. The winner of that round obtains all of the cards in the center as well as the top card from each player, players are eliminated when they lose their last card, and the winner is the player who obtains the whole pack. Some variants of the rules allow three card pick, whereby a player who has three cards remaining is allowed to choose any of their three cards to play with. Typically, this lengthens the game considerably, Top Trumps was a card game popular with adults and children in the United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s, especially amongst boys, for whom it was a popular playground pastime. The topics tended to reflect this, and included hardware, modes of transport. The packs tended to be priced so that children could collect new packs by saving money for a few weeks. The original Top Trumps was launched in early 1976, with eleven different packs selling at 50p each, Dubreq was also known for the Stylophone. Dubreq was taken over by Waddingtons in 1982, and they continued manufacturing packs until the early 1990s, the packs from this period are now collectible. In 1999 the rights to the game were purchased by Winning Moves UK, many of the packs are, like their predecessors, becoming collectible, especially those sold for limited times, or which were specially commissioned as promotional packs
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Topps
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The Topps Company, Inc. manufactures chewing gum, candy and collectibles. Based in New York City, Topps is best known as a producer of basketball cards, football cards, baseball cards, hockey cards. Topps itself was founded in 1938, but the company can trace its roots back to an earlier firm, founded in 1890 by Morris Shorin, the American Leaf Tobacco Co. imported tobacco to the United States and sold it to other tobacco companies. American Leaf Tobacco encountered difficulties during World War I, as it was cut off from Turkish supplies of tobacco, Shorins sons, Abram, Ira, Philip, and Joseph, decided to focus on a new product but take advantage of the companys existing distribution channels. To do this, they relaunched the company as Topps, with the name meant to indicate that it would be tops in its field, the chosen field was the manufacture of chewing gum, selected after going into the produce business was considered and rejected. At the time, chewing gum was still a relative novelty sold in individual pieces, topps’ most successful early product was Bazooka bubblegum, which was packaged with a small comic on the wrapper. When Topps next introduced baseball cards as a product, the cards immediately became its primary emphasis, the father of the modern baseball card was Sy Berger. The basic design is still in use today, the Shorins, in recognition of his negotiation abilities, sent Sy to London in 1964 to negotiate the rights for Topps to produce Beatles trading cards. Arriving without an appointment, Sy succeeded by speaking in Yiddish to Brian Epstein, Berger hired a garbage boat to remove leftover boxes of 1952 baseball cards stored in their warehouse, and rode with them as a tugboat pulled them off the New Jersey shore. The cards were then dumped into the Atlantic Ocean, the cards included Mickey Mantles first Topps card, the most valuable card of the modern era. No one at the time, of course, knew the value the cards would one day attain. Currently, a pack of 1952 Topps baseball cards is worth at least $5,000, since 2012, Topps began creating digital sports cards, starting with the Topps Bunt baseball card downloadable app. Today, they have expanded that market into other apps that include Topps Huddle football app, Topps Kick soccer app, the company began its existence as Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. a partnership between the four Shorin brothers. It later incorporated under New York law in 1947, the entire company originally operated at the Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, but production facilities were moved to a plant in Duryea, Pennsylvania, in 1965. Corporate offices remained at 254 36th Street in Brooklyn, a location in the waterfront district by the Gowanus Expressway, in 1994, the headquarters relocated to One Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan. After being privately held for decades, Topps offered stock to the public for the first time in 1972 with the assistance of investment banking firm White. The company returned to private ownership when it was acquired in a buyout led by Forstmann Little & Company in 1984. The new ownership group again made Topps into a publicly traded company in 1987, now renamed to The Topps Company, in this incarnation, the company was incorporated in Delaware for legal reasons, but company headquarters remained in New York
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Baseball field
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A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term is used as a metonym for baseball park.5 inches. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8. 5-inch sides is a batters box, the point of home plate where the two 12-inch sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot square. The other three corners of the square, in order from home plate, are called first base, second base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches square mark the three bases and these three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield. All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory, thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. Thus, although the points of the bases are 90 feet apart, the lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the field between the foul lines is fair territory, the rest is foul territory. The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield, most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole and these poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball. First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the team in order to score a run. Unlike when a player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, the runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body. The first baseman is the player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall, a tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base, there are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players, 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop
35.
Patience (game)
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Patience, or solitaire as it is known in the US and Canada, is a genre of card games that can be played by a single player. Patience games can also be played in a fashion with the winner selected by a scoring scheme. In the US, the solitaire is often used specifically to refer to solitaire with cards. Both Solitaire and Patience are sometimes used to specifically to the Klondike form of Patience. The purpose of Patience generally involves manipulating a layout of cards with a goal of sorting them in some manner and it is possible to play the same games competitively and cooperatively. Some games allow for the reshuffling of the deck, and/or the placement of cards into new or empty locations, there is a vast array of variations on the patience theme, using either one or more decks of cards, with rules of varying complexity and skill levels. Many of these have converted to electronic form and are available as computer games. Examples of variants on the familiar Patience theme that may be played with a pack of cards include Bisley. Basic forms of Klondike solitaire and FreeCell come with every version of Microsoft Windows from Windows 3.0 to Windows 7, ever since the release of Windows 8, Windows Store offers six unique card games which can be downloaded for free from in the form of the Collection. There are also many applications for Android and iOS, the game is most likely German or Scandinavian in origin. The game became popular in France in the early 19th Century reaching England, the earliest known recording of a game of patience occurred in 1783 in the German game anthology Das neue Königliche LHombre-Spiel. Before this, there were no mentions of such games in large game compendiums such as Charles Cottons The Compleat Gamester. Patience was first mentioned in shortly after cartomantic layouts were developed circa 1765. This theory is supported by the name of the game in Danish and Norwegian, an 1895 account describes a variant of the game exclusively used for cartomancy. Other collections quickly followed such as Patience by E. D. Cheney, henshaw, and later Dicks Games of Patience, published by Dick and Fitzgerald. Other books about patience written towards the end of the 19th century were by H. E. Jones, Angelo Lewis, Basil Dalton, Ernest Bergholt, list of patience games Glossary of Patience terms, not including peg solitaire. org Patience
36.
Tandem
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Tandem is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The tandem harness allows additional animals to provide pulling power for a designed for a single animal. The English word tandem derives with a play from the Latin adverb tandem. Tandem seating may be used on a bicycle where it is alternative to sociable seating. Tandem can also be used generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together. The Messerschmitt KR200 was an example of a small automobile that used tandem seating. A tandem arrangement may also be used for cars parked in a residential garage, in heavy trucks tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by the distance between the axles, mechanically there are many configurations, either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem, usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a crew member to operate avionics such as radar. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem, a common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, the Grumman A-6 Intruder, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, Sukhoi Su-24 or the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each others actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor, the tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler, three Men In a Carriage Drawn by a Tandem Horse Team. Tandem Horse Teams Museum Victoria official site, illustration
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