1.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
2.
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
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Cuyahoga County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2016 census estimates, the population was 1,249,352 and its county seat is Cleveland. The county is named after the Iroquoian word Cuyahoga, which means crooked river. The name is assigned to the Cuyahoga River, which bisects the county. Cuyahoga County is included in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, former U. S. President James A. Garfield was born in what was Cuyahoga Countys Orange Township. After the discovery of the New World, the land that became Cuyahoga County was originally part of the French colony of Canada, which was ceded in 1763 to Great Britain and renamed Province of Quebec. In the late 18th century the land part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in the Northwest Territory. Cuyahoga County was created on June 7,1807 and organized on May 1,1810 and it was later reduced by the creation of Huron, Lake, and Lorain Counties. It was named after the Cuyahoga River, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,246 square miles, of which 457 square miles is land and 788 square miles is water. It is the second-largest county in Ohio by total area, a portion of Cuyahoga Valley National Park is located in the southeastern portion of the county. Lake County Geauga County Summit County Medina County Lorain County Portage County As of the 2010 Census, there were 1,280,122 people,571,457 households, the population density was 2,800 people per square mile. There were 621,763 housing units at a density of 1,346 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 63. 6% White,29. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,2. 6% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 8% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. 4. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16. 5% were of German,12. 8% Irish,8. 8% Italian,8. 1% Polish,5. 9% English,3. 7% Slovak and 3. 1% Hungarian, ancestries. There are also numbers of Russians, French, Arabs, Ukrainians. 88. 4% spoke English,3. 7% Spanish, and 4. 9% some other Indo-European language,7. 3% of the population were foreign-born. 32. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.06. In the county, the population was out with 25. 00% under the age of 18,8. 00% from 18 to 24,29. 30% from 25 to 44,22. 20% from 45 to 64
3.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
4.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
5.
Demography
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Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyse any kind of dynamic living population, Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the research of the earth, earths population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population, demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography departments, demographic thoughts can be traced back to antiquity, and were present in many civilizations and cultures, like Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, India and China. In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of Herodotus, Thucidides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato and Aristotle. In Rome, writers and philosophers like Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato, in the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were William of Conches, Bartholomew of Lucca, William of Auvergne, William of Pagula, and Ibn Khaldun. One of the earliest demographic studies in the period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Among the studys findings were that one third of the children in London died before their sixteenth birthday, mathematicians, such as Edmond Halley, developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. Richard Price was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771, followed later by Augustus de Morgan, at the end of the 18th century, Thomas Robert Malthus concluded that, if unchecked, populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared that population growth would tend to outstrip growth in production, leading to ever-increasing famine. He is seen as the father of ideas of overpopulation. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz, the period 1860-1910 can be characterized as a period of transition wherein demography emerged from statistics as a separate field of interest. There are two types of data collection—direct and indirect—with several different methods of each type, direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration. In developed countries with good registration systems, registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths, a census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place and these compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data
6.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
7.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
Defunct townships of Cuyahoga County, Ohio
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Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States is divided into twenty-one townships. When Cuyahoga County was founded, it was divided into civil townships for purposes of rural government, as were other Ohio counties. By 1990, this county was the most urbanized county in Ohio, the township was organized on April 7,1823, and the city of Bedford was incorporated as a village on March 15,1837. Throughout the rest of the century, the township remained an area with little industry. 1915 saw the first political change in the township since 1837, the rest of the township remained unincorporated until 1951, when it was divided between Bedford Heights, Oakwood, and Walton Hills. As of the 2000 census, these cities and villages had a population of 57,812. Brecksville Township was formed in 1807 and named for Massachusetts resident John Breck and it included the modern community of Brecksville and part of Broadview Heights. The township was first settled in 1811 by the family of one Seth Payne, who came from Williamsburg, Massachusetts, and its first school was founded in 1814, with its first teacher being one of Paynes daughters. Within the township, the village of Brecksville was incorporated in 1921, Brooklyn Township was organized on June 1,1818. In its early years, it extended northward to Lake Erie, but most of the township incorporated into or was annexed by municipalities, the last of which was the city of Brooklyn in the southwest. Today, the township is divided between the cities of Brooklyn and Cleveland and the villages of Brooklyn Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Linndale, in 1806, two residents of Dover, Connecticut purchased the northwestern corner township of Cuyahoga County and named it for their hometown. Although Europeans had visited the area before 1800, the first settlers did not arrive until 1810, a family from Vermont, the population grew rapidly, as early as the 1840 census, the township had a population of 960 people. In the summer of 1901, the part of the township broke away and soon formed the village of Bay. Meanwhile, the village of Dover had been incorporated to the south of Bay in 1911 and it too changed its name, in 1940, to Westlake. Today, most of the original Dover Township is divided between Bay Village and Westlake, although its southeastern portion has been part of North Olmsted since that village was incorporated in 1908, East Cleveland Township was organized in 1805. Part of the township incorporated as the village of East Cleveland in 1895, the Cleveland neighborhood of Central, located in East Cleveland Township, was originally a heavily farmed area, although it became industrialized after the Civil War. At one time, this part of East Cleveland Township was the most heavily populated neighborhood in Cleveland, today, the township is divided between the village of Bratenahl and the cities of Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, Euclid and East Cleveland. Euclid Township, named for the ancient Greek mathematician, was formed in 1809 after being surveyed by a team sent out by Moses Cleaveland, the first settler was likely David Dille, who built a house along Euclid Creek, and he was followed by William Coleman in 1804
11.
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
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The Toledo War soon gave about one-third of the route to the state of Ohio. Trains commenced operating, pulled by horses, on November 2,1836, the Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad was chartered in Indiana on February 6,1835, to run from Buffalo, New York, to the Mississippi River. The name was changed February 6,1837, to the Northern Indiana Railroad, some grading between Michigan City and La Porte was done in 1838, but money ran out. Around 1838, the state of Michigan started to build the Southern Railroad, the first section, from Monroe west to Petersburg, opened in 1839. Extensions opened in 1840 to Adrian and 1843 to Hillsdale, on May 9,1846, the partially completed line was sold to the Michigan Southern Rail Road, which changed the planned western terminal to Chicago using the charter of the Northern Indiana Railroad. The grading that had been done was not used, as the grade was too steep, the Michigan Southern leased the Erie and Kalamazoo on August 1,1849, giving it a branch to Toledo, OH and a connection to planned railroads east from Toledo. Due to lobbying by the Michigan Central Railroad, a competitor of the Michigan Southern, however the most practical route went closer than two miles west of White Pigeon. The Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad was chartered on November 30,1850 and its initial tracks, from the Michigan Southern at the state line running west-southwest to Elkhart, IN then west through Osceola and Mishawaka to South Bend, IN, opened on October 4,1851. The full line west to Chicago opened on February 20,1852, a more direct line was soon planned from Elkhart east to Toledo, and the Northern Indiana Railroad was chartered in Ohio on March 3,1851. On April 25,1855, that company in turn merged with the Michigan Southern Rail Road to form the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad, in 1858 the new alignment from Elkhart, IN east to Air Line Junction in Toledo, OH was completed. The company now owned a line from Chicago to Toledo, with an alternate route through southern Michigan east of Elkhart. Also included was the Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad, leased July 1,1856, Erie to Cleveland The Franklin Canal Company was chartered May 21,1844, and built a railroad from Erie, PA southwest to the Ohio border. The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula bought the Franklin Canal Company on June 20,1854, Buffalo to Erie The Buffalo and State Line Railroad was incorporated October 13,1849, and opened January 1,1852, from Dunkirk, NY west to Pennsylvania. The rest of the line from Dunkirk to Buffalo opened on February 22, the Erie and North East Railroad was chartered April 12,1842, to build the part from the state line west to Erie, PA, and opened on January 19,1852. This would result in through passengers no longer having to change trains at Erie, and on December 7,1853, on February 1,1854, the relaying was finished and the first train passed through Erie. On May 15,1867, the two companies between Buffalo and Erie merged to form the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, Cleveland to Toledo The Junction Railroad was chartered March 2,1846, to build from Cleveland west to Toledo. The Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad was chartered March 7,1850, to build from Toledo east to Grafton on the Cleveland, Columbus, the latter company opened on January 24,1853, finally forming a continuous Buffalo-Chicago line. The Northern Division opened from Cleveland west to Sandusky on October 24,1853, the Northern Division was abandoned west of Sandusky due to lack of business, but the track was relaid in 1872, merging with the Southern Division at Millbury, east of Toledo
12.
CSX Transportation
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CSX Transportation is a Class I railroad in the United States. The main subsidiary of the CSX Corporation, the railroad is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, CSX operates one of the three Class I railroads serving most of the East Coast, the other two being the Norfolk Southern Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway. It also serves the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, together CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. As of October 1,2014, CSXs total public stock value was slightly over $32 billion, CSX Transportation was formed on July 1,1986, by combining the Chessie System and Seaboard System Railroad. The origin of the Chessie System was the former Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, which had merged with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on June 6,1998, the STB approved the CSX–NS application and set August 22,1998, as the effective date of its decision. CSX acquired 42 percent of Conrails assets, and NS received the remaining 58 percent, as a result of the transaction, CSXs rail operations grew to include some 3,800 miles of the Conrail system. CSX began operating its trains on its portion of the Conrail network on June 1,1999, CSX now serves much of the eastern U. S. with a few routes into nearby Canadian cities. The name came about during merger talks between Chessie System, Inc. and Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. commonly called Chessie, the company chairmen said it was important for the new name to include neither of those names because it was a partnership. Employees were asked for suggestions, most of which consisted of combinations of the initials, at the same time a temporary shorthand name was needed for discussions with the Interstate Commerce Commission. CSC was chosen but belonged to a company in Virginia. The lawyers decided to use CSX, and the name stuck, in the public announcement, it was said that CSX is singularly appropriate. C can stand for Chessie, S for Seaboard, and X, however, in the August 9,2016 article on the Railway Age website stated that. And the X was for Consolidated, the T had to be added to CSX when used as a reporting mark because reporting marks that end in X means that the car is owned by a leasing company or private car owner. Its current slogan, How Tomorrow Moves, appeared in 2008, in 2014 Canadian Pacific Railway approached CSX with an offer to merge the two companies, but CSX declined and in 2015 Canadian Pacific made an attempt to purchase and merge with Norfolk Southern. In 2017 CSX announced Hunter Harrison as its new chief executive, CSX added 5 new directors to their board, including Harrison and Mantle Ridge founder Paul Hilal. Mantle Ridge owns 4.9 percent of CSX, CSX operates two regions of five divisions each, the Northern, based in Calumet City, Illinois, and Southern, based in Jacksonville, Florida. The CEO of CSX is Hunter Harrison as of Feb 2017, o823, Q740 and Q741, Q743, and Q745—which consists of Tropicana cars that carry fresh orange juice between Bradenton, Florida, and the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. The train also runs from Bradenton to Fort Pierce, Florida, in the 21st century, the Juice Train has been studied as a model of efficient rail transportation that can compete with trucks and other modes in the perishable-goods trade
13.
Travel + Leisure
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Travel + Leisure is a travel magazine based in New York City, New York. Published 12 times a year, it has 4.8 million readers and it is owned and published by Time Inc. Its main competitors are Condé Nast Traveler and National Geographic Traveler, initially published in 1937 as U. S. Camera and Travel, it later assumed the name Travel + Leisure in 1971. The predecessor titles focused on photography, but the name change signaled a shift toward travel coverage in general. The magazine specializes in leisure travel and often features articles written by novelists, poets, artists, designers and it is known for its travel photography and covers featuring models lounging in upscale environments. Its Worlds Best Awards, a reader survey rating destinations. Other annual features include the T+L500, a list of the worlds top 500 hotels, and Americas Favorite Cities, the magazines Web site publishes original Web content and destination guides. Travel + Leisure Magazine was purchased from American Express Publishing by Time Inc. on October 1,2013, the Official Travel + Leisure website The Official Travel + Leisure Southeast Asia website
14.
Collinwood school fire
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The Collinwood school fire erupted on March 4,1908, killing 172 students, two teachers and one rescuer in one of the deadliest school disasters in United States history. The Lakeview School was a trap, though buildings designed similarly could be found throughout the nation. During the fire, the schools masonry exterior acted as a chimney, open stairways and the absence of fire breaks enhanced the chimney effect. Lakeview had only two exits and fire quickly blocked the front door, children rushed to the rear door, but, in a vestibule narrowed by partitions, they stumbled and climbed on top of one another, forming a pile that completely blocked the exit. Though later accounts sometimes described children pinned against inward-swinging doors, Lakeview’s doors opened outward, the vestibule, however, created an impassable bottleneck for the crowd trying to rush through it. Collinwoods small volunteer fire department and horse-drawn engines arrived too late and were ill-equipped to battle the inferno in front of them, in less than an hour, the three floors and the roof of the Lakeview School collapsed into the basement, leaving only a hollowed out brick ruin. Almost half of the children and two teachers in the building died, the origin of the fire remains uncertain, though explanations proliferated. Newspapers circulated many possibilities, sometimes blaming the building’s janitor, Fritz Hirter, for inattentiveness, other times, girls smoking in a basement closet near inflammable materials came under scrutiny. A quickly completed coroners inquest concluded that heating pipes running next to exposed wooden joists ignited the building, the coroner blamed the fire on conditions and held no one legally accountable for it. Many parents condemned the quickness of the inquest and objected to its refusal to hold the school board, the architects, Hirter, or anyone else responsible. J. H. Morgan, Ohio’s Chief Inspector of Public Buildings explained the problem this way in his report to the Governor and citizens. Many believe it originated from the system or boilers. A memorial plaque placed at the site by the state of Ohio in 2003 agrees that the fire was of unknown origin. ”The Collinwood Fire,1908, a website launched in October 2016, explores the tragedy, its historical context. The town of Collinwood paid for the burial of nineteen unidentifiable bodies in a grave at Cleveland’s Lake View Cemetery. Crews tore down the ruins of the school, but disputes about the use of the land quickly arose, in the interests of efficiency and economy, the school board initially planned to build a new school in precisely the location of the tragedy. Mourning parents objected and filed lawsuits seeking to prevent it, after more than a year of dispute, the state paid for the land where the Lake View School had stood and the town turned it into a memorial garden. The new Collinwood Memorial School, built to the highest standards of fire resistance at the time, was constructed on an adjacent lot, list of historic fires Bellamy, John Stark II. Maniac in the Bushes, More Tales of Cleveland Woe, Cleveland, OH, Gray & Company, Publishers
15.
Lake View Cemetery
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Lake View Cemetery is on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders. More than 104,000 people are buried at Lake View, there are 70 acres remaining for future development. Lake View Cemetery was founded in 1869 and sits on 285 acres of land, the cemetery is so named because it is partially located in the heights area of Greater Cleveland, with a view of Lake Erie to the north. It was modeled after the great cemeteries of Victorian-era England. The Italian stonemasons brought in to create the Cemetery founded the Cleveland neighborhood of Little Italy just to its southwest, the James A. Garfield Memorial is the most prominent point of interest at Lake View Cemetery. The ornate interior features a marble statue, stained glass, bas relief. The monument also serves as an observation deck and picnic area. President and Mrs. Garfield are entombed in the lower level crypt, their coffins placed side by side, another prominent structure in the cemetery is the Wade Chapel. Behind the chapel is a large pond, a smaller and very well-known memorial, the Angel of Death Victorious at the gravesite of the Haserot family, was created by sculptor Herman Matzen. The cemetery is among those profiled in the 2005 PBS documentary A Cemetery Special, scenes of the film, Captain America, The Winter Soldier, were filmed at the cemetery. John D. Henry Alden Sherwin was one of the two founders of the Sherwin-Williams Company in 1866, the company was created in part by both Sherwin and Edward Porter Williams. Stokes argued Terry v Ohio Stop and Frisk Carl B, stokes, Mayor of Cleveland, United States ambassador, first African American elected mayor of a major American city Amasa Stone. Official website Lake View Cemetery at Find a Grave
16.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
17.
Fisher Body
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Fisher & Company continues to use the name. The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public, Fisher Bodys beginnings trace back to a horse-drawn carriage shop in Norwalk, Ohio, in the late 1800s. Lawrence P. Fisher and his wife Margaret Theisen had a family of eleven children, seven were sons who would become part of the Fisher Body Company in Detroit. Lawrence and Margaret were married in Sandusky, Ohio, on May 11,1876, Margaret Theisen Fisher resided at 101 Longfellow St. Detroit after her husband died. The Fisher brothers were, Frederick John -54 Arden Park, Detroit William Andrew -111 Edison Ave. Detroit Lawrence Peter -383 Lenox St. Detroit Edward F. -892 W. Boston Blvd, Detroit Alfred J. -1556 Chicago Blvd, Detroit. In 1904 and 1905, the two eldest brothers, Fred and Charles, came to Detroit where their uncle Albert Fisher had established Standard Wagon Works during the part of the 1880s. The brothers found work at the C. R. Wilson Company, with financing from their uncle, on July 22,1908 Fred and Charles Fisher established the Fisher Body Company. Their uncle soon wanted out and the brothers obtained the funds from Detroit businessman Louis Mendelssohn who became a shareholder. Within a short period of time, Charles and Fred Fisher brought their five brothers into the business. Prior to forming the company, Fred Fisher had built the body of the Cadillac Osceola at the C. R. Wilson Company, starting in 1910, Fisher became the supplier of all closed bodies for Cadillac, and also built for Buick. In the early years of the company, the Fisher Brothers had to develop new body designs because the horseless carriage bodies did not have the strength to withstand the vibration of the new motorcars. By 1913, the Fisher Body Company had the capacity to produce 100,000 cars per year and customers included, Ford, Krit, Chalmers, Cadillac, and Studebaker. Highly successful, they expanded into Canada, setting up a plant in Walkerville, Ontario, one reason for their success was the development of interchangeable wooden body parts that did not require hand-fitting, as was the case in the construction of carriages. This required the design of new precision woodworking tools, the Fisher Body and Buick Chassis were built in Saint John New Brunswick Canada in the 1920s. In 1916, the became the Fisher Body Corporation. The company constructed the now-abandoned Albert Kahn-designed Fisher Body Plant 21, on Piquette Street, in Detroit, the building is now part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of floor space
18.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
19.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
20.
Cleveland crime family
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The Cleveland crime family originated in the early 1900s when the four Lonardo brothers and seven Porrello brothers migrated to the United States from Licata, Sicily. The Lonardo and Porrello brothers first established themselves as legitimate businessmen, the two groups dabbled in various criminal activities including robbery and extortion, before prohibition, but were not yet considered a major organization. At the start of Prohibition, Joseph Big Joe Lonardo was the boss of the Cleveland crime family and he was the second oldest of four Lonardo brothers. He and his brothers began by supplying Clevelands bootleggers with the corn sugar they needed to produce liquor and his top lieutenant was Joseph Big Joe Porrello, who supervised various bootlegging and other criminal operations throughout the early to mid-1920s. In 1926, the Porrello brothers broke away from the Lonardo family and they established their headquarters in the upper Woodland Avenue, around E. 110th St. With violence on the rise, boss Joseph Lonardo left for Sicily in the summer of 1927 and he left his brother John and adviser, Salvatore Black Sam Todaro as acting heads of the Cleveland family. When Lonardo returned, a sitdown was scheduled between the Lonardos and the Porrellos, on October 13,1927 Joseph Lonardo and his eldest brother John were to meet with Angelo Porrello in a Porrello-owned barber shop. The Lonardo brothers relaxed, playing a game of cards, when they were surprised by two gunmen and assassinated and this allowed Joseph Porrello take over as boss of the Cleveland crime family and become the most influential corn sugar baron in the Cleveland area. Porrello needed the support from the top Mafia bosses in New York, on December 5,1928, a high-level American Mafia meeting was held at the Statler Hotel in Cleveland. Joseph Porrello and one of his top lieutenants, Sam Tilocco, the attendees in the Cleveland meeting became participants of one of the first known La Cosa Nostra summits in American history. Some of the bosses who attended included Joe Profaci and Vincent Mangano of New York. The meeting turned into a fiasco, as some of the attendees were recognized by local law enforcement. Meanwhile, mafiosi continued to arrive from across the country for the Mafia summit, the Porrello brothers arranged for their associates to be bailed out of jail. Joseph Porrello was declared the boss and recognized nationwide, not-with-standing the fiasco which he was supposed to have hosted, on June 11,1929, Porrello family lieutenant Sam Todaro was murdered. At the end of Prohibition, most of the Porrello brothers, on July 5,1930, Joseph Porrello was invited to a sitdown with Frank Milano at the Milano-owned Venetian Restaurant. Gunfire erupted and boss Joseph Porrello and his underling were killed, Vincenzo Jim Porrello succeeded his brother as Cleveland Mafia boss. Three weeks after his brothers murder, Vincenzo was shot in the back of the head and murdered in a store on East 110th Street. Raymond Porrello declared revenge, and on August 15,1930 and he was not home at the time
21.
Danny Greene
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Daniel John Patrick Danny Greene was an Irish American mobster and associate of Cleveland mobster John Nardi during the gang war for the citys criminal operations during the 1970s. Competing gangsters set off more than 35 bombs, most attached to cars in murder attempts, Greene had gained power first in a local chapter of the International Longshoremens Association, where he was elected president in the early 1960s. Greene pushed into Cleveland rackets and began competing with the Italian-American Mafia for control of the city and he set up his own group called the Celtic Club, complete with enforcers. Danny Greene was born in Cleveland, to parents John Henry Greene and Irene Cecelia Greene and his father was born in Cleveland, Ohio, but his mother was born in Pennsylvania. Three days after his birth, Greenes mother died and he was called Baby Greene until his mother was buried, and was eventually named after his grandfather. His father drank heavily and eventually lost his job as a salesman for Fuller Brush, after this, Danny temporarily moved in with his grandfather, who had also been recently widowed. Unable to provide for him, Dannys father placed him in Parmadale, in 1939 Dannys father began dating a nurse and married her. They started their own family and brought Danny home, at age six, he resented his stepmother and ran away on several occasions. His paternal grandfather took him in, and Danny lived with him, Dannys grandfather worked nights, so he was able to roam the roads at night. When his father died in 1959, the newspaper obituary listed his children from his second marriage, at St. Jerome Catholic School, Danny developed a great fondness for the nuns and priests. He developed a friendship with some of his teachers and served as an altar boy. An athletic boy, he excelled at baseball and was a basketball player. Although Greene was a student, the nuns at St. Jerome let him play sports because he was valuable for the team. Greene attended St. Ignatius High School, in frequent fights with Italian-American students, children of more recent immigrants struggling for place, Danny developed an intense dislike for Italians that lasted his entire life. After being expelled from Saint Ignatius, he transferred to Collinwood High School, a Boy Scout for a short time, he was kicked out of his troop. He was expelled from Collinwood High School due to excessive tardiness, as an adult, Greene stood 510 and was self-conscious about his personal appearance. He pursued physical fitness, lifting weights and jogging, as he became older, he quit smoking and drinking, and had a hair prosthesis. He followed a diet of fish, vegetables and vitamin supplements
22.
Euclid Beach Park
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Euclid Beach Park was a popular amusement park located on the southern shore of Lake Erie in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1899, Lee Holtzman became Euclid Beachs new manager, later that same year, as reported in a Cleveland newspaper, Euclid Beach Park had failed. Management jumped at an offer the Humphreys made, leasing the park to them for five years at twelve thousand dollars a year, dudley S. Humphrey, Jr. led six members of his family in undertaking management of the park as of 1901. They expanded the beach and bathing facilities, including adding a lakeside swing, added new attractions. Designed to be a park, the Humphreys would not admit anyone who had consumed intoxicating beverages at a bar directly across the street from the entrance to the park. Signs throughout the park instructed that only children were permitted to wear shorts, at one point the park advertised that it would present nothing that would demoralize or depress, and that visitors would never be exposed to undesirable people. In August 1910, the park was the site of a flight by aviator Glenn Curtiss from Euclid Beach to Cedar Point. Euclid Beach Park was built abutting a beach on Lake Erie, which was part of the attraction, and, for a time, an early addition to the park was its famed dance hall. After the Humphreys acquired the park, many more attractions were made part of Euclid Beach, the first carousel to be installed at Euclid Beach Park was the Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel Number 9 design. It debuted in 1905, in 1910, it was replaced by Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel Number 19 and this carousel had fifty eight horses and two chariots, which were decorated with leaf carvings surrounding a Greek god and two cherubs. The chariots retained these classic designs when the other decorations were replaced with ones having an art deco motif. After Euclid Beach Park ceased operation, this carousel was sold and moved to Palace Playland in Old Orchard Beach, Maine, in 1997, the Euclid Beach Park Nuts and the Trust for Public Land partnered to acquire the carousel and bring it back to Cleveland. Since that time, the Euclid Beach Carousel Society entered into a contract with a firm which designs, on Tuesday, April 17,2012 the WRHS broke ground for the construction of a glass pavilion to house the restored and reassembled carousel. The carousel reopened to the public on November 23,2014, seven roller coasters operated at Euclid Beach in the history of the park. The first roller coaster, the Switchback Railway, debuted in 1896 and it was built by LaMarcus A. Thompson. The Switchback Railway was followed by the Figure Eight and the Scenic Railway, in 1909, John A. Miller premiered his first coaster at the park, the New Velvet Coaster, which operated until 1965. He also designed the Derby Racer, later renamed Racing Coaster and it was featured in a Plain Dealer advertisement published on May 30,1913, and survived until the close of the park in 1969. Racing Coaster only featured one track which formed a Möbius loop, the Thriller was designed by Herbert Paul Schmeck and Howard Stoneback
23.
Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School
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Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School is a private Roman Catholic college-preparatory high school located in Cleveland, Ohio. The schools name is commonly abbreviated VASJ and it was formed by the 1990 merger of Villa Angela Academy and St. Joseph High School. It is owned by the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland, the schools core values are grounded in those of the religious orders which had administered the two predecessor schools, the Society of Mary and the Ursulines. The school moved into a new building in 1972 and their athletic teams were nicknamed the Skylarks Villa Angela Academy had over 6,000 graduates. St. Joseph High School was opened in 1950 on the site of Boulevard Hospital, bishop Edward Francis Hoban had asked the Society of Mary from Dayton, Ohio to administer the school. The schools mascot was the Viking due to the proximity to Lake Erie. St. Joseph has over 10,000 graduates, in 1988, the Diocese announced plans to merge these two schools into a new co-educational school that would serve the needs of the east side of Cleveland. The new school would keep both schools names and traditions and it would be named Villa Angela - St. Joseph High School and be located at the St. Joseph building. The mascot would remain the Viking, Joseph High School before merging with Villa Angela Academy. Eckart -1968 - SJHS News/Media Kelly ODonnell -1983 - VAA Law/Attorney Tim Misny -1973 - SJHS School Website
24.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
25.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
26.
Slovenian Americans
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Slovene Americans or Slovenian Americans are Americans of full or partial Slovene or Slovenian ancestry. Slovenes mostly immigrated to America during the Slovene mass emigration period from the 1880s to World War I, the first Slovenes in the United States were missionary priests. Two of the earliest such missionaries were Fr. Anton Kappus, in the 1730s some Slovenes settled in small farming communities in Georgia. There were a few Slovene soldiers who fought in the American Revolution, Slovene priests built some of the first churches and schools in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and neighboring parts of Canada. Many of these immigrants were bilingual Slovene-German speakers. Until the 1880s there was a number of Slovene immigrants to the United States. Between 1880 and World War I, the largest numbers of Slovenes immigrated to America and these later arrivals migrated to the industrial cities or to mining towns in the Upper Midwest, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Two later periods of increased immigration to the United States were the immediately after World War I. Most Slovene immigrants to the United States were of the Catholic faith, however, the Cleveland metropolitan area is home to the largest population of Slovenians in the world outside of Slovenia. The state with the smallest Slovene American population is North Dakota, there is no American state without Slovene descendants among its population. The 1910 census reported 183,431 persons of Slovene mother tongue,123,631 foreign-born and 59,800 born in America and these numbers are clearly an underestimate of the actual Slovene population since descendants of earlier settlers often no longer knew Slovene. In the 2000 US Census,176,691 Americans declared that they were of Slovene origin, some Slovenes coming from the Austro-Hungarian Empire avoided anti-Slavic prejudice by identifying themselves as Austrians. Many others were recorded as Slav, Slavic, Slavish, or Slavonian, a number of fraternal organizations, benevolent societies, social groups, and cultural organizations have been founded by Slovene immigrants and their descendents in the United States. These organizations allowed members to preserve old traditions as well as to provide insurance against illness and this was especially important because other insurance companies at the time discriminated against immigrants or in some cases defrauded them. A number of mergers and name changes took place during the 20th Century, kranjsko-slovenska katoliška jednota, founded in Joliet in 1894, became the Ameriško-slovenska katoliška jednota or American Slovenian Catholic Union. Slovenska narodna podporna jednota, founded in Chicago in 1904, became Slovene National Benefit Society, zahodna slovanska veza, founded in 1908, became Western Slavonic Association. Indianapolis Slovenian National Home, founded in 1918, slovenska dobrodelna zveza, founded in Cleveland in 1910, became American Mutual Life Association in 1966. Slovenski Narodni Dom, Cleveland, founded in 1914, napredne Slovenke Amerike, founded in 1934
27.
George Voinovich
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George Victor Voinovich was an American politician from the state of Ohio and born in Cleveland. Voinovich spent more than 46 years in public service – first as assistant attorney general of Ohio in 1963 and he is the only person to have served as both chairman of the National Governors Association and president of the National League of Cities. In his 2004 re-election to the U. S. Senate, Voinovich garnered more than 3.4 million votes, Voinovich was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Josephine and George S. Voinovich. He was the oldest of six children and his father was of Serbian descent, and his mother was of Slovenian ancestry. Voinovich grew up in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland and graduated from Collinwood High School in 1954, Voinovich was raised Catholic and was a lifelong member of his neighborhood parish, Our Lady of the Lake in Collinwood. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Ohio University in 1958 where he served as President of the Student Body, Voinovich received a law degree in 1961 from the Moritz College of Law at the Ohio State University. He was also a part of the fraternity Phi Kappa Tau at Ohio University, Voinovich began his political career in 1963 as an Assistant Attorney General of Ohio. He then served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1967 until 1971, from 1971 until 1976, he served as County Auditor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In 1971, he made a run for the Republican nomination for Mayor of Cleveland against Ralph J. Perk. From 1977 to 1978, Voinovich served as a member of the Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners, in 1978, Voinovich was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio on the ticket with James A. Rhodes. By 1979, elections in Cleveland had become nonpartisan, and with then-Mayor Dennis J. Kucinich about to enter a tough re-election campaign, finally, on July 26, he made one of the most difficult decisions in life. He held his office as lieutenant governor until he won the election, aside from Kucinich, Voinovichs other opponents included State Senator Charles Butts and city council majority leader Basil Russo. As the election drew closer, The Plain Dealer announced its endorsement of Voinovich, voter turnout in the primary was greater than that of the 1977 race among Perk, Kucinich and Edward F. Feighan. In the 1979 nonpartisan primary election, Voinovich led with 47,000 votes to 36,000 for Kucinich, Russo and Butts did not qualify for the general election. The biggest surprise was Voinovichs showing in predominantly African American wards and he trailed only Butts, with Kucinich last. On October 8,1979, a few days after the primary, Voinovichs nine-year-old daughter Molly was struck by a van, the event brought the Voinovich campaign to a virtual halt and made it difficult for Kucinich to attack his opponent. Still, he challenged Voinovich to a series of debates to be held in various Cleveland neighborhoods, Voinovich declined the invitations, saying they would be unproductive, although they eventually did meet in a debate on November 3 at the City Club. Voinovich went on to win the election with 94,541 votes to Kucinichs 73,755, Voinovich went on to be re-elected twice by landslides
28.
Frankie Yankovic
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Frank John Frankie Yankovic was a Grammy Award-winning polka musician. Known as Americas Polka King, Yankovic was considered the premier artist to play in the Slovenian style during his long career, born to Slovene immigrant parents, Yankovic was raised in Collinwood, Ohio. He released over 200 recordings in his career, in 1986 he was awarded the first ever Grammy in the Best Polka Recording category. He rarely strayed from Slovenian-style polka, but did record with country guitarist Chet Atkins and he also recorded a version of the Too Fat Polka with comedian Drew Carey. Yankovics father, a blacksmith, and his mother, a cook, when Yankovic was young, his father moved to Cleveland to escape authorities who learned of his bootlegging, and the rest of the family followed shortly thereafter. While living in Cleveland, he became enthralled by the bands that played at Slovenian social functions. His mother took on boarders to help with the family finances, Yankovic acquired an accordion at age 9, and received a few lessons from Zelodec. By the late 1920s, in his teenage years, he was a working musician. In the 1930s, he formed a relationship with Joe Trolli and began making radio appearances on stations such as WJAY. As his reputation spread, he sought opportunities to make records and his first records were made for the Yankee and Joliet labels operated by Fred Wolf, and the expenses were paid for by Yankovic himself. In 1940, he married his first wife June, and they began to raise a family, however, the expenses of family life quickly overcame the incoming money from his music career, so he opened a tavern, calling it the Yankovic Bar. It became a hangout for local musicians, and he continued to run it until he sold it in 1948. Yankovic enlisted in the forces in 1943, and cut numerous records while on leave. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge where a case of frostbite nearly required the amputation of his hands. Fortunately, he was able to beat the resulting gangrene before that became necessary, the doctors urged him to have his fingers amputated, but he refused, as that would have ended his music career. After getting out of the hospital, he and four musicians were assigned to special services to entertain the troops, including General George Patton. Yankovic hit the scene when he earned two platinum singles for Just Because and Blue Skirt Waltz. Yankovic found a Bohemian Waltz called Cervenou Sukynku, or loosely translated, Red Skirt Waltz, Yankovic asked Mitchell Parrish to write new lyrics to the melody
29.
Italian Americans
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
30.
Central, Cleveland
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Central is a neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio. The neighborhood is named for its onetime main thoroughfare, Central Avenue. With settlement beginning during the citys infancy in the early 19th century, an influx of Germans in the 1830s marked the first in several waves of immigration to what would be gateway community for many ethnic groups in the Cleveland area. The largest pre-World War I populations of Jews, Italians and African Americans living in Cleveland lived in Central, as well as communities of Czechs, the neighborhood population peaked at a Post-World War II number exceeding 69,000. Today, Central has less than one-fifth of its 1950 population, the neighborhood features several schools including East Technical High School. Central, until just after World War II was arguably the capital in the city of Cleveland. The neighborhood remained generally poor to working class and predominately ethnic European until the beginning of World War I, the gradual demographic shift saw Central become a commercial district that hired large numbers of African Americans, a revolutionary idea at the time. Between 1910 and 1920, the African American population of Cleveland increased by 400% to 34,451, the onset of the Great Depression was the impetus for a trend that began in Central in the 1930s, and continued through the early 1990s. Central would become the location for Clevelands largest concentration of housing projects. The CMHA began with the Outhwaite Homes, and the Cedar-Central projects in the 1930s, by the 1970s, the additions of Carver Park and the King-Kennedy high rises had made Central the public housing capital of Cleveland. Langston Hughes - Author and playwright, attended Central High School, frank G. Jackson - 56th Mayor of Cleveland, currently lives in the Central Neighborhood. Carl Stokes - 51st Mayor of Cleveland, first African American elected mayor of a major US City, louis Stokes - 15-Term US Congressman, brother of Carl, also grew up in the Outwaite Homes. List of African-American neighborhoods Andrew and James Dall Houses Media related to Central, Cleveland at Wikimedia Commons
31.
University Circle
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University Circle is a neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio. The area is known as The Circle to locals. University Circle is member of the Global Cultural Districts Network, while the population of University Circle ranks on the lower end of Clevelands 36 defined Statistical Planning Areas, it ranks near the top in importance to the citys economic sector. Neighborhood businesses and institutions provide the city more than 30,000 jobs in a variety of fields. Nearby attractions draw approximately 2.5 million visitors annually, University Circle has its own full-service police department to provide security and patrol the area. In a 2007 USA Today article entitled 10 great places to discover Italy in America, Mario Batali was quoted as saying, the article listed Clevelands Little Italy as a top ten Little Italy in America. Askmen. com ranked Clevelands Little Italy #3 out of 10 in their list of Top 10, the name University Circle began to take shape in the 1880s. Western Reserve University moved its campus from Hudson, Ohio, to Euclid Avenue in 1883, Case School of Applied Science moved from Downtown Cleveland to a site next to WRU in 1885. By the 1890s, the Western Reserve School of Design for Women moved to University Circle, the concept became more concrete when Jeptha Wade, a trustee of Western Reserve University, set aside land for the Cleveland Museum of Art to be built in the Circle. The Historical Society joined these institutions before the start of the 20th century, the Circle began to grow rapidly in the early 20th century. The Cleveland Museum of Art opened its doors in 1916, Clevelands college football scene began in University Circle through both Case and Western Reserve football teams. Van Horn Field hosted games against Ohio State, Notre Dame, famed Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne made his coaching debut against Case in University Circle in 1918. In 1920, The Alabama Crimson Tide played their first ever game in the north at Van Horn Field against Case, the arrival of University Hospitals in 1931 led to health care becoming another center of innovation in University Circle. Less than one mile away from University Hospitals, the Cleveland Clinic had been serving its patients since 1921, also in 1931 Severance Hall, home of the Cleveland Orchestra, was constructed at the corner of Euclid and East Boulevard. By 1950,34 institutions had chosen University Circle as their home, in 1967, Case School of Applied Science and Western Reserve University confederated to become Case Western Reserve University. University Circle remains Clevelands center for cultural, educational, religious, the area is currently undergoing many construction projects with many institutions expanding, and private development of residential and commercial dwellings. New housing developments in the area have increased the number of residents in the area to an estimated 15,000 as of 2013. In 2012, the Museum of Contemporary Art opened its new permanent location in University Circle at the corner of Mayfield Road, University Circle is served by multiple forms of transportation, including rapid train, bus, bus rapid transit, and circulators
32.
Assumption of Mary
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The Catholic Church teaches as dogma that the Virgin Mary having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. This doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on 1 November 1950. In the churches that observe it, the Assumption is a major feast day, in many countries, the feast is also marked as a Holy Day of Obligation in the Roman Catholic Church and as a festival in the Anglican Communion. The Catholic Church itself interprets chapter 12 of the Book of Revelation as referring to it, the earliest known narrative is the so-called Liber Requiei Mariae, which survives intact only in an Ethiopic translation. Probably composed by the 4th century, this Christian apocryphal narrative may be as early as the 3rd century, also quite early are the very different traditions of the Six Books Dormition narratives. The earliest versions of this apocryphon are preserved by several Syriac manuscripts of the 5th and 6th centuries, although the text itself probably belongs to the 4th century. The story also appears in De Transitu Virginis, a late 5th century work ascribed to St. Melito of Sardis that presents a theologically redacted summary of the traditions in the Liber Requiei Mariae. The Transitus Mariae tells the story of the apostles being transported by white clouds to the deathbed of Mary, the Decretum Gelasianum in the 490s declared some transitus Mariae literature apocryphal. An Armenian letter attributed to Dionysus the Areopagite also mentioned the supposed event, john of Damascus, from this period, is the first church authority to advocate the doctrine under his own name. His contemporaries, Gregory of Tours and Modestus of Jerusalem, helped promote the concept to the wider church. In some versions of the story, the event is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary, although this is a more recent. The earliest traditions locate the end of Marys life in Jerusalem, in a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event. This incident is depicted in later paintings of the Assumption. It was celebrated in the West under Pope Sergius I in the 8th century, theological debate about the Assumption continued, following the Reformation, climaxing in 1950 when Pope Pius XII defined it as dogma for the Catholic Church. Catholic theologian Ludwig Ott stated, The idea of the assumption of Mary is first expressed in certain transitus-narratives of the fifth and sixth centuries. The first Church author to speak of the assumption of Mary. The Catholic writer Eamon Duffy states that there is, clearly, however, the Catholic Church has never asserted nor denied that its teaching is based on the apocryphal accounts. The Church documents are silent on this matter and instead rely upon other sources, Pope Pius XII deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption
33.
Jordan Motor Car Company
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The Jordan Motor Car Company was founded in 1916 in Cleveland, Ohio by Edward S. Ned Jordan, a former advertising executive from Thomas B. The factory produced what were known as assembled cars until 1931, Jordan cars were noted more for attractive styling than for advanced engineering, although they did bring their share of innovations to the marketplace. Not surprisingly, the advertising was often more original than the cars themselves. Said Jordan, “Cars are too dull and drab. ”He reasoned that since people dressed smartly, Jordan Motor Car established its plant east of downtown Cleveland at 1070 East 152nd Street along the Nickel Plate Railroad tracks. This not only provided a location for shipping the finished cars. In their first year of production, Jordan sold over one thousand vehicles, Jordan parts were obtained from outside vendors. The cars were powered by Continental engines, used Timken axles, Bijur starters, according to Ned Jordans biographer, James Lackey, the source of early Jordan bodies was somewhat a mystery. While Jordan had the capacity to paint the automobile bodies and attach them to the chassis and outfit the passenger compartment, later production bodies were shipped from a variety of manufacturers in Ohio and Massachusetts. The most flamboyant of color schemes was on the four-passenger Sport model which could be ordered in Submarine Gray, with khaki top, details given the cars were unusually advanced for an independently made assembled car. For example, Jordans boasted one of the first cowl fresh air ventilation systems, Jordan also went to all-steel construction in the mid-1920s, some ten years before Buick, and eight years before Chrysler introduced the advanced Airflow models. In 1917, Jordans 60 Series Limousine had a 6-cylinder 303.1 cubic engine Continental engine, Jordan purchased and installed straight-six engines for its 1919 Series F and 1920-1921 Series M cars. In 1922, the Series MX model featured a 246 cubic inch flathead engine. In 1926, their Line Eight and Great Line Eight models offered, corresponding to their names, the 1931 Model 90 was powered by an eight-cylinder,85 horsepower engine. Jordan was also one of the first automakers to christen its model types with unique, evocative names such as the Sport Marine, Tomboy, and Playboy. He originally wanted to name the car with the World War I term, “Doughboy, ” but decided on the commonsensical, in 1920, the company issued the Friendly Three coupe, with the slogan Seats two, three if theyre friendly”. Jordan used the emerging suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Shaker Heights as backdrops for his photographs, setting the cars in front of the mansions of Overlook. While other Jordan ads contained the same winsome prose, one in particular had an unseen outcome. Jordans Port of Missing Men, which appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, featured Jordans musings on restless man
34.
Tony Adamle
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Anthony Tony Adamle was a professional American football linebacker and fullback in the All-America Football Conference and the National Football League. He played his career for the Cleveland Browns before retiring to pursue a medical degree. Adamle grew up in Cleveland, Ohio and was a fullback on his Collinwood High School football team. He attended Ohio State University in 1942, but his career was cut short by World War II. After a stint in the U. S. Air Force and he soon dropped out of school, however, and joined the Browns. Cleveland won AAFC championships in each of Adamles first three years, after which the folded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland continued to succeed in the NFL, winning the 1950 championship and advancing to the 1951 championship, Adamle left the Browns after the 1951 season to pursue a medical degree, but he came out of retirement briefly in 1954 as the Browns won another NFL championship. Adamle left football for good after the season, earning a degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1956. He settled with his family in Kent, Ohio, where he ran a medical practice until his death in 2000 and he was a team physician for his local high school and for Kent State University for more than 35 years. Adamles son Mike played in the NFL as a fullback in the 1970s before retiring and becoming a sports broadcaster, Adamle was born in Fairmont, West Virginia to immigrants from Slovenia. His family moved to Cleveland when he was a child, Adamle was a standout fullback on his high school team and made a Cleveland-area All-Star squad in 1941 that matched up against a team of stars from Florida. He was without question the best high school player I have ever seen and he was also named an All-Ohio player by the Associated Press and United Press International and earned three varsity letters in football in high school. Adamle attended Ohio State University and was on the 1942 Ohio State Buckeyes freshman team, after serving in the U. S. Air Force in the Mediterranean Theatre of War, he returned to Ohio State for the teams 1946 season—his only season with the varsity Buckeyes. Playing as a center in a November game against the Northwestern Wildcats, Adamle intercepted a Frank Aschenbrenner pass in the third quarter and he had another interception in the fourth quarter of the 39–27 Buckeyes victory. Adamle was eligible to play for the Buckeyes again in 1947, I would be a pretty sick fellow today, knowing what I do about Tony, if George Halas had gotten him, Brown said before the season began. Adamles decision to drop out was controversial because of rules that under normal circumstances would have barred him from playing professionally before graduating. The interruption of the war had forced the suspension of the rule to account for military service, however. The Browns denied that they encouraged Adamle to drop out, with the Browns starting in the teams 1947 season, Adamle played as a fullback
35.
Cleveland Browns
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The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Browns compete in the National Football League as a club of the American Football Conference North division. The Browns play their games at FirstEnergy Stadium, which opened in 1999, with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea. The Browns official colors are brown, orange and white and they are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets and are the only team named after a specific person, original coach Paul Brown. The franchise was founded in 1945 by businessman Arthur B, McBride and coach Paul Brown as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference. The Browns dominated the AAFC, compiling a 47–4–3 record in the four active seasons. When the AAFC folded after the 1949 season, the Browns joined the National Football League along with the San Francisco 49ers, from 1965 to 1995, they made the playoffs 14 times, but did not win another championship or appear in the Super Bowl in that period. In 1995, owner Art Modell, who had purchased the Browns in 1961, announced plans to move the team to Baltimore, Maryland. The Browns intellectual property, including name, logos, training facility, and history, were kept in trust. A new team would be established by 1999 either by expansion or relocation, the Browns were announced as an expansion team in 1998 and resumed play in 1999. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success and they have had only two winning seasons, one playoff appearance, and no playoff wins. The franchise has also noted for a lack of stability with quarterbacks. To date, the Browns overall win-loss record since 1999 is 88–200, the Browns origins date to 1944, when taxicab magnate Arthur B. Mickey McBride secured the rights to a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference. S, early in 1945, McBride named 36-year-old Ohio State Buckeyes coach Paul Brown as the teams head coach and general manager and gave him a share in its profits. The move surprised and upset Buckeye fans, who had hoped he would resume his successful run at the school after the war, the name of the team was at first left up to Paul Brown, who rejected calls for it to be christened the Browns. The franchise and the Cleveland Plain Dealer then held a naming contest to publicize the team, in June 1945, a committee selected Panthers as the new teams name, named after a failed American Football League franchise in Cleveland which only lasted a single season in 1926. It is unclear whether Panthers was the highest vote-getter, or if it was second-highest behind Browns, however, the owner of the failed AFL Panthers franchise, General C. X. Zimmerman, indicated that he owned the name Cleveland Panthers, at this point, Paul Brown bowed to popular sentiment and agreed to the Browns name
36.
All-America Football Conference
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The All-America Football Conference was a professional American football league that challenged the established National Football League from 1946–1949. One of the NFLs most formidable challengers, the AAFC attracted many of the nations best players, However, the AAFC was ultimately unable to sustain itself in competition with the NFL. Three of its teams were admitted to the NFL, the San Francisco 49ers, the Cleveland Browns, the Cleveland Browns were the AAFCs most successful club, having won every annual championship in the leagues four years of operation. The AAFC was founded by Chicago Tribune sports editor Arch Ward on June 4,1944, Ward was also the originator of baseballs All-Star Game and footballs College All-Star Game. Ward brought together a number of pro football enthusiasts, some of whom had previously attempted to purchase NFL franchises. Ward had previously encouraged the NFL to expand, but now he hoped to bring about a permanent second league, on November 21,1944, the AAFC chose Jim Crowley, one of the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame, as its commissioner. Not coincidentally, the NFL commissioner at this time was Elmer Layden, during the next months, the AAFCs plans solidified. The league initially issued franchises for Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York, Brooklyn and Miami were later added. A group representing Baltimore was considered for admission, but could not secure a stadium, the league planned to begin play in 1945, but postponed its opening for a year as World War II continued. As the eight franchises built their teams, no move was more far-reaching than Clevelands choice of Paul Brown as its head coach, as coach of the Cleveland franchise, Brown would become one of American footballs greatest innovators. As might be expected, the NFL did not welcome its new rival, in 1945, Layden remarked that the AAFC, still a year from its first game, should first get a ball, then make a schedule, and then play a game. This insult, often paraphrased as Tell them to get a ball first, Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall was perhaps the NFLs hardest-liner regarding the AAFC. In 1945, he commented I did not realize there was another league, Later he declared, The worst team in our league could beat the best team in theirs. After the AAFC put a team in Baltimore, Marshalls opposition to it would be an obstacle to interleague peace. Not coincidentally, his team was badly hurt by the AAFC, a top team from 1936–1945, the Redskins began a decades-long title drought after coach Ray Flaherty and many key players defected in 1946. Laydens successor, Bert Bell, pursued a policy of official non-recognition, in 1947, Pro Football Illustrated previewed both leagues in its annual publication and was banned from NFL stadiums. The AAFC posed a formidable challenge, in most interleague sports wars, the established league has major advantages over the challenger in prestige, finance, size, and public awareness. The NFL-AAFC war differed in several respects, the NFL was just emerging from its wartime retrenchment
37.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
38.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
39.
Kill the Irishman
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Kill the Irishman is a 2011 American biographical crime film directed by Jonathan Hensleigh, and starring Ray Stevenson, Vincent DOnofrio, Christopher Walken, and Val Kilmer. Written by Hensleigh, it is based on the life of Irish-American gangster Danny Greene, before entering production, Kill the Irishman had a troubled development stage that lasted over a decade. Production commenced in 2009, with filming taking place in and around Detroit, the film chronicles the rise and fall of Danny Greene. He worked as a longshoreman in the Cleveland docks, until being chosen to serve as president in 1961. In 1964, he was convicted of embezzling $11,500 of the unions funds, after his conviction, Greene rose through the criminal underworld in Cleveland, and waged war on the Mafia for control of the city. After many failed attempts, Greene was assassinated on October 6,1977 by contract killer Ray Ferritto and his death ultimately led to the demise of the Cleveland Mafia. Released in the United States on March 11,2011, Kill the Irishman premiered at the Landmark Sunshine Cinema in New York City, most of the cast, including Stevenson and D’Onofrio, were in attendance. Shondor Birns niece was also present, the film was met with mixed-positive reviews upon release, but some criticized the purported similarities to Martin Scorseses Goodfellas. Kill the Irishman grossed $1,188,194 at the box office. In 1960, Danny Greene and his childhood friends Billy McComber, meanwhile, the members are exploited by corrupt union boss, Jerry Merke and the leadership of the ILA union urges Greene to run against him. Meanwhile, Sneperger cant pay a debt to Cleveland Mafia Capo John Nardi. In return for Snepergers debt being forgiven, Greene supplies Nardis crew with goods stolen from the docks, Merke finds out, demands a cut of Greenes profits, and then sends an enforcer to kill him. Instead, Greene beats up the enforcer, then beats up Merke, throws the union out of his office. He improves the conditions at the docks while continuing his dealings with Nardi. Greenes corruption is exposed by the Plain Dealer newspaper and Cleveland Police Detective Joe Manditski, bankrupt and facing prison, Greene plea bargains to lesser charges in return for becoming an FBI informant and being banned for life from organized labor. Greene is released and moves his wife and daughters back to Collinwood. Greene, McComber, Sneperger, and ex-Hells Angel Keith Ritson terrorize many into joining, Licavoli orders Greene to kill Frato, but Greene balks because Frato has ten children. Nardi tells him privately, though, that, You wanted to play in the big leagues, sometimes you have to do things you dont wanna do
North Collinwood–South Collinwood
