1.
Kingsley Amis
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Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, according to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century. He is the father of British novelist Martin Amis, in 2008, The Times ranked Kingsley Amis thirteenth on their list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, south London, the son of William Robert Amis and he was raised in Norbury – in his later estimation not really a place, its an expression on a map really I should say I came from Norbury station. He was educated at the City of London School on a scholarship, after his first year, and in April 1941 was admitted to St. Johns College, Oxford, also on a scholarship, where he read English. It was there that he met Philip Larkin, with whom he formed the most important friendship of his life, while at Oxford, in June 1941, Amis joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. After only a year, in July 1942, he was called up for national service, after serving in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War, Amis returned to Oxford in October 1945 to complete his degree. Although he worked hard and earned in 1947 a first in English, in 1946 he met Hilary Bardwell, they married in 1948 after she became pregnant with their first child, Philip. Amis initially arranged for her to have an abortion, but changed his mind. He became a lecturer in English at the University of Wales, Two other children followed, Martin in August 1949 and Sally in January 1954. Days after Sallys birth, Amiss first novel Lucky Jim was published to acclaim, critics saw it as having caught the flavour of Britain in the 1950s. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction and Amis was associated with the writers labelled the Angry Young Men. Lucky Jim was one of the first British campus novels, setting a precedent for later generations of such as Malcolm Bradbury, David Lodge, Tom Sharpe. As a poet, Amis was associated with The Movement, on returning to Britain, he fell into a rut, and he began looking for another post, after thirteen years at Swansea, Amis became a fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He regretted the move within a year, finding Cambridge an academic and social disappointment and resigned in 1963, intent on moving to Majorca, in 1963, Hilary discovered Amiss love affair with novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard. Hilary and Amis separated in August, and he went to live with Howard and he divorced Hilary in 1965 and married Howard the same year. In 1968 he moved with Howard to Lemmons, a house in Barnet and she and Amis divorced in 1983. In his last years, Amis shared a house with his first wife Hilary and her husband, Alastair Boyd
2.
Robert Markham
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Robert Markham is a pseudonym used by author Kingsley Amis to publish Colonel Sun in March 1968. The book was the first continuation James Bond novel following the death of Bonds creator, following the death of Ian Fleming on 12 August 1964, the rights to the Bond novels were held by Glidrose Publications. -Col. For the pseudonym, Peter Fleming - Ian Flemings brother - initially suggested George Glidrose, jonathan Cape rejected this name, claiming that it had no selling or publicity power. Despite this, Amiss involvement as author was not a secret, American editions of the book identified Amis as the author. Amis had unhappily visited Mexico in January 1968, from this experience grew the idea for another Bond story. According to the New York Times Book Review, Mr. Amis never moves about by air, en route, he remembered that Bond loved trains and found himself plotting an assassination on a train. Then as his train moved on, there occurred the inevitable sentence, the plot would centre around tensions between British Honduras and Guatemala over rival claims to Mexico. A syndicated Associated Press story also implied that Amis may kill Bond off for good, according to the article, a bazooka-wielding bartender would blast Bond on a train in Mexico. Amis was inconsistent if this would result in a novel or a short story, the 1970 Associated Press story claimed it would be Amiss next book. However, in a 1968 letter to Robert Conquest, Amis clearly states that it would only be a short story. Amis also approached Glidrose with an idea for a Bond short story that would have featured a 70-year-old Bond coming out of retirement for one final mission, but permission was not granted
3.
Tom Adams (illustrator)
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Tom Adams is a US-born Anglo-Scots illustrator and painter. Long active in a variety of formats, he is known for his work in book cover art, portrait painting, poster, advertising. He is most widely known for his cover art for the paperback editions of Agatha Christie. Tom Adams has five children and lives with his wife, children’s writer Georgie Adams, Tom Adams was born into a family of town and urban planners. Indeed, it is not an exaggeration to suggest that Thomas Adams was one of the founders of urban planning as a discipline. His two sons went on to make their mark in American and English town and urban planning, Tom Adams’s father, James W. Renwick Adams OBE, worked as a planner for the English county council of Kent. From this background, the sense of visual composition in Tom Adam’s work becomes more understandable. Moreover, Adam’s visual work is drawn to the challenge of integrating seemingly disparate elements into an integral whole, Adams served for two years in the Navy. He then trained at the Chelsea School of Art and Goldsmiths College, between 1953 and 1960 Adams provided illustrations for the youth-oriented UK publications Eagle, Girl and Swift. In 1965, Adams joined his father, the late James W. R and his connection with the modern world of rock music continued when he met Lou Reed, an admirer of his Christie and Raymond Chandler covers. Adams designed the cover for his first UK solo album, during this period, Adams met Virgil Pomfret and joined his artists agency. Apart from a few gaps when pursuing other activities, Adams remained with Pomfret for many years, a book on these cover paintings, Tom Adams’ Agatha Christie Cover Story with commentary by Julian Symons and Introduction by John Fowles was published in 1981 by Dragons World. He also designed covers for Raymond Chandler. Adams also provided the illustrations for the editions of John Fowles The Collector, The Magus. He also created the covers for Patrick Whites The Vivisector, David Storeys Saville, ghost Story by Peter Straub and Kingsley Amis Colonel Sun. His occasional portrait commissions have include HRH Prince of Wales, Benjamin Britten, Federico Fellini for the Playboy organization, Bud Flanagan, Richard Dimbleby, and President Tubman of Liberia. In 1997, he was commissioned to paint a portrait of Enid Blyton, whose centenary occurred that year, by the family and estate. This was later auctioned at Sothebys in aid of the Childrens Charity, Tom Adams has worked in films from time to time, mostly science fiction, including 2001, A Space Odyssey and Flash Gordon with Nic Roeg and Mike Hodges
4.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
5.
Jonathan Cape
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Jonathan Cape was a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960. Cape and his business partner Wren Howard set up the house in 1921. They established a reputation for quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firms editor. Capes list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C, day Lewis, to childrens authors such as Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence. After Capes death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses, in 1987 it was taken over by Random House in 1987. Its name continues as one of Random Houses British imprints, Herbert Jonathan Cape was born in London on 15 November 1879, the youngest of the seven children of Jonathan Cape, a clerk from Ireby in what is now Cumbria, and his wife Caroline, née Page. He received a basic schooling and in his teens he was taken on by Hatchards bookshop in Piccadilly as an errand-boy. In 1904 he joined the house of Duckworth as London traveller. In 1914, on the outbreak of the Great War, he took over the charge of the business when the proprietor. In December of that year Cape joined the army, serving for the rest of the war, Cape returned to Duckworth in 1918. In 1920 he was appointed manager of the Medici Society, known mainly for publishing prints of paintings, while in this post he met George Wren Howard,14 years his junior, who was learning the publishing trade at the Medici Society. Capes biographer Rupert Hart-Davis writes, Cape quickly saw that Howard had a sense of design in book production, as well as a good business head. After some months they decided there was no future for them where they were. Howard was able to raise money from his family, Cape, with no such option, raised his share of the starting capital by selling cheap paperback reprints of novels by Elinor Glyn. Duckworth held the rights to her books, but did not wish to issue cut-price editions, Cape negotiated the rights in early 1920, with just enough starting capital, the firm of Jonathan Cape began trading on 1 January 1921 at 11 Gower Street, Bloomsbury. Cape and Howard recruited Edward Garnett as their editor and reader, Garnett, described by The Times as the prince of publishers readers, remained with the firm until his death in 1937. Hart-Davis credits Garnetts literary judgment and Howards production with gaining the firm an outstanding reputation for quality during the two decades. The firms first publication was regarded as a gamble, Cape published a new two-volume edition, at the high price of nine guineas
6.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
7.
James Bond (literary character)
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Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics, Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections, although the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. The Bond character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond has a number of traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food and drink. There have also other authors who wrote one book each, Kingsley Amis, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd. Additionally, a series of novels based on Bonds youth—Young Bond—was written by Charlie Higson, as spin-offs from the literary works, there was a television adaptation of the first novel, Casino Royale, in which Bond was played as an American agent. A comic strip also ran in the Daily Express newspaper. There have been 26 Bond films, seven actors have played Bond in these films, the central figure in Ian Flemings work was the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Service. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris and he finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels, the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped, sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov. Distinct similarities between the protagonist in The Life Line, Mark Chalmers and James Bond have been highlighted by spy writer, Nigel West. On another occasion Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, after Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke. In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bonds cover name while on missions, Bonds number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligences key achievements of World War I, the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael
8.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine
9.
The James Bond Dossier
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The James Bond Dossier, by Kingsley Amis, is a critical analysis of the James Bond novels. Amis dedicated the book to friend and background collaborator, the poet, later, after Ian Flemings death, Amis was commissioned as the first continuation novelist for the James Bond novel series, writing Colonel Sun under the pseudonym Robert Markham. The James Bond Dossier was the first, formal, literary study of the James Bond character, more recent studies of Flemings secret agent and his world include The Politics of James Bond, From Fleming’s Novels to the Big Screen, by the historian Jeremy Black. Despite his intellectual respect for the Fleming canon, Amiss way of writing about it, according to his biographer Zachary Leader, partly guys academic procedures and pretensions by applying them to low-cultural objects’ and, as such, is deliberately provocative. In that context, the Dossier can ‘, look like a cheeky two-fingered salute to the academic world, a farewell raspberry blown at all things pedantically donnish, in a manner Lucky Jim would surely have approved. For to Ian Flemings œuvre Amis brought the anatomising and categorising zeal he never had devoted, Kingsley Amis had several motives for writing the Dossier. He had recently retired from teaching and wanted to ‘put behind him the more rigid austerities of university life’ and he wanted to expand his range as a writer beyond poetry and mainstream fiction. The need to more money was also a consideration. Primarily, however, he wanted to show the academics that the literature of popular culture could be as substantive as the literature of high culture. In November 1963, he announced to Conquest the idea of writing an essay of some 5,000 words about the James Bond novels, by late 1964, he had expanded the essay to book length, and submitted it to his publisher, Jonathan Cape. After Fleming’s death in August 1964, Glidrose Productions Ltd and he reported that the manuscript was publishable, but would require substantial modifications. Because Amis was not the only writer consulted, it remains controversial if his editorial suggestions were implemented, in the event, the Dossier’s publication was delayed a year, because Jonathan Cape asked Amis to include discussion of The Man With the Golden Gun. Both books were published in 1965, later that year, Amis reviewed The Man With the Golden Gun in the New Statesman. The James Bond Dossier includes most of the Bond fiction cycle, excepting Octopussy and The Living Daylights, the collection of 007 short stories. He viewed them as popular literature, akin to that of the Science Fiction texts he critiqued in New Maps of Hell. Although written in Amis’s usual accessible, light-hearted style, The James Bond Dossier is neither patronising nor ironic — it is a literary criticism of the Ian Fleming canon. Amis reserves his most serious criticism for what he considered to be academically pretentious rejections of the Bond books, a theme implicitly informing much of the Dossier. The head of SIS, “a peevish, priggish old monster”, ‘A glint of red’ is about the villains, who have in common only physical largeness and angry eyes, three appendices deal, respectively, with science fiction, literature and escape, and sadism
10.
The Book of Bond
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The Book of Bond or, Every Man His Own 007 is a book by Kingsley Amis which was first published by Jonathan Cape in 1965. For this work, Amis used the pseudonym Lt. -Col, in Ian Flemings James Bond novels, Bill Tanner is Ms chief of staff and a recurring character throughout the series. The first edition of book was published with a false slipcover printed with the title The Bible to be Read as Literature. In one of the early Bond novels, Bond carries his gun in a hollowed out book of this title, Amis, a close friend of Flemings, was also responsible for two other works related to the James Bond series. In 1965, he wrote The James Bond Dossier, a collection of essays on the book and film series, and in 1968, under the pseudonym Robert Markham, he wrote the Bond novel Colonel Sun
11.
Secret Intelligence Service
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The Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence agency of the British government. The SIS Chief is held accountable to the Foreign Secretary, SIS is bound by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience during the First World War when it was known by many names, the existence of the SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994. It forms a part of the UKs intelligence machinery alongside GCHQ, MI5, in late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its then 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within the UK and his remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure. Since 1995, the SIS headquarters have been at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the River Thames, the service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities and this specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914 and its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink and this usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity. The services performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself, most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia. After the war, resources were reduced but during the 1920s. In August 1919, Cumming created the new passport control department, the post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity. Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office, the debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. In the immediate post-war years under Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, an economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband. A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives, Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would organise the Home Defence Scheme resistance organisation in the UK, with the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction. Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies, the extensive double-cross system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit
12.
M (James Bond)
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M is a fictional character in Ian Flemings James Bond book and film series, the character is the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service—also known as MI6—and is Bonds superior. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence, M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. Fleming based much of Ms character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, after Flemings death, Godfrey complained He turned me into that unsavoury character, M. A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as M, the tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial C with green ink. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled a plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. A naval theme runs throughout Flemings description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist and Bond scholar Ben Macintyre as every inch the naval martinet. Macintyre also notes that in his study of Flemings work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described Ms voice, being, angry, brutal, cold, curt, dry, gruff, stern, testy. Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to Ms background. In On Her Majestys Secret Service it is revealed that Ms pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 in cash or gilt-edged securities. Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier, as a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as Infuriator and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a bad mood. In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun, M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, in Gardners final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. Continuation Bond author Raymond Bensons 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervys retirement, the book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley. M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, Dr. No, in Dr. No, M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7, Lee had originally said MI6, earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator. Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was the incarnation of Flemings crusty admiral. Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only, later films referred to Lees tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6s Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough. Featured in The likeness of Lee was used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of James Bond 007, after Lees death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy
13.
Aegean Islands
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The ancient Greek name of the Aegean Sea, Archipelago was later applied to the islands it contains and is now used more generally, to refer to any island group. The vast majority of the Aegean Islands belong to Greece, being split among nine administrative regions, the only sizable possessions of Turkey in the Aegean Sea are Imbros and Tenedos, in the northeastern part of the Sea. Various smaller islets off Turkeys western coast are also under Turkish sovereignty, most of the islands enjoy warm summer temperatures and cold winter influenced by the Mediterranean climate. In the Treaty of Peace in 1947, these Italian-controlled islands were ceded to Greece, media related to Islands of the Aegean Sea at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
15.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
16.
James Bond in film
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The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond,007, who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, in that time Eon Productions has produced 24 films, most of them at Pinewood Studios. With a combined gross of over $7 billion to date, the produced by Eon constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series. Six actors have portrayed 007 in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig, Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman co-produced most of the Eon films until 1975, when Broccoli became the sole producer. The single exception during this period was Thunderball, on which Broccoli, from 1984 Broccoli was joined by his stepson Michael G. Wilson as producer and in 1995 Broccoli stepped aside from Eon and was replaced by his daughter Barbara, who has co-produced with Wilson since. Broccolis family company, Danjaq, has ownership of the series through Eon. The Eon series has seen continuity both in the actors and in the production crews, with directors, writers, composers, production designers. No to For Your Eyes Only, the films were distributed solely by United Artists, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer absorbed United Artists in 1981, MGM/UA Entertainment Co. was formed and distributed the films until 1995. MGM solely distributed three films from 1997 to 2002 after United Artists was retired as a mainstream studio, Feldman, and a 1983 remake of Thunderball entitled Never Say Never Again, produced by Jack Schwartzman, who had obtained the rights to the film from McClory. It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett, Bennett was well known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock, including The 39 Steps and Sabotage. Due to the restriction of a play, the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book, although it retained its violence. The hour-long Casino Royale episode, which starred American actor Barry Nelson as Bond and Peter Lorre as the villain Le Chiffre, in 1959 producer Albert R. Cubby Broccoli at Warwick Films expressed interest in adapting the Bond novels, but his colleague Irving Allen was unenthusiastic. Towards the end of Saltzmans option period, screenwriter Wolf Mankowitz introduced him to Broccoli, a number of Hollywood studios did not want to fund the films, finding them too British or too blatantly sexual. Eventually the two signed a deal with United Artists for 100 per cent financial backing and distribution of seven films, Saltzman and Broccoli also created the company Danjaq, which was to hold the rights to the films which Eon Productions was to produce. Eon had originally intended to film Flemings novel Thunderball first, but Kevin McClory took Fleming to the High Court in London for breach of copyright over the book, and so Eon decided to film Dr. Eon asked several directors—Bryan Forbes, Guy Green, Val Guest and Guy Hamilton—to helm the film, Eon had originally hired Wolf Mankowitz and Richard Maibaum to write Dr. Nos screenplay, partly because of Mankowitzs help in brokering the deal between Broccoli and Saltzman. An initial draft of the screenplay was rejected because the scriptwriters had made the villain, Dr. No, a monkey, and Mankowitz left the film. To play the role of Bond, Sean Connery was not Broccoli or Flemings first choice, but he was selected after Patrick McGoohan had turned down the role
17.
The World Is Not Enough
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The World Is Not Enough is the nineteenth film in the James Bond series, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film was directed by Michael Apted, with the story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, the title is taken from a line in the 1963 novel On Her Majestys Secret Service. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul. Filming locations included Spain, France, Azerbaijan, Turkey and the UK, despite mixed critical reception, The World Is Not Enough earned $361,832,400 worldwide. It was also the first Eon-produced Bond film to be released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer instead of United Artists. The banker is killed by his assistant before he can reveal the assassins name, Bond escapes with the money, but it is revealed to be booby-trapped, Sir Robert is killed by an explosion inside MI6 headquarters back in London. Bond gives chase to the assistant/assassin on a boat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, Bond offers her protection, but she refuses, then causes the balloon to explode, killing herself. After getting cleared by the doctor, Bond traces the recovered money to Viktor Renard Zokas, following an earlier attempt on his life by MI6, Renard was left with a bullet in his brain which is gradually destroying his senses, making him immune to pain. M assigns Bond to protect Kings daughter, Elektra, against Renard, Bond flies to Azerbaijan, where Elektra is overseeing the construction of an oil pipeline. During a tour of the proposed route in the mountains, Bond. Afterwards Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky at a casino to acquire information about Elektras attackers, he discovers that Elektras head of security, Bond kills Davidov and boards a plane bound for a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. He poses as a Russian nuclear scientist, meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones, inside, Renard is removing the GPS locator card and weapons-grade plutonium from a nuclear bomb. Before Bond can kill him, Jones blows his cover, Renard drops a hint that he and Elektra are collaborating and flees with the plutonium, while Bond and Jones escape the exploding silo with the locator card. Back in Azerbaijan, Bond discloses to M that Elektra may not be as innocent as she seems. An alarm sounds while he is handing M the locator card as proof of the theft, Bond and Jones enter the pipeline to deactivate the bomb, and Jones discovers that half of the plutonium is missing. They both jump clear of the rig, a section of pipeline is destroyed, and they are presumed killed. Back at the centre, Elektra reveals she and Renard are conspirators
18.
Die Another Day
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Die Another Day is the twentieth spy film in the James Bond series, and the fourth and final film to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film follows Bond as he leads a mission to North Korea, during which he is betrayed and, fourteen months later, Bond is released as part of a prisoner exchange. Die Another Day, produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, the series began in 1962 with Sean Connery starring as Bond in Dr. No. Die Another Day includes references to each of the preceding films, some critics praised the work of Lee Tamahori, while others criticised the films heavy use of computer-generated imagery, which they found unconvincing and a distraction from the films plot. Nevertheless, Die Another Day was the highest-grossing James Bond film up to time if inflation is not taken into account. MI6 officer James Bond—agent 007—infiltrates a North Korean military base, where Colonel Tan-Sun Moon is illegally trading weapons for African blood diamonds. After Moons assistant Zao discovers that Bond is a British agent, Moon attempts to kill Bond and a chase ensues. Bond survives, but is captured by North Korean soldiers and imprisoned by the Colonels father, after 14 months of captivity and torture, Bond is traded for Zao in a prisoner exchange. He is sedated and taken to meet M, who informs him that his status as a 00 Agent is suspended under suspicion of having leaked information under duress. Bond is convinced that he has set up by a double agent in the British government. After escaping from the custody of MI6, he discovers that he is in Hong Kong, in Havana Bond meets NSA agent Giacinta Jinx Johnson, with whom he is intimate. Later, Bond follows her to a gene therapy clinic, where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring, Bond locates Zao inside the clinic and attempts to kill him, but Zao escapes. He leaves behind a pendant which leads Bond to a cache of diamonds, identified as conflict diamonds, at Blades Club in London Bond meets Graves, along with his assistant Miranda Frost, who is also an undercover MI6 agent. After a fencing exercise, Bond is invited by Graves to Iceland for a scientific demonstration, shortly afterwards, M restores Bonds Double-0 status and offers assistance in the investigation. At his ice palace in Iceland Graves unveils a new orbital mirror satellite, Icarus, during the night, Jinx infiltrates Graves command centre, but is captured by Graves and Zao. Bond rescues her and later discovers that Colonel Moon is still alive, Moon has used the gene therapy technology to change his appearance, assuming the identity of Gustav Graves. Bond confronts Graves, but Frost arrives to reveal herself as the traitor who betrayed Bond in North Korea, Bond then returns in his Aston Martin Vanquish to rescue Jinx, who has been captured once again. Zao pursues him in his own vehicle, both cars driving inside the rapidly melting ice palace, Bond kills Zao by shooting an ice chandelier onto him, and then revives Jinx after she has drowned
19.
Spectre (2015 film)
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Spectre is the 24th instalment in the James Bond film series and the twenty-sixth overall. It was produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures and it is Daniel Craigs fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltzs first as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the characters re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, with a written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film, the film marks Spectres first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971s Diamonds Are Forever, with Christoph Waltz playing the organisations leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Spectre was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015, with locations in Austria and it was released in the United States one week later, on 6 November. Upon its release, the film received positive reviews from critics. The theme song, Writings on the Wall, performed by the British singer Sam Smith won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, Spectre grossed over a total of $880 million worldwide, the second largest unadjusted income for the series after its predecessor Skyfall. Following Gareth Mallorys promotion to M, James Bond takes leave from MI6 and he attacks Marco in a helicopter and before pushing him out, shoves him out of the helicopter grabs his ring which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. C campaigns for Britain to form Nine Eyes, a surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative. Bond disobeys Ms order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarras funeral and that evening he seduces Sciarras widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections to which her husband belonged. Bond uses Sciarras ring to infiltrate a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, when Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he is pursued across the city by Spectres assassin, Mr. Hinx. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier, Bond locates White in Austria, where he learns that White is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who take him to LAméricain. Bond approaches Swann, and after rescuing her from Hinx, the two meet Q, through Sciarras ring, Q forensically links Oberhauser to Bonds previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that LAméricain is a hotel in Tangier, the two travel to the hotel and discover White left evidence directing them to Oberhausers operations base in the desert. After an encounter with Hinx that sees the assassin killed, Bond, there, Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has been funding the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate, Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history, after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhausers father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Bond and Swann overpower him and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to die
20.
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and a supervillain from the James Bond series of novels and films, created by Ian Fleming. A criminal with aspirations of world domination, he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond, Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE and is commonly referred to as Number 1, an official numerical position given to members of SPECTRE. The character was written by Fleming as a physically massive man, standing around 6 ft 3 in and weighing 21.6 stone. He also appears in Never Say Never Again, the remake of Thunderball. Blofeld has been played on screen by Donald Pleasence, Telly Savalas, Charles Gray, Max von Sydow and it was initially a convention of the films not to show Blofelds face, only a close-up of him stroking his white blue-eyed Persian cat. Evil and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth, Ian Fleming includes information about Blofelds background in his novel Thunderball. After the First World War, Blofeld became a Polish national, as a young man, he was well-versed in the social science disciplines, but also in the natural science and technology disciplines. He first graduated from the University of Warsaw with a degree in Political History and Economics and he was then hired by the Polish Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and appointed to a sensitive communication position, which he used for buying and selling stocks at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Correctly foreseeing the coming of World War II, Blofeld made copies of top-secret wires, during the war, he sold information to both sides. After the defeat of Erwin Rommel, he decided to back the Allied war effort, Blofeld then moved temporarily to South America before founding SPECTRE. In the John Gardner novel For Special Services, Blofeld is depicted as having had a daughter with a French mistress named Nena and it is commonly believed that the name Blofeld was inspired by the English cricket commentator Henry Blofelds father, with whom Fleming went to school. Henry Blofeld offered on the BBC Radio 4 series Just a Minute that Ian took my fathers name as the name of the baddie, Blofeld makes three appearances in Ian Flemings novels. He first appears in a role as the leader of SPECTRE in the 1961 novel Thunderball. The plot that he formulates is carried out by his second-in-command Emilio Largo, Blofeld is described physically as a massive man, weighing roughly 20 stone, has black crew-cut hair, black eyes, heavy eyelashes, a thin mouth, and long pointed hands and feet. He has violet-scented breath from chewing flavoured cachous, a habit he adopts whenever he must deliver bad news, a meticulous planner of formidable intellect, he seems to be without conscience but not necessarily insane, and is motivated solely by financial gain. Blofelds lifestyle is described in one chapter in Thunderball, For the rest, he didnt smoke or drink and he didnt even eat very much. Blofeld is absent from the novel, The Spy Who Loved Me. Perhaps less calculating than previously, he is saddled with the exploitable weakness of snobbery about his assumed nobility
21.
People's Liberation Army
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The Chinese Peoples Liberation Army is the armed forces of the Communist Party of China and the Peoples Republic of China. The PLA consists of five service branches, the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force. The PLA is the worlds largest military force, with a strength of approximately 2,183,000 personnel. In September 2015, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, the PLAs insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the Chinese characters for Eight One, referring to the Nanchang Uprising which began on August 1,1927. The PLA is under the command of the Central Military Commission of the CPC and its commander in chief is the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. The Ministry of National Defense, which operates under the State Council and this conception of the role of the PLA requires the promotion of specialised officers who can understand modern weaponry and handle combined arms operations. Units around the country are assigned to one of five Theater commands by geographical location, Military service is compulsory by law, however, compulsory military service in China has never been enforced due to large numbers of military and paramilitary personnel. In times of emergency, the Peoples Armed Police and the Peoples Liberation Army militia act as a reserve. They were then known as the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, between 1934 and 1935, the Red Army survived several campaigns led against it by Chiang Kai-Shek and engaged in the Long March. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the Communist Party merged the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army and they eventually won the Chinese Civil War, establishing the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. The PLA then saw a reorganisation with the establishment of the Air Force leadership structure in November 1949 followed by the Navy leadership the following April. In 1950, the structures of the artillery, armoured troops, air defence troops, public security forces. The chemical warfare defence forces, the forces, the communications forces. During the 1950s, the PLA with Soviet assistance began to transform itself from a peasant army into a modern one, part of this process was the reorganisation that created thirteen military regions in 1955. The PLA also contained many former National Revolutionary Army units and generals who had defected to the PLA, Ma Hongbin and his son Ma Dunjing were the only two Muslim generals who led a Muslim unit, the 81st corps, to ever serve in the PLA. Han Youwen, a Salar Muslim general, also defected to the PLA, in November 1950, some units of the PLA under the name of the Peoples Volunteer Army intervened in the Korean War as United Nations forces under General Douglas MacArthur approached the Yalu River. Under the weight of offensive, Chinese forces drove MacArthurs forces out of North Korea and captured Seoul. The war also served as a catalyst for the modernisation of the PLAAF
22.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
23.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
24.
Nazism
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National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
25.
Raymond Benson
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Raymond Benson is an American author best known for being the official author of the James Bond novels from 1997 to 2003. Benson was born in Midland, Texas and graduated from Permian High School in Odessa in 1973, in primary school Benson took an interest in the piano which would later in his life develop into an interest in composing music. Other hobbies include film history and criticism, writing, and designing computer games, in 1984, Benson wrote The James Bond Bedside Companion, a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. The book was updated in 1988 and has since been re-released digitally without further updating and it was nominated for an Edgar Award by Mystery Writers of America in the Best Biographical/Critical Work category. In 1985, he worked as a designer and writer on the computer game James Bond 007 and he followed this in 1986 with work on a computer game version of Goldfinger and co-authoring the You Only Live Twice II module of the popular role-playing game James Bond 007. In 1996, John Gardner resigned from writing Bond books, glidrose Publications promptly chose Benson to replace him. As a James Bond novelist, Raymond Benson was initially controversial for being American, the author did much to placate these concerns, however, and promptly embarked on regular tours to promote his novels in the UK, as well as occasional trips to mainland Europe. Several signing sessions were held at the offices of his UK publisher Hodder & Stoughton, in total, Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelizations, and three short stories. He was the first Bond author since Ian Fleming to write short stories, glidrose changed its name to Ian Fleming Publications commencing with Bensons novel, High Time to Kill. Benson resigned from writing Bond books in 2003, in 2008 High Time to Kill, Doubleshot, Never Dream of Dying and his 1997 short story Blast from the Past were grouped and released as an omnibus called The Union Trilogy, Three 007 Novels. In 2004, Benson began writing the first of two based on the acclaimed video game series, Splinter Cell, although both are credited to the pseudonym, David Michaels. Further titles in the Splinter Cell series have also credited to David Michaels. The first book, Tom Clancys Splinter Cell was published in 2004 followed by Tom Clancys Splinter Cell, in 2008 Benson wrote A Hard Days Death about a private investigator who looks into the death of a rock star. The book spawned a novel in 2009 called Dark Side of the Morgue. The two novels plus a short story, On the Threshold of a Death, were collected in 2011 as an e-book anthology, The Rock n Roll Detectives Greatest Hits. Benson also wrote the novelization of the video game Metal Gear Solid in 2008 and followed it in 2009 with a novelization of Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. His entry in the Gabriel Hunt pulp adventure series, Hunt Through Napoleons Web, further video game novelizations continued in 2011, when Benson co-authored Homefront--the Voice of Freedom with John Milius, as a prequel to the THQ videogame Homefront. 2012 saw the announcement that Benson would also write Hitman, Damnation, Bensons first novel in a series of womens action/adventure thrillers, The Black Stiletto, was published in September 2011
26.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)
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On Her Majestys Secret Service is the tenth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 1 April 1963. The initial and secondary print runs sold out, with over 60,000 books sold in the first month, Fleming wrote the book in Jamaica whilst the first film in the Eon Productions series of films, Dr. No, was being filmed nearby. On Her Majestys Secret Service is the book in what is known as the Blofeld trilogy. The story centres on Bonds ongoing search to find Ernst Stavro Blofeld after the Thunderball incident, after meeting him and discovering his latest plans, Bond attacks the centre where he is based, although Blofeld escapes in the confusion. Bond meets and falls in love with Contessa Teresa Tracy di Vicenzo during the story, the pair marry at the end of the story but Blofeld kills Bonds wife, hours after the ceremony. Fleming made a number of revelations about Bonds character within the book, on Her Majestys Secret Service received broadly good reviews in the British and American press. The novel was adapted to run as a story in Playboy in 1963. In 1969 the novel was adapted as the film in the Eon Productions James Bond film series and was the only film to star George Lazenby as Bond. In 2014 On Her Majestys Secret Service was adapted as a play on BBC Radio, for more than a year, James Bond, British Secret Service operative 007, has been involved in Operation Bedlam, trailing the private criminal organisation SPECTRE and its leader, Ernst Stavro Blofeld. The organisation had hijacked two nuclear devices and subsequently blackmailed the western world, as described in Thunderball, convinced SPECTRE no longer exists, Bond is frustrated by MI6s insistence that he continue the search and his inability to find Blofeld. He composes a letter of resignation for his superior, M, the following day Bond follows her and interrupts her attempted suicide, but they are captured by professional henchmen. They are taken to the offices of Marc-Ange Draco, head of the Unione Corse, Tracy is the daughter and only child of Draco who believes the only way to save his daughter from further suicide attempts is for Bond to marry her. To facilitate this, he offers Bond a dowry of £1 million, Bond refuses the offer, afterwards Draco uses his contacts to inform Bond that Blofeld is somewhere in Switzerland. On a visit to the College of Arms, Bond finds that the motto of Sir Thomas Bond is The World Is Not Enough. Blofeld has undergone plastic surgery partly to remove his earlobes, but also to himself from the police. Bond learns Blofeld has been curing a group of young British and Irish women of their livestock, believing himself discovered, Bond escapes by ski from Piz Gloria, chased by SPECTRE operatives, a number of whom he kills in the process. Afterward, in a state of exhaustion, he encounters Tracy. She is in the town at the base of the mountain after being told by her father that Bond may be in the vicinity, Bond is too weak to take on Blofelds henchmen alone and she helps him escape to the airport
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You Only Live Twice (novel)
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You Only Live Twice is the eleventh novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series of stories. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1964, the book holds the distinction of being the last novel by Fleming to be published in his lifetime, with subsequent works being published posthumously. You Only Live Twice is the chapter in what is known as the Blofeld Trilogy. The story starts eight months after the murder of Tracy Bond, James Bond is drinking and gambling heavily and making mistakes on his assignments when, as a last resort, he is sent to Japan on a semi-diplomatic mission. Whilst there he is challenged by the Head of the Japanese Secret Service to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, Bond realises that Shatterhand is Ernst Stavro Blofeld and sets out on a revenge mission to kill him and his wife, Irma Bunt. The novel deals on a level with the change in Bond from a depressed man in mourning, to a man of action bent on revenge. Through the mouths of his characters, Fleming also examines the decline of post-World War II British power and influence, notably in relation to the United States. The book was popular with the public, with pre-orders in the UK totalling 62,000, critics were more muted in their reactions, the story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper and Playboy magazine, and also adapted for comic strip format in the Daily Express. In 1967, it was released as the entry in the Eon Productions James Bond film series. The novel has also adapted as a radio play and broadcast on the BBC. After the wedding-day murder of his wife, Tracy, Bond begins to let his slide, drinking and gambling heavily, making mistakes. In exchange, the Secret Service will allow the Japanese access to one of their own information sources, Bond is introduced to Tanaka—and to the Japanese lifestyle—by an Australian intelligence officer, Dikko Henderson. When Bond raises the purpose of his mission with Tanaka, it transpires that the Japanese have already penetrated the British information source and Bond has nothing left to bargain with. Instead, Tanaka asks Bond to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, after examining photos of Shatterhand and his wife, Bond discovers that Shatterhand and his wife are Tracys murderers, Ernst Stavro Blofeld and Irma Bunt. Bond gladly takes the mission, keeping his knowledge of Blofelds identity a secret so that he can exact revenge for his wifes death. Made up and trained by Tanaka, and aided by former Japanese film star Kissy Suzuki, Bond attempts to live, Tanaka renames Bond Taro Todoroki for the mission. After surviving a near execution, Bond exacts revenge on Blofeld in a duel, Blofeld armed with a sword, Bond eventually kills Blofeld by strangling him, then blows up the castle. Upon escaping, he suffers an injury, leaving him an amnesiac living as a Japanese fisherman with Kissy, while the rest of the world believes him dead
28.
Brainwashing
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Mind control is a theory that human subjects can be indoctrinated in a way that causes an impairment of autonomy, an inability to think independently, and a disruption of beliefs and affiliations. In this context, brainwashing refers to the involuntary reeducation of basic beliefs and these theories were later expanded and modified by psychologists including Margaret Singer and Philip Zimbardo to explain conversions to some new religious movements. This resulted in scientific and legal debate, with Eileen Barker, James Richardson, other theories have been proposed by scholars including, Robert Cialdini, Stanley A. Deetz, Robert Jay Lifton, Michael J. Freeman, Daniel Romanovsky, Kathleen Taylor, and Benjamin Zablocki. However, in the view of most scholars, the theory of control is not accepted as scientific fact. The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known English-language usage of brainwashing in an article by newspaperman Edward Hunter, in Miami News, the term punned on the Taoist custom of cleansing/washing the heart/mind before conducting certain ceremonies or entering certain holy places. British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British army Colonel James Carne also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment. The U. S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine detailed confessions made by military personnel to war crimes, if they did, however, too familiar are the mind-annihilating methods of these Communists in extorting whatever words they want. The men themselves are not to blame, and they have my deepest sympathy for having been used in this abominable way, the report states exhaustive research of several government agencies failed to reveal even one conclusively documented case of brainwashing of an American prisoner of war in Korea. In contrast American POWs in the custody of North Koreas Chinese Communist allies did face a concerted interrogation and indoctrination program, however, systematic, physical torture was not employed in connection with interrogation or indoctrination, the report states. The enemy introduced himself as a friend of the workers of America, in many instances the Chinese did not search the American captives, but frequently offered them American cigarettes. This display of friendship caught most Americans totally off-guard and they never recovered from the impression made by the Chinese. Fter the initial contact with the enemy, some Americans seemed to believe that the enemy was sincere and they relaxed and permitted themselves to be lulled into a well-disguised trap the cunning enemy. Two academic studies of the repatriation of American prisoners of war by Robert Jay Lifton and by Edgar Schein concluded that brainwashing, in 1961, they both published books expanding on these findings. Schein published Coercive Persuasion and Lifton published Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism and he argued that the books of Edward Hunter pushed the CIA brainwashing theory onto the general public. CIA experiments using various drugs such as LSD and Mescaline drew from Nazi scientist research during World War II. In the 1970s, the movement applied mind control theories to explain seemingly sudden. The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, while some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs. On the contrary, the theories and the fear surrounding them was used as a tool for the western anti-cult movement to rationalize the persecution of minority religious groups, most adherents participate for only a short time, and the success in retaining members is limited
29.
Francisco Scaramanga
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Francisco Scaramanga is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the James Bond novel and film versions of The Man with the Golden Gun. Scaramangas signature weapon is a golden gun, in the novel, the character is nicknamed Pistols Scaramanga and is also called Paco. In the film, the character was played by Christopher Lee, Francisco Scaramanga, of Catalan origin, became a trick shot and performed in acts in a circus owned by his father Enrico while a youngster. He also cared for one of the elephants, which he stated was his only real friend. When the elephant went on a rampage during the visit to Trieste. The enraged boy, who was 16 at the time, retaliated by killing the policeman with a shot through the eye. He posed as a pitboy at the casino of Tiara Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, while in fact he was executioner of cheats and other transgressors within and outside the gang. While remaining a Batista supporter, he started a work for Fidel Castros party. MI6 has evaluated Scaramanga as one of the finest shots in the world, Bond catches up with Scaramanga in Jamaica, where Bond pretends to be a freelance security officer, and Scaramanga hires him to guard an upcoming meeting of gangsters. During the meeting, a KGB officer blows Bonds cover, subsequently pitting Scaramanga, Bond wounds Scaramanga, but before he can finish the gunman off, Scaramanga shoots Bond with a poisoned bullet from his backup weapon, a golden Derringer. Bond returns fire with his.32 Walther PPK pistol, killing Scaramanga instantly, soon thereafter, in the novel, British intelligence also has an in-depth psychological profile on Scaramanga, which is printed in the book before the mission begins. He is 6 ft 3 inches tall, slim and fit and he is about 35, and has light brown eyes. His hair is reddish in a crew-cut with long sideburns, the profile also delves into his background and psyche. Among other things, the claims that Scaramanga might be a latent homosexual. As with Blofeld, the name is believed to have come from a schoolmate of Flemings, in the film The Man with the Golden Gun, Francisco is a high-priced assassin, supposedly the best in the world, charging one million dollars per kill. All of Scaramangas dealings go through his henchman Nick Nack, which allows Scaramanga to be anonymous, Francisco Scaramanga was a British national born in a travelling circus. His father was the ringmaster, a former Cuban national and his mother was the snake charmer, by age 10, he was part of the circus as a trick-shot pistol marksman. At age 15, he became an international assassin-for-hire and he quit the KGB in the late 1950s, becoming an independent hitman-for hire
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The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)
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The Man with the Golden Gun is the twelfth novel of Ian Flemings James Bond series. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the UK on 1 April 1965, the novel was not as detailed or polished as the others in the series, leading to poor but polite reviews. Despite that, the book was a best-seller, the story centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond, who had been posted missing, presumed dead, after his last mission in Japan. Bond returns to England via the Soviet Union, where he had been brainwashed to attempt to assassinate his superior, after being cured by the MI6 doctors, Bond is sent to the Caribbean to find and kill Francisco Scaramanga, the titular Man with the Golden Gun. Much of the contained in the previous novels was missing. Publishers Jonathan Cape passed the manuscript to Kingsley Amis for his thoughts and advice on the story, the novel was serialised in 1965, firstly in the Daily Express and then in Playboy, in 1966 a daily comic strip adaptation was also published in the Daily Express. In 1974 the book was adapted as the ninth film in the Eon Productions James Bond series, with Roger Moore playing Bond and Flemings cousin, Christopher Lee. A year after James Bonds final confrontation with Ernst Stavro Blofeld, while on a mission in Japan, Bonds identity is confirmed, but during his debriefing interview with M, Bond tries to kill him with a cyanide pistol, the attempt fails. The Service learns that after destroying Blofelds castle in Japan, Bond suffered a head injury, having lived as a Japanese fisherman for several months, Bond travelled into the Soviet Union to learn his true identity. While there, he was brainwashed and assigned to kill M upon returning to England, now de-programmed, Bond is given a chance to re-prove his worth as a member of the 00 section following the assassination attempt. M sends Bond to Jamaica and gives him the impossible mission of killing Francisco Pistols Scaramanga. Scaramanga is known as The Man with the Golden Gun because his weapon of choice is a gold-plated Colt.45 revolver, Bond locates Scaramanga in a Jamaican bordello and manages to become his temporary personal assistant under the name Mark Hazard. He learns that Scaramanga is involved in a development on the island with a group of investors that consists of a syndicate of American gangsters. However, they learn that Scaramanga plans to eliminate Bond when the weekend is over, Bonds true identity is confirmed by a KGB agent and Scaramanga makes new plans to entertain the gangsters and the KGB agent by killing Bond while they are riding a sight-seeing train to a marina. However, Bond manages to turn the tables on Scaramanga and, with the help of Leiter, wounded, Scaramanga escapes into the swamps, where Bond pursues him. Scaramanga lulls Bond off-guard and shoots him with a golden derringer hidden in his palm, Bond is hit but returns fire and shoots Scaramanga several times, killing him at last. As Bond recuperates in hospital, he receives word from M that he is being considered for a knighthood, Bond turns down the offer, reflecting that any sort of public recognition would interfere with his duties in the Secret Service. The central character of the novel is James Bond, in The Man with the Golden Gun, he appears with a different personality from the previous stories and is robot-like, according to author of the continuation Bond novels, Raymond Benson
31.
Dr. No (novel)
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No is the sixth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his British Secret Service agent James Bond. Fleming wrote the novel in early 1957 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica and it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 31 March 1958. The novel centres on Bonds investigation into the disappearance in Jamaica of two fellow MI6 operatives and he establishes that they had been investigating Doctor No, a Chinese operator of a guano mine on the fictional Caribbean island of Crab Key. Bond travels to the island and meets Honeychile Rider and later Doctor No, the novel began as a 1956 screenplay for the producer Henry Morgenthau III for a proposed television show entitled Commander Jamaica. When those plans foundered, Fleming adapted the ideas as the basis for a novel, the books eponymous villain was influenced by Sax Rohmers Fu Manchu stories. No was the first of Flemings novels to face widespread negative criticism in Britain, Paul Johnson of the New Statesman dismissed the book as one of Sex, Snobbery, when released on the American market it was received more favourably. No was serialised in The Daily Express, first in a story form. The story was adapted in 1962 as the first film in the Bond series, with Sean Connery in the role, in 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a version. After recovering from tetrodotoxin poisoning inflicted by the SMERSH agent Rosa Klebb the MI6 agent James Bond is sent by his superior, M, while there he is instructed to investigate the disappearance of Commander John Strangways, the head of MI6s Station J in Kingston, and his secretary. Bond is briefed that Strangways had been investigating the activities of Doctor Julius No, the island has a colony of roseate spoonbills at one end while local rumour is that a vicious dragon also lives there. The spoonbills are protected by the American National Audubon Society, two of whose representatives died when their plane crashed on Nos airstrip. With the help of an old friend, Quarrel, Bond surreptitiously visits Crab Key to establish whether there is a connection between No and the disappearance of the MI6 personnel, Bond and Quarrel meet Honeychile Rider, who is there to collect valuable shells. Bond and Rider are captured by Nos men after Quarrel is burned to death by the doctors dragon—a flamethrowing armoured swamp buggy designed to keep away trespassers. Bond discovers that No is working with the Russians and has built an underground facility from which he can sabotage US test missiles launched from Cape Canaveral. No had previously been a member of a Chinese tong, but after he stole an amount of money from their treasury. The tongs leaders had Nos hands cut off as a warning to others, because Nos heart was on the right side of his body, the bullet missed it and he survived. Interested in the ability of the body to withstand and survive pain. Bond is kept under observation as he suffers electric shocks, burns, Bonds ordeal ends in a fight with a captive giant squid, which he defeats by using improvised weapons
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For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)
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For Your Eyes Only is a collection of short stories by the British author Ian Fleming, featuring the fictional British Secret Service agent Commander James Bond. It was first published by Jonathan Cape on 11 April 1960 and it marked a change of format for Fleming, who had previously written James Bond stories only as full-length novels. The collection contains five stories, From a View to a Kill, For Your Eyes Only, Quantum of Solace, Risico. Four of the stories were adaptations of plots for a series that was never filmed, while the fifth Fleming had written previously. Fleming undertook some minor experiments with the format, including a story written as an homage to W. Somerset Maugham, an author he greatly admired. Elements from the stories have been used in a number of the Eon Productions James Bond film series, including the 1981 film, For Your Eyes Only, the film used some elements and characters from the short stories For Your Eyes Only and Risico. From a View to a Kill also gave part of its title to the fourteenth Bond film, plot elements from The Hildebrand Rarity were used in the sixteenth Bond film, Licence to Kill, and the twenty-fourth Bond film Spectre references the title. Quantum of Solace was used as the title for the twenty-second Bond film, Bond investigates the murder of a motorcycle dispatch-rider and the theft of his top-secret documents by a motorcycle-riding assassin. The rider was en route from SHAPE, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, then located in Versailles, to his base, Station F, since Bond is already in Paris, his superior, M, sends him to assist in the investigation in any way he can. Bond disguises himself as a dispatch-rider and follows the journey to Station F as the previous rider, as expected. Bond, however, is ready and kills the assassin and he then uncovers the assassins hidden base of operations. They are killed by two Cuban hitmen at the direction of their leader, Major Gonzales, all three work for von Hammerstein, the Havelocks turn out to be close friends of M, who served as the grooms best man during their wedding in 1925. When Bond arrives on the scene, he finds the Havelocks daughter, Judy, Judy kills von Hammerstein by shooting him in the back with an arrow from 100 yards away at the exact moment that he dives into a lake. A shoot-out then occurs between Bond and Gonzales and the two Cuban gunmen, Bond kills all of them and returns to Canada with Judy, who has been wounded during the gunfight. After completing a mission in the Bahamas, Bond is in Nassau, when the other guests have left, Bond remarks that, if he ever marries, he imagines it would be nice to marry an air hostess. The Governor then tells Bond the story of a relationship between a civil servant Philip Masters and air hostess Rhoda Llewellyn. After meeting aboard a flight to London, the married and went to live in Bermuda. As a result, Masters work deteriorated, and he suffered a nervous breakdown, after recovering, he was given a break from Bermuda by the Governor and sent on an assignment to Washington
33.
Ian Fleming Publications
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Ian Fleming Publications is the production company formerly known as both Glidrose Productions Limited and Glidrose Publications Limited, named after its founders John Gliddon and Norman Rose. In 1952, author Ian Fleming bought it after completing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, he assigned most of his rights in Casino Royale, in 1956 Ian Fleming hired literary agent Peter Janson-Smith to handle the foreign translation rights in the James Bond novels. He was the consultant and chairman of Ian Fleming Publications until 2001. Today, the Fleming family-owed Ian Fleming Publications administers all Flemings literary works, after Flemings death in 1964, the estate either commissioned or permitted new Bond works to be published. In 1968, Kingsley Amis published Colonel Sun, under the pseudonym Robert Markham, the company changed its name from Glidrose Productions to Glidrose Publications. Soon thereafter, in 1973, Glidrose sanctioned James Bond, The Authorized Biography of 007 by John Pearson, in 1977 and again in 1979, Eon Productions authorized Christopher Wood to write novelisations of his scripts for the Bond films The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. In 1981 the James Bond book series was revived, with new novels written by John Gardner, after writing 14 Bond books, John Gardner retired in 1996, and Raymond Benson, controversially at first, the first American to write a James Bond novel, replaced him. Benson stopped writing Bond books in 2002, on what would have been Flemings 100th birthday—28 May 2008—the novel Devil May Care, appeared. Its author, Sebastian Faulks, was true to Bonds original character and background, next, Ian Fleming Publications commissioned Jeffery Deaver to write Carte Blanche, which was published in May 2011. In April 2012, the announced that William Boyd would write the next Bond novel and Jonathan Cape in the UK and HarperCollins in Canada. Anthony Horowitzs Trigger Mortis appeared in September 2015, between 2005 and 2008, Ian Fleming Publications has supported the publication of Charlie Higsons five Young Bond novels telling the adventures of a teenage James Bond in the 1930s. In 2005 the company launched another series of Bond-related spin-off books, The Moneypenny Diaries by Samantha Weinberg, Young Bond returned in 2013 with Shoot to Kill by Steve Cole. Casino Royale — first American paperback title, You Asked For It Live and Let Die Moonraker — first American paperback title, Too Hot to Handle Diamonds Are Forever From Russia, with Love Dr. The book was written to celebrate Ian Flemings centenary and was released on Flemings birthday,28 May 2008. Devil May Care - May 2008 The novel by Jeffery Deaver, Carte Blanche, Carte Blanche - May 2011 On 11 April 2012 it was announced that William Boyd would write the next James Bond novel, entitled Solo, set at the end of the 1960s. The novel was released in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2013, D. Mascott, it was the first James Bond related book not written by Ian Fleming to be published after Flemings death. To this day, Ian Fleming Publications has never disclosed or confirmed the authors identity, James Bond, The Authorized Biography of 007 — first book copyrighted under the Glidrose Publications name. Charlie Higsons novels, part of a series called Young Bond, are prequels to Flemings series, Shoot to Kill - November 2014 Heads You Die - May 2016 The Moneypenny Diaries is a trilogy chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny
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James Leasor
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James Leasor was a prolific British author, who wrote historical books and thrillers. Leasor was born in Erith, Kent, in 1923, and was educated at the City of London School and he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and served in Burma with the Lincolnshire Regiment during World War II. In the Far East his troopship was torpedoed and he spent 18 hours adrift in the Indian Ocean. His mother then typed it up and sent it off to an agent and he later became a correspondent for the SEAC, the Services Newspaper of South East Asia Command, under the inspirational editorship of Frank Owen, after being wounded in action. His novel, NTR, Nothing to Report, is an account of many of his experiences in India. After the war, he went to Oriel College, Oxford and he joined the Express after university and became private secretary to Lord Beaverbrook, the proprietor of the newspaper, and then a foreign correspondent. He first came to notice as an author with a number of critically acclaimed histories and he wrote several more thrillers featuring Love, as well a string of other novels. And Rhodes and Barnato, which was his book, published in 1997. He wrote a number of books under the pseudonym Andrew MacAllan and ghosted a number of autobiographies for people as diverse as King Zog of Albania and Jack Hawkins, Leasor married barrister Joan Bevan on 1 December 1951 and they had three sons. He lived for his last 40 years at Swallowcliffe Manor, near Salisbury in Wiltshire and he died in Salisbury, Wiltshire, on 10 September 2007, aged 83. Published in the U. S. as Leasor, J. Spylight, published in the U. S. as Leasor, J. Leasor, J. Passport for a Pilgrim, a Week of Love, Being Seven Adventures of Dr. Jason Love. Leasor, J. Love and the Land Beyond and they Dont Make Them Like That Any More. Never Had a Spanner on Her, Leasor, J. NTR, Nothing to Report. At Rest at Last - first published in The Rigby File, ed. Tim Heald Leasor, Leasor, J. Wheels to Fortune, a brief account of the life and times of William Morris, Viscount Nuffield. The Serjeant-major, a biography of R. S. M, the Red Fort, an account of the Siege of Delhi in 1857. The Millionth Chance, the story of the R.101, the Clock with Four Hands, based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis. Eton, P. Leasor, J. Wall of Silence, Leasor, J. Rudolf Hess, The Uninvited Envoy
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Red brick university
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The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities. Six of the original institutions, or their predecessor institutes. Eight of the nine institutions are members of the Russell Group, the term red brick or redbrick was first coined by Edgar Allison Peers, a professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool, to describe the civic universities. Although Peers used red brick in the title of the book, he used redbrick adjectivally in the text. He is said to have regretted his use of red brick in the title. Peers reference was inspired by the fact that The Victoria Building at the University of Liverpool is built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with terracotta decorative dressings. On this basis the University of Liverpool claims to be the red brick institution, although the titular. The University of Birmingham grew from the Mason Science College, a red brick. In this sense they owed their structural heritage to the Humboldt University of Berlin, scotlands ancient universities were founded on a different basis between 1400 and 1600. These universities developed out of various 19th-century private research and education institutes in industrial cities, the 1824 Manchester Mechanics Institute formed the basis of the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and thus led towards the current University of Manchester formed in 2004. The University of Birmingham has origins dating back to the 1825 Birmingham Medical School, the University of Leeds also owes its foundations to a medical school, the 1831 Leeds School of Medicine. Reading was established as a college by Oxford University in 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science. All of the redbricks, with the exception of Reading, were non-residential, in contrast to Oxford, Cambridge, graduates of Oxford, Cambridge, and London had already been enfranchised and graduates of the University of Wales were enfranchised at the same time. Reading University was added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928, the constituency was abolished in 1950. Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also described as Red Brick. According to historian William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscotts original definition includes the University of Dundee, Newcastle University, notably, Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition. The Robbins Report lists Reading, Nottingham, Southampton, Hull, Exeter and Leicester, as a result it meets the dictionary definition of a red brick university, and is sometimes named as such. The term red brick is also used more widely to mean any of the non-ancient universities
36.
Bill Tanner
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Bill Tanner is a fictional character in the James Bond film and novel series. Superb in a crisis, and blessed with a dry sense of humour and he is also Bonds staunchest ally in the Service, and they often enjoy a round of golf when off-duty. A family man, Tanner is just a little envious of Bonds freedom, in Ian Flemings novels, Bill Tanner is MI6s Chief of Staff. He appears infrequently in the novels, but is a character in the later continuation series by John Gardner. In 1965, Kingsley Amis wrote The Book of Bond or Every Man His Own 007, for this work, Amis used the pseudonym Lt. Colonel William Tanner. In The Man with the Golden Gun, Bill Tanner is only briefly in the film and is not mentioned by name until the end credits. He appears in Ms office with M and Colthorpe, discussing Francisco Scaramanga and he explains Scaramangas fingerprints on the bullet were verified by the CIA, and that Scaramanga is attempting to provoke a battle with MI6. This leads to Bond being sent to find Scaramanga, in For Your Eyes Only, Bill Tanner is given a bigger role, as Bernard Lee, who played M, had died. Tanner gives Bond his assignment, which sends him to find Hector Gonzales, Bond is unable to get information from Gonzales later on because Melina Havelock kills him after Bond is captured. Tanner then gets upset at him for not getting any information, Tanner is last seen at the end of the film, when he connects the Prime Minister and Bond by phone. Unknowingly though, Bond is not there and it is merely a talking parrot that ends up flirting with the Prime Minister, in Octopussy, the role of M was recast with Robert Brown, so Tanner did not appear. In GoldenEye, Tanner is only seen in the Situation Room when the GoldenEye weapon is set off. Tanner gets scolded here for calling the new M, the Evil Queen of Numbers while she is right behind him, as Michael Kitchen was unable to reprise his role for Tomorrow Never Dies, the character of Charles Robinson, was created in his stead. In The World Is Not Enough, Tanner is seen at the Scotland MI6 building debriefing the agents on the murder of Sir Robert King, father of Elektra King. When Bond comes to the conclusion that Renard is behind it and he is only seen again twice, when Elektra King contacts M to get her to come and see her and finally at the end of the film where R is attempting to find Bond. Tanner returned to the Bond film series in Quantum of Solace, once again in his position as Ms aide. He was played by a different actor, Rory Kinnear, giving Judi Dench the distinction of having played two different actors playing the role of Tanner. Kinnear is also the godson of Denchs late husband Michael Williams, Kinnear reprised the role of Tanner in Skyfall and Spectre
37.
Spetses
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Spetses is an affluent island and a municipality in the Islands regional unit, Attica, Greece. It is sometimes included as one of the Saronic Islands, until 1948, it was part of the old prefecture of Argolidocorinthia, which is now split into Argolis and Corinthia. In ancient times, it was known as Pityoussa, and later as Petses, the island is now an independent municipality, with no internal boundaries within the municipality. The town of Spetses is the large settlement on the island. The other settlements on the island are Moní Agíon Pánton, Ligonéri, Ágioi Anárgyroi, also part of the Municipality of Spetses are the islands of Spetsopoula, Falkonera, and Velopoula. The municipality has an area of 27.121 km2, an unusual aspect of Spetses is the absence of private automobiles in the town limits. The most common modes of transport are walking, horse-drawn carriages, bicycles, mopeds, only taxis and delivery vehicles are allowed in the downtown area. Ferries and high-speed hydrofoils arrive regularly from Piraeus, trails encircle the island and total about 25 to 30 km. Public buses serve beaches further outside of town, including Zogeria, Agioi Anargiroi, the island of Spetses, located in the Mediterranean Sea, was first occupied during the Mesolithic Age, in around 8000 BC. During that period the island was connected through an isthmus to the island of Argolida, pieces of flint from that time were found near the part of the island named Zogeria, containing a water source probably available since that time. Other archaeological finds were located in the area of Saint Marina, at least three natural harbours of Spetses served as a refuge for ships carrying goods to and from the Argolis Gulf during the peak of the State of Lerna. After the collapse of the State of Lerna, Spetses experienced a period of decline, artefacts in the areas of Saint Marina and Saint Anargyroi show the existing settlements belonging the late Mycenaean period, the 12th to 13th century BC. At the time of the Peloponnesian War, stone observatories were built at the sites of Prophet Elias, mention of the island of Spetses was made both by Strabo in the 1st century BC and Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, referring to the island as Pitiousa. In the 15th Century, the Venetians named the island Spezia for its position on a major traderoute, during the 18th century, during the conquest of the Peloponnese from the Turks and the Venetian expulsion, many Arvanites took refuge in Spetses in order to escape Turkish persecution. These refugees created the old village of Spetses, in the area of Kastelli, over the years the island developed a significant naval power. In response to events the Turks destroyed the only village on the island in 1770. After the re-occupation of Spetses the settlement began to expand beyond the Kastelli region, from 1821, the island played an important role in the Greek War of Independence and was the home of celebrated war heroine Bouboulina. Spetses was the first of the Greek islands that raised the flag of Revolution the morning of 3 April 1821
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Philip Larkin
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Philip Arthur Larkin CH CBE FRSL was an English poet, novelist and librarian. His many honours include the Queens Gold Medal for Poetry and he was offered, but declined, the position of Poet Laureate in 1984, following the death of Sir John Betjeman. After graduating from Oxford in 1943 with a first in English language and literature and it was during the thirty years he worked with distinction as university librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library at the University of Hull that he produced the greater part of his published work. Eric Homberger called him the saddest heart in the post-war supermarket—Larkin himself said that deprivation for him was what daffodils were for Wordsworth, influenced by W. H. Auden, W. B. Yeats, and Thomas Hardy, his poems are highly structured, Larkins public persona was that of the no-nonsense, solitary Englishman who disliked fame and had no patience for the trappings of the public literary life. On 2 December 2016, the 31st anniversary of his death, a floor stone memorial for Larkin was unveiled at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey. Philip Larkin was born on 9 August 1922 at 2, Poultney Road, Radford, Coventry, the son and younger child of Sydney Larkin, who came from Lichfield. His sister Catherine, known as Kitty, was 10 years older than he was and he introduced his son to the works of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce and above all D. H. Lawrence. His mother was a nervous and passive woman, a kind of defective mechanism. Her ideal is to collapse and to be taken care of, although home life was relatively cold, Larkin enjoyed support from his parents. For example, his passion for jazz was supported by the purchase of a drum kit. From the junior school he progressed to King Henry VIII Senior School and he fared quite poorly when he sat his School Certificate exam at the age of 16. Despite his results, he was allowed to stay on at school, two later he earned distinctions in English and History, and passed the entrance exams for St Johns College, Oxford. Larkin began at Oxford University in October 1940, a year after the outbreak of Second World War, the old upper class traditions of university life had, at least for the time being, faded, and most of the male students were studying for highly truncated degrees. Due to his eyesight, Larkin failed his military medical examination and was able to study for the usual three years. Through his tutorial partner, Norman Iles, he met Kingsley Amis, who encouraged his taste for ridicule and irreverence, Amis, Larkin and other university friends formed a group they dubbed The Seven, meeting to discuss each others poetry, listen to jazz, and drink enthusiastically. During this time he had his first real social interaction with the opposite sex, in 1943 he sat his finals, and, having dedicated much of his time to his own writing, was greatly surprised at being awarded a first-class honours degree. In 1943 Larkin was appointed librarian of the library in Wellington. It was while working there that in early 1944 he met his first girlfriend, Ruth Bowman, in 1945, Ruth went to continue her studies at Kings College London, during one of his visits their friendship developed into a sexual relationship
39.
Guinea (coin)
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The guinea was a coin of approximately one quarter ounce of gold that was minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814. From 1717 to 1816, its value was fixed at twenty-one shillings. Then, Britain adopted the standard and guinea became a colloquial or specialised term. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, where much of the used to make the coins originated. The name also forms the basis for the Arabic word for the Egyptian pound الجنيه el-Genēh / el-Geni, the first guinea was produced on 6 February 1663, a proclamation of 27 March 1663 made the coins legal currency. One troy pound of 11/12 fine gold would make 44½ guineas, the denomination was originally worth one pound, or twenty shillings, but an increase in the price of gold during the reign of King Charles II led to the market trading it at a premium. The price of gold continued to increase, especially in times of trouble, and by the 1680s, indeed, in his diary entries for 13 June 1667, Samuel Pepys records that the price was 24 to 25 shillings. The diameter of the coin was 1 inch throughout Charles IIs reign, Guinea was not an official name for the coin, but much of the gold used to produce the early coins came from Guinea in Africa. The coin was produced each year between 1663 and 1684, with the elephant appearing on some coins each year from 1663 to 1665 and 1668, and the elephant and castle on some coins from 1674 onward. The elephant, with or without the castle, symbolises the Royal African Company, the obverse and reverse of this coin were designed by John Roettier. The edge was milled to deter clipping or filing, and to distinguish it from the silver half-crown which had edge lettering, until 1669 the milling was perpendicular to the edge, giving vertical grooves, while from 1670 the milling was diagonal to the edge. John Roettier continued to design the dies for this denomination in the reign of King James II. In this reign, the coins weighed 8.5 g with a diameter of 25–26 mm, Coins of each year were issued both with and without the elephant and castle mark. The edge of the coins are milled diagonally, with the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, his daughter Mary, and her husband Prince William of Orange ruled jointly by agreement as co-monarchs. Their heads appear conjoined on the piece in Roman style, with Williams head uppermost. By the early part of this reign the value of the guinea had increased to thirty shillings. The guineas of this reign weighed 8, following the death of Queen Mary from smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign as William III. The coins of William IIIs reign weighed 8.4 g with a gold purity of 0.9123
40.
Financial Times
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The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com
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