Argentina
–
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radica
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the nece
2.
UNESCO
4.
The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.
Textiles
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A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of
1.
Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of
Karachi, Pakistan
2.
Simple textile (magnified)
Free trade zone
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A free-trade zone is a specific class of special economic zone. It is an area where goods may be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, the World Bank defines free trade zones as small, fenced-in, duty-free areas, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations. Free-trade zones are referred to as zones in the United States. In the United States, FTZs provide Customs-related advantages as well as exemptions from state, some were previously called free ports. Free zones range from specific-purpose manufacturing facilities to areas where legal systems, Free zones may reduce taxes, customs duties, and regulatory requirements for registration of business. Zones around the world often provide special exemptions from normal immigration procedures, Free zones are intended to foster economic activity and employment that could occ
Institute of technology
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An institute of technology is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, Applied Science, and possibly natural sciences. How the terms are used varies from country to country, the English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ meaning many and τεχνικός meaning arts, the oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology. Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794, in some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, in countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between
3.
Founding decree of the Czech Technical University in Prague from January 18, 1707
4.
Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering,
CTU in Prague.
Portuguese Restoration War
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The revolution of 1640 ended the 60-year rule of Portugal by the Spanish Habsburgs. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years War until 1648 and the Franco–Spanish War until 1659, in the seventeenth century and afterwards, this period of sporadic conflict was simply known, in Portugal and elsewhere, as the Acclamation War. The war established the House of Braganza as Portugals new ruling dynasty and this ended the so-called Iberian Union. When Philip II of Portugal died, he was succeeded by Philip III, taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence at the Spanish Cortes, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province and this situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie, executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I, the first dual monarch. The plot was planned by Antão Vaz de Almada, Mig
1.
The Acclamation of the King John IV; Veloso Salgado.
Peter II of Portugal
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He was the fifth and last child of King John IV and his wife Queen Luisa de Guzmán. Third son of King John IV and Queen Luisa, he was created Duke of Beja, following his fathers death, his mother became regent for the new king Afonso VI, Peters elder, partially paralysed, and mentally unstable brother. In 1662 Afonso put away his mother and assumed control of the state, Peter not only inherited his brothers throne but also wed his widow, Queen Marie-Françoise of Savoy. They had one daughter, Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira, a Sempre-Noiva, because of the many marriage projects intended for her that never came to fruition. Peter consolidated Portugals independence with the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, putting the wars of Restoration and he formed an alliance with Britain and had its decisive support based on marriage clauses that united Charles II of England with his sister Catherine of Braganza in 1661. In exchange, Britain would give Lisbon military support, protecting Por
2.
The Marriage Cortége of Peter and Maria Francisca; Jan Luyken, 1698.
Santo Domingo de Soriano
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Villa Soriano is a town in the Soriano Department of Uruguay. Historically, it was known as Santo Domingo de Soriano. It had acquired the status of Villa before the Independence of Uruguay and it is located on the northwest end of Route 96, on the south bank of the river Río Negro,10 kilometres before it discharges into Río Uruguay. In 1624, a Franciscan Mission established a reduction for the tribes of the area named Santo Domingo de Soriano. It constituted the first permanent European settlement on Uruguayan soil, predating the foundation of Colonia del Sacramento by more than fifty years and it was moved to its current location in 1708. The construction of its church began in 1751, the town has strong associations with General José Gervasio Artigas, who is honoured by Uruguayans as the 19th century liberator of the country. In 2011, Villa Soriano had a population of 1,124
1.
Cemetery in Villa Soriano
Banda Oriental
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It was the easternmost territory of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Before the arrival of the Spanish and the Portuguese, several tribes of people were living in this area as nomads. The principal ones were the Charrúas, the Chanás, the Guayanas, Juan Díaz de Solís discovered this territory in 1516. During the conquest of the Río de la Plata area by the Adelantados, the first ephemeral Spanish attempts to start populated centres in this territory happened between 1527 and 1577. These were the Fortín de San Lázaro and the Puerto de San Salvador by Sebastián Gaboto, the Real de San Juan and the Real de San Gabriel y Ciudad de San Salvador by Juan Ortiz de Zárate. In 1542 the Crown of Castile established the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Banda Oriental was therefore officially under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1542 up to 1776. In the early 17th century the territory was called Banda Charrúa, later Otra Banda, later the name was extended to encompass Entre Ríos, t
1.
Map of 1574 showing the Portuguese Captaincies
2.
Monument to Hernandarias in Montevideo
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Tile panel depicting the foundation of Colonia del Sacramento in 1680.
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Monument to Bruno Mauricio de Zabala in Montevideo.
War of the Spanish Succession
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The War of the Spanish Succession was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe, the English, the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared war in May 1702. By 1708, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had secured victory in the Spanish Netherlands and in Italy, France faced invasion and ruin, but Allied unity broke first. With the Grand Alliance defeated in Spain and with its casualties mounting and aims diverging, French and British ministers prepared the groundwork for a peace conference, and in 1712 Britain ceased combat operations. The Dutch, Austrians, and German states fought on to strengthen their own negotiating position, the Treaty of Utrecht and the Treaty of Rastatt partitioned the Spanish empire between the major
2.
Portrait of Louis XIV (1638–1715). Oil by
Hyacinthe Rigaud c. 1701. The War of the Spanish Succession was Louis XIV's last.
3.
Portrait of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640–1705). Unknown.
4.
Charles II King of Spain (1665–1700). Anonymous. His death triggered the War of the Spanish Succession.
Treaty of Utrecht
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The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war. They marked the end of French ambitions of hegemony in Europe expressed in the wars of Louis XIV, the War of the Spanish Succession was occasioned by the failure of the Habsburg king, Charles II of Spain, to produce an heir. Dispute followed the death of Charles II in 1700, and fourteen years of war were the result, France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. The preliminaries were based on an acceptance of the partition of Spains European possessions. Following this, the Congress of Utrecht opened on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford. Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, and this assurance was given, and so in February the Imper
1.
A first edition of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain in Spanish (left) and a later edition in Latin and English.
Bastion
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A bastion is an angular structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly at the corners. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks with fire from the flanks being able to protect the wall and also the adjacent bastions. It is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries, Bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defense in the age of gunpowder artillery compared with the medieval fortifications they replaced. By the middle of the 15th century, artillery pieces had become powerful enough to make the traditional medieval round tower, during the Eighty Years War Dutch military engineers developed the concepts further lengthening the faces and shortening the curtain walls of the bastions. To augment this change they placed v shaped outworks in front of the bastions, Bastions differ from medieval towers in a number of respects. Bastio
1.
Drawing of a bastion
2.
A bastion in the
Komárno Fortress (Slovakia).
4.
Aerial view of bastions at the Castle Siklós,
Hungary
Spanish-Portuguese War, 1735-1737
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The Spanish-Portuguese War between 1735-1737 was fought over the Banda Oriental, roughly present-day Uruguay. At that time, this part of South-America was sparsely populated and was on the border between Portuguese Colonial Brazil and the Spanish Governorate of the Río de la Plata. Spain claimed the area based on the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, but Portugal had founded the first city there, the Sacramento Colony, in 1680. Spain had taken the city twice, in 1681 and in 1705, the following years saw an expansion of the Portuguese settlements around the Sacramento Colony, in a radius of up to 120 km. As a reaction, capitán general of Río de la Plata Bruno Mauricio de Zabala had founded Montevideo on December 24,1726 to prevent further expansion. But the Portuguese trade made the Spanish suffer, as they were compelled to trade with Spain over the Viceroyalty of Peru. Spain considered the Portuguese presence illegitimate and their trade contraband and he sent an ultimatum to António Pedr
Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)
–
The treaty established borders between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, ceding much of what is todays country of Brazil to the Portuguese. Had these treaties remained unchanged, the Spanish would have held both what is today the city of São Paulo and all land to the west and south, thus, Brazil would be only a fraction of its present-day size. The treaty consists of a preamble, and 26 articles. Are the sources and courses of the most notable rivers and mountains”, the treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Sacramento Colony and Portugal the Misiones Orientales. These were seven independent Jesuit missions of the upper Uruguay River, mapping Soon after signing it, two commissions for demarcation were created. The Northern, chaired by the State Governor of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, the Treaty of Madrid was significant because it substantially defined the modern boundaries of Brazil. The opposition by the Guarani led to the Guarani War of 1756, the terms of the Treaty of Mad
Pedro Antonio de Cevallos
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Pedro Antonio de Cevallos Cortés y Calderón, also spelled Ceballos, was a Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires between 1757 and 1766, and the first Viceroy of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Pedro Antonio de Cevallos was born in Cádiz, and came from a renowned Cantabrian family, on 12 October 1776 he sailed with an army from Cadiz, and spent the Southern Hemisphere summer in Buenos Aires, where he had been appointed Viceroy. On 22 April 1777 he landed in Montevideo with a force of 9316 men and he then marched to Colonia del Sacramento, a disputed Portuguese city in present-day Uruguay, which surrendered almost immediately. He then marched towards Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, conquered Santa Catarina island and he then returned to Buenos Aires where he reassumed the post of Viceroy on 15 October 1777. He introduced the Law of free Commerce of 1778, which allowed Buenos Aires to trade directly with Spain and he also forbid to move silver out of the limits of the Viceroyalty. This law g
1.
Portrait of Pedro de Cevallos
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification
Cisplatina
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Cisplatina Province or Cisplatine Province was a Brazilian province in existence from 1821 to 1828 created by the Luso-Brazilian annexation of the Oriental Province. From 1815 until 1822 Brazil was part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, after the independence of Brazil and the formation of the Empire of Brazil the Cisplatine Province remained part of it. In 1828, following the Treaty of Montevideo, the Cisplatine Province became independent as Uruguay, the name literally means Province of this side of the Rio de la Plata from the Brazilian perspective, cf. Cisalpine. The Banda Oriental had always been a sparsely populated contested border-area between the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, in the First Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777 the control of the area was given to Spain. In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguays national hero, launched a revolt against Spain. In 1813, the Banda Oriental was renamed to Provincia Oriental, in 1814, Artigas formed the Liga Federal of
War of Spanish Succession
–
The War of the Spanish Succession was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe, the English, the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared war in May 1702. By 1708, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had secured victory in the Spanish Netherlands and in Italy, France faced invasion and ruin, but Allied unity broke first. With the Grand Alliance defeated in Spain and with its casualties mounting and aims diverging, French and British ministers prepared the groundwork for a peace conference, and in 1712 Britain ceased combat operations. The Dutch, Austrians, and German states fought on to strengthen their own negotiating position, the Treaty of Utrecht and the Treaty of Rastatt partitioned the Spanish empire between the major
2.
Portrait of Louis XIV (1638–1715). Oil by
Hyacinthe Rigaud c. 1701. The War of the Spanish Succession was Louis XIV's last.
3.
Portrait of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640–1705). Unknown.
4.
Charles II King of Spain (1665–1700). Anonymous. His death triggered the War of the Spanish Succession.
First Cevallos expedition
–
The Portuguese territories of Colonia do Sacramento and Rio Grande do Sul were conquered by the Spaniards. The Anglo-Portuguese forces were defeated and forced to surrender and retreat, the Colonia do Sacramento and the near territories were under Spanish control until the Treaty of Paris, while Rio Grande do Sul would be reconquered by Portugal a few years later. This expedition was the only Spanish victory in a chain of heavy Spanish defeats at the hands of the British. In January 1762, Spain joined France against Great Britain in the Seven Years War, the plan was to attack Portugal, which had been neutral up to then, but which was an important economical ally of Great Britain. He started preparations and in September 1762 he had assembled enough men, the fleet sailed across the Rio de la Plata, and disembarked on September 14. It was an army of almost 4,000 men. The siege of the city started on October 5, the relations between Cevallos, who commanded the army, and Sarria, who comman
1.
Portrait of Captain Melgarejo. The ships in the background on the left are the
Lord Clive, in the moment she was blown up by the fire of the Spanish coastal batteries, and the HMS Ambuscade.
2.
Map of Colonia del Sacramento from 1762.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
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The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years War, known as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre, and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement, France had captured Minorca and British trading posts in Sumatra, while Spain had captured the border fortress of Almeida in Portugal, and Colonia del Sacramento in South America. In the treaty, most of territories were restored to their original owners. France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal, Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France. In return, France ceded Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenad
1.
"A new map of North America" - produced following the Treaty of Paris
Liga Federal
–
The delegates from these provinces were rejected on formalities from the Congress that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America in July 9,1816. The Federal League confronted the centralist governments, as well as the interests of the economic and cultural elite of Buenos Aires and Montevideo and it was instrumental in the Guaraní participation on the revolutionary cause). Although the country was intended to extend throughout modern-day Argentina, its leadership was based on Purificación, therefore, it is sometimes considered a predecessor state of modern Uruguay. The situation was clear, with the authority of the vice-regency gone, leading figures in Buenos Aires quickly arranged a meeting and after much discussion it was decided to replace the Spanish rule with a local Junta. The four provinces of Upper Peru were occupied by Spanish Royalist forces, in 1810, Spain moved the headquarters for the Viceroyalty of the River Plate to Montevideo after the May Revol
Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
–
The four-year armed-conflict resulted in the annexation of the Banda Oriental into the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves as the Brazilian province of Cisplatina. In 1680 the Kingdom of Portugal founded the Colonia del Sacramento, since then several clashes occur and precarious agreements between the Portuguese and Spanish in the Banda Oriental and the Misiones. Elio rejected the offer at first, but the course of events from the 1810 May Revolution in Buenos Aires allowed the Portuguese. Those times were 1811 and 1816, the Portuguese invasion of 1811, was the result of a request by then viceroy of Río de la Plata, Francisco Javier de Elio, in support of the Spanish authorities against artiguist revolutionaries. The revolution had infiltrated in the Banda Oriental after the Cry of Asencio, José Rondeau and José Artigas commanded the troops that, after the Battle of Las Piedras, besieged Montevideo on May 21,1811. Elio, despite being besieged and in difficulty, managed t
1.
Portuguese Troops sent to Montevideo
Independence of Brazil
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It is celebrated on September 7, the anniversary of the September 7,1822 date regent Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazils independence from Portugal. Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825, the land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered Indigenous nations divided into tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi-Guaraní language Black Mountains family. Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was started in 1534. This arrangement proved problematic, however, and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony, the Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazils most important export due to the international demand for sugar. To pr
1.
"
Independence or Death! " Declaration of Brazil's independence by
Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822. His Guard of Honor greets him in support while some discard blue and white armbands that represented loyalty to
Portugal
4.
The Portuguese Cortes.
Cisplatine War
–
In the same context, the Portuguese Empire, then hosted in Rio de Janeiro, took measures to solidify its hold on Rio Grande do Sul and to annex the region of the former Eastern Jesuit Missions. From 1814 on, the Eastern Province joined forces with the provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Rios in a confederation called the Federal League. After a series of incidents in territory claimed by the Portuguese Empire. Artigas was finally defeated by the Luso-Brazilian troops in 1820 at the Battle of Tacuarembó, the Portuguese Empire then formally annexed the Eastern Bank, under the name Cisplatina, with support from local elites. With the annexation, the Portuguese Empire now enjoyed strategic access to Río de la Plata and control of the main port. After Brazilian independence, in 1822, Cisplatina became part of the Empire of Brazil and it sent delegates to the 1823 Constitutional Convention and, under the 1824 Constitution, enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy, more so than other provinces o
2.
Oath of the 33 Orientales to the Uruguayan Republic.
Frost
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Frost is the coating or deposit of ice that may form in humid air in cold conditions, usually overnight. In temperate climates it most commonly appears as white crystals or frozen dew drops near the ground. Frost is composed of delicate branched patterns of ice crystals formed as the result of fractal process development, Frost is known to damage crops or reduce future crop yields, therefore farmers in those regions where frost is a problem often invest substantial means to prevent its formation. In most temperate countries such temperatures usually are the result of loss by radiation at night. The size of frost crystals varies depending on the time they have been building up, Frost crystals may be clear or translucent, but, like snow, a mass of frost crystals will scatter light in all directions, so that a coating of frost appears white. If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the humid air. If the water deposits as a liquid that freezes, it forms a coating that may look
4.
Depth hoar, imaged with light and with scanning electron microscopy.
Fog
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Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earths surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, the term fog is typically distinguished from the more generic term cloud in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally. By definition, fog reduces visibility to less than 1 kilometre, for aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than 5 kilometres but greater than 999 metres is considered to be mist if the relative humidity is 70% or greater, below 70%, haze is reported. Fog forms when the difference between air temperature and dew point is less than 2.5 °C or 4 °F, Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water droplets suspended in the air. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, Fog, like i
1.
Fog, in the form of a cloud, descends upon a
High Desert community in the western US, while leaving the mountain exposed.
2.
Minute droplets of water constitute this after-dark radiation fog, with the ambient temperature −2
°C (28
°F)
3.
Up-close view of water particles forming fog
4.
Heavier fog on a road near Baden, Austria
Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necess
1.
A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation
2.
Long-term mean precipitation by month
4.
Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming
Relative humidity
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Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest and it requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures, more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Humans are sensitive to high humidity because the body uses evaporative cooling, enabled by perspiration. Perspiration evaporates from the more slowly under humid conditions than under arid. For example, if the air temperature is 24 °C and the humidity is zero percent. If the relative humidity is 100 percent at the air temperature. In other words, if the air is 24 °C and contains saturated water vapor, then the human body cools itself at the rate as it would if it were 27 °C. The heat index and the humidex are indices that reflect the effect of temperature. In cold climates, the temperature causes lowe
Sunshine duration
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It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period. Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in hours per day, the first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location. Another often-used measure is percentage ratio of recorded bright sunshine duration, an important use of sunshine duration data is to characterize the climate of sites, especially of health resorts. This also takes account the psychological effect of strong solar light on human well-being. It is often used to promote tourist destinations, if the Sun were to be above the horizon 50% of the time for a standard year consisting of 8,760 hours, apparent maximal daytime duration would be 4,380 hours for any point on Earth. However, there are physical and astronomical effec
1.
Campbell–Stokes recorder measures sunshine
Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos
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Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos is a bull ring in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay. It is currently a building that is crumbling down. It is forbidden for safety reasons to access the bull ring, when in operation it could host 10,000 spectators. It is designed in typically Moorish style and it officially opened on January 9,1910, featuring the most famous Bullfighters of the time, Ricardo Torres and his brother Manuel from Spain. Although originally scheduled to open on January 8, the opening was postponed as the owners feared they did not have the necessary comforts and services required for the event. Due to public uproar, mainly from Buenos Aires, they yielded to public demand, the arena hosted a total of eight fights before bull fighting was prohibited by the Uruguayan national government in 1912. The bull ring was part of a tourist complex including a jai alai court, a hotel, currently only the racecourse is still in operation. Photos from Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos
1.
Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos
Azulejo
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Azulejo is a form of Spanish and Portuguese painted tin-glazed ceramic tilework. Azulejos are found on the interior and exterior of churches, palaces, ordinary houses, schools and they were not only used as an ornamental art form, but also had a specific functional capacity like temperature control in homes. There is also a tradition of their production in former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in North America, South America, Goa, Africa and they still constitute a major aspect of Portuguese architecture as they are applied on walls, floors and even ceilings. Many azulejos chronicle major historical and cultural aspects of Portuguese history, the word azulejo is derived from the Arabic الزليج, zellige, meaning polished stone because the original idea was to imitate the Roman mosaics. This origin shows the unmistakable Arab influences in many tiles, interlocking curvilinear, the craft of zellige is still in use in the Arab world in two main traditions the Egyptian Zalij and the North A
1.
Panel of glazed tiles by Jorge Colaço (1922) depicting an episode from the battle of
Aljubarrota (1385) between the Portuguese and
Castilian armies. A piece of public art in
Lisbon,
Portugal.
2.
Alicatados in Capilla de San Bartolomé,
Córdoba
4.
Alfardones », circa 1420,
Manises, Spain
Route 1 (Uruguay)
–
Route 1 is a national route of Uruguay. In 1975, it was assigned the name Brigadier General Manuel Oribe and it connects Montevideo with Colonia del Sacramento to the west along the coast. The road is approximately 177 kilometres in length. The distance notation along Route 1 uses the same Kilometre Zero reference as Routes 3,5,6,7,8,9 and IB, which is the Pillar of Peace of Plaza de Cagancha in the Centro of Montevideo. Route 1 crosses the Santa Lucia River on the border between the departments of Montevideo and San Jose along a modern 4-lane bridge with a length of 800 metres. It was crossed by the old 2-lane bridge opened in 1925 on the old Route 1 and these are the populated places Route 5 passes through, as well as its main junctions with other National Roads. Montevideo Department Km.9 La Paloma - Tomkinson, Route 5 North to Canelones, Florida, Durazno, Tacuarembó, San José Department Km.52 Libertad, Route 45 North to Rodríguez Km. 61, Route 3 North to San José, Trinidad, Young,
Montevideo
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Montevideo is the capital and largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 in an area of 201 square kilometres. The southernmost capital city in the Americas, Montevideo is situated in the southern coast of the country, the city was established in 1724 by a Spanish soldier, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, as a strategic move amidst the Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region. It was also under brief British rule in 1807, Montevideo hosted all the matches during the first FIFA World Cup. Montevideo is the seat of the headquarters of Mercosur and ALADI, Latin America’s leading trade blocs. Montevideo has consistently rated as having the highest quality of life of any city in Latin America. As of 2010, Montevideo was the 19th largest city economy in the continent, in 2015, it has a GDP of $40.5 billion, and a per capita of $24,400. It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America, by 2014, is also regarded
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Aerial view of Montevideo
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Cerro de Montevideo as seen from the city, in 1865.
Fray Bentos
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Fray Bentos is the capital city of the Río Negro Department, in south-western Uruguay. Its port on the Uruguay River is one of the nations most important harbours, the city host the first campus of the Technological University, beside the historically relevant industrial complex Anglo, a World Heritage site. The city is close to the border with Argentina and about 160 kilometres due north of Buenos Aires, the town was founded as Villa Independencia by Decree of 16 April 1859. It became capital of the Department of Río Negro on 7 July 1860 by the Act of Ley Nº1.475 and its current name, meaning Friar Benedict, is derived from a reclusive priest. Historically, Fray Bentos main industry has been meat processing, an industrial plant owned by the Societe de Fray Bentos Giebert & Cie. the Liebig Extract of Meat Company, was founded there in 1863. It was closed in 1979, after 117 years in operation, a local history museum opened on the site in March 2005. Fray Bentos was the location of the c
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A meat packing plant in Fray Bentos
Pelotas
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Pelotas is a Brazilian city and municipality, the third most populous in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Pelotas is located 270 km from Porto Alegre, the city of the state. The Lagoa dos Patos lies to the east and the São Gonçalo Channel lies to the south, currently Pelotas hosts two major universities, the Federal University of Pelotas, and the Catholic University of Pelotas. Together, they account for a population of 22 thousand higher education students, the city has three football clubs, Esporte Clube Pelotas, Grêmio Esportivo Brasil and Grêmio Atlético Farroupilha. In 1763, fleeing the Spanish invasion, many inhabitants of the village Rio Grande sought refuge in the belonging to Osório. Later, there also came refugees from Colônia do Sacramento, which had handed over by the Portuguese to the Spanish in 1777. In 1780, the Portuguese rancher José Pinto Martins established himself in Pelotas, the prosperity of his establishment stimulated the creation of other ranches and gr
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Pelotas
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The countryside of Pelotas
Federico Mayor Zaragoza
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Federico Mayor Zaragoza is a Spanish scientist, scholar, politician, diplomat, and poet. He served as Director-General of UNESCO from 1987 to 1999, Federico Mayor is an Earth Charter International Commission member. Federico Mayor Zaragoza obtained a Ph. D. in pharmacy from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1958. In 1963 he became professor of biochemistry at the School of Pharmacy of the University of Granada, and in 1968 was elected rector of that university, the following year he was appointed professor in biochemistry at the Autonomous University of Madrid. In 1974 he co-founded the Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Centre at the Autonomous University of Madrid, the main focus of Professor Mayors scientific research has been on molecular brain disease, and he was responsible for drawing up the Spanish National Plan for Mental Health Prevention. He is a member of the Club of Rome, the Club of Budapest, in 2005 he received the Prize Creu de Sant Jordi from the Generalitat de Catal
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At the Universidad Internacional de Andalucia in 2007.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
Carmelo, Uruguay
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Carmelo is a city located in the department of Colonia of western Uruguay, noted for its wineries. Route 21 passes through the city, joining it with Nueva Palmira to the northwest, during the beginning of the Conquest of the 16th century, the Spanish founded the Fuerte de San Lázaro. In 1611, Hernando Arias de Saavedra, governor of Asuncion, a populated centre was established here which had reached the status of Pueblo before the Independence of Uruguay. The present city was founded by José Gervasio Artigas on 12 February 1816 and its status was elevated to Ciudad on 17 August 1920 by the Act of Ley Nº7.257. It is the city founded personally by the Uruguayan national hero. In 2011 Carmelo had a population of 18,041, source, Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay There are two squares in the city. The one is Plaza Artigas, with a monument to the foundation of the city, the church Templo Histórico del Carmen, the other, more central square is the commercial centre of the city. The
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The Puente Giratorio de Carmelo over the Arroyo de las Vacas
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View of Carmelo's beach
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Hotel Casino de Carmelo
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Flag of Carmelo
Nueva Palmira
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Nueva Palmira is a city in Colonia Department in southwestern Uruguay. It is located on the east bank of Uruguay River, about 86 kilometres northwest of the departmental capital Colonia del Sacramento, a Pueblo named Higueritas was founded here on 26 October 1831 by Felipe Santiago Torres Leiva. Its status was elevated to Villa by the Act of Ley Nº7.257 on 17 August 1920, the city got its name from the ancient city of Palmira in Syria. In 2011 Nueva Palmira had a population of 9,857, the main streets are General J. G. Artigas and fellipe Fontana, both running SE to NW, converge at the end of town and join with Ruta 21 towards Carmelo. The other main street, Chile, runs SW to NE, there is also Plaza de Deportes which offers open doors sports facilities. The city has also a garden in its northern part. Our Lady of Remedies Parish Church The city mayor as of July 2010 is Andrés Passarino, geography of Uruguay#The Littoral Nueva Palmiras website Information on the city at welcomeuruguay. c
Colonia Valdense
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Colonia Valdense is a small city located in southwestern Uruguay, within the Colonia Department. It is home to around 3,200 people and it lies along Route 1,120 kilometres west of Montevideo and about 2 kilometres west of its intersection with Route 51. Colonia Valdense was founded in 1856, following the arrival of Italian immigrants from Piedmont, the town is named after Pierre Valdo, a French priest founder of the religious movement known as The Waldensians. The Waldensian Evangelical Church has a presence here. Spoken dialec was the Patois, which was a mixture of French, the dialect was spoken mainly in the Colonia Department, where the first philigrins settled, in the city called La Paz, Colonia. Today it is consider a death tongue, although some elders at the location still practice it. There are still written tracks of the language in the Waldensians Library in the town of Colonia Valdense, Patois speaker arrived to Uruguay from the Piedmont. Originally were Vaudois which become
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Celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the arrival of Italian immigrants.
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Temple of the Iglesia Evangélica Valdense
Uruguay
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Portugal 
Spain
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Brazil
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