1.
Colony of New South Wales
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The colony of New South Wales was a colony of the British Empire from 1788 to 1901, when it became a State in the federal Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. At its greatest extent, the colony of New South Wales included the present-day Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and New Zealand. On 18 January 1788, the First Fleet led by Captain Arthur Phillip founded the first British settlement in Australian history as a penal colony, having set sail on 13 May 1787, Captain Arthur Phillip assumed the role of governor of the settlement upon arrival, until 1792. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, on 16 November 1840, the British government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand. The Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841, a public meeting was held in 1851 to consider Queenslands proposed separation from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859, Queen Victoria signed Letters Patent to form the separate Colony of Queensland, brisbane was named as the capital city. On 10 December 1859, a proclamation was read by British author George Bowen, as a result, Bowen became the first Governor of Queensland. On 22 May 1860 the first Queensland election was held and Robert Herbert, Queensland also became the first Australian colony to establish its own parliament rather than spending time as a Crown Colony. History of New South Wales History of Australia History of Australia
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
4.
Flag of Queensland
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The state flag of Queensland is a British Blue Ensign defaced with the state badge on a white disc in the fly. The badge is a light blue Maltese Cross with a crown in the centre of the cross. The flag dates from 1876, with variations, and the badge was designed by William Hemmant. On 10 December 1859, a blue flag with a red St Georges Cross. The State Flag was first created in 1870 with the Union Jack upon the blue background, however. In its place was a profile of Queen Victoria on a blue disc surrounded by a white annulus on which the word Queensland was inscribed in gold. The next alteration occurred in 1876 as there were complaints that the reproduction of Victorias head was too difficult. Many complaints by State Officials were made, including the example found in the Queensland State Archives. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient Servant, N Hemmant His Excellency WW Cairns, Esq, the final official alteration occurred in 1901 with the death of Queen Victoria. The change was in relation to the crown impaled upon the Maltese Cross, as Victoria and Edward VII had chosen different coronation crowns, however over the years the monarchs of Australia have chosen differing coronation crowns and therefore, the crowns have unofficially kept up with each change
5.
Coat of arms of Queensland
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Up to 1892, suggestions were being made as to what the states coat of arms was to constitute and the pictures below illustrate the four main depictions that were considered. Below are the four proposed coat of arms submitted to the British College of Arms and these suggestions were accompanied by a letter by the Chief Secretary to the Government Office in London. The alterations continued over the years because the crown that is impaled upon the Maltese cross keeps in synchronisation with the monarch in England, due to the switching of crowns. The Imperial State Crown or Tudor Crown, and the St. Edwards Crown are the two crowns that have been used since Charles IIs restoration in 1660. Queen Victoria, Edward VII and George VI used the Imperial Crown, while George V and Elizabeth II used the St Edwards Crown. Therefore, between the years of 1893–1910 and 1936–1952, the Imperial crown was bestowed upon the cross, the final and current addition to the coat of arms was created in 1977, during the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, with the granting of supporting animal. A red deer, to represent the old world and it is an animal of heraldry, and a brolga. The symbols on the shield are representations of Queenslands most abundant industries, the wheat industrys origins belong with the first settlers in 1788, as the farms were worked by the convicts brought over from England, an idea of Governor Phillip. During the years till 1795, the industry slowly gained popularity. The sugar industry became established by 1868 in Mackay which was a four years after the first commercial sugar mill was opened in Cleveland. As for the animals, the brolga is Australias only native crane and is described as more than a metre tall. The adults are grey and have a long thin neck, a bare head. They are mostly found along the coast from Rockhampton to the Gulf of Carpentaria and have featured on the coat of arms since 1977 and has been the state bird since 1986, the Maltese cross has a stranger history than the rest of the elements upon the arms. Not even the Queensland government is aware of why the Maltese Cross was chosen for the coat of arms, below is a visual evolution of the Queensland coat of arms
6.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
7.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
8.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
9.
George Bowen
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Sir George Ferguson Bowen, GCMG was a British author and colonial administrator whose appointments included postings to the Ionian Islands, Queensland, New Zealand, Victoria, Mauritius and Hong Kong. Bowen was born the eldest son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, Bowen was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Oxford. Bowen, twice President of the Oxford Union, was awarded a first class Bachelor of Arts degree in classics in 1844, Bowen was called to the bar by Lincolns Inn in 1844 and obtained his Master of Arts three years later. In 1846 Bowen had some training, serving for sixteen days on HMS Victory. In 1847 Bowen was appointed president of the Ionian University located in Corfu, Bowen became the chief secretary to the government of the Ionian Islands in 1854. While in that post, he married the Contessa Diamantina di Roma on 28 April 1856, Diamantina was the daughter of Conte Giorgio-Candiano Roma and his wife Contessa Orsola, née di Balsamo. The Roma family were local aristocracy, her father being the President of the Ionian Senate, titular head of the Islands and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1855 and was advanced to Knight Commander in the following year. In 1859, Bowen was appointed the first Governor of Queensland, but overall, he was quite popular in Queensland, so that the citizens requested an extension of his five-year term as governor, resulting in his staying for further two years. In 1867 Bowen was made Governor of New Zealand, where he was successful in reconciling the Māori reaction to the British rule, Bowen also instituted the New Zealand Cross for colonial soldiers, one of the rarest bravery awards in the world and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, first lieutenant of HMS Blanche submitted a design to Bowen for an ensign for New Zealand. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved and remains in use to this day, in March 1873 Bowen was transferred to Victoria as Governor of Victoria, where he embarked on an endeavour to reduce the expenses of the colony. In May that year, Bowen said that my reluctant consent, purely on constitutional grounds, to these dismissals. has damaged my further reputation and it will never be forgotten either in England or in the Colony. However several others, including Hugh Childers and William Ewart Gladstone, approved of Bowens actions, Bowen arrived on Mauritius on 4 April 1879 and served as 13th Governor of the colony until 9 December 1880. On 30 March 1883, Bowen was made Governor of Hong Kong, during his tenure, his administration established the Hong Kong Observatory, which also served as the meteorological institute of the territory. He founded the first college in Hong Kong, and ordered the construction of the Typhoon Shelter in Causeway Bay, and he retired in 1887, due to ill health. Bowen returned to England after his time in Hong Kong and was appointed chief of a Royal Commission sent to Malta in December 1887 to help to draft the new constitution for the island, all recommendations made by the commission were adopted. Afterwards, Bowen was sworn of the Privy Council and his first wife was Contessa Diamantina di Roma, only daughter of Count Candiano di Roma. George married his wife, Letitia Florence White, in late 1896 at Chelsea
10.
Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington
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Born in London, England, he was the only son of Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, the 1st Baron Lamington. Charles was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1883, in 1885, he became assistant private secretary to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Lord Salisbury. Upon the death of his father in 1890, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Lamington, on 13 June 1895, he married Mary Houghton Hozier at St Michaels Church, Pimlico, they had two children, a son and a daughter. In October 1895, Lord Lamington was selected to replace Sir Henry Norman as Governor of Queensland and he was a very politically conservative governor, and expressed a concern that the Federation of Australia which took place during his tenure would lead to unrestrained socialism. He also worked with the first Premier of Queensland, Sir Samuel Griffith, apart from six months leave in England when he was knighted GCMG, Lord Lamington served as governor for five years until 19 December 1901. In 1903 he was made GCIE, and appointed as Governor of Bombay and he is also noted as being sympathetic, after having met ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, to the Baháí Faith. Lord Lamington was appointed captain of the Lanarkshire Yeomanry on 26 March 1902, in Spring 1919, he served as Commissioner of the British Relief Unit in Syria, prior to its allocation as a French mandate. He returned to his home, Lamington House, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. They had two children, a son Victor Alexander Brisbane William Cochrane-Baillie and a daughter Grisell Annabella Gem Cochrane-Baillie, Lamington is also reported to have referred to the cakes as those bloody poofy woolly biscuits
11.
Legislature
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A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments, in the separation of model, they are often contrasted with the executive. Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation, legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process. The members of a legislature are called legislators, each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation. There must be a number of legislators present to carry out these activities. Some of the responsibilities of a legislature, such as giving first consideration to newly proposed legislation, are delegated to committees made up of small selections of the legislators. The members of a legislature usually represent different political parties, the members from each party generally meet as a caucus to organize their internal affairs, the internal organization of a legislature is also shaped by the informal norms that are shared by its members. Legislatures vary widely in the amount of power they wield, compared to other political players such as judiciaries, militaries. In 2009, political scientists M. Steven Fish and Matthew Kroenig constructed a Parliamentary Powers Index in an attempt to quantify the different degrees of power among national legislatures, such a system renders the legislature more powerful. Legislatures will sometime delegate their legislative power to administrative or executive agencies, legislatures are made up of individual members, known as legislators, who vote on proposed laws. For example, a legislature that has 100 seats has 100 members, by extension, an electoral district that elects a single legislator can also be described as a seat, as, for, example, in the phrases safe seat and marginal seat. In parliamentary systems of government, the executive is responsible to the legislature which may remove it with a vote of no confidence, names for national legislatures include parliament, congress, diet and assembly. A legislature which operates as a unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral. In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is considered the upper house. In federations, the upper house typically represents the component states. This is a case with the legislature of the European Union. Tricameral legislatures are rare, the Massachusetts Governors Council still exists, tetracameral legislatures no longer exist, but they were previously used in Scandinavia. Legislatures vary widely in their size, among national legislatures, Chinas National Peoples Congress is the largest with 2987 members, while Vatican Citys Pontifical Commission is the smallest with 7
12.
Parliament of Queensland
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The Parliament of Queensland is the legislature of Queensland, Australia. According to the constitution, the Parliament consists of the Queen. It is the unicameral state parliament in the country. The upper chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1922, the Legislative Assembly sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Brisbane. The Parliament was founded 22 May 1860, less than a year after the Colony of Queensland was created in June 1859 and it was convened at a converted former military and convict barracks located on Queen Street, Brisbane. Immigration was an important issue for the early Parliament, population growth was encouraged with new settlers enticed by land ownership. The official flag of Queensland was adopted in 1867, in 1915, Queensland became first state to make voting compulsory at state elections. Since 1 April 2003, live broadcasts have streamed through the internet from the Parliament while it is in session. In June 2007, the Parliament started broadcasting video of parliamentary proceedings, nine in-house television cameras are used to record sessions. The first female Speaker, Fiona Simpson was elected on 15 May 2012, the Assembly has 89 Members of Parliament. These are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate, Voting is by the Full Preferential Voting system, with elections held approximately once every three years. In April 2016, legislation was passed to increase the number of seats in the parliament by four to a total of 93, an amendment was also passed to abolish optional preferential voting. A referendum held the month was passed, supporting a bill to establish fixed four-year terms. The role of the monarch in Parliament is to give assent to legislation. This function is in practice exercised by the Governor of Queensland, the party or coalition with the most seats in the house is invited by the Governor to form a government. The leader of that party subsequently becomes Premier of Queensland, leading a Cabinet of Ministers, in the Liberal National Party, the Premier selects members of their party to act as Ministers. In the Labor Party, the Ministers are elected by partyroom ballot, once all winning candidates have been declared, the Governor of Queensland proclaims a date for the start of the new Parliament. It is the role of the Clerk of the Parliament to call members to attendance, according to the Constitution of Queensland Act 2001, members of Parliament must swear an oath or affirmation to the Sovereign as well as an oath of office before signing a Roll of Members
13.
Federation of Australia
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Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth, Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority and this period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style. A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s, a time there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians. The idea of being Australian began to be celebrated in songs and this was fostered by improvements in transport and communications, such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872. The Australian colonies were influenced by other federations which had emerged around the world, notably in Argentina, Canada, Switzerland. Sir Henry Parkes, then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, the Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent, trade, and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised. The final push for the Federal Council came at a conference in 1883, called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea, Sir Samuel Griffith, the Premier of Queensland, drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council. The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885, as a result, a Federal Council of Australasia was formed, to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands. New South Wales and New Zealand did not join, the self-governing colonies of Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji, became involved. South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890, furthermore, the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value. Nevertheless, it was the first major form of inter-colonial co-operation and it provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas. The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australias constitutional structure, the individual colonies, Victoria excepted, were somewhat wary of Federation. Queensland, for its part, worried that the advent of national legislation would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers and these were not the only concerns of those resistant to federation. Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs, which would deprive them of a proportion of their revenue. New South Wales, traditionally free-trade in its outlook, wanted to be satisfied that the federations tariff policy would not be protectionist, Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as the lion in the way of federation. A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the government to the states
14.
Papua New Guinea
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Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. There are 852 known languages in the country, of which 12 have no known living speakers, most of the population of more than 7 million people live in customary communities, which are as diverse as the languages. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its live in urban centres. The country is one of the worlds least explored, culturally and geographically and it is known to have numerous groups of uncontacted peoples, and researchers believe there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals in the interior. Papua New Guinea is classified as an economy by the International Monetary Fund. Strong growth in Papua New Guineas mining and resource sector led to the becoming the sixth fastest-growing economy in the world in 2011. Growth was expected to slow once major resource projects came on line in 2015, mining remains a major economic factor, however. Local and national governments are discussing the potential of resuming mining operations in Panguna mine in Bougainville Province, nearly 40 percent of the population lives a self-sustainable natural lifestyle with no access to global capital. Most of the still live in strong traditional social groups based on farming. Their social lives combine traditional religion with modern practices, including primary education, at the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration, which started during the Great War and it became an independent Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans first arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago and they were descendants of migrants out of Africa, in one of the early waves of human migration. Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC, a major migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took place around 500 BC. This has been correlated with the introduction of pottery, pigs, in the 18th century, traders brought the sweet potato to New Guinea, where it was adopted and became part of the staples. Portuguese traders had obtained it from South America and introduced it to the Moluccas, the far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture and societies. Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple, taro, and resulted in a significant increase in population in the highlands. In 1901, on Goaribari Island in the Gulf of Papua, missionary Harry Dauncey found 10,000 skulls in the islands Long Houses, traders from Southeast Asia had visited New Guinea beginning 5,000 years ago to collect bird of paradise plumes
15.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
16.
Territory of Papua
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The Territory of Papua comprised the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea from 1883 to 1975. In 1883, the Government of Queensland annexed this territory for the British Empire, the United Kingdom Government refused to ratify the annexation but in 1884 a Protectorate was proclaimed over the territory, then called British New Guinea. There is an ambiguity about the exact date on which the entire territory was annexed by the British. The Papua Act 1905 recites that this happened on or about 4 September 1888, on 18 March 1902, the Territory was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia. Resolutions of acceptance were passed by the Commonwealth Parliament, who accepted the territory under the name of Papua, in 1949, the Territory and the Territory of New Guinea were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971 and this important legal and political distinction remained until the advent of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 1975. Papua made up half of the current-day Papua New Guinea and contained the territorys capital, Port Moresby. Archeological evidence suggests that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago and these Melanesian people developed stone tools and agriculture. In 1545, the Spaniard Íñigo Ortiz de Retez gave the island the name New Guinea owing to what he saw as a resemblance between the inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast. Knowledge of the interior of the island remained scant for several centuries after these initial European encounters, chester made the proclamation on 4 April 1883, but the British government repudiated the action. On 6 November 1884, after the Australian colonies had promised financial support, on 4 September 1888 it was annexed, together with some adjacent islands, by Britain as British New Guinea. In 1902, Papua was effectively transferred to the authority of the new British dominion of Australia, with the passage of the Papua Act of 1905, the area was officially renamed the Territory of Papua, and Australian administration became formal in 1906. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Australia captured Kaiser-Wilhelmsland following the landing on 11 September 1914 of the 2000 man Australian Naval, the Australian takeover of New Guinea was formalised by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Shortly after the start of the Pacific War, the island of New Guinea was invaded by the Japanese, Papua was the least affected region. Civil administration was suspended during the war and both territories were placed under martial law for the duration, the New Guinea campaign opened with the battles for New Britain and New Ireland in the Territory of New Guinea in 1942. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action against the Japanese attack. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay and they were beaten back by the Australian Army, and the Battle of Milne Bay is remembered as the first outright defeat of Japanese land forces during World War II. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces, bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the largely Australian force and the Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Japanese surrender in 1945
17.
Coral Sea Islands
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The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The Coral Sea Islands were first charted in 1803, in the 1870s and 1880s the islands were mined for guano but the absence of a reliable supply of fresh water prevented long-term habitation. The two latter reefs are closer to Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, than to the southernmost island of the rest of the territory. The islands, cays and reefs of the Great Barrier Reef are not part of the territory, the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef is the boundary between Queensland and the Coral Sea Islands Territory. The territory is a possession or external territory of Australia, administered from Canberra by the Attorney-Generals Department, defence is the responsibility of Australia, and the territory is visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy. Australia maintains automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs, there is no economic activity, and only a staff of three or four people to run the meteorological station on Willis Island, established in 1921. In November 2011 the Australian government announced that a 989, 842-square-kilometre protected area was planned in the Coral Sea, as applicable, the laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply on the Coral Sea Islands. The territorys FIPS 10-4 code is CR, whereas ISO3166 includes it in Australia, the islands are all very low. The Willis Islets are important nesting areas for birds and turtles and they comprise less than three square kilometres of land. There is no port or harbour, only offshore anchorage, the formation sits atop a submarine feature known as the Marion Plateau which is separated from the larger Coral Sea Plateau to the north by the Townsville Trough. Three small sand cays are located on the side of Marion Reef, Paget Cay, on Long Reef, Carola Cay, south of Long Reef. The atolls of the Northwestern Group, except Osprey Reef and Shark Reef in the north, and Marion Reef in the south, are located on the Coral Sea Plateau, flinders Reefs, Heralds Surprise and Dart Reef form a cluster of reefs of 66 by 26 km. The 6 islets of the reserve have areas from 0.16 to 0.37 km2. Lihou Reef was declared a Nature Reserve on 16 August 1982, the Nature Reserves were created to protect wildlife in the respective areas of the territory, together they form the Coral Sea Reserves Ramsar Site. It has the outline of a platform around 10 km in length and 3 km across. The surrounding reefs, which enclose a narrow lagoon, are submerged at high tide. Near the centre of the lagoon is the only permanent land of the reef - Heralds-Beacon Islet, the island is a small cay measuring 600 m by 120 m, area 57,000 m2, only rising a few ms above the high-water mark. Frederick Reefs, The reefs form a lagoon, known as Anchorage Sound
18.
History of Queensland
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The history of Queensland encompasses both a long Aboriginal Australian presence as well as the more recent European settlement. Before being charted and claimed for Great Britain by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, Queensland has experienced dynamic growth since its separation from the Colony of New South Wales in 1859. 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, Aboriginal people arrived in Australia by boat or by land bridge, the most likely route was from Southeast Asia across the Torres Strait. During the next ten years, the Aboriginal people travelled over most of the continent. Around 25,000 years ago, an ice age began with a drop in the temperature of the earth of eight degrees. The climate changes lasted over 10,000 years, the land bridges from Southeast Asia and to Tasmania became inhospitable. Food was difficult to find and this led to the origin of seed-grinding technology, about 15,000 years ago, global temperatures warmed and rainfall increased along the eastern coast of Australia. The inland of Queensland, also receiving rainfall, again became habitable, coastal lands decreased due to rising sea levels and tropical rain forests spread. The Kalkadoon people of the central gulf region, dug wells 10m deep to maintain their supply of freshwater. From 10,000 years until European arrival, the warmer climate allowed the development of semi-permanent villages in the northern rainforests. Along the Barron River, and on the islands of Moreton Bay, large huts, however, due to recurrent droughts and floods, the dominant hunter-gatherer lifestyle persisted in most areas of Queensland. The peak Aboriginal population in Queensland prior to European arrival is uncertain, the number may have been between 200,000 and 500,000 people. Numbers may have decreased at times of epidemics like smallpox, Queensland was the most densely populated region of the continent with two of the six to seven hundred Aboriginal nations and at least ninety language groups. In 1606, the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of the town of Weipa on the western shore of Cape York. His arrival was the first recorded encounter between European and Australian Aboriginal people, in 1614, Luis Váez de Torres, a Spanish explorer may have sighted the Queensland coast at the tip of Cape York. In that year, he had sailed the Torres Strait, the body of water now named after him, in 1768, the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed west from the New Hebrides islands, getting to within a hundred miles of the Queensland coast. He did not reach the coast because he did not find a passage through the coral reefs, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of England on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming eastern Australia New South Wales. His second landfall in Australia was at Round Hill Head,500 km north of Brisbane, the Endeavour was grounded on a coral reef near Cape Tribulation, on 11 June 1770 where he was delayed for almost seven weeks while they repaired the ship
19.
John Oxley
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John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley was an explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. John Oxley was born in 1785 at Kirkham Abbey near Westow in Yorkshire and he was baptised in Bulmer in Yorkshire on 6 July 1785. In 1799, he entered the Royal Navy when he was aged 15 as a midshipman on the Venerable and he travelled to Australia in October 1802 as masters mate of the naval vessel Buffalo, which carried out coastal surveying. In 1805 Governor King appointed him acting lieutenant in charge of the Buffalo, in 1806 he commanded the Estramina on a trip to Van Diemens Land. He returned to England in 1807 and was appointed first lieutenant of Porpoise, in 1809 Porpoise visited Van Diemens Land, carrying as a passenger Governor William Bligh, who had been deposed in the Rum Rebellion. Oxley had obtained an order from the Colonial Office for a grant of 600 acres near the Nepean River, Oxley had to surrender these in 1810, but Governor Macquarie granted him 600 acres near Camden which he increased in 1815 to 1,000 acres again. In 1810 he wrote a report on the settlements in Van Diemens Land before sailing for England in Porpoise in May. In London he applied for the post of Naval Officer in Sydney, Oxley denied that he had been a partisan of Macarthur when Bligh was deposed, but his letters show that he was on very intimate terms with the rebel leader. In 1812 he became engaged to Elizabeth Macarthur, this was broken off when her father discovered the extent of Oxleys debts, by that time, through the influence of Macarthurs friend Walter Davidson, Oxleys second application for the surveyor-generalship had been successful. In 1811 he had retired from the navy, and in May 1812 sailed for Sydney in the Minstrel to take up his new duties, in March 1817 John Oxley was instructed to take charge of an expedition to explore and survey the course of the Lachlan River. He left Sydney on 6 April with George Evans as second-in-command, Evans had discovered a portion of the Lachlan River west of Bathurst in 1815. Oxleys party reached Bathurst after a week, where they were detained by bad weather. They reached the Lachlan River Depot on 25 April 1817 and commenced to follow its course, as the exploring party travelled westward the country surrounding the rising river was found to be increasingly inundated. On 12 May, west of the present township of Forbes and they travelled down a northern branch of the river to Mt Mulguthery they were forced to return up the river. By the end of May the party found themselves in a dry scrubby country north east of Yenda where they ascended several peaks in the Cocoparra National Park, shortage of water and the death of two horses forced Oxleys return passing near Rankins Springs to the Lachlan River. On 23 June the Lachlan River near Merrigal Bridge was reached and they followed the course of the Lachlan River through Hillston and Booligal for a fortnight. The party encountered much flooded country, and reached a point 5km south west of Booligal which was their last camp site, Oxley resolved to turn back and after resting for two days Oxleys party began to retrace their steps along the Lachlan River. Oxley travelled to Dubbo on 12 June 1818 and he wrote that he had passed that day over a very beautiful country, thinly wooded and apparently safe from the highest floods
20.
Gladstone, Queensland
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Gladstone /ˈɡlædstən/ is a city in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It is approximately 550 km by road north of Brisbane and 100 km south-east of Rockhampton, situated between the Calliope and Boyne Rivers, Gladstone is home to Queenslands largest multi-commodity shipping port. Gladstone, together with Boyne Island and Tannum Sands, had an urban population of 49,248 at June 2015. This urban area covers 240.2 km2, Gladstone is the largest settlement within and the seat of the Gladstone Regional Council, which formed in 2008 amalgamating three former local government areas. Before European settlement, the Gladstone region was home of the Toolooa, Meerooni, in May 1770, the HM Bark Endeavour, under the command of James Cook, sailed by the entrance to Gladstone Harbour under the cover of darkness. Matthew Flinders, during his 1801–1803 circumnavigation of Australia, became the first recorded European to sight the harbour in August 1802. He named the harbour Port Curtis, after Admiral Roger Curtis, John Oxley conducted further exploration of the harbour and surrounding countryside in November 1823. Oxley was dismissive of the region, noting the harbour was difficult to enter, the countryside was too dry, nevertheless, a colony was eventually established at Port Curtis. Colonel George Barneys expedition was eventful, on 25 January 1847, the Lord Auckland, carrying 87 soldiers and convicts, arrived off the southern entrance of Port Curtis and promptly ran aground on shoals off the southern tip of Facing Island. The settlers spent seven weeks on the island before being rescued by the supply ship Thomas Lowry and delivered the intended site of settlement, on 30 January at a proclamation ceremony, Barney was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor of the colony of North Australia. The convict settlement lasted barely two months, a change of government in Britain ordered the withdrawal of Barney and the settlers. However, interest in the region remained, by 1853, Francis MacCabe was surveying the site of a new town on the shores of Port Curtis. Maurice OConnell was appointed government resident the following year, resulting in an influx of free settlers as land became available throughout the region, in 1863, the town became a Municipality with Richard Hetherington elected Gladstones first mayor. The fledgling town was named after the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and has a 19th-century marble statue on display in its town museum, development of Gladstone was slow until 1893, when a meatworks was established at Parsons Point. On 2 March 1949, a cyclone hit Gladstone, doing extensive damage to the town. In 1963, Queensland Alumina Limited established its alumina refinery on the site of the old meatworks, Gladstones port facilities were expanded and the city launched into an era of industrial development and economic prosperity. William Robert Golding — builder, historian, local government councillor, local government head, public servant, percival Albert Gourgaud — public servant, public servant head. Henry John Manning — company managing director, journalist, newspaper executive, frederick Woolnough Paterson — barrister, communist, farmer, local government councillor, Member of Lower House, school teacher, soldier
21.
Moreton Bay
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The Moreton Bay is a bay located on the eastern coast of Australia 14 kilometres from central Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of Queenslands most important coastal resources, the waters of Moreton Bay are a popular destination for recreational anglers and are used by commercial operators who provide seafood to market. The Port of Brisbane coordinates large traffic along the channel which crosses the northern section of the bay. The bay serves as an approach to the airport and reduces noise pollution over the city to the west of the runway. A number of barge, ferry and water-taxi services also travel over the bay, Moreton Bay was the site of conflict between the indigenous Quandamooka people and early European settlers. It contains environmentally significant habitats and large areas of sandbanks, the bay is the only place in Australia where dugong gather into herds. Many parts of the foreshore and southern islands are settled. Moreton Bay is described as lagoonal because of the existence of a series of barrier islands that restrict the flow of oceanic water. The tidal range is moderate at 1. 5–2 metres in range, Moreton Bay has an average depth of 6.8 metres. This shallow depth lets light filter through to the seafloor, allowing an array of plants to grow which support a diverse range of fauna. The bay itself covers 1,523 square kilometres and has a catchment area 14 times larger, the waters of the bay are mostly blue in colour. Western parts of the bay are sometimes tinted green from algae, Moreton Bay was formed roughly 6000 years ago as the sea level rose and inundated what was then the floodplains of the Brisbane River. Moreton Bay and its islands were inhabited by indigenous tribes, in indigenous economy was very rich, one of the strongest for its productive yields of edible natural resources on the Australian continent. In the 1840s, resident white administrators estimated the population of the area to be around 4,000. They were only outnumbered with the influx over the five year period of 1850-1855 with saw the disembarkation of 3,000 European migrants on their land. The name Mortons Bay was given by Captain Cook when he passed the area on 15 May 1770, honouring Lord Morton, the spelling Moreton was an error in the first published account of Cooks voyage. Cook gave the only to the bight formed by the northern end of Stradbroke Island. He was unaware of the South Passage between the two islands, and did not sail into what is the present Moreton Bay, matthew Flinders was the first recorded European to enter the bay in 1799 touching down at the Pumicestone Passage, Redcliffe and Coochiemudlo Island
22.
Brisbane River
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The Brisbane River is the longest river in South East Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. John Oxley, the first European to explore the river, named it after the Governor of New South Wales, the penal colony of Moreton Bay later adopted the same name, eventually becoming the present city of Brisbane. Early travellers along the waterway admired the beauty, abundant fish. From 1862 the Brisbane River has been dredged for navigation purposes, the river served as an important carriageway between Brisbane and Ipswich before a railway linking the towns was built in 1875. By the late 1920s, water quality in the river had significantly deteriorated, the river travels 344 km from Mount Stanley. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the waterway is a habitat for the rare Queensland lungfish, Brisbane River cod and bull sharks. The largest ship built on the river was the Robert Miller, the 66,000 tonne vessel became un-moored in the 1974 Brisbane flood. While not the highest experienced along the river since European settlement, major floods also occurred in January 2011 and multiple times during 1893. Extensive port facilities have been constructed on the Fisherman Islands, now known as the Port of Brisbane, there are 16 major bridges that cross the river. The Clem Jones Tunnel, opened in 2010, is the rivers first underground crossing for road transport, the CityCat ferry service collects and delivers passengers along the inner-city reaches of the river. Brisbane Rivers source is located in the Great Dividing Range, east of Kingaroy and it then makes its way south, past Mount Stanley, and townships including Moore and Toogoolawah before being joined by the Stanley River, just south of Somerset Dam. The river runs from there into Lake Wivenhoe, created by the Wivenhoe Dam, beyond the dam, the river meanders eastward, meeting the Bremer River near Ipswich, then making its way through Brisbanes western suburbs, including Jindalee, Indooroopilly and Toowong. The river is traversed by CityCats and other ferries in Brisbane, Water from the highest point in the catchment has fallen from Mount Langley in the Conondale Range,868 m above sea level. On the southern side of the river, opposite Gardens Point, are the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and this was in the vicinity of Edward Street ferry terminal. The volcanic rock Ignimbrite which formed the cliffs was deposited in the Triassic period about 220 million years ago and they currently form the banks of the Brisbane River. On the southside Bulimba Creek, Norman Creek, Oxley Creek, the language group common to most of the area was the Yugarabul language group. Four European navigators, namely Captain Cook, Matthew Flinders, John Bingle and William Edwardson, all visited Moreton Bay, the exploration by Flinders took place during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay in 1799. He spent a total of 15 days in the area, touching down at Woody Point and several other spots and this is consistent with accounts of many other rivers along the east coast of Australia, which could not be found by seaward exploration but were discovered by inland travellers
23.
Redcliffe, Queensland
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It serves as the Central Business District for the Redcliffe Peninsula and its surrounding suburbs. Redcliffe is part of the division of Brisbane. The towns name originates from Red Cliff Point named by the explorer John Oxley, Redcliffe became Queenslands first colony in 1824, however, it was soon abandoned for Brisbane. Since the 1880s, Redcliffe has been a seaside resort location due to its proximity to Brisbane. It is served by a general aviation airfield, Redcliffe Airport. In the 2011 census, the population of Redcliffe was 9,201, 52% female, the median age of the Redcliffe population was 44 years of age,7 years above the Australian median. Children aged under 15 years made up 15. 5% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 20. 7% of the population. 86. 8% of people spoke only English at home, the next most popular languages were 0. 5% Italian,0. 4% Tagalog,0. 4% German,0. 3% Dutch,0. 3% Samoan. Before European settlement, the Redcliffe Peninsula was occupied by the indigenous Ningy Ningy people, the native name is Kau-in-Kau-in, which means Blood-Blood. Redcliffe holds the distinction of being the first European settlement in Queensland, the party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers, some with wives and children, and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after one year and the colony was moved south to a site on the Brisbane River at North Quay,28 km south, that offered a more reliable water supply. Redcliffe became a district in the 1860s and in the 1880s boomed as a seaside resort town with the twin screw excursion steamer Koopa making regular trips to its jetty from 1911. The principal route for passengers was a steamer from Sandgate pier to Woody Point Pier and that led to the cessation of the Sandgate to Woody Point steamers. In 1958, the Gibb family from Manchester, England emigrated to this area, Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb went on to form the highly successful music group, The Bee Gees. In 1959, Brisbane based Speedcar driver Bill Goode, the promoter of the Redcliffe Speedway hired the brothers to entertain the crowds at the speedway from the back of a truck during the interval and this was the first ever public performance by the trio. In a letter to the Redcliffe Museum in 1999, Barry Gibb wrote The smell of the oil, the noise and this was the first public appearance Robin, Maurice and I ever made in Australia. Hence Redcliffe became the birthplace of the Bee Gees, the first high-rise apartment building was constructed along Marine Parade in 1974. For decades the interest for similar development was limited - until 2000 there were only four apartment buildings higher than 6 stories across the entire Peninsula
24.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
25.
Portmanteau
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In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes. A portmanteau also differs from a compound, which not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a portmanteau, of star and fish, whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish. Humpty Dumpty explains the practice of combining words in various ways by telling Alice, for instance, take the two words fuming and furious. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, in then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. The etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau, from porter, to carry, in modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet, a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. It has also used especially in Europe as a formal description for hat racks from the French words porter. An occasional synonym for portmanteau word is frankenword, an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending Frankenstein, many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon. In Punch in 1896, the word brunch was introduced as a portmanteau word, in 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia, a scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger. Jeoportmanteau. is a category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy. The categorys name is itself a portmanteau of the words Jeopardy, responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander, oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UKs two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge. Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries, for example, a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork, and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt, part shorts. On the other hand, turducken, a made by inserting a chicken into a duck. Similarly, the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, though initially a gaffe, the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionarys Word of the Year in 2010. The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like permalance, advertainment, advertorial, infotainment, a company name may also be portmanteau as well as a product name. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaux to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to. giv people an essence of who they are within the same name and this is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life supercouples
26.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
27.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
28.
Edmund Lockyer
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Edmund Lockyer, was a British soldier and explorer of Australia. Born in Plymouth, Devon, Lockyer was son of Thomas Lockyer, a sailmaker, Lockyer began his army career as an ensign in the 19th Regiment in June 1803, was promoted lieutenant in early 1805 and made captain in August 1805. Lockyer was promoted to major in August 1819 and in August 1824 transferred to the 57th Regiment. Lockyer arrived at Sydney, capital of the British Colony of New South Wales, aboard the Royal Charlotte in April 1825 with men from the 57th, also with him were his wife and ten children. In August 1825, Lockyer was asked to lead an expedition to explore the reaches of the Brisbane River. On 2 September, Lockyer sailed from Sydney in the cutter Mermaid, leaving the Mermaid at Brisbane, he travelled in a small boat up the river. Lockyer saw coal in deposits on the banks, becoming the first person to identify coal in Queensland, Lockyer arrived back in Sydney on 16 October 1825, and made a report to Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane. In late 1826, Lockyer led an expedition to claim Western Australia for Britain and he sailed on the brig Amity, arriving at King George Sound on 25 December, with twenty troops and twenty three convicts. This was the beginning of the first European settlement in Western Australia, the military base established by Lockyer was named Frederick Town, later renamed Albany, and would become an important deep water port. His interview with two sealers, arrested for crimes against local people, revealed intelligence of Dumont DUrvilles survey of King George Sound, Lockyer had planned an overland journey to the Swan River region in February, but learned that James Stirling had already examined the area. Lockyer was to remain in the settlement until command could be given to Captain Joseph Wakefield, Lockyer returned to Sydney on 3 April 1827, sold his army commission and settled in Sydney. In 1852 Lockyer was appointed serjeant-at-arms to the New South Wales Legislative Council, in September 1854 he was commissioned a captain on the formation of the Sydney Volunteer Rifle Corps, a citizens militia force. On 18 November 1854, Lockyer married Elizabeth Colston, Elizabeth Colston is related to Mal Colston, a Queensland Senator. Lockyer died from the effects of influenza on 10 June 1860 at his home in Bay Street, Woolloomooloo and was buried in Camperdown Cemetery, the Sydney suburb of Ermington is named after Lockyers residence, Ermington House. A suburb of Albany, Western Australia, commemorates the citys founder, Lockyer Creek, Lockyer Valley and Lockyer Valley Regional Council in Queensland were named after Major Lockyer. His name and image were utilized in the Centenary of Albany, Western Australia,1825 Lockyer and the Ipswich area 1826-1827 King Georges Sound Info on family tree 1856 First the Usher of the Black Rod in New South Wales
29.
Penal transportation
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The practice would become mandated for use in Scotland consequent to an act in 1785, but remained used less than in England. Transportation on a scale would resume with the departure of the First Fleet to Australia in 1787. France also transported convicts to Devils Island and New Caledonia, most of this article deals with transportation from Great Britain. Banishment or forced exile from a polity or society has used as a punishment since at least Ancient Roman times. It removed the offender from society, possibly permanently, but was seen as a more merciful or forgiving punishment than execution, by 1670, as new felonies were defined, the option of being sentenced to transportation was allowed. Forgery of a document, for example, was a crime until the 1820s. Depending on the crime, the sentence was imposed for life or for a set period of years, if imposed for a period of years, the offender was permitted to return home after serving out his time, but had to make his own way back. Many offenders thus stayed in the colony as free persons, Transportation was not used by Scotland before the Act of Union 1707, following union, the 1717 Transportation Act specifically excluded its usage in Scotland. Act 1785 the Parliament of Great Britain specifically extended the usage of transportation to Scotland and it remained little used under Scots Law until the early 19th century. In Australia, a convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave and this enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and to contribute to the development of the colony. In the 17th and 18th centuries criminal justice was severe, later termed the Bloody Code and this was due to both the particularly large number of offences which were punishable by execution, and to the limited choice of sentences available to judges for convicted criminals in England. With the development of colonies, transportation was introduced as a punishment, although legally it was considered a condition of a pardon. Convicts who represented a menace to the community were sent away to distant lands, a secondary aim was to discourage crime for fear of being transported. Transportation continued to be described as an exhibition of the kings mercy. It was a solution to a problem in the domestic penal system. There was also the hope that transported convicts could be rehabilitated and reformed by starting a new life in the colonies. In 1615, in the reign of James I, a committee of the Council had already obtained the power to choose from the prisoners those that deserved pardon and, consequently and these bills failed, but it was clear that change was needed. Transportation was not a sentence in itself, but could be arranged by indirect means, the reading test, crucial for the benefit of clergy, was a fundamental feature of the penal system, but in order to prevent its abuse, this pardoning process was used more strictly
30.
Convict
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A convict is a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court or a person serving a sentence in prison. Convicts are often known as prisoners or inmates or by the slang term con, while a common label for former convicts. Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as convicts, the legal label of ex-convict usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma and/or reduced opportunities for employment. The particular use of the convict in the English-speaking world was to describe the huge numbers of criminals. Their crimes would today be regarded as petty misdemeanours, or are no longer in the criminal code, most of the punishments at this time were severe, with the death penalty applied for fairly minor crimes. However, this sentence was often commuted to a lesser one. Thus, in the British context, the convict has come to refer in particular to those criminals transported overseas. Initially many British convicts were sent to the American colonies, such as the Maryland, Virginia, the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom began around 1615 and became increasingly common in the following years. Initially most people were transported to North America or the West Indies, from 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to North America, the British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, from the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on works, but a significant number were assigned to private individuals as domestic servants, rural workers. Transportation was progressively abolished from 1853, eventually ceasing altogether in 1868, in Australia, convicts have come to be key figures of cultural mythology and historiography. British convicts were sent to Canada, West Africa. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, russian criminals who were shipped to Siberia can arguably be regarded as convicts. Convicted felon Convict lease Convict assignment Convicts in Australia Older prisoners Penal transportation Convict life - State Library of NSW Convict Transportation Registers database
31.
Andrew Petrie
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Andrew Petrie was a pioneer, architect and builder in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Andrew Petrie was born in Fife, Scotland and he trained as a builder in Edinburgh. He married Mary Cuthbertson in 1821, John Dunmore Lang brought him, his wife and four sons to Sydney in 1831 with other Scottish mechanics to form the nucleus of a force of free workers. Meeting much enmity from convict and emancipist workers, Petrie was glad to accept a post as clerk in the Ordnance Department, before establishing his own business he oversaw the construction of a building in Jamison Street for Lang. A year after arriving in the colony Petrie and his family moved into stone house he built at what is now known as Petrie Bight and his first important task was to repair the mechanism of the windmill which had never worked. His general duty was the supervision of prisoners engaged in making such necessities as soap and nails and he also made inspections of government owned sheep and cattle and placed a number of beacons on navigational hazards in the Brisbane River. Petries charge took him to several convict outposts and gave him a taste for travel and his private journeys soon added to knowledge of the immediate environs of the settlement. When the convict station was removed in 1839 Petrie saw the opportunity at last of a free community, and with his family remained to contribute to its formation. In the new surroundings he was able to pursue two main interests, as builder and architect he was responsible for most of the important structures that arose, and he made many more journeys. He was the first white man to climb Mount Beerwah, one of the Glass House Mountains seen by James Cook, and he was also the first to bring back samples of the Bunya pine. In 1842 with a party in a boat he discovered the Mary River. He was the first to discover coal at Redbank in around 1837 and he explored and named the Maroochy River. In 1848 he lost his eyesight because of inefficient surgery after an attack of sandy blight, despite this condition he still was able to design ferry landings, floating public baths and a bridge over Breakfast Creek. The Petries had nine sons and a daughter, with advancing years Petrie handed over more and more control to his eldest son, John, who became first mayor of Brisbane. His third son, Thomas, gained knowledge of the Aboriginal tribes and their customs. Their house was one of the centres of Brisbane and readily offered accommodation to squatters coming from the outback. Petrie was also always being willing to help with food and work to the poor, Petrie, a suburb of Brisbane Division of Petrie, an electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, in Queensland List of explorers
32.
Maryborough, Queensland
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Maryborough /ˈmɛrəbərə/ is a city located on the Mary River in Queensland, Australia, approximately 255 kilometres north of the state capital, Brisbane. The city is served by the Bruce Highway and it is closely tied to its neighbour city Hervey Bay which is approximately 30 kilometres northeast. Together they form part of the known as the Fraser Coast. At June 2015 Maryborough had an urban population of 27,846. The city was the location for the 2013 Australian Scout Jamboree, Maryborough was founded in 1847, was proclaimed a municipality in 1861, and became a city in 1905. During the second half of the 1800s, the city was a port of entry to immigrants arriving in Queensland from all parts of the world. The name was derived from the Mary River which was named in 1847 after Lady Mary Lennox the wife of Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy, Lady Mary was killed in a coach accident very soon after, devastating Sir Charles. Coal had been discovered at Burrum,25 km north of Maryborough, the line was extended to Bundaberg in 1888 so coal could be shipped there as well. When the Burrum line was built, it junctioned from the Maryborough line at Baddow,3 km from the station, creating a triangular junction, with platforms ultimately being provided on all three sides. Maryborough station was situated adjacent to the commercial centre of the city. When through trains commenced running from Brisbane to Bundaberg and beyond, trains ran into Maryborough, a steam locomotive was attached to the other end of the train. Once diesel locomotives were introduced, there was no need to replace engines, a one carriage connecting service was provided from Maryborough to meet the through train at Baddow, and then return. The situation was resolved with the opening of the Maryborough West bypass in 1988. Australias only outbreak of plague occurred in Maryborough in 1905. At the time Maryborough was Queenslands largest port—a reception centre for wool, meat, timber, sugar, subsequently, five of the seven OConnell children, two nurses, and a neighbour died from the disease. There were no more cases but the fear, panic, and hysteria totally consumed the town. A memorial fountain was built in the grounds of the City Hall and dedicated to the nurses, Cecelia Bauer, the foundation stone of Maryborough War Memorial was laid on 22 May 1921 by Lieutenant Colonel James Durrant. It was dedicated on 19 November 1922, Maryborough is the self-styled Heritage City of Queensland and holds heritage markets each Thursday
33.
Artemisia (ship)
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The Artemisia was the first immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay bringing the first assisted free settlers from England. She was a barquentine of 492 tons built at Sunderland in 1847, under her master, Captain John Prest Ridley, the Artemisia arrived in Moreton Bay in December 1848. It was opened to settlement in 1842. By 1846, North Brisbane had 483 European settlers, South Brisbane 346, a great labour shortage had developed, manual workers, shepherds, tradesmen and domestics were needed by the pastoralists and by those living within the towns. However, Lang had antagonised both the colonial and imperial authorities and his mission to England spurred the government to organise its own emigrant efforts, the Land and Emigration Commissioners were charged with British emigration. They advertised for vessels for Moreton Bay and Twofold Bay and chose the Artemisia for Moreton Bay, built at Sunderland in 1847, the Artemisia was a new vessel, a barquentine of 492 tons owned by Anthony Ridley and the journey to Australia was the maiden voyage. The master of the Artemisia was Captain John Prest Ridley who was to command her on other voyages and he died in Mauritius aged 47 on 6 June 1859 when in command of the Adamant. The upper deck of the ship was fitted out for the wealthier passengers, the vessels are first-class, and proceed every month to Sydney and Port Philip, in New South Wales, and to Port Adelaide, in South Australia. The ships sail from London and Plymouth, where dépôts are fitted up for the emigrants, the conditions may be learned from The Colonisation Circular, issued by her Majestys Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, so that we need not here enter into the details. We may, however, mention that the emigrants must be of good character, each must provide himself with clothing and, on being accepted, must pay £110 shillings for every child under 14, as security that he will come forward and embark. Saturday, July 29th, was the day fixed for the departure of the Artemisia and she lay off the stairs adjoining the Royal Dockyard at Deptford, near which, also, is the dépôt. This is a house rented by Mr. Cooper, who receives here any persons who may produce an Embarkation Order for any ship chartered by the Government Commissioners. The premises are situated in Czar Street, Deptford, nearly upon the spot where Peter the Great, the Emigration Officer, and his assistant, Mr. Smith, as to their answering the description given of themselves as to their previous occupation. During their stay here, they are treated with kindness and attention, to each adult is also supplied bedding, which is put into the respective berths. These preliminaries usually occupy three days, whilst the Illustrated London News were undertaking their inspection, the then Lord Ashley arrived on board, and made a tour of the vessel. His visit was occasioned by the berths on the decks of seven boys. The News reported that another 150 London children were awaiting the same fate, the eldest of the boys had been taken from the street in a wretched condition, almost without clothing and was being sent out at the private expense of a Lady and two gentlemen. On 27 July 1848 the Artemisia previously berthed in the East India Dock, there were 209 passengers on board
34.
Cape Moreton Light
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It marks the northern entrance to Moreton Bay and Brisbane and also serves as the rear light for the North Point Range. With its two distinctive red bands, it serves as a daymark. It is the oldest lighthouse in Queensland, and the one to be built by the New South Wales Government before the separation of Queensland. It is also the only lighthouse in Queensland to be built of stone, the lighthouse was established following an increase in traffic through the northern entrance to Moreton Bay in the 1840s. It was designed by Edmund Blacket in 1854 and established in 1857, over the years the light source went through several changes, from oil wick, to kerosene, to acetylene gas, to electricity, and finally to solar power. The structures also went through modifications, the major one being an increase in the lighthouse height and rebuilding of several structures. The station includes the lighthouse, three lighthouse keeper residences, and various buildings, the lighthouse is made of sandstone and topped by a concrete gallery and a cast iron lantern. The residences and most other structures are timber framed and fibro clad, in 1825, Brisbane was established as a penal settlement. The southern entrance was marked in 1825 and a pilot station was established at Amity Point on North Stradbroke Island in 1827. Buoys marking the entrance were laid in 1846–1847, and in 1848 the Pilot Station was moved to Bulwer on Moreton island, by then the northern entry was regarded as the main entry. In 1850, Brisbane residents petitioned the New South Wales Government, the government also wanted to encourage ships to use the broader and safer northern passage. Planning for the structure commenced in 1852. The site was selected and surveyed in 1853, and the lighthouse was designed in 1854 by Edmund Blacket the New South Wales Colonial Architect of the time, however, Blacket resigned on 10 June 1854, for the private market, and left the office on 25 August. The office remained vacant until 1 October 1854, when Blacket was succeeded by William Weaver, drawings for the tower which were completed in September 1854 were signed by Alexander Beazeley, Foreman of Works in the Colonial Architects office. The tower was built during the office of Alexander Dawson who succeeded Weaver in 1856. The tower was constructed by a contractor, Mark Farrell, for the cost of £15,232, using prison labor, both the lighthouse and three sandstone lighthouse keeper cottages were constructed from locally quarried sandstone. The lighthouse was first displayed in February 1857, though tenders for painting the tower were called for only in December 1858, the original optical apparatus was a catoptric system consisting of 21 oil wick lamps with parabolic reflectors. The lighthouse was 67-foot-high, visible for 26.5 nautical miles, in 1864 a telegraph office was opened at the Cape
35.
Cape Moreton
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Cape Moreton is a rocky headland at the north eastern tip of Moreton Island in South East Queensland, Australia. The surrounding area is part of the Moreton Island National Park, flinders Reef is 5 kilometres north-west of Cape Moreton. The outcrop is composed of sandstone, but also some conglomerate, siltstone. The whole of Moreton Island was formed by sand caught on, on the 17 May 1770, James Cook sighted and named the point Cape Morton. By 1959 the islands second settlement begin at Cape Moreton, at one point a school was operating at Cape Moreton with a total of 15 children. Until 1952 when it was abandoned, a line reached the point. On 24 February 1894, the Aarhus sank about two miles from the cape after striking Smiths Rocks. The hospital ship Centaur was sunk close to Cape Moreton in 1943 when a Japanese submarine torpedoed the ship, the wreck was found on the 20 December 2009 in a steep walled gulley,2,059 m below the ocean surface. The MV Pacific Adventurer lost containers in high seas created by Cyclone Hamish, the containers were located after a 10-day search, about 7 kilometres off the coast of Cape Moreton. Cape Moreton Light was the first lighthouse established in Queensland, the 23 metres tall structure was constructed of locally quarried sandstone, and was built in 1857. 35 good conduct prisoners were used for labour, a pilot station was established at Bulwer on the northern end of the island in 1848. At one time there was a total of seven lighthouses in operation on the island, Cape Moreton Lighthouse Complex, consisting of the lighthouse, three keepers cottages and associated structures, was registered on the Register of the National Estate in 1981. Point Lookout The Cape Moreton Lighthouse
36.
Australian frontier wars
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The Australian frontier wars were a series of conflicts that were fought between Indigenous Australians and mainly British settlers that spanned a total of 146 years. The first fighting took place months after the landing of the First Fleet in January 1788. The most common estimates of fatalities in the fighting are at least 20,000 Indigenous Australians, however, recent scholarship on the frontier wars in what is now the state of Queensland indicates that Indigenous fatalities may have been significantly higher. Far more devastating in their impact on the Aboriginal population, however, were the effects of disease, infertility, loss of hunting grounds, in 1770 a British expedition under the command of then-Lieutenant James Cook made the first voyage by Europeans along the Australian east coast. On 29 April Cook and a landing party fired on a group of Tharawal people who sought to prevent the British from landing near their camp at Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men made threatening gestures and a stone was thrown to underline that the whites were not welcome to land at that spot, Cook then ordered a musket to be fired with small-shot and the elder of the two was hit in a leg. This caused the two Tharawal men to run to their huts and seize their spears and shields, subsequently a single spear was thrown at the whites which happily hurt nobody. This then caused Cook to order a third musket with small-shots to be fired, upon one of them threw another lance. Cook, in his voyage up the east coast of Australia, some historians argue that under prevailing European law such land was deemed terra nullius or land belonging to nobody or land empty of inhabitants. Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for Britain on 23 August 1770, the British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. The colonys Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip, was instructed to live in amity and kindness with Indigenous Australians and sought to avoid conflict. Instead, nomadic hunter-gatherers seemed, to the Europeans, to be concerned only with the right to hunt and kill the wild game, which was their principal source of food. The British settlement of Australia commenced with the First Fleet in mid-January 1788 in the south-east in what is now the state of New South Wales. This process then continued into Tasmania and Victoria from 1803 onward, since then the population density of white people has remained highest in this section of the Australian continent. The Australian frontier wars however, were never as intense and bloody in the colonies as they were in Queensland or the north-eastern sections of the continent. More settlers as well as Indigenous Australians were killed on the Queensland frontier than any other Australian colony, the reason is simple, and is reflected in all evidence and sources dealing with this subject, There were more Aborigines in Queensland. Violence between Indigenous Australians and Europeans began several months after the First Fleet established Sydney on 26 January 1788, the local Indigenous people became suspicious when the British began to clear land and catch fish, and in May 1788 five convicts were killed and an Indigenous man was wounded. The British grew increasingly concerned when groups of up to three hundred Indigenous people were sighted at the outskirts of the settlement in June, despite this, Phillip attempted to avoid conflict, and forbade reprisals after being speared in 1790
37.
Dawson River (Queensland)
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The Dawson River is a river located in Central Queensland, Australia. The Dawson River rises in the Carnarvon Range, draining through the Carnarvon National Park, the flows generally south by east, crossed by the Carnarvon Highway and then flows generally east through the settlement of Taroom where the river is crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river then flows in a direction through the settlement of Theodore where the river is again crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river flows north through the settlement of Baralaba and towards Duaringa, a little further north, the Dawson River forms confluence with the Mackenzie River to form the Fitzroy River. From source to mouth, the river is joined by tributaries, including the Don River. Several weirs have been constructed along the river to water for cotton. The river catchment covers an area of 50,800 square kilometres, expedition National Park and the Precipice National Park are protected areas along the Dawson River. The Dawson River was one of a number of Queensland rivers affected by the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, as the river inundated the town of Theodore it was completely evacuated, a first in Queenslands history. Ludwig Leichhardt explored the area in 1844 and named the river in honour of Robert Dawson, in the 1920s, shortly after the First World War, Australian Labor Party politician Ted Theodore launched an irrigation program on the Dawson River for returning soldiers. His intentions was to them with arable land along the river for them to take up farming. After the 1922 Irrigation Act was passed, he started irrigation schemes on the Dawson River, however, the scheme was abandoned after he realized the soil was unsuitable for farming and the returning soldiers had no agrarian skills. Boggomoss List of rivers of Queensland
38.
Central Queensland
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Central Queensland is an ambiguous geographical division of Queensland that centres on the eastern coast, around the Tropic of Capricorn. Its major regional centre is Rockhampton, the region extends from the Capricorn Coast west to the Central Highlands at Emerald, north to the Mackay Regional Council southern boundary, and south to Gladstone. The region is known as Capricornia. It is one of Australias main coal exporting regions, at the 2011 Australian Census the region recorded a total population from the six local government areas of 233,931. Economically, Central Queensland is an important centre of primary industries, particularly for food, Gladstone has a significant aluminium smelter. Rockhampton is claimed to be the capital of Australia, a title which is disputed by Casino in New South Wales. Beef production in the region is centered on Brigalow and speargrass land types, there are three abattoirs in the region. Central Queensland is one of the leading producers and exporters of black coal. Ludwig Leichhardt was the first European to discover coal deposits in the region in 1845, in the 2011-2012 financial year the region produced 40% of the states total coal production. Coal is extracted from the Bowen Basin and transported to port facilities at Port of Gladstone via the Blackwater railway system or to both Hay Point and Abbot Point via the Goonyella railway line. Coal mining is expanding west into the Galilee Basin and requires an extension of the Goonyella line to transport coal to port, many mines in the region, particularly those within the Fitzroy River basin, were severely impacted by flooding during the 2010–11 Queensland floods. Gold, silver, limestone, coal gas, magnesite. Sapphires were discovered here in 1875, gold was discovered in the Mount Morgan region around 1865. Mount Morgan Mine has since gone on to one of Australias richest mines. Purpose built mining towns in Central Queensland include Dysart, Middlemount, Moranbah, Mount Morgan, three mining disaster have occurred at Moura since 1975, resulting in the loss of 36 lives. In 2004, an orchard on Evergreen farm was the site of the first detection of citrus canker in Central Queensland. A significant part of the growing industry was devastated when a total of 6,000 acres of crop had to be destroyed so the disease would not spread across the country. In 2005 several fresh outbreaks were reported so the eradication expanded to include private backyard trees, the outbreaks cause has not been fully explained despite a federal inquiry
39.
Cullin-la-ringo massacre
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The Cullin-la-ringo massacre or Wills Tragedy occurred north of modern-day Springsure in Central Queensland on 17 October 1861. It remains the largest massacre of settlers by Aborigines in Australian history. In mid October 1861, a party from the colony of Victoria under Horatio Wills began a temporary tent camp to start the process of setting up the grazing property of Cullin-la-ringo. The size of the group had attracted attention from other settlers. According to the account of one of the survivors, John Moore, Aborigines had been passing through the all day on 17 October 1861. Then, without warning, they attacked, murdering all the men, women and children with nulla nullas, the settlers defended themselves with pistols and tent poles, but nineteen of the twenty-five defenders were killed. Those killed were Horatio Wills, David Baker, the overseer, his wife, Mrs Baker, their son, David Baker, the six surviving members were Tom Wills, John Moore, William Albrey, Edward Kenny, and Patrick Mahony. These men either were absent from the camp or, in Moores case and it was Edward Kenny who subsequently rode on to report the massacre, arriving at the neighbouring Rainworth Station the following day. Moore was the only eyewitness to the event. The first to go out in pursuit were a party of eleven heavily armed white settlers assisted by two trackers. Judging by the more than fifty camp fires, they pursued what was estimated to be probably not under 300, the Aborigines continually used ground that prevented the whites from using their horses to full advantage, they chose stony and difficult ground wherever they had it in their power. Yet the whites eventually managed to catch up with them on 27 November 1861, from this account, the number of Aboriginal casualties was very high, although there was no further detail. Another contemporary account said the police overtook a tribe of natives, shot down sixty or seventy and they left the remainder to the native police to take on the next run. Due to the volatile nature of the area the residents of Springsure built the Old Rainworth Fort in order to defend themselves. One of Gregons shepherds wrote a poem about his role in a reprisal attack for the Cullin-la-ringo massacre. In Archibald Mestons 1893 short story The Cave Diary, the narrator relates the story of a fictional Queensland adventurer, Oscar Marrion, based on the contents of a diary found in a cave. After his love interest is murdered in the Cullin-la-ringo massacre, Marrion considers getting revenge on her killers, the massacre is central to Alex Millers 2007 historical novel Landscape of Farewell. Cullin La Ringo, The Triumph and Tragedy of Thomas Wills, archived from the original on 2003-07-09
40.
Horatio Wills
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Horatio Spencer Howe Wills was an Australian pastoralist and politician. Born in Sydney, the son of a convict sent to Australia for highway robbery and he was also the father of Tom Wills, Australias first great cricketer and inventor of Australian rules football. The Argus newspaper of 12 March 1921 records the Horatio Wills family being at Burra Burra Gundagai till around 1840, thomas Wills, Horatios son, was born in 1836 near Gundagai, New South Wales. Wills was one of the first settlers of the Ararat district in western Victoria, Australia, at a 125, Wills intended to build a house on the property which was finally completed in 1845. While at Lexington he is credited as having named nearby Mount Ararat and he hired aborigines as station hands and harvesters on his property. In 1852, Wills sold Lexington and moved to Belle Vue in Geelong, in 1861, Horatio moved north to Queensland, at Cullin-La-Ringo in the Nogoa region near Rockhampton. Sayers, C. E. Wills, Horatio Spencer Howe
41.
Whitsunday Islands
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The Whitsunday Islands is a collection of continental islands of various sizes off the central coast of Queensland, Australia, approximately 900 kilometres north of Brisbane. The northernmost of the islands are situated off the coast by the town of Bowen while the southernmost islands are off the coast by Proserpine, the island group is centered on Whitsunday Island, while the groups commercial center is Hamilton Island. The traditional owners of the area are the Ngaro people and the Gia people whose Juru Clan has the legally recognized native title in the region. The term is a misnomer as it is based on Captain Cook’s date for the naming of Whitsunday Passage, or as Cook spelled it in his HMS Endeavour journal, as the International Date Line had not yet been established, the day of discovery was actually Whit Monday. There is some contention as to exactly which islands are within the informally named Whitsunday Islands, in particular those at the southern extremity, the islands received about 700,000 visitors between March 2008 and March 2009. The Ngaro Sea Trail Great Walk is a mix of seaways and short walks, crossing South Molle, Hook, the tracks across the islands are linked by seaways suited to kayaking, sailing or powerboating. Camping is available at eight camping areas on the three islands, several islands have large resorts, offering a wide variety of accommodation and activities. There are a total of 74 islands and islets among all the groups in the Whitsundays, the most notable islands in the main Whitsunday group are named Dent, Hamilton, Hayman, Hook and Whitsunday which features the white sands of Whitehaven Beach. The most notable island in the Lindeman group is its namesake Lindeman Island, the most notable islands in the Molle group are Daydream Island, Long Island and South Molle Island. Some of the islands in the Northern group are Armit, Gloucester, listed below are islands of The Whitsundays, divided by group locality. Named rocks and islets can be listed within the entry for the nearest island to that feature
42.
Separation of Queensland
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European settlement of Queensland began in 1824 when Lieutenant Henry Miller, commanding a detachment of the 40th Regiment of Foot, founded a convict outpost at Redcliffe. By then squatters had established themselves on the Darling Downs. Agitation soon commenced for the creation of a northern colony which could look after local interests. In the vanguard of those seeking representative government was the Reverend John Dunmore Lang, the subsequent Act enabled the creation of new Australian colonies with a similar form of government to New South Wales. In other words, they would have a bicameral parliament watched over by a vice-regal representative, importantly, the Australian Colonies Government Act 1850 specifically mentioned Port Phillip and Moreton Bay as districts which were likely to become colonies in the foreseeable future. The passage of this legislation inspired Lang to renewed efforts, and he was, in fact, preaching to the converted as the inhabitants of the northern district had been increasingly neglected by the government in Sydney. Yet while they could reach consensus on the need for separation, Lang and the majority of townspeople supporters favoured free immigration. The powerful squatting fraternity who were reliant on cheap labour advocated a renewal of convict transportation. While urban growth in Brisbane and Ipswich finally dictated for the former, Brisbane, Cleveland, Gayndah, Gladstone, Ipswich, and Rockhampton were all potential candidates favoured by parochial interests. Brisbane eventually emerged victorious, and the reality of a new colony moved a step closer in 1856 when the British Government agreed that the time was ripe to create a new northern colony, among other things there was uncertainty over the location of a southern border. The following month unofficial news was received that the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Bowen had recently served as Britains Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands near Greece, and was to have a distinguished career in the Colonial Office. Inclement weather intervened meaning Governor Bowen did not arrive until the evening of 9 December 1859, the following day Governor and Lady Bowen were welcomed by an estimated crowd of 4,000 exultant colonists when they stepped ashore at the Botanic Gardens in Brisbane. They were then conveyed by carriage to the temporary Government House, on 10 December 1859, Bowen also appointed an Executive Council to operate as a provisional government until a parliament had been elected. Bowen was to appoint their successors for life, and from the outset the character of the Upper House proved highly unpopular. Attempts to amend the Constitution to make the Upper House elected were to continue until the Legislative Council was finally abolished in 1922, not so the Queensland Legislative Assembly, where the 26 elected members sat for the first time on 22 May 1860. In Queenslands first parliament there was evidence of the party politics which would only begin to emerge when the second elections were held in 1863. Instead, they acted with a degree of unanimity to pass legislation which set Queensland on its future course. Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June every year, the anniversary of Queen Victoria signing the Letters Patent to create Queensland on 6 June 1859, in 2009, Queensland celebrated its sesquicentenary, known as Q150
43.
Robert Herbert
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Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, GCB, was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia. Born in Brighton, England on 12 June 1831, Herbert was the son of the Hon. Algernon Herbert. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford and he won a Balliol scholarship in 1849 and subsequently the Hertford and Ireland scholarships. He took a first class in classical moderations, won the Latin verse prize in 1852 and he was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1854 and was Eldon law scholar. In 1855 he was secretary to William Ewart Gladstone and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1858. When Queensland was formed into a separate colony Sir George Bowen was appointed the first governor and he arrived at Brisbane on 10 December 1859 and brought Herbert with him as his private secretary. On the day of the arrival, Herbert was gazetted as colonial secretary with Ratcliffe Pring as attorney-general. These with the governor formed a council to which additions were made afterwards. At the election early in 1860 Herbert was returned unopposed for one of the Leichhardt seats in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. He showed himself to be a leader and held office from December 1859 to February 1866. During his time as Premier four land acts were passed, certainly the first Queensland government was in marked contrast to those of the other colonies, each of which averaged half a dozen ministries in the same period. Herbert, however, fell into some disfavour when financial difficulties arose and he resigned in February 1866 and was succeeded by Arthur Macalister who was premier until 20 July 1866. Herbert then left for England, having gained much experience which was to be useful to him in later years. He held this position for 21 years with great distinction and his attitude was generally conciliatory and he was tactful in dealing with men who came in contact with him. In 1882 he was created K. C. B. in the same year he was appointed chancellor of the Order of St Michael and St George. He left the office in 1892, but afterwards took up his duties again for a few months at the special request of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1893-6 he was agent-general for Tasmania, and did work in connection with the formation of the British Empire League. In December 1903 he was chairman of the tariff commission, in later years, Robert Herbert suffered from heart trouble
44.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
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