1.
Colorado City, Texas
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Colorado City is a city in and the county seat of Mitchell County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,146 at the 2010 census, Colorado City is located at 32°23′46″N 100°51′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.3 square miles. Colorado City is situated along the Colorado River to the west, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Colorado City has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps. As of the census of 2000,4,281 people,1,646 households, the population density was 809.2 people per square mile. There were 2,076 housing units at a density of 392.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 71% White,5. 09% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 44% Asian,14. 62% from other races, hispanics or Latino of any race were 36. 25% of the population. About 29. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city, the population was distributed as 28. 5% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $22,842, males had a median income of $22,272 versus $20,037 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,591, about 18. 7% of families and 20. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 2% of those under age 18 and 23. 9% of those age 65 or over. Colorado City is served by the Colorado Independent School District, representative George Mahon of Lubbock was raised in Mitchell County and is honored with a statue in front of the courthouse. List of oil pipelines List of oil refineries Colorado City - Official website Colorado, a town and the county-seat of Mitchell County, Tex
2.
Colorado County Courthouse
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The Colorado County Courthouse, built in 1890, is an historic government building located at 400 Spring Street in Columbus, Colorado County, Texas. It was designed in a combination of Classical Revival and Italianate style styles of architecture by noted Houston architect Eugene T. Heiner, Colorado Countys fourth courthouse, it originally had a central bell tower which was replaced before 1939 by a central domed Tiffany-style skylight. On July 12,1976, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places and it was renovated in 2013, when historic colors were restored. It is still in use today as a courthouse
3.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Colorado River (Texas)
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The Colorado River is an 862-mile long river in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the 18th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas and its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado, near Lamesa. It flows generally southeast, out of the Llano Estacado and through the Texas Hill Country, through several reservoirs including Lake J. B. Thomas, E. V. Spence Reservoir, and Lake O. H. The river flows through several reservoirs before reaching Austin, including Lake Buchanan. Johnson, commonly referred to as Lake LBJ and Lake Travis, the Llano River joins the Colorado at Lake LBJ near Kingsland. The Pedernales River joins the Colorado at Lake Travis near Briarcliff, after passing through Austin, the Colorado River continues flowing southeast until emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, near Matagorda. The Colorado River, which red or reddish river in Spanish, was frequently confused by Spanish explorers with the Brazos River to the north. The European discoverer of two neighboring rivers called the present Colorado River the Brazos de Dios, and called the present Brazos the Colorado River. The upper Colorado River was controlled by Comanches from the early 18th century to the late 19th century, in 1757, Spanish Texas attempted to establish an outlying Catholic mission on the San Saba River, near its confluence with the Colorado River. Nearly defenseless and viewed by the Comanche tribe as a territorial invasion, the Comanche were not effectively challenged on the upper Colorado River for nearly a century. The river is an important source of water for farming, cities, major man-made reservoirs on the river include Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake in Austin. Collectively, these lakes are known as the Highland Lakes, in addition to power plants operating on each of the major lakes, waters of the Colorado are used for cooling the South Texas Nuclear Project, near Bay City. The Colorado River Municipal Water District owns and operates three reservoirs upstream of the Highland Lakes, Lake J. B, Thomas near Snyder, E. V. Spence Reservoir near Robert Lee, and O. H. Ivie Reservoir near Ballinger. Flood control and use of the Colorado River is managed by two agencies established by the Texas Legislature, the Upper Colorado River Authority, and the Lower Colorado River Authority, there are 11 major reservoirs along the Colorado River. The Colorado River is joined by five significant tributaries, Concho River, Pecan Bayou, Llano River, San Saba River, beals Creek is also a tributary fed by arroyos such as Sulphur Springs Draw, McKenzie, Seminole, Monument, Mustang, Midland, and Johnson Draws
6.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
7.
Columbus, Texas
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Columbus is a city in Colorado County in southeastern Texas, United States,74 miles west of Houston. The population was 3,655 as of the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Colorado County and is located on the Colorado River. The Colorado County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the town motto, coined by James Harbert Wooten, Jr. M. D. is City of Live Oaks and Live Folks. Columbus is the home of a Santa Claus Museum, based on the collection of Mary Elizabeth Hopkins and it is located along Interstate 10, on the southwest side of the Colorado River. Columbus is in the part of Colorado County at 29°42′21″N 96°32′46″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.88 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen climate classification system, Columbus has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps. The first American settlers arrived in 1821 and believed this was the site of Montezumas Indian village. In 1822, the Mexican government issued land grants to members of Stephen F. Austins Old Three Hundred, alleys 1830s log cabin has been preserved in Columbus and is used as a tool museum. Beason arrived in 1821, received his grant in 1822. By late December 1821, colonists Robert H. Kuykendall with his brother Joseph, in 1822, Benjamin Beason began operating a ferry across the Colorado River, and the settlement became known as Beasons Ferry or Beasons Crossing. Beason also established a gristmill, gin, and a sawmill, Beasons Crossing became part of Austins San Felipe colony in 1822, when the colony was divided into two districts by the Mexican governor José F. Trespalacios. The Mexican government granted the rights to establish a town, john J. Tumlinson, Sr. was elected alcalde, with Robert Kuykendall captain and Moses Morrison lieutenant. Tumlinsons land adjoined Beasons, together, they made up much of the site of present-day Columbus, Tumlinson was killed by Native Americans in 1823. In 1834, after the Tumlinson children inherited the estate, they land to William Dewees. Dewees land grant was near the site of present-day Glidden, Texas, by 1836, Beasons Ferry Crossing was home to over 25 families. During the fight for Texas independence, Sam Houston and his men camped along the banks of the Colorado River near Beasons Crossing, following the Battle of the Alamo, Santa Annas army headed for San Jacinto, and Houston ordered that Beasons Crossing be burned during the Runaway Scrape. Columbus was established by European Americans in 1837 after Texas achieved independence from Mexico, after the population returned following warfare, residents renamed Beasons Crossing Columbus
8.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
9.
Texas's 10th congressional district
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Texas District 10 of the United States House of Representatives is a congressional district that serves the northwestern portion of the Greater Houston region stretching to the Austin area of Texas. The current representative is Michael McCaul, list of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
10.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
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Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
12.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
13.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
14.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
15.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
16.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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Interstate 10 in Texas
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Interstate 10 is the major east–west Interstate Highway in the Southern United States. In the U. S. state of Texas, it runs east from Anthony, at the border with New Mexico, through El Paso, San Antonio and Houston to the border with Louisiana in Orange, Texas. It is also the longest stretch of highway with a designation within a single state. After widening was completed in 2008, a portion of the highway west of Houston is now believed to be the widest in the world. There is a section in China on the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong–Macau Expressway. More than a third of I-10s entire length is located in Texas alone, likewise, Orange is only 789 miles from the eastern terminus of I-10 in Jacksonville, Florida. I-10 replaced and runs concurrently with U. S. Highway 85 from the New Mexico border up until the two diverge at mile marker 13. The two highways parallel each other for several miles until US85 continues to south to the border with Mexico. Prior to the Interstate Highway system, US85 ran concurrent with US80 from the New Mexico border until the two diverged in Downtown El Paso, when I-10 was constructed in downtown El Paso, several blocks were demolished, and a sub-grade trench was built for the freeway. A series of overpasses now carry the preexisting north-south surface streets over the east-west stretch of I-10 through downtown, I-10 replaced US80 through El Paso and to the southeast and east to the present day junction of I-10 and I-20. US80 along this route has been removed from the highway system in favor of I-10. At the junction with I-20, I-10 replaced US290 eastward to the present day junction of I-10 and this section of US290 was deleted from the highway system. From this point to near Comfort, I-10 replaced State Highway 27, SH27 still exists along this stretch, mostly paralleling I-10 to the south. From Comfort southeast to San Antonio, I-10 directly replaced US87, I-10 generally follows the alignment of US87 on the northwest side of San Antonio into downtown. Southeast of downtown, I-10 curves back to the northeast to connect with the alignment of US90. Construction of portions of I-10 were well underway and completed prior to the commissioning of the highway in 1959, the section from Culebra Road to Woodlawn Avenue opened as the first freeway in San Antonio in 1949, but was signed as US87. Expansion and construction continued in the 1950s, but the bulk of the construction occurred in the 1960s after the interstate was commissioned, the current alignment was completed by 1968. Rapid growth in San Antonio has resulted in the highway becoming quickly inadequate
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U.S. Route 90 in Texas
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U. S. Route 90 is a major east-west highway in the U. S. state of Texas with large portions of it running concurrently with I-10. US90 begins at I-10 in Van Horn, travels through San Antonio and Houston, US90 begins in Van Horn at an intersection with I-10 and SH54. US90 travels in a direction towards Marfa where it starts an overlap with US67. US90 travels south and runs parallel to the US-Mexico Border near the Rio Grande, US90 crosses the Amistad Reservoir then runs through Del Rio. US90 turns right and runs east towards Brackettville, US90 runs through Uvalde and Medina counties. US90 then arrives in San Antonio where it serves as a freeway on the citys Westside until its interchange with I-10. East of Downtown San Antonio, US90 multiplexes with I-10 and this overlap ends in Seguin, and continues where the two highways continually cross each other en route to Houston. US90 once again duplexes with I-10 east of Columbus briefly separating near Brookshire, at I-610 east of Houston, US90 becomes independently known as the Crosby Freeway. The Crosby Freeway from east of Beltway 8 to east of Runneburg Road in Crosby, was constructed in the early 1990s, after several delays, construction work on the inner section of the freeway began in 2006 and was opened to traffic in January 2011. The previous interchange was a stack interchange though the new interchange is not a full five-level stack. As of December 2012, only the roads have been constructed. Unlike most new freeway extensions in the Houston area built in recent decades, also unlike most of Houstons existing freeways and tollways, the Crosby Freeway does not have continuous feeder roads. The Crosby Freeway has four to six mainlanes for its entire length, the US90 heads northeast leaving Houston and ends its freeway status in Crosby. US90 then continues traveling east through Beaumont and once again duplexes with I-10 and it then passes through Orange, until crossing the Sabine River into Louisiana towards Lake Charles. With the exception of a 13-mile-long section with two lanes between Ames and Nome, US90 has at least four lanes between Crosby and the Louisiana border. Interstate 10 in Texas U. S. Route 90 Alternate
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U.S. Route 90 Alternate (Texas)
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South of Downtown Houston, US90 Alternate is built to freeway and near-freeway standards along a section of South Main Street. US90 Alternate begins at U. S. Highway 90 and Farm to Market Road 464 west of Seguin, from Seguin to Rosenberg, US90 Alternate passes through mainly rural areas. Just west of downtown Rosenberg, it merges with Spur 529, in 2017, US90 Alternate and FM1640 were converted to a one-way pair in Rosenberg, with US90 Alternate carrying westbound traffic and FM1640 carrying eastbound traffic. After Rosenberg, US90 Alternate passes through Richmond, Sugar Land, Stafford, US 90A in Sugar Land between State Highway 6 and the Southwest Freeway is an 8 lane boulevard with at-grade signalized intersections. A section in Stafford from the Southwest Freeway to Promenade Boulevard is a controlled access highway similar in design to the one which stretches from Present Street to the South Loop. There it crosses the Sam Houston Tollway into the Houston city limits, a few miles down, the highway meets the current northern terminus of the Fort Bend Toll Road. These portions were previously a four-lane divided highway with exterior shoulder lanes, crossovers, north of I-610, US 90A becomes the widest street in Houston with 10 through lanes and several turning lanes. This section, previously a four-lane divided highway, was upgraded to its current width between 1999 and 2001. The 10 lane right of way of US 90A between the Old Spanish Trail and the South Loop was planned to access to the NRG Park complex parking lots west of NRG Stadium. After crossing Spur 5, it turns into an undivided road, crossing Brays Bayou and turning northeast onto Wayside Drive. Between Polk Street until after crossing over the channel, it divides into two one-way streets. US90 Alternate West is Wayside Drive while US90 Alternate East goes down S/SGT Macario Garcia, Highway 90, US90 Alternate turns east to multiplex with I-10/US90 for a short jog, then turning north onto McCarty Street. US90 Alternate ends at the junction with Interstate Highway 610 in northeastern Houston, South Main widening to super street may start in late 97/8-lane road not without opponents concerned with traffic, noise. Squeeze to be put on South Main commuters
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Texas State Highway 71
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State Highway 71 or SH71 is a Texas state highway that runs 253 miles. The northern terminus is at US87 and US377 south of Brady and this highway is designated the 10th Mountain Division Highway from SH95 to Interstate 35. SH71 was originally designated in 1926 from Austin to Columbus, by 1928, SH71 had extended to Matagorda Bay. In 1935, U. S. Highway 290 was codesignated along the stretch from Austin to Bastrop, in 1951, this section was restored when US290 was rerouted farther north. Late in 1965, the highway was extended to its current designation over the cancelled Ranch to Market Road 93, through Austin, SH71 is known as Ben White Boulevard and is one of Austins newest freeways. Sections have opened regularly since 1996, when the first section west of Interstate 35 was opened, a 5-level stack was completed at Interstate 35 in December 2011, and the freeway east of Interstate 35 to Austin-Bergstrom International Airport was completed in 2014. Construction commenced in 2015 east of US183 where a section of SH71 to the SH130 tollway is being converted into a tollway, major displacements of commercial properties were required to build the Austin expansions. Most of the freeway had a 150 ft wide right-of-way which was expanded to 300+ feet, and the western segment, the section at the western end required many more business displacements. The new freeway features depressed sections, elevated sections, and partial stack interchanges, SH71 has two business routes. Business State Highway 71-E is a loop that runs through La Grange. The road was designated as Business SH 71-E in 1991 upon completion of a bypass around the city, Business State Highway 71-F is a business loop that runs through Columbus. The city was bypassed in 1982 and the route was designated as Loop 329. The road was redesignated as Business SH 71-F in 1991
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Austin County, Texas
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Austin County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,417, the county is named for Stephen F. Austin, who facilitated the Anglo American colonization of Texas and is known as the Father of Texas. Austin County is included in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, Austin County is not to be confused with the city of Austin, the state capital city that lies in Travis County approximately 110 miles to the northwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 656 square miles. The population density was 36 people per square mile, there were 10,205 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 22% White,10. 64% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 29% Asian,6. 99% from other races,16. 13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 9% were of German,8. 8% American,8. 0% Czech,6. 4% English and 5. 0% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 27. 00% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,615, and the median income for a family was $46,342. Males had an income of $32,455 versus $22,142 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,140, about 8. 80% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 70% of those under age 18 and 14. 40% of those age 65 or over. District 18, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2006, district 13, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2000. County Judge, Tim Lapham Tax Assessor-Collector, Marcus A. Peña – first elected in 2012. S, Highway 90 State Highway 36 State Highway 159 The TTC-69 component of the once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Austin County
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Wharton County, Texas
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Wharton County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 41,280, the county was named for brothers William Harris Wharton and John Austin Wharton. The El Campo, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Wharton County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,094 square miles. The county is about 130 miles southeast of Austin, the population density was 38 people per square mile. There were 16,606 housing units at a density of 15 per square mile. 31. 29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,12. 8% were of Czech,11. 0% German and 7. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 73. 8% spoke English,24. 0% Spanish and 2. 0% Czech as their first language,24. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.26. In the county, the population was out with 28. 70% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,26. 50% from 25 to 44,21. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 96.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,208, and the median income for a family was $39,919. Males had an income of $30,480 versus $20,101 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,388, about 13. 30% of families and 16. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 50% of those under age 18 and 17. 70% of those age 65 or over. The county then had a total of 3,380 people and this was the highest proportion of slaves in a single county in the state of Texas. Demand related to development of new areas for cultivation had caused the number of slaves overall in the state to triple between 1850 and 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566. El Campo Metropolitan Airport, a general aviation airport, is located in unincorporated Wharton County southwest of El Campo, Wharton Regional Airport, also a general aviation airport, is located in the extreme southwestern portion of Wharton. U. S. Highway 59 The future route of Interstate 69 is planned to follow the current route of U. S.59 in most places
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Jackson County, Texas
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Jackson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census its population was 14,075, the county was created in 1835 as a municipality in Mexico and in 1836 was organized as a county. It is named for Andrew Jackson, President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 857 square miles, of which 829 square miles is land and 27 square miles is water. The population density was 17 people per square mile, there were 6,545 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. 24. 68% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 9% were of German,10. 8% American,9. 3% Czech,6. 0% Irish and 5. 6% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 81. 6% spoke English and 17. 4% Spanish as their first language,24. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 3.15. In the county, the population was out with 27. 40% under the age of 18,8. 20% from 18 to 24,26. 10% from 25 to 44,22. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,254, and the median income for a family was $42,066. Males had an income of $32,639 versus $19,661 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,693, about 12. 20% of families and 14. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 10% of those under age 18 and 15. 60% of those age 65 or over
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Lavaca County, Texas
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Lavaca County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,263, the county was created in 1846. It is named for the Lavaca River which curves its way South East through Moulton and Hallettsville before reaching the coast at Matagorda Bay. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 970 square miles. U. S. Highway 77 U. S. Highway 77 Alternate U. S, the population density was 20 people per square mile. There were 9,657 housing units at a density of 10 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 86. 86% White,6. 79% Black or African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,4. 84% from other races, and 1. 14% from two or more races. 11. 36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 0% were of Czech,24. 1% German,9. 1% American and 5. 1% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 86. 3% spoke English,7. 7% Spanish,4. 6% Czech and 1. 2% German as their first language. 27. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was out with 24. 20% under the age of 18,6. 90% from 18 to 24,23. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 93.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,132, and the median income for a family was $36,760. Males had an income of $26,988 versus $17,537 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,398, about 10. 20% of families and 13. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 20% of those under age 18 and 18. 40% of those age 65 or over. The following school public school districts are located in Lavaca County. tamu. edu/ccbn/dewitt/freelavaca. htm
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Fayette County, Texas
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Fayette County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,554 and its county seat is La Grange. The county was created in 1837 and organized the next year, Fayette County was established in 1837 from land given by Bastrop and Colorado counties. It is named for the Marquis de la Fayette, a French nobleman who became an American Revolutionary War hero, an early resident of Brazoria County and then Fayette County, Joel Walter Robison, fought in the Texas Revolution and served in the Texas House of Representatives. There are more than a dozen historic properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Fayette County is the location of the real Chicken Ranch, which was the basis of the musical play and feature film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 960 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 21,804 people,8,722 households, the population density was 23 people per square mile. There were 11,113 housing units at a density of 12 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 84. 58% White,7. 01% Black or African American,0. 36% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,6. 66% from other races, and 1. 11% from two or more races. 12. 78% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,34. 9% were of German,16. 4% Czech,7. 6% American and 5. 3% English ancestry according to census 2000. Christianity is the one religion and Judaism is the second. 28. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.97. In the county, the population was out with 23. 20% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,23. 60% from 25 to 44,24. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,526, and the median income for a family was $43,156. Males had an income of $29,008 versus $20,859 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,888, about 8. 10% of families and 11. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 70% of those under age 18 and 13. 50% of those age 65 or over. The county owns Fayette Regional Air Center, in an area west of LaGrange
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Colorado County, Texas
