Colt's Manufacturing Company

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Colt's Manufacturing Company, LLC
Private
Industry Arms industry
Founded 1855; 163 years ago (1855) (as Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company)
Founder Samuel Colt
Headquarters Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
Products Firearms, weapons
Owner Zilkha & Co. (85%) and others
Website www.colt.com

Colt's Manufacturing Company, LLC (CMC, formerly Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company) is an American firearms manufacturer, founded in 1855 by Samuel Colt. It is the successor corporation to Colt's earlier firearms-making efforts, which started in 1836. Colt is known for the engineering, production, and marketing of firearms, most especially between the 1850s and World War I, when it was a dominating force in its industry and a seminal influence on manufacturing technology. Colt's earliest designs played a major role in the popularization of the revolver and the shift away from earlier single-shot pistols. Although Samuel Colt did not invent the revolver concept, his designs resulted in the first very successful ones.

The most famous Colt products include the Colt Walker, made 1847 in the facilities of Eli Whitney Jr., the Single Action Army or Peacemaker, the Colt Python, and the Colt M1911 pistol, which is currently the longest-standing military and law enforcement service handgun in the world and is still used today. Though they did not develop it, for a long time Colt was also primarily responsible for all AR-15 and M16 rifle production, as well as many derivatives of those firearms. The most successful and famous of these are numerous M16 carbines, including the Colt Commando family, and the M4 carbine.

In 2002, Colt Defense was split off from Colt's Manufacturing Company. Colt's Manufacturing Company now serves the civilian market, while Colt Defense serves the law enforcement, military, and private security markets worldwide. The two companies remained in the same West Hartford, Connecticut location cross-licensing certain merchandise before reuniting in 2013.[1] Following the loss of its M4 contract in 2013, the reunited Colt was briefly in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, starting in 2015 and reemerging in January 2016.

History[edit]

19th century[edit]

1830s–1850s[edit]

Colt Model of 1848 Holster Pistol (First Model Dragoon)

Samuel Colt received a British patent on his improved design for a revolver in 1835,[2] and two U.S. patents in 1836, one on February 25 (later numbered U.S. Patent 9430X) and another on August 29 (U.S. Patent 1,304). That same year, he founded his first corporation for its manufacture, the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, New Jersey, Colt's Patent.[3] The first firearm manufactured at the new Paterson plant, however, was the Colt First Model Ring Lever rifle beginning in 1837. This was followed shortly thereafter in late 1837 by the introduction of the Colt Paterson.[4][5] This corporation suffered quality problems in production. Making firearms with interchangeable parts was still rather new (it had reached commercial viability only about a decade before), and it was not yet easy to replicate across different factories. Interchangeability was not complete in the Paterson works, and traditional gunsmithing techniques did not fill the gap entirely there. The Colt Paterson revolver found patchy success and failure; some worked well, while others had problems. The United States Marine Corps and United States Army reported quality problems with these earliest Colt revolvers.[3][6] Production had ended at the New Jersey corporation by 1842.[3]

Colt made another attempt at revolver production in 1846 and submitted a prototype to the US government. During the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), this prototype was seen by Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker who made some suggestions to Colt about making it in a larger caliber. Having no factory or machinery to produce the pistols, Samuel Colt collaborated with the Whitney armory of Whitneyville, Connecticut.[3] This armory was run by the family of Eli Whitney. Eli Whitney Jr (born 1820), the son of the cotton-gin-developer patriarch, was the head of the family armory and a successful arms maker and innovator of the era. Colt used a combination of renting the Whitney firm's facilities and subcontracting parts to the firm to continue his pursuit of revolver manufacture.[7]

Colt's new revolvers found favor with Texan volunteers (the progenitors of later Texas Rangers cavalry groups), and they placed an order for 1,000 revolvers that became known as the Colt Walker, ensuring Colt's continuance in manufacturing revolvers.[6] In 1848, Colt was able to start again with a new business of his own, and 1855, he converted it into a corporation under the name of Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in Hartford, Connecticut.[3]

Colt's Armory from an 1857 engraving viewed from the East

Colt purchased a large tract of land beside the Connecticut River, where he built his first factory in 1848, a larger factory called the Colt Armory in 1855, a manor that he called Armsmear in 1856, and employee tenement housing.[3] He established a ten-hour day for employees, installed washing stations in the factory, mandated a one-hour lunch break, and built the Charter Oak Hall, a club where employees could enjoy games, newspapers, and discussion rooms. Colt ran his plant with a military-like discipline, he would fire workers for tardiness, sub-par work or even suggesting improvements to his designs.

In an attempt to attract skilled German workers to his plant, Colt built a village near the factory away from the tenements which he named Coltsville and modeled the homes after a village near Potsdam. In an effort to stem the flooding from the river he planted German osiers, a type of willow tree in a 2-mile long dike. He subsequently built a factory to manufacture wicker furniture made from these trees.

The 1850s were a decade of phenomenal success for the new Colt corporation. Colt was the first to widely commercialize the total use of interchangeable parts throughout a product. It was a leader in assembly line practice. It was a major innovator and training ground in manufacturing technology in this decade (and several after).[8] Soon after establishing his Hartford factory, Colt set out to establish a factory in Europe and chose London, England. He organized a large display of his firearms at the Great Exhibition of 1851 at Hyde Park, London and ingratiated himself by presenting cased engraved Colt revolvers to such appropriate officials as Britain’s Master General of the Ordnance.[9] At one exhibit Colt disassembled ten guns and reassembled ten guns using different parts from different guns. As the world’s leading proponent of mass production techniques, Colt went on to deliver a lecture on the subject to the Institution of Civil Engineers in London.[10] The membership rewarded his efforts by awarding him the Telford Gold Medal.[11]

Colt's presence in the British market caused years of acrimony and lawsuits among British arms makers, who doubted the validity of Colt's British patent and the desirability of the American system of manufacturing. It took many more years and a UK government commission before the point became universally accepted that such manufacture was possible and economical.[12] Colt opened his London plant on the River Thames at Pimlico and began production on January 1, 1853.[13] Many English people saw Colt's advanced steampowered machinery as proof of America's growing position as a leader in modern industrial production.[13] On a tour of the factory, Charles Dickens was so impressed with the facilities that he recorded his favorable comments of Colt's revolvers in an 1854 edition of Household Words.[14] Most significant, the Colt factory's machines mass-produced interchangeable parts that could be easily and cheaply put together on assembly lines using standardized patterns and gauges by unskilled labor as opposed to England's top gunmakers.[15]

In 1854 the British Admiralty ordered 4,000 Navy Model Colt revolvers.[16] In 1855 the British Army placed an order for 5,000 of these revolvers for army issue.[16] Despite a following order later in the year for an additional 9,000 revolvers, Colt failed to convince the British to adopt his revolver as the issue sidearm for the army.[16] Colt began to realize that British sales were failing to meet his expectations. Unable to justify the London factory’s expenses, Colt closed the London factory in 1856. Over the next few months his workmen crated and shipped the machinery and disassembled firearms back to America.[12]

Though the U.S. was not directly involved in the Crimean War (1854–1856), Colt's weapons were used by both sides. In 1855 Colt unveiled new state-of-the-art armories in the Hartford and London factories stocked with the latest machine tools (some of which were of Colt's devising), many built by Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney, who would found the original Pratt & Whitney toolbuilding firm a few years later. For example, the Lincoln miller debuted to industry at these armories.[8]

Colt had set up libraries and educational programs within the plants for his employees.[17] Colt's armories in Hartford were seminal training grounds for several generations of toolmakers and other machinists, who had great influence in other manufacturing efforts of the next half century.[8][12] Prominent examples included F. Pratt and A. Whitney (as mentioned above); Henry Leland (who would end up at Cadillac and Lincoln); Edward Bullard Sr of the Bullard firm; and, through Pratt & Whitney, Worcester R. Warner and Ambrose Swasey (of Warner & Swasey).

In 1852 an employee of Colt's, Rollin White, came up with the idea of having the revolver cylinder bored through to accept metallic cartridges. He took this idea to Colt who flatly rejected it and ended up firing White within a few years.[18] Colt historian RL Wilson has described this as the major blunder of Sam Colt's professional life.[19] Rollin White left Colt's in December 1854 and registered a patent on April 3, 1855 in Hartford, Connecticut, as patent number 12,648: Improvement in Repeating Fire-arms.[18] On November 17, 1856 White signed an agreement with Smith & Wesson for the exclusive use of his patent. The contract stipulated that White would be paid 25 cents for every revolver, but that it was up to him to defend his patent against infringement as opposed to Smith & Wesson.[20]

During the 1850s and 1860s, Rollin White had been permanently trying to keep control on his breech-loading system patent, bringing a lawsuit to any breech-loaded manufactured gun. He nevertheless obtained an advance against royalties for using his patent from Smith & Wesson, a company that not only introduced its first revolver in 1857 (Smith & Wesson Model 1, a rear-loader) but also started, as of 1858, to convert cap & ball percussion guns into rear-loaders, even with formerly Colt manufactured revolvers.[21] But the Colt's company itself was prevented by American laws from infringing the Rollin White patent and all along the 1850s and 1860s continued manufacturing percussion guns. In 1860 it produced a new revolver model for the United States Army.[22] This Colt Army Model 1860 appeared just in time for the American Civil War.

1860–1865: American Civil War[edit]

Colt Navy (top) and Army Models from 1861 and 1860

The American Civil War was a boon to firearms manufacturers such as Colt's, and the company thrived during the conflict. Sam Colt had carefully developed contacts within the ordnance department, signing the very first government contract for 25,000 rifles. Colt's Factory was described as "an industrial palace topped by a blue dome", powered by a 250-horsepower steam engine.[16] During the American Civil War, Colt had 1,500 employees who produced 150,000 muskets and pistols a year. In 1861 and 1863 the company sold 107,000 of the Colt Army Model 1860 alone, with production reaching 200,500 by the end of the war in 1865.[23][24]

During the war, Colt's was still prevented by the American laws from infringing Rollin White's patent. Nevertheless, the war made a huge fortune for the company, allowing Sam Colt to become America's first manufacturing tycoon, though he did not live to see the end of the war; he died of rheumatic fever on January 10, 1862. His close friend and firearms engineer, Elisha K. Root, took over as Colt's company president. On February 4, 1864 a fire destroyed most of the factory, including arms, machinery, plans, and factory records.[25] On September 1, 1865, Root died, leaving the company in the hands of Samuel Colt's brother-in-law, Richard Jarvis.[26] The company's Vice-president was William B. Franklin, who had recently left the Army at the end of the Civil War. With the Civil War over and having no new military contracts, Colt's Manufacturing was forced to lay off over 800 employees.[27]

The company found itself in a precarious situation. The original revolver patents had expired, allowing other companies to produce copies of his designs. Additionally, metallic cartridge revolvers were gaining in popularity, but Colt could not produce any because of the Rollin White patent held by rival Smith & Wesson. Likewise, Colt had been so protective of its own patents that other companies had been unable to make revolvers similar to their design. As the Rollin White patent neared expiration, Colt moved to develop its own metallic cartridge revolver.[28]

The New York Daily Tribune denounced Colt and his company by asserting, “the traitors have found sympathizers among us, men base enough to sell arms when they knew they would be… in the hands of the deadly enemies of the Union… Col. Colt’s manufactory can turn probably 1,000 a week and has been doing so for the past four months for the South.”[29] This article even chided the Federal Government for not taking action against Colt: “Every man who makes arms should be watched, and if he will not work for a fair equivalent for the Government, his manufactory should be taken away from him.”[29] Despite secession and growing tensions between the North and the South, “Colt’s sales to Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Mississippi in 1860 alone were at least $61,000 (today’s equivalent of about 3.35 million).”[30] Until just days before the first shot at Fort Sumter, Colt received orders from various states, some participating in secession. In his memoir on Colt, written in 1866, Henry Barnard reported, “before the rebellion broke out, Col. Colt, foreseeing that his weapons must ere long be in double demand, had made all preparations to extend his factory.”[31]

1865–1880s: Post–Civil War[edit]

Colt's first effort toward a metallic cartridge revolver was by conversion of existing percussion revolvers. The first of these conversions was patented on September 15, 1868 by Colt engineer, F. Alexander Thuer as patent number 82258. The Thuer conversion was made by milling off the rear of the receiver and replacing it with a breechplate containing six internal firing pins. The cartridges were loaded through the mouths of the chambers. Colt made 5000 of these but they were not well accepted. Colt found the mechanism so complex it included a spare percussion cylinder with each revolver.[27]

Colt tasked its superintendent of engineering, Charles Richards, to come up with a solution. The Richards conversion was performed on the Colt 1860 Army revolver. The caliber was .44 Colt and the loading lever was replaced by an ejector rod. This conversion added a breechplate with a firing pin and a rear sight mounted on the breechplate. Cartridges were loaded into the cylinder one at a time via a loading gate. Colt manufactured 9000 of these revolvers between 1873 and 1878. In 1873, Colt performed the same conversion on the M1851 and M1861 revolvers for the US Navy in .38 rimfire.[32] Another of Colt's engineers, William Mason, improved this conversion by placing the rear sight on the hammer and, along with Richards, he was granted patents in 1871 to convert percussion revolvers into rear-loading metallic-cartridge revolvers. Those converted revolvers are identified as the "Richards-Mason conversion".[33] There were approximately 2100 Richards-Mason M1860 Army conversions made from 1877 to 1878 in a serial-number range 5800 to 7900.[33]

In November 1865, Franklin had attempted to purchase a license to the Rollin White patent from competitor Smith & Wesson. White and Smith & Wesson would take no less than $1.1 million, but Franklin and Colt's directors decided it was too large an investment on a patent that would expire in 1868.[28] In the meantime, Colt turned its attention to manufacturing goods other than firearms, such as watches, sewing machines, typewriters and bicycles.[34][35] In 1868 Rollin White requested an extension to his patent, but the request was rejected. He then turned to the Congress, but the request was again rejected, this time by the Senate and on the initiative of President Ulysses Grant, in January 1870.[36] This led the patent to expire, allowing competitors to develop their own breech-loading guns and metallic cartridges. Following this, on that same year of 1870, Colt's bought the National Arms Company, a Brooklyn, New York company known for manufacturing derringers and for circumventing the Rollin White patent by utilizing a unique cartridge. Colt continued to produce the .41 Short derringer after the acquisition, as an effort to help break into the metallic-cartridge gun market, but also introduced its own three Colt Derringer Models, all of them also chambered in a .41 rimfire unique cartridge. The last model to be in production, the third Colt Derringer, was not dropped until 1912.[37] The first metallic cartridge breech-loading weapons sold by Colt's were those Derringers, in 1870, that were formerly conceived by the National Arms Company, but Colt's also started developing its own rear-loading guns and cartridges.

In 1871, Colt's introduced its first revolver models using rear-loaded metallic cartridges: the .41 caliber Colt House Revolver[38] (also known as the Cloverleaf for its four-round cylinder configuration) and the .22 cal Colt Open Top Pocket Model Revolver.[39] However, Colt's wanted a more powerful practical handgun loaded with metallic cartridges so the company put forward William Mason, who in 1871 began work on Colt's first .44 caliber metallic-cartridge revolver: the Colt Model 1871-72 Open Top.[40] The company registered two patents for the Open Top, one in 1871, the other in 1872, the same patents mentioned in the markings of Colt Single Action Army revolvers,[41] a nowadays legendary and long produced model, improved and based on the Open Top. Production of the Open Top started in 1872 and stopped in 1873 when the Single Action Army model started to be delivered to the US Army. However, the Open Top was already a completely new design. The parts, for example, would not interchange with the older percussion pistols. Mason moved the rear sight to the rear of the barrel as opposed to the hammer or the breechblock of the earlier efforts. The caliber was .44 rimfire and it was submitted to the US Army for testing in 1872. The Army rejected the pistol and asked for a more powerful caliber with a stronger frame. Mason redesigned the frame to incorporate a topstrap, similar to the Remington revolvers, and placed the rear sight on the rear of the frame; he consulted with Richards on some other improvements. The first prototype of the new gun was still chambered in .44 rimfire, but the first model was in the newest caliber known as the .45 Colt.

Colt Single Action Army, U.S. Artillery Model

The revolver was chosen by the Army in 1872, with the first order, for 8000 revolvers, shipping in the summer of 1873:[42] The Colt Single Action Army or "Peacemaker", also known as the Colt Model 1873, was born. This revolver was one of the most prevalent firearms in the American West during the end of the 19th century and Colt still produces it, in six different calibers, two finishes and three barrel lengths.[42]

2nd Generation Colt Single Action Army

In the new market of metallic cartridge rear-loading pocket revolvers, Colt's not only introduced its three Derringer Models (as of 1870) or the Colt House and the Open Top Pocket (the last two as of 1871) but also introduced in 1873 a subsequent design called its "New Line" revolver models, based on William Mason's patents.[43]

After the success of the Colt Single Action Army and Colt's conversion of existing percussion revolvers to Richards-Mason conversions, Mason went on to design Colt's first Double-action revolver, the Colt M1877. Following this, he once again teamed up with Richards to produce a larger-framed version, the Colt M1878 Frontier. It was Colt's first large-frame, double-action revolver. It combined the front end of the Single Action Army revolver with a double-action, 6-shot frame mechanism. It was available commercially in numerous calibers.[44]

The 1870s and 1880s provided sales opportunity to the Colt company via the spread of European-American society ever further westward across the continent, and the demand for firearms that it engendered in various ways. As white Americans displaced Indians from the Indian Territory, both sides were eager for firearms. On the white side, both the U.S. Army and civilians were customers of Colt. The Army carried Colt revolvers through the last of its Indian Wars. On the Indian side, Colt weapons were captured when possible, or bought from whoever was selling. Even among whites in towns where Indians had been vanquished, a thriving demand for guns existed, from the criminals to the police to self-defending civilians. Memoirs of Americans including Walter Chrysler and Jack Black speak of what it was like growing up in Western towns where most people had guns and open carry was common (such as in Kansas and Missouri, which were considered "out West" at the time—now considered the Old West).

1890s[edit]

Colt finally left the "loading gate concept" for a swing-out cylinder on its revolvers with the Colt M1889 Navy revolver, which resembled the Colt M1878 and was based on another design by Mason. The model was produced for three years between 1889 and 1892, and eclipsed by the Colt M1892 chambered in .38 Long Colt. The M1892 was replaced by the New Service Double Action revolver in 1899. In caliber .45 Colt, the New Service was accepted by the U.S. Military as the Model 1909 .45 revolver. The New Service revolver was available in other calibers such as .38 Special and, later in the 20th century, .45 ACP (as the M1917 revolver) and .357 Magnum.[45]

Under a contract with the U.S. Army, Colt Arms built the Model 1895 ten-barrel variant of the Gatling Gun, capable of firing 800-900 .30 Army rounds per minute, and used with great effect at the Battle of San Juan Hill.[46] The M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun or "Potato Digger" was built by Colt. The Colt–Browning was one of the first gas-operated machine guns, originally invented by John Browning. It became the first automatic machine gun adopted by the United States and saw limited use by the U.S. Marine Corps at the invasion of Guantánamo Bay and by the 1st Volunteer Infantry in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish–American War. In 1901, Elizabeth Jarvis Colt sold the company to a group of outside investors based in New York and Boston.[47]

20th century[edit]

1900–1920s[edit]

M1911 and M1911A1 pistols
Colt-Thompson Model 1921 with Type C drum magazine

During World War I, Colt surpassed all previous production achievements. John Browning worked for Colt for a time, and came up with a design for a semiautomatic pistol, which debuted as the Colt M1900 pistol and eventually evolved into the M1911. Prior to America's entry into the war, orders from Canada and the United Kingdom swelled the backlog of orders to three years. Colt hired 4,000 more workers, making a total of 10,000 employees—and its stock's price increased by 400%. By 1918, Colt had produced and sold 425,500 of the famous Browning-designed M1911. Because the factory could not keep up with demand for this pistol, the US Military decided to accept Colt New Service revolvers in caliber .45 ACP, called the M1917 revolver, as a substitute weapon. Competing manufacturer Smith & Wesson made double-action revolvers in .45 ACP, which were accepted and issued by the U.S. military under the same name. Colt produced 151,700 revolvers during the war as well as 13,000 Maxim-Vickers machine guns and 10,000 Browning machine guns with an additional 100,000 under subcontract to other companies.

Since Auto-Ordnance had no tooling for production of the newly developed Thompson submachine gun, John T. Thompson, in August 1920, entered into contact with Colt's to manufacture 15,000 Thompson 1921 submachine guns. The contract was signed on August 18, 1920. Colt's tooled up and produced the 15,000 units between April 1921 and March 1922.

The stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression resulted in a slowing down of production for Colt. In anticipation of this, company presidents William C. Skinner and Samuel M. Stone implemented a diversification program similar to that done at the close of the American Civil War. Colt acquired contracts for business machines, calculators, dishwashers, motorcycles, and automobiles; all marketed under a name other than Colt. Samuel Stone acquired a firm which manufactured plastics and renamed it "Colt rock" as well as a company that manufactured electrical products. Colt weathered the financial crises of the time by cutting the work week, reducing salaries, and keeping more employees on the payroll than they needed. These measures kept the company in business but ate up the cash surplus they had acquired during the World War I years.[7]

1930s: Great Depression[edit]

In 1935, after employees voted to disband a labor union, 1,000 workers went on strike for 13 weeks. Strikers became violent, attacking workers and detonating a bomb in front of company president Samuel M. Stone's house. The company set up a barracks, dining room, and recreation room for workers within the Colt Armory during the strike. On June 3, 1935 the National Recovery Administration ruled that the company was within its rights not to deal with the union and the strike ended. In the year following the strike, the factory was hit by a hurricane and flood. Many company shipping records and historical documents were lost as a result.[48]

1939–1945: World War II[edit]

M1911A1

At the beginning of World War II, Colt ceased production of the Single Action Army revolver to devote more time to filling orders for the war. During the war Colt manufactured over 629,000 M1911A1 pistols as well as a large number of M1917 water-cooled machineguns.[49] The company had a workforce of 15,000 men and women in three factories and production ran on three shifts, 24 hours a day, and won the Army-Navy rating of "E" for excellence.[50] Colt ranked 99th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[51] However, the company was losing money every year due to mismanagement, an embittered workforce that had been stretched to its limits, and manufacturing methods which were becoming obsolete.[7]

1945–1950s[edit]

As the war ended and demand for military arms came to a halt, production literally ceased. Many long-time workers and engineers retired from the company and nothing was built from 1945 to 1947. Mismanagement of funds during the war had a serious impact as the 105-year-old firm faced possible bankruptcy. In September 1955 the board of directors voted to merge Colt with an upstart conglomerate called Penn-Texas, which had acquired Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool the same year. Also in 1955, Colt released one of the most famous revolvers in history, the Colt Python. In 1958 Penn-Texas merged with Fairbanks-Morse to form the Fairbanks-Whitney Corporation and in 1964 the conglomerate reorganized as Colt Industries. In 1956 Colt resumed production of the Single Action Army revolver and in 1961 began making commemorative versions of their classic models.[7][52]

1960s–1970s[edit]

M16

The 1960s were boom years for Colt with the escalation of the Vietnam War, Robert McNamara shutting down the Springfield Armory, and the U.S. Army's subsequent adoption of the M16, for which Colt held the production rights and would sell over 5 million units worldwide. Colt would capitalize on this with a range of AR-15 derivative carbines. They developed AR-15-based Squad Automatic Weapons, and the Colt SCAMP, an early PDW design. The Colt XM148 grenade launcher was created by Colt's design project engineer, gun designer Karl R. Lewis. The May 1967 "Colt's Ink" newsletter announced that he had won a national competition for his selection and treatment of materials in the design. The newsletter stated in part "In only 47 days, he wrote the specifications, designed the launcher, drew all the original prints, and had a working model built". At the end of the 1970s, there was a program run by the Air Force to replace the M1911A1. The Beretta 92S won, but this was contested by the Army. The Army ran their own trials, leading eventually to the Beretta 92F being selected as the M9.[53]

1980s–1990s[edit]

The 1980s were fairly good years for Colt, but the coming end of the Cold War would change all that. Colt had long left innovation in civilian firearms to their competitors, feeling that the handgun business could survive on their traditional revolver and M1911 designs. Instead, Colt focused on the military market, where they held the primary contracts for production of rifles for the US military. This strategy dramatically failed for Colt through a series of events in the 1980s. In 1984, the U.S. military standardized on the Beretta 92F. This was not much of a loss for Colt's current business, as M1911A1 production had stopped in 1945. Meanwhile, the military rifle business was growing because the U.S. military had a major demand for more upgraded M16s; the M16A2 model had just been adopted and the Military needed hundreds of thousands of them.[53][54]

In 1985, Colt's workers, members of the United Auto Workers went on strike for higher wages. This strike would ultimately last for five years, and was one of the longest-running labor strikes in American history.[55] With replacement workers running production, the quality of Colt's firearms began to decline. Dissatisfied with Colt's production, in 1988 the U.S. military awarded the contract for future M16 production to Fabrique Nationale.[56]

After a gunman armed with a Chinese-manufactured AK-47 variant semi-automatic rifle shot and killed five schoolchildren and wounded 32 others in the January 17, 1989 Cleveland Elementary School shooting in Stockton, California, William Bennett, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy announced on March 14, 1989 that the administation of President George H. W. Bush temporarily banned the importation of foreign-manufactured assault rifles, including Chinese-made AK-47 variants and Israeli Uzis, while the administration considered a permanent ban. On March 15, 1989 Colt voluntarilty suspended sales to the public of its popular Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. The suspension was unprecedented for a major United States firearms manufacturer. Colt was the only firearms manufacturer to voluntarily suspend sales. Colt said the suspension was "in the spirit" of the temporary federal importation ban and said that they "wanted to respond responsibly to Mr. Bennett`s statement." Colt said its AR-15 product line was a "multi-million dollar business" and said it was prepared to accept a permanent production ban if enacted by the United States Congress. Bennett said Colt's suspension of sales of its AR-15 was "an act of civic responsibility." In April 1990 Colt reduced the size of the ammunition magazine included standard with the Colt AR-15 and resumed sales.[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

Some criticized Colt's range of handgun products in the late 1980s as out of touch with the demands of the market, and their once-vaunted reputation for quality had suffered during the UAW strike. Colt's stable of double-action revolvers and single-action pistols was seen as old-fashioned by a marketplace that was captivated by the new generation of "wondernines" - high-capacity, 9×19mm Parabellum caliber handguns, as typified by the Glock 17. Realizing that the future of the company was at stake, labor and management agreed to end the strike in an arrangement that resulted in Colt being sold to a group of private investors, the State of Connecticut, and the UAW itself.[66]

The new Colt first attempted to address some of the demands of the market with the production in 1989 of the Double Eagle, a double-action pistol heavily based on the M1911 design, which was seen as an attempt to "modernize" the classic Browning design. Colt followed this up in 1992 with the Colt All American 2000, which was unlike any other handgun Colt had produced before—being a polymer-framed, rotary-bolt, 9×19mm handgun with a magazine capacity of 15 rounds. It was designed by Reed Knight, with parts manufactured by outside vendors and assembled by Colt; its execution was disastrous. Early models were plagued with inaccuracy and unreliability, and suffered from the poor publicity of a product recall. The product launch failed and production of the All American 2000 ended in 1994.[67][68] This series of events led to the company's Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992.[69]

In 1992, the creditors, state and shareholders enlisted the aide of turnaround specialist RC (Ron) Whitaker to overcome the bankruptcy challenge. He developed a new team to address the companies situation. In addition to creating a positive working relationship with the UAW to introduce new techniques like cellular manufacturing, operator quality assurance and single piece flow, they developed a renewed focus on product development. This resulted in the M4 carbine and Colt 22 pistol, two of the most successful new product offerings in the late 1990s, capturing 50% market shares in the first year of production.[citation needed]

M4 Carbine

The 1990s brought the end of Cold War, which resulted in a large downturn for the entire defense industry. Colt was hit by this downturn, though it would be made worse later in the 1990s by a boycott by the shooting public in America. In 1994, the assets of Colt were purchased by Zilkha & Co, a financial group owned by Donald Zilkha. It was speculated that Zilkha's financial backing of the company enabled Colt to begin winning back military contracts. In fact during the time period it won only one contract, the M4 carbine. However, the U.S. Military had been purchasing Colt Carbines for the past 30 years (See Colt Commando).[citation needed] During a 1998 Washington Post interview, CEO Ron Stewart stated that he would favor a federal permit system with training and testing for gun ownership. This led to a massive grassroots boycott of Colt's products by gun stores and US gun owners.[70]

Zilkha replaced Stewart with Steven Sliwa and focused the remainder of Colt's handgun design efforts into "smart guns," a concept favored politically, but that had little interest or support among handgun owners or police departments. This research never produced any meaningful results due to the limited technology at the time.[70] Colt announced the termination of its production of double-action revolvers in October 1999.[citation needed]

21st century[edit]

2002–Present[edit]

The boycott of Colt gradually faded out after William M. Keys, a retired U.S. Marine Lt. General, took the helm of the company in 2002. Keys salvaged Colt's reputation and brought Colt from the brink of bankruptcy to an international leader in Defense production.[70] In 2010 Gerald R. Dinkel replaced Keys as CEO of Colt Defense LLC, while Keys remained on the Board of Directors for Colt Defense.[71]

Colt has to compete with other companies that make M1911-style pistols such as Kimber and AR-15 rifles such as Bushmaster. Bushmaster has subsequently overtaken Colt in the number of AR-15s sold on the civilian market. Colt suffered a legal defeat in court when it sued Bushmaster for trademark infringement claiming that "M4" was a trademark that it owned. The judge ruled that since the term M4 is a generic designation that Colt does not specifically own, Colt had to pay monetary reimbursement to Bushmaster to recoup Bushmaster's legal fees. The M4 designation itself comes from the U.S. military designation system, whose terms are in the public domain.[54]

Modified Sport Rifle

Colt has entered in several US contracts with mixed results. For example, Colt had an entry in the Advanced Combat Rifle (ACR) program of the 1980s, but along with other contestants failed to replace the M16A2. Colt and many other makers entered the US trials for a new pistol in the 1980s, though the Beretta entry would win and become the M9 Pistol. The Colt OHWS handgun was beaten by H&K for what became the MK23 SOCOM, it was lighter than the H&K entry but lost in performance. Colt did not get to compete for the XM8 since it was not an open competition. Colt is a likely entrant in any competition for a new US service rifle. Current M16 rifles have been made primarily by FN USA since 1988. However, Colt remained the sole source for M4 carbines for the US military. Under their license agreement with Colt, the US military could not legally award second-source production contracts for the M4 until July 1, 2009.[54]

Reorganization and mergers[edit]
Logo da Colt defense.jpg

In a 2002 restructuring, Colt’s Manufacturing Company, Inc, spun off Colt Defense, LLC, to supply military, law enforcement and security markets.[72] Colt's Manufacturing Company itself become a subsidiary of New Colt Holding Corp, LLC. In 2013 Colt Defense acquired New Colt Holding Corp., in part to protect a licensing agreement set to expire in 2014, where Colt's Manufacturing sold sporting rifles marketed to consumers that were manufactured by Colt Defense.[1] This formed a single company to develop, manufacture and sell firearms under the Colt name for all markets for the first time since the 2003 completion of the restructuring.[73]

Following persistent reliability problems, the reunited Colt lost its contract with the US military for M4 rifles in 2013.[74] Parent company Colt Defense, LLC, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on June 15, 2015,[75] citing both assets and debts in the $100 million to $500 million range.[76] According to analysts, Colt's problems were due to the loss of the contract and low demand for its civilian handguns.[74] In January 2016, Colt announced that the bankruptcy court had approved its restructuring plan.[77][78]

Colt Presidents[edit]

Samuel Colt

Handguns[edit]

The years in brackets indicate the year when production started, not the year of the model's patent.

Percussion revolvers[edit]

Metallic cartridge revolvers[edit]

Colt Anaconda .44 Magnum

Semi-automatic pistols[edit]

Colt Mustang .380 ACP

Machine pistols[edit]

Long guns[edit]

M4 Carbine

Colt manufactured several military long arms under contract including the Colt Monitor and Thompson SMG.

Cartridges[edit]

Woolaroc[edit]

The Woolaroc Museum & Wildlife Preserve maintains one of the world's finest collections of Colt firearms.[83]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b GOSSELIN, KENNETH R. (July 23, 2013). "Colt Entities Together Again: Company Reunites Military, Civilian Gun Manufacturing - Hartford Courant". Hartford Courant. Retrieved September 12, 2014. 
  2. ^ Roe 1916, p. 166.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hounshell 1984, p. 47.
  4. ^ "Colt 1839 Revolving Percussion Rifle". National Rifle Association National Firearms Museum. Retrieved June 11, 2014. 
  5. ^ Castro, John (Spring 1979). "From the Beginning: Patent Arms Manufacturing Co., "Colts Patent"" (PDF). The American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin. The American Society of Arms Collectors. 40: 45–48. 
  6. ^ a b Roe 1916, pp. 166–169.
  7. ^ a b c d Grant, Ellsworth (2002). "Colt Samuel (1814-1862)". In Gregg Lee Carter. Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-57607-268-4. 
  8. ^ a b c Roe 1916, pp. 164–185.
  9. ^ Auerbach, Jeffrey A. (1999). The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display. Yale University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-300-08007-0. 
  10. ^ Houze (2006) p.83
  11. ^ Barnard, Henry (1866). Armsmear: The Home, the Arm, and the Armory of Samuel Colt: A Memorial. 53. Alvord Printer. p. 120. 
  12. ^ a b c Hounshell 1984, pp. 15–65.
  13. ^ a b Haven, Charles Tower; Frank A. Belden (1940). A History of the Colt Revolver: And the Other Arms Made by Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company from 1836 to 1940. W. Morrow & company. p. 86. 
  14. ^ Dickens, Charles (1854). "Guns and Pistols". Household Words. Bradley and Evans. 4: 583. Among the pistols, we saw Colt's revolver; and we compared it with the best English revolver. The advantage of Colt's over the English is, that the user can take a sight ; and the disadvantage is, that the weapon requires both hands to fire 
  15. ^ Great Stories of American Businessmen, from American Heritage: The Magazine of History. Madison, Wisconsin: American Heritage. 1972. p. 95. 
  16. ^ a b c d Kinard (2004) p.154
  17. ^ Lendler (1997) p. 17
  18. ^ a b Ware, Donald L. (2007). Remington Army and Navy Revolvers, 1861-1888. UNM Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8263-4280-5. 
  19. ^ Boorman (2004) p.36
  20. ^ Jinks, Roy G.; Sandra C. Krein (2006). Smith & Wesson Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-4510-3. 
  21. ^ There is a very well known scene, for example, in the film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly where Blondie (played by Clint Eastwood) loads a breech-loading Colt 1851 Navy Revolver. The film is set in 1862, during the American Civil War, but this is not an anachronism since the Smith & Wesson metallic cartridge conversion of the Navy or other Colt revolvers did indeed exist all along the American Civil War.
  22. ^ Smith 1968.
  23. ^ Flayderman 2007, p. 94
  24. ^ Garrison, Webb (2011). Curiosities of the Civil War: Strange Stories, Infamous Characters and Bizarre Events. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 452. ISBN 978-1-59555-359-1. 
  25. ^ Grant, Ellsworth (2006). Connecticut Disasters: True Stories of Tragedy and Survival. Globe Pequot. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7627-3972-1. 
  26. ^ Houze, Herbert G. (2006). Carolyn C. Cooper, Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser, eds. Samuel Colt: arms, art, and invention. Yale University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-300-11133-0. 
  27. ^ a b Kinard (2004) p.124
  28. ^ a b Walter, John (2006). The Guns That Won the West: Firearms on the American Frontier, 1848-1898. MBI Publishing Company. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-85367-692-5. 
  29. ^ a b Hosley, William N. Colt : The Making of an American Legend. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. 96.
  30. ^ Hosley, William N. Colt : The Making of an American Legend. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. 95.
  31. ^ Barnard, Henry. Armsmear: The Home, the Arm, and the Armory of Samuel Colt: A Memorial, New York: Alvord Printer, 1866. 213.
  32. ^ Sapp 2007, p. 54
  33. ^ a b Sapp 2007, p. 55
  34. ^ Houze (2006) p.6
  35. ^ Smith, Merrit Roe (1999). "Samuel Colt". In John Whiteclay Chambers, Fred Anderson. The Oxford companion to American military history. Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-19-507198-6. 
  36. ^ Grant, US (1897). James Daniel Richardson, ed. A compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, prepared under the Joint Committee on Printing of the House and Senate, pursuant to an act of the Fifty-second Congress of the United States (with additions and encyclopedic index by private enterprise). A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Prepared Under the Joint Committee on Printing of the House and Senate, Pursuant to an Act of the Fifty-second Congress of the United States. 9. Bureau of National Literature. pp. 4034–4035. 
  37. ^ The third Colt Derringer Model was re-released in the 1950s for western movies, under the name of fourth model Colt Deringer
  38. ^ Flayderman 2007, p. 103
  39. ^ Flayderman 2007, p. 105
  40. ^ Flayderman 2007
  41. ^ The Colt Model 1871-1872 Open Top Revolver description page in Antique Arms, Inc., a website specialised in pre-1898 antique firearms
  42. ^ a b Taffin, John (2005). Single Action Sixguns (2 ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-87349-953-8. 
  43. ^ Sapp 2007, pp. 59–60, 64
  44. ^ Kinard, Jeff (2004). Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-85109-470-7. 
  45. ^ Sapp 2007, pp. 96–97
  46. ^ Parker 1898, pp. 131–138.
  47. ^ Grant, Tina (1996). "Colt's Manufacturing Company Inc.". In Thomas Derdak. International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-1-55862-327-9. 
  48. ^ Lendler (1997) pp. 18–19
  49. ^ Thompson, Leroy Thompson (2011). The Colt 1911 Pistol. Osprey Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-84908-433-8. 
  50. ^ Sapp 2007, pp. 48-49
  51. ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Grant, Ellsworth S. (1982). "The Takeover". The Colt Legacy: the Colt Armory in Hartford, 1855-1980. Mowbray Co. pp. 177–179, 220. ISBN 978-0-917218-17-0. 
  53. ^ a b Ayoob, Massad (2007). The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery (6 ed.). Iola: Gun Digest Books. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-89689-525-6. 
  54. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon; Alan Gilliland; Johnny Shumate (2011). Title The M16 Weapon Series. Osprey Publishing. pp. 37–38, 43. ISBN 978-1-84908-690-5. 
  55. ^ Lendler (1997) pp. 25-27
  56. ^ Lendler (1997) pp. 21–22
  57. ^ Heath, David; Hansen, Elise; Willingham, A. J. (December 14, 2017). "How an 'ugly,' unwanted weapon became the most popular rifle in America". CNN. Retrieved June 6, 2018. On a dark day in 1989, the public awoke to the notion that civilians could own semi-automatic rifles. On January 17 of that year, a 24-year-old drifter wearing combat clothes and a flak jacket walked up to his old grade-school playground in Stockton, California, and pumped bullets on a crowd of children with his AK-47 rifle, a semi-automatic version that had been imported from China. Within minutes, Patrick Edward Purdy squeezed the trigger at least 106 times. He then aimed a pistol to his head and pulled the trigger one last time. Five children lay dead; 29 other children and one teacher were wounded. The massacre was so horrifying, Colt Industries, then the manufacturer of the competing AR-15, did something unfathomable today. It suspended civilian sales of the AR-15 for a year while the Bush administration weighed whether to ban the weapon. Chris Bartocci, a former Colt employee and author of the book "Black Rifle II,' says it was the first time many in the general public had heard about the availability of such weapons. "Before Stockton, most people didn't even know you could buy those guns," he said. The media coverage, he said, helped glamorize semi-automatic rifles to the buying public. 
  58. ^ Mathews, Jay (March 16, 1989). "Colt Stops Public Sale of Rifle". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2018. Colt Industries, in an unprecedented action for a major U.S. weapons manufacturer, suspended sales to the public yesterday of its popular AR15 semiautomatic rifle, the civilian version of the military's standard M16. Mike Dunn, a spokesman for the company's Connecticut-based firearms division, said it acted voluntarily in response to the temporary ban on the import of foreign-made semiautomatic assault rifles announced by the Bush administration Tuesday. Dunn said the company would sell AR15s only to police departments and other government agencies while the federal government investigated how such weapons are being used. 
  59. ^ Hundley, Tom (March 16, 1989). "Colt Halts Weapon`s Sale To Public". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 6, 2018. Colt Industries, which supplies the M-16 assault rifle to the nation`s armed forces, announced Wednesday that it would voluntarily suspend public sale of the AR-15, a semiautomatic civilian version of the weapon, which has become increasingly popular with urban drug gangs. Mike Dunn, a company spokesman, said Colt was taking the action ``within the spirit`` of the Bush administration`s decision Tuesday to ban temporarily the importation of assault rifles...The administration`s ban on the import of Chinese-made AK-47s, Israeli Uzis and other assault rifles was announced by William Bennett, who heads the federal government`s antidrug efforts. It follows mounting complaints by law- enforcement officials that they are outgunned by criminals, particularly drug dealers, as well as a growing public awareness of the AK-47 in the wake of its use in the recent schoolyard massacre in California. 
  60. ^ "Analysts: Colt's Image Will Profit From AR-15 Suspension". Associated Press. March 17, 1989. Retrieved June 6, 2018. Colt announced Wednesday that it was suspending sales to the public of the AR15, the civilian version of the military’s standard M-16. Colt last year lost its government contract to produce the M-16, which had long been its bread and butter. Mike Dunn, a Colt Industries spokesman in New York City, said the action was a voluntary reaction to the temporary ban on the import of foreign-made semiautomatic assault rifles announced by the Bush administration. Federal drug czar William J. Bennett called Colt’s action ″an act of civic responsibility.″ 
  61. ^ Jehl, Douglas (March 16, 1989). "Colt Will Halt Sales of AR-15 Assault Rifle". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2018. In the face of a widening revolt against deadly assault weapons, the nation's largest manufacturer of such rifles, Colt Industries, announced Wednesday that it will suspend commercial sales of its semiautomatic AR-15 rifle until the Bush Administration can decide whether the weapon should be outlawed. The voluntary move was made as a gesture of support for the Administration decision Tuesday to temporarily bar imports of foreign-made military-type weapons. Colt said that it is prepared to accept an outright ban on AR-15 production if Congress enacts one. 
  62. ^ Jehl, Douglas (April 19, 1990). "Debut of Colt's 'Sporter' Revives Assault-Rifle Debate : Firearms: The maker says the AR-15 has been stripped of its paramilitary features. Gun control advocates call it a combat weapon in disguise". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2018. The manufacturer of the leading American-made assault rifle has quietly resumed production of the semiautomatic weapon after a voluntary one-year halt prompted by public concern over the use of such guns in crimes. Federal officials said that a new version of the AR-15 reached gun-store shelves in some states this week. The investors who acquired Colt Industries' firearms division last month decided to put the paramilitary rifle back on the market. The redesigned rifle comes equipped with a smaller ammunition magazine than the original model--one of several modifications that the new owners say eliminated most assault weapon characteristics. 
  63. ^ Drash, Wayne (June 8, 2013). "At Colt's Connecticut factory, no apologies for arming America". CNN. Retrieved June 6, 2018. ...in 1989, Colt executives decided to stop making them after the AR-15 became the gun of choice among drug gangs. "We sense a great concern on the part of the government toward the possible inappropriate misuse of semi-automatic weapons," then-Colt spokesman Michael Dunn told The New York Times. "We're responding to that concern." William Bennett, then head of the nation's drug policy under President George H.W. Bush, called the decision "an active civic responsibility" and said he was "confident that our country is better for it." The decision didn't last, though. A year later, under new leadership, Colt began making AR-15s again. 
  64. ^ Johnson, Kirk (March 17, 1989). "Emotions and History Tied to Colt Abandonment of Semiautomatics". The New York Times. Officials at Colt said today that those old associations were part of what led to the company's decision on Wednesday to discontinue domestic sales of AR-15s - the type of semiautomatic rifles Federal officials have said are being adopted by drug gangs. 
  65. ^ Dolan, Carrie; Miller, James P. (March 16, 1989). "Assault-Weapons Ban has Collectors Aiming for Profits --- Gun Sellers Report Rising Demand, Higher Prices and Dwindling Supplies". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. 
  66. ^ Hillstrom, Kevin (1994). Encyclopedia of American Industries: Manufacturing industries. 1. Gale Research. p. 859. ISBN 978-0-8103-8998-4. 
  67. ^ Hopkins, Cameron (2001). "Kimber Ultra Ten II". American Handgunner. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2007. Some have been design breakthroughs,...while others have been utterly uninspiring, like the defunct Colt All-American 2000. 
  68. ^ "Colt's renames Cadet pistol - Colt's Manufacturing Company Inc.'s Colt .22 Single Action pistol". Shooting Industry. 1994. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007. The gun was selling at the rate of 10-12,000 units per year, and for a manufacturer of our size, with 900 employees, it was not enough 
  69. ^ "The legend lives on - Colt files for bankruptcy". Shooting Industry. 1992. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007. 
  70. ^ a b c Brown, Peter H.; Abel, Daniel G. (2003). Outgunned: Up Against the NRA: The First Complete Insider Account of the Battle over Gun Control. Simon and Schuster. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-7432-1561-9. 
  71. ^ "Colt Defense LLC Announces Gerald R. Dinkel as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company". Business Wire. 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2011. 
  72. ^ "Colt Defense, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 26, 2013" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved Mar 27, 2013. 
  73. ^ "Colt's Manufacturing LLC". www.colt.com. 
  74. ^ a b Siegel, Jacob (June 17, 2015). "Dropped by the U.S. Military, Colt Goes Bankrupt". 
  75. ^ Jarzemsky, Matt (June 15, 2015). "Colt Defense Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection" – via Wall Street Journal. 
  76. ^ Colt files for bankruptcy, seeks August auction accessdate=2015-06-15
  77. ^ Smith, Aaron. "Colt gunmaker emerges from bankruptcy". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2017-12-02. 
  78. ^ Smith, Aaron (January 13, 2016). "Colt gunmaker emerges from bankruptcy". 
  79. ^ a b "Executive Changes". New York Times. June 2, 1981. 
  80. ^ Simmons, Louise (2010). Organizing in Hard Times: Labor and Neighborhoods in Hartford. Temple University Press. pp. 45–52. ISBN 978-1-4399-0419-0. 
  81. ^ "Dennis R. Veilleux: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek". 
  82. ^ "Colt 1878 Hammer Shotgun". coltparts.com. 
  83. ^ "Woolaroc - Museum and Art". Woolaroc Museum and Wildlife Preserve. Retrieved February 10, 2013. 

Bibliography[edit]

  • Flayderman, Norm (2007). Flayderman's Guide to Antique American Firearms... and their values. Iola, WI, USA: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-313-3. 
  • Parker, John H. (Lt.) (1898). "History of the Gatling Gun Detachment". Kansas City, MO, USA: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. 
  • Parsons, John E.; du Mont, John S. (1953). "Firearms in the Custer battle". Harrisburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. LCCN 53010563. 
  • Sapp, Rick (2007). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms. F+W Media, Inc,. ISBN 978-0-89689-534-8. 
  • Smith, W.H.B. (Walter Harold Black) (Ed.) (1968). "Book of Pistols and Revolvers. Completely Up-dated by Joseph E. Smith" (7th ed.). Harrisburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. LCCN 68018959. 
  • Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269 
  • Lehto, Mark R.; Buck, James R (2008). Introduction to human factors and ergonomics for engineers. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8058-5308-7. 
  • Lendler, Marc (1997). Crisis and Political Beliefs: The Case of the Colt Firearms strike. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06746-0. 
  • Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-24075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7).

External links[edit]

Most of the following are filed under 36-150 Huyshope Avenue, 17-170 Van Dyke Avenue, 49 Vredendale Avenue, Hartford, Hartford County, CT:

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