1.
SRGB
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SRGB is the standard RGB color space created cooperatively by HP and Microsoft in 1996 for use on monitors, printers and the Internet, and subsequently standardized by the IEC as IEC 61966-2-1,1999. It is often used as the color space for images that do not contain any color space information. This specification allowed sRGB to be displayed on typical CRT monitors of the time. SRGB defines the chromaticities of the red, green, and blue primaries, the gamut of chromaticities that can be represented in sRGB is the color triangle defined by these primaries. SRGB also defines a transformation between the intensity of these primaries and the actual number stored. The curve is similar to the response of a CRT display. It is more important to replicate this curve than the primaries to get correct display of an sRGB image and this nonlinear conversion means that sRGB is a reasonably efficient use of the values in an integer-based image file to display human-discernible light levels. Unlike most other RGB color spaces, the sRGB gamma cannot be expressed as a numerical value. The overall gamma is approximately 2.2, consisting of a section near black, and a non-linear section elsewhere involving a 2.4 exponent. The purpose of the section is so the curve does not have an infinite slope at zero. The CIE XYZ values must be scaled so that the Y of D65 is 1.0 and this is usually true but some color spaces use 100 or other values. The first step in the calculation of sRGB from CIE XYZ is a linear transformation, = It is important to note that these linear RGB values are not the final result as they have not been adjusted for the gamma correction. SRGB was designed to reflect a typical real-world monitor with a gamma of 2.2, and the following formula transforms the linear RGB values into sRGB. If values in the range 0 to 255 are required, e. g. for video display or 8-bit graphics, the values are usually clipped to the 0 to 1 range. This clipping can be done before or after this gamma calculation, again the sRGB component values R s r g b, G s r g b, B s r g b are in the range 0 to 1. Followed by a multiplication of the linear values to get XYZ, = It is often casually stated that the decoding gamma for sRGB data is 2.2. The transformation was designed to approximate a gamma of about 2.2, but with a portion near zero to avoid having an infinite slope at K =0. The continuity condition for the curve C l i n e a r which is defined above as a function of C s r g b, is γ = K0 ϕ
2.
Red
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
3.
Green
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Green is the color between blue and yellow on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm, the modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words grass and grow. It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth, by far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content. In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U. S. green is associated with death, sickness, or the devil. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family, Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission, a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam and it was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement, political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly. The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow. It is from a Common Germanic *gronja-, which is reflected in Old Norse grænn, Old High German gruoni, ultimately from a PIE root *ghre- to grow. The first recorded use of the word as a term in Old English dates to ca. Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for green, related to virere to grow and ver spring, it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde. Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ, Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros, cognate with χλοερός verdant and χλόη the green of new growth
4.
Blue
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Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers, in painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green, Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor. The clear sky and the sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes, distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times and it is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals, beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia, in 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, in the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations. Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Blues also vary in shade or tint, darker shades of blue contain black or grey, darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue, while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process, the modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao. In heraldry, the azure is used for blue
5.
CMYK color model
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The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four used in some color printing, cyan, magenta, yellow. Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer, the K in CMYK stands for key because in four-color printing, cyan, magenta and yellow printing plates are carefully keyed, or aligned, with the key of the black key plate. Some sources suggest that the K in CMYK comes from the last letter in black and was chosen because B already means blue. Some sources claim this explanation, although useful as a mnemonic, is incorrect, the CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected, such a model is called subtractive because inks subtract brightness from white. In additive color models such as RGB, white is the combination of all primary colored lights. In the CMYK model, it is the opposite, white is the color of the paper or other background. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, unsaturated and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of the combination of cyan, magenta, with halftoning, a full continuous range of colors can be produced. To improve print quality and reduce moiré patterns, the screen for each color is set at a different angle. Common reasons for using black ink include, In traditional preparation of color separations, in some cases a black keyline was used when it served as both a color indicator and an outline to be printed in black. Because usually the black plate contained the keyline, the K in CMYK represents the keyline or black plate, also sometimes called the key plate. A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry, causing bleeding, adding black ink absorbs more light and yields much better blacks. Using black ink is less expensive than using the corresponding amounts of colored inks. When a very dark area is desirable, a colored or gray CMY bedding is applied first, then a black layer is applied on top, making a rich, deep black. A black made with just CMY inks is sometimes called a composite black, the amount of black to use to replace amounts of the other ink is variable, and the choice depends on the technology, paper and ink in use. Processes called under color removal, under addition, and gray component replacement are used to decide on the final mix. CMYK or process color printing is contrasted with spot color printing, some printing presses are capable of printing with both four-color process inks and additional spot color inks at the same time
6.
Cyan
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It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of between 490–520 nm, between the wavelengths of blue and green. In the subtractive color system, or CMYK, which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color printing, cyan is one of the colors, along with magenta, yellow. In the additive color system, or RGB color model, used to all the colors on a computer or television display, cyan is made by mixing equal amounts of green. Cyan is the complement of red, it can be made by the removal of red from white light, mixing red light and cyan light at the right intensity will make white light. The web color cyan is synonymous with aqua, other colors in the cyan color range are teal, turquoise, electric blue, aquamarine, and others described as blue-green. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek κύανος, transliterated kyanos, meaning blue, dark blue enamel. It was formerly known as blue or cyan-blue, and its first recorded use as a color name in English was in 1879. Further origins of the name can be traced back to a dye produced from the cornflower. In most languages, cyan is not a color term. Reasons for why cyan is not linguistically acknowledged as a color term can be found in the frequent lack of distinction between blue and green in many languages. The web color cyan shown at right is a color in the RGB color model. In X11 colors, this color is called both cyan and aqua, in the HTML color list, this same color is called aqua. The web colors are more vivid than the used in the CMYK color system. To reproduce the web color cyan in inks, it is necessary to add some white ink to the printers cyan below, so when it is reproduced in printing, it is not a primary subtractive color. It is called aqua because it is a commonly associated with water. Cyan is also one of the inks used in four-color printing, along with magenta, yellow, and black. While both the secondary and the subtractive primary are called cyan, they can be substantially different from one another. Cyan printing ink can be saturated or less saturated than the RGB secondary cyan, depending on what RGB color space
7.
Magenta
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Magenta is a color that is variously defined as purplish-red, reddish-purple, or mauvish-crimson. On computer screens, it is made by mixing equal amounts of blue, on color wheels of the RGB and CMY color models, it is located midway between red and blue. It is the color of green. It is one of the four colors of ink used in printing and by an inkjet printer, along with cyan, yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called printers magenta, Magenta was first introduced as the color of a new aniline dye called fuchsine, patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin. Its name was changed the year to magenta, to celebrate a victory of the French and Sardinian army at the Battle of Magenta on June 4,1859. The web color magenta is called fuchsia. Magenta is a color, meaning that it is not found in the visible spectrum of light. Rather, it is physiologically and psychologically perceived as the mixture of red and violet/blue light, with the absence of green. In the RGB color system, used to all the colors on a television or computer display, magenta is a secondary color, made by combining equal amounts of red. In this system, magenta is the color of green. In the CMYK color model, used in printing, it is one of the three primary colors, along with cyan and yellow, used to print all the rest of the colors. If magenta, cyan, and yellow are printed on top of each other on a page, in this model, magenta is the complementary color of green, and these two colors have the highest contrast and the greatest harmony. If combined, green and magenta ink will look dark gray or black, the magenta used in color printing, sometimes called process magenta, is a darker shade than the color used on computer screens. A purple hue in terms of theory, magenta is evoked by light having less power in green wavelengths than in blue/violet. In the Munsell color system, magenta is called red–purple, if the spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta appears midway between red and violet. Violet and red, the two components of magenta, are at opposite ends of the spectrum and have very different wavelengths. The additive secondary color magenta, as noted above, is made by combining violet and red light at equal intensity, in optics, fuchsia and magenta are essentially the same color
8.
Yellow
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Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 570–590 nm, in traditional color theory, used in painting, and in the subtractive color system, used in color printing, yellow is a primary color. In the RGB color model, used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is made by combining red, the word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish, derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz yellow. It has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the gold and yell. In Iran it has connotations of pallor/sickness, but also wisdom and it plays an important role in Asian culture, particularly in China, where it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, wisdom, harmony, and culture. The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish and it has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the words gold and yell, gʰel- means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out. The English term is related to other Germanic words for yellow, namely Scots yella, East Frisian jeel, West Frisian giel, Dutch geel, German gelb, and Swedish and Norwegian gul. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest known use of word in English is from The Epinal Glossary in 700. Yellow, in the form of yellow pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old, in Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold, the Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings, they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant orpiment, though it was made of arsenic and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent gold and it is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii. During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of Judas Iscariot, from this connection, yellow also took on associations with envy, jealousy and duplicity. The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, in 16th century Spain, those accused of heresy and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the Spanish Inquisition dressed in a yellow cape. The color yellow has been associated with moneylenders and finance. The National Pawnbrokers Associations logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the saint of pawnbroking, St. Nicholas, holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the House of Medici, a fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders
9.
Black
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Black is the darkest color resulting from the absence or complete absorption of light. Like white and grey, it is a color, literally a color without hue. It is one of the four colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow. Black is often used to represent darkness, it is the symbolic opposite of white, Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty and it became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, according to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance. More distant cognates include Latin flagrare, and Ancient Greek phlegein, the Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos could mean both dark blue and black, the Ancient Romans had two words for black, ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria the English word Negro, old High German also had two words for black, swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black, swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black. In heraldry, the used for the black color is sable, named for the black fur of the sable. Black was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide, for the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead. For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron and those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making pottery and later red figure pottery. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a clay slip on a red clay pot
10.
HSL and HSV
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HSL and HSV are the two most common cylindrical-coordinate representations of points in an RGB color model. The two representations rearrange the geometry of RGB in an attempt to be intuitive and perceptually relevant than the cartesian representation. Developed in the 1970s for computer applications, HSL and HSV are used today in color pickers, in image editing software. HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness, and is often called HLS. HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value, and is often called HSB. A third model, common in computer applications, is HSI. However, while typically consistent, these definitions are not standardized, note that while hue in HSL and HSV refers to the same attribute, their definitions of saturation differ dramatically. As a result, each unique RGB device has unique HSL and HSV absolute color spaces to accompany it, other more computationally intensive models, such as CIELAB or CIECAM02, are said to better achieve these goals. In each geometry, the vertical axis comprises the neutral, achromatic, or gray colors, ranging from black at lightness 0 or value 0, the bottom, to white at lightness 1 or value 1. These saturated colors have lightness ½ in HSL, while in HSV they have value 1, mixing these pure colors with black—producing so-called shades—leaves saturation unchanged. In HSL, saturation is also unchanged by tinting with white, in HSV, tinting alone reduces saturation. Confusingly, such diagrams usually label this radial dimension saturation, blurring or erasing the distinction between saturation and chroma, as described below, computing chroma is a helpful step in the derivation of each model. Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, furthermore, neither additive nor subtractive color models define color relationships the same way the human eye does. For example, imagine we have an RGB display whose color is controlled by three sliders ranging from 0–255, one controlling the intensity of each of the red, green, consequently, these models and similar ones have become ubiquitous throughout image editing and graphics software since then. Some of their uses are described below, nonetheless, it is worth reviewing those definitions before leaping into the derivation of our models. Hue The attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to be similar to one of the colors, red, yellow, green. Radiance The radiant power of passing through a particular surface per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Luminance The radiance weighted by the effect of each wavelength on a human observer
11.
Hue
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Orange and violet are the other hues, for a total of six, as in the rainbow, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. The other color appearance parameters are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or colorfulness, such as with light blue, pastel blue, vivid blue. Exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange, in painting color theory, a hue refers to a pure color—one without tint or shade. A hue is an element of the color wheel, hues are first processed in the brain in areas in the extended V4 called globs. Hue is the component of the polar representation, while chroma is the radial component. Specifically, in CIELAB h a b = a t a n 2, while, analogously, in CIELUV h u v = a t a n 2 = a t a n 2, where, atan2 is a two-argument inverse tangent. Preucil describes a color hexagon, similar to a trilinear plot described by Evans, Hanson, and Brewer, to place red at 0°, green at 120°, and blue at 240°, h r g b = a t a n 2. Equivalently, one may solve tan =3 ⋅2 ⋅ R − G − B, Preucil used a polar plot, which he termed a color circle. Using R, G, and B, one may compute hue angle using the scheme, determine which of the six possible orderings of R, G. Note that in case the formula contains the fraction M − L H − L, where H is the highest of R, G, and B, L is the lowest. This is referred to as the Preucil hue error and was used in the computation of mask strength in photomechanical color reproduction, the formulae used are those in the table above. The hues exhibited by caramel colorings and beers are fairly limited in range, the Linner hue index is used to quantify the hue of such products. Replacements are often used for chromium, cadmium and alizarin, dominant wavelength is a physical analog to the perceptual attribute hue. On a chromaticity diagram, a line is drawn from a point through the coordinates of the color in question. There are two ways in which hue difference is quantified. The first is the difference between the two hue angles. The symbol for expression of hue difference is Δ h a b in CIELAB. The other is computed as the total color difference after Lightness and Chroma differences have been accounted for, its symbol is Δ H a b ∗ in CIELAB
12.
Colorfulness
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Colorfulness or saturation in colorimetry and color theory refers to the perceived intensity of a specific color. Colorfulness is the visual sensation according to which the color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic. Chroma is the relative to the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears to be white or highly transmitting. Therefore, chroma should not be confused with colorfulness, saturation is the colorfulness of a color relative to its own brightness. A highly colorful stimulus is vivid and intense, while a less colorful stimulus appears more muted, with no colorfulness at all, a color is a “neutral” gray. Any color can be described using three color appearance parameters — colorfulness, lightness, and hue, saturation is one of three coordinates in the HSL and HSV color spaces. The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity, the purest color is achieved by using just one wavelength at a high intensity, such as in laser light. If the intensity drops, then as a result the saturation drops, to desaturate a color of given intensity in a subtractive system, one can add white, black, gray, or the hues complement. CIELUV The chroma normalized by the lightness, s u v = C u v ∗ L ∗ =132 +2 where is the chromaticity of the white point, and chroma is defined below. Nevertheless, this provides a reasonable predictor of saturation. S a b = C a b ∗ C a b ∗2 + L ∗2100 % where Sab is the saturation, L* the lightness and C*ab is the chroma of the color. CIECAM02 The square root of the colorfulness divided by the brightness, M is proportional to the chroma C, thus the CIECAM02 definition bears some similarity to the CIELUV definition. An important difference is that the CIECAM02 model accounts for the conditions through the parameter FL. Different color spaces, such as CIELAB or CIELUV may be used, the naïve definition of saturation does not specify its response function. However, both color spaces are nonlinear in terms of perceived color differences. It is also possible—and sometimes desirable—to define a quantity that is linearized in term of the psychovisual perception. The transformation of to is given by, C a b ∗ = a ∗2 + b ∗2 h a b = arctan b ∗ a ∗ and analogously for CIE L*C*h. The chroma in the CIE L*C*h and CIE L*C*h coordinates has the advantage of being more psychovisually linear, and therefore, chroma in CIE1976 L*a*b* and L*u*v* color spaces is very much different from the traditional sense of saturation
13.
Brightness
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Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to be radiating or reflecting light. In other words, brightness is the perception elicited by the luminance of a visual target and it is not necessarily proportional to luminance. This is a subjective attribute/property of an object being observed and one of the color appearance parameters of color appearance models, brightness refers to an absolute term and should not be confused with Lightness. The adjective bright derives from an Old English beorht with the same meaning via metathesis giving Middle English briht, the word is from a Common Germanic *berhtaz, ultimately from a PIE root with a closely related meaning, *bhereg- white, bright. Brightness was formerly used as a synonym for the term luminance. As defined by the US Federal Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, brightness should now be used only for non-quantitative references to physiological sensations and perceptions of light, a given target luminance can elicit different perceptions of brightness in different contexts, see, for example, Whites illusion. With regard to stars, brightness is quantified as apparent magnitude, brightness is, at least in some respects, the antonym of darkness. The United States Federal Trade Commission has assigned a meaning to brightness when applied to lamps. When appearing on light bulb packages, brightness means Luminous flux, Luminous flux is the total amount of light coming from a source, such as a lighting device. Luminance, the meaning of brightness, is the amount of light per solid angle coming from an area. The table below shows the ways of indicating the amount of light. The term brightness is used in discussions of sound timbres. Luma Luminance Luminosity Media related to brightness at Wikimedia Commons Poyntons Color FAQ
14.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
15.
Color
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Color or colour is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, yellow, purple, or blue. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of cells in the human eye by electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of light. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects through the wavelength of the light that is reflected from them and this reflection is governed by the objects physical properties such as light absorption, emission spectra, etc. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by coordinates, there may also be more than three color dimensions in other color spaces, such as in the CMYK color model, wherein one of the dimensions relates to a colours colorfulness). The photo-receptivity of the eyes of species also varies considerably from our own. Honeybees and bumblebees for instance have trichromatic color vision sensitive to ultraviolet but is insensitive to red, papilio butterflies possess six types of photoreceptors and may have pentachromatic vision. The most complex color vision system in the kingdom has been found in stomatopods with up to 12 spectral receptor types thought to work as multiple dichromatic units. The science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science and it includes the perception of color by the human eye and brain, the origin of color in materials, color theory in art, and the physics of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength and its intensity, when the wavelength is within the visible spectrum, it is known as visible light. Most light sources emit light at different wavelengths, a sources spectrum is a distribution giving its intensity at each wavelength. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color sensation in that direction, in each such class the members are called metamers of the color in question. The table at right shows approximate frequencies and wavelengths for various pure spectral colors, the wavelengths listed are as measured in air or vacuum. A common list identifies six main bands, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, Newtons conception included a seventh color, indigo, between blue and violet. It is possible that what Newton referred to as blue is nearer to what today is known as cyan, the color of an object depends on both the physics of the object in its environment and the characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain. Some objects not only light, but also transmit light or emit light themselves. This effect is known as color constancy, opaque objects that do not reflect specularly have their color determined by which wavelengths of light they scatter strongly. If objects scatter all wavelengths with roughly equal strength, they appear white, if they absorb all wavelengths, they appear black. Opaque objects that reflect light of different wavelengths with different efficiencies look like mirrors tinted with colors determined by those differences
16.
Philolexian Society
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The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest college literary and debate societies in the United States, and the oldest student group at Columbia. Founded in 1802, the Society aims to improve its members in Oratory, Composition, the name Philolexia is Greek for love of discourse, and the societys motto is the Latin word Surgam, meaning I shall rise. Philolexian is one of literary societies that flourished at the nations early colonial colleges. Before fraternities, publications, and other extracurriculars became common, these groups—which generally bore Greek or Latin names—were the sole source of social life. Indeed, it was not unusual for two or more groups to coexist at one institution, often in competition, Yale University also has a number of student literary and political societies with similar purposes, the most notable of which being the Elizabethan Club and the Yale Political Union. The group became extinct in 1795, building on these earlier efforts, Philolexian was established on May 17,1802. Among its earliest members were future Columbia president Nathaniel Fish Moore, to accommodate freshmen, who were initially ineligible for admission, the Peithologian Society was formed four years later. For most of the next 100 years, Peithologian would serve as Philolexians primary literary rival, in 1852, at the organizations semi-centennial celebration, alumni raised a prize fund of over $1,300 to endow annual awards in three categories, Oratory, Debate, and Essay. In the 20th century, Philo broadened its range of activities as it became a ground for essayist Randolph Bourne, poet A. Joyce Kilmer. Wellington Koo, all winners in their time at Philo. In 1910 the society took a dramatic turn when it commenced a 20-year stretch of annual theatre productions. Many of the productions, by the likes of Ben Jonson, Nicholas Udall. Oscar-winning screenwriter Sidney Buchman got a start playing Shakespeares Richard II for a Philo production, by the late 1930s, according to former society president Ralph de Toledano, the organization was devoted mainly to drinking wine and listening to jazz. Philo effectively ceased to function by the beginning of World War II, ackerman Coles, bestowed on the society on the occasion of its centennial in 1902. This short-lived revival was followed by another wartime incarnation, by 1952, due to waning interest and, according to some, the infamous presidency of poet Allen Ginsberg, the society entered a 10-year period of dormancy. Another brief revival in 1962, spearheaded by members of the Columbia chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, was followed by a longer period of inactivity. On Wednesday, October 16,1985, under the guidance of Thomas Vinciguerra, mr. Vinciguerra was subsequently recognized as the societys avatar in honor of this and other critical and successful efforts for Philo. In 2003, an award in his name was established, the debate topic, Resolved, The Philolexian Society Has Never Had It So Good was overwhelmingly approved
17.
Pantone
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Pantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey. X-Rite Inc. a supplier of color measurement instruments and software, Pantone began in New York City in the 1950s as the commercial printing company of M & J Levine Advertising. In 1956, its founders, advertising executives brothers Mervin and Jesse Levine, for instance, a particular page might contain a number of yellows of varying tints. The idea behind the PMS is to allow designers to color match specific colors when a design enters production stage and this system has been widely adopted by graphic designers and reproduction and printing houses. Pantone recommends that PMS Color Guides be purchased annually, as their inks become yellowish over time, Color variance also occurs within editions based on the paper stock used, while interedition color variance occurs when there are changes to the specific paper stock used. The Pantone Color Matching System is largely a standardized color reproduction system, by standardizing the colors, different manufacturers in different locations can all refer to the Pantone system to make sure colors match without direct contact with one another. One such use is standardizing colors in the CMYK process, the CMYK process is a method of printing color by using four inks—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. A majority of the printed material is produced using the CMYK process. Those that are possible to simulate through the CMYK process are labeled as such within the companys guides, however, most of the Pantone systems 1,114 spot colors cannot be simulated with CMYK but with 13 base pigments mixed in specified amounts. The Pantone system also allows for many special colors to be produced, such as metallics, while most of the Pantone system colors are beyond the printed CMYK gamut, it was only in 2001 that Pantone began providing translations of their existing system with screen-based colors. Screen-based colors use the RGB color model—red, green, blue—system to create various colors, the Goe system has RGB and LAB values with each color. Pantone colors are described by their allocated number, PMS colors are almost always used in branding and have even found their way into government legislation and military standards. In January 2003, the Scottish Parliament debated a petition to refer to the blue in the Scottish flag as Pantone 300, countries such as Canada and South Korea and organizations such as the FIA have also chosen to refer to specific Pantone colors to use when producing flags. US states including Texas have set legislated PMS colors of their flags and it has also been used in an art project by the Brazilian photographer Angelica Dass which applies Pantone to the human skin color spectrum. On September 5,2007, Pantone introduced the Goe System, Goe consisted of over 2,000 new colors in a new matching and numbering system. The Goe system was streamlined to use base colors and accommodate many technical challenges in reproducing colors on a press. The Pantone Goe system was discontinued in November 2013, in mid-2006 Pantone, partnering with Vermont-based Fine Paints of Europe, introduced a new line of interior and exterior paints. The color palette uses Pantones color research and trending and has more than 3,000 colors, in November 2015, Pantone partnered with Redland London to create a collection of bags inspired from Pantones authority on color
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Hexadecimal
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In mathematics and computing, hexadecimal is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, Hexadecimal numerals are widely used by computer system designers and programmers. As each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits, it allows a more human-friendly representation of binary-coded values, one hexadecimal digit represents a nibble, which is half of an octet or byte. For example, a byte can have values ranging from 00000000 to 11111111 in binary form. In a non-programming context, a subscript is typically used to give the radix, several notations are used to support hexadecimal representation of constants in programming languages, usually involving a prefix or suffix. The prefix 0x is used in C and related languages, where this value might be denoted as 0x2AF3, in contexts where the base is not clear, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. There are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously, a numerical subscript can give the base explicitly,15910 is decimal 159,15916 is hexadecimal 159, which is equal to 34510. Some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159decimal and 159hex, or 159d and 159h. example. com/name%20with%20spaces where %20 is the space character, thus ’, represents the right single quotation mark, Unicode code point number 2019 in hex,8217. In the Unicode standard, a value is represented with U+ followed by the hex value. Color references in HTML, CSS and X Window can be expressed with six hexadecimal digits prefixed with #, white, CSS allows 3-hexdigit abbreviations with one hexdigit per component, #FA3 abbreviates #FFAA33. *nix shells, AT&T assembly language and likewise the C programming language, to output an integer as hexadecimal with the printf function family, the format conversion code %X or %x is used. In Intel-derived assembly languages and Modula-2, hexadecimal is denoted with a suffixed H or h, some assembly languages use the notation HABCD. Ada and VHDL enclose hexadecimal numerals in based numeric quotes, 16#5A3#, for bit vector constants VHDL uses the notation x5A3. Verilog represents hexadecimal constants in the form 8hFF, where 8 is the number of bits in the value, the Smalltalk language uses the prefix 16r, 16r5A3 PostScript and the Bourne shell and its derivatives denote hex with prefix 16#, 16#5A3. For PostScript, binary data can be expressed as unprefixed consecutive hexadecimal pairs, in early systems when a Macintosh crashed, one or two lines of hexadecimal code would be displayed under the Sad Mac to tell the user what went wrong. Common Lisp uses the prefixes #x and #16r, setting the variables *read-base* and *print-base* to 16 can also used to switch the reader and printer of a Common Lisp system to Hexadecimal number representation for reading and printing numbers. Thus Hexadecimal numbers can be represented without the #x or #16r prefix code, MSX BASIC, QuickBASIC, FreeBASIC and Visual Basic prefix hexadecimal numbers with &H, &H5A3 BBC BASIC and Locomotive BASIC use & for hex. TI-89 and 92 series uses a 0h prefix, 0h5A3 ALGOL68 uses the prefix 16r to denote hexadecimal numbers, binary, quaternary and octal numbers can be specified similarly
19.
Fraternities and sororities
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Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
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Delta Phi
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Delta Phi is a fraternity founded in 1827 at Union College in Schenectady, New York. Along with the Kappa Alpha Society and Sigma Phi Society, Delta Phi was the third, Delta Phi and the other fraternities of the Union Triad were established during a time of strong anti-Masonic sentiment in the United States. Because fraternities were secret societies at the time, they became targets of the anti-Masonic movement. This led Phi Beta Kappa, the fraternity, to abandon secrecy. In the early 1830s, Dr. Eliphalet Nott, president of Union College, hyde went on to design the badge still worn by members of Delta Phi, which includes a Maltese Cross, a symbol used by the Knights of Malta. The brothers there used the name of St. Elmo, the saint of mariners. Some of Delta Phis chapter houses are known as St. Elmo Hall. Delta Phi remains a small fraternity with twelve chapters and few chapters with more than several dozen members. It has resisted expansion in order to create an intimate, personal experience for its members, the fraternitys current expansion policy is to reactivate dormant chapters. As a member of the Union triad, Delta Phi is the third oldest fraternity in the United States, owing mostly to its development in the early 19th century, Delta Phi organizes itself federally. Individual alumni chapters still exercise significant power over chapter governance and those powers that are given in the national organization are vested in the Board of Governors. The board consists of one member appointed from each alumni chapter plus two representatives elected at the annual leadership conference the fraternity sponsors. Among the duties given to the board is hiring the Executive Director who oversees day-to-day management of the fraternity, overall alumni participation among active chapters remains strong, with chapters hosting several social events throughout the year. Alumni status in Delta Phi also qualifies one to apply for membership in the Saint Elmo Club, on or about November 17 of every year, the national organization sponsors the Founders Day Dinner at the Saint Elmo Club where undergraduates and alumni celebrate the founding of the fraternity
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Acacia (fraternity)
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Acacia Fraternity is a social fraternity founded in 1904 at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The fraternity has 28 active chapters and 4 colonies throughout Canada, in 1988, at the 45th Conclave, the fraternity elected to use International rather than National when referring to the fraternity. Acacia Fraternity was founded on 12 May 1904, by a group of 14 Freemasons attending the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, from the time of its founding, members of other fraternities were eligible for membership in Acacia. However, the rapid growth allowed it to stand on its own as a separate and co-equal fraternity. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Acacia was evolving from its roots as a successful Masonic club into the standardized model of the other collegiate fraternities of the day. The fraternity officially became International in 1988 at the 45th Conclave after the addition of the University of Western Ontario Chapter, sink Harry B. Washburn Walter S. Wheeler Acacia is the only general fraternity to be founded at Michigan. The Sprig of Acacia is one of many Acacia symbols with roots in the Masonic Brotherhood, the Sprig of Acacia, symbolically, is a symbol of immortality among Masons, giving assurance that death is not the end. It is used by that organization during or after a funeral service, according to tradition, the symbol also reminds participants of the obligation that Masons must provide for the widow and children of their fallen brother. The Acacia fraternity has adopted this and other Masonic symbols, retaining them in linkage to its heritage, the Acacia flag was adopted in 1950. It consists of a triband of gold-black-gold with the fraternity coat of arms on the center. The main symbol and representation of Acacia occurs within a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant, unless specified otherwise, whenever a triangle is mentioned in this article, a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant is what is meant. The present Acacia badge is a triangle of the first quadrant whose sides are of the proportions 3,4,5. The sides are set with twelve pearls—three on the base, four on the altitude, the corners are set with garnets. Within the triangle are three small right triangles of the proportion, outlined in gold on a black enamel background. The badge of Acacia as it today was adopted at the second Grand Council of Acacia. The crest of Acacia depicts a three taper candelabrum surrounded by a wreath of Acacia, below a shield of old gold, on fess cottised sable three 3-4-5 right triangles. Below the shield is a blue ribbon holding the motto of the fraternity in Greek, Acacia Fraternitys International Council serves as the organizations supreme executive and judicial body. It is composed of eight officers, six alumni and two undergraduates, alumni officers terms run four years, while undergraduate counselors terms are two years
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Lambda Kappa Sigma
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Lambda Kappa Sigma is an international pharmacy fraternity headquartered in Muskego, Wisconsin. Founded in 1913, it was created to promote the profession of pharmacy among women, LKS is the oldest and largest professional pharmacy fraternity for women in the world. Lambda Kappa Sigma has initiated more than 30,000 members and has 44 chartered chapters, LKS also has 36 chartered alumni groups internationally. Lambda Kappa Sigma is dedicated to developing the intellectual, leadership, LKS promotes professional growth and its educational programs enhance professional development in the field of pharmacy, with an emphasis placed on womens health issues. Continuing education credits are also available, LKS also has an Educational Grant Program. On October 14,1913, Ethel J. Heath and eight other students at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy organized Lambda Kappa Society. In 1915 the organization ceased being a club and was opened to all members of the college. Sigma was added to the name, and the badge, motto, flower. In 1919 the official coat-of-arms, designed by Cora E. Craven, was adopted, the first national convention was held in Boston, Massachusetts in 1926. The Tau Chapter founded at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania March 18,1932, an official prayer was presented by the Eta Chapter and Delta Chapter presented a song to be used as the official sorority song. Both the prayer and the song were adopted for use in 1950. The Silver Anniversary Convention was held in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1938, at that convention the delegates voted to join the Professional Panhellenic Association, becoming the first pharmaceutical sorority in the PPA. On April 28,1956 ΛΚΣ became international with the addition of the Alpha Lambda chapter in Vancouver, British Columbia, the 1982 biennial convention was held at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with the Delta Collegiate, Tau Collegiate, and Tau Alumni chapters as hosts. The 1996 biennial convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri, with the Alpha Zeta Collegiate, during the 1988 biennial convention, the members voted to delete all gender references from the fraternitys membership requirements. The fraternity was now open to male and female members, following a twelve-year battle to legally remain a fraternity for women only. C. Blue and Gold Triangle - Official publication of fraternity Alumni News - Informational alumni-only mailing LinKS - Official publication of student chapters and advisors Official site
23.
New York Institute of Technology
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New York Institute of Technology is a private, independent, nonprofit, non-sectarian, coeducational research university founded in 1910. The university has three New York campuses, one in Old Westbury, Nassau County, Long Island, one in Central Islip, Suffolk County, Long Island, as well, it has a cybersecurity research center in Port Washington, New York. NYIT also has campuses in Arkansas, United Arab Emirates, China, NYIT has five schools and two colleges, all with an emphasis on technology and applied scientific research. NYIT is the birthplace of entirely 3D CGI films, NYIT enrolls 9,500 students across its campuses in New York State. U. S. News & World Report lists NYIT as a selective university, in 1910, NYIT’s predecessor, New York Technical Institute, was licensed by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1955, NYIT opened under a charter granted by the New York State Board of Regents to NYIT. Its first campus opened at 500 Pacific Street in the Borough of Brooklyn, in the higher education community at the time, a debate arose around the concern that humanities studies would be overshadowed by too much emphasis on science and engineering. NYITs goal was to create a balance between science/engineering and an arts education, and ever since, it has been focusing on this model to prepare students for current. By the 1958–1959 academic year, the university had 300 students, in April 1958, the college purchased the Pythian Temple at 135–145 W. 70th St. in Manhattan for its main center. The building, adjacent to the planned Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, was an ornate 12-story structure with a columned entranceway, built in 1929 at a cost of $2 million, it included among its features a 1, 200-seat auditorium. The awards, held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, were attended by several hundred guests, 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson was the keynote speaker. His speech was broadcast nationally by the ABC Radio Network, among the honorees were Dr. Wernher von Braun and Major General Bernard Schriever, Commanding General of the Ballistic Air Command. Photos, press clippings, and audio tapes of the event are on view at the Lyndon Johnson Library at Austin, in 1959, NYIT introduced “teaching machines” for student instruction in physics, electronics, and mathematics. NYIT also pioneered the use of mainframes as a tool, having received its first, donated by the CIT Financial Corporation. NYIT was a pioneer in 3-D computer animation, before Pixar and Lucasfilm, there was New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab. Clark. Researchers at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab created the tools that made entirely 3D CGI films possible, NYIT CG Lab was regarded as the top computer animation research and development group in the world during the late 70s and early 80s. In 1995, the NYIT School of Engineering took first place in the U. S. Department of Energy’s Clean Air Road Rally, the student engineering team spent three years designing and building the high-performance hybrid electric car that beat 43 other vehicles. In 1998, NYIT opened its first international program in China, in 1999, Bill Gates spoke at NYIT and received NYITs Presidential Medal
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College
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College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university. In ancient Rome a collegium was a club or society, a group of living together under a common set of rules. Aside from the educational context - nowadays the most common use of college - there are various other meanings also derived from the original Latin term. In the United States, college can be a synonym for university, in Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title, in Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The Kings School, there has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges. In the state of Victoria, some high schools are referred to as secondary colleges. Interestingly, the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School, in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as secondary colleges. In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, college refers to the final two years of high school, and the institutions which provide this. In this context, college is an independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a version of matriculation college. This is because these schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects. Some private secondary schools choose to use the college in their names nevertheless. Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the school system. In New Zealand the word normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17
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University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
26.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
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A.B. Lucas Secondary School
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A. B. Lucas Secondary School is a secondary school located at the northern end of London, Ontario, Canada. The school was named after Dr. A. B. Lucas, in April 1962, Hugh Murray became the first principal. He commissioned lieutenants Terry Ferris, Jim Wylie, Don Epplet, Phil Sparling, Don Carson, Charlie Belchamber, Alex Shamas, Alan Williams, Ed Hancox, during the next few months these men recruited more staff, acquired equipment and supplies and arranged programs. During the years 1962-1963 some 60 north-Londoners traveled daily to Westminster Secondary School in the west end of the city, but by September 1963 the doors were opened to the first Viking recruits in grades 9,10, and 11. The premier of Ontario, Mr. John Robarts, officially opened the school on October 25,1963, Dr. Alexander Burton Lucas had a distinguished career in education, having served as a teacher, principal, inspector, Teachers College master, superintendent and director. He moved to London in 1939 as Assistant Superintendent of Schools and retired in June,1962, Dr. Lucas belonged to several service clubs and was a lay member of the Anglican General Synod. He died in 1965 and the school was named after him, some of the music clubs include the Coffee House, Concert Band, Concert Choir, Intermediate Band, Music Council, School Show and the Small Ensemble. P. P. B
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Archbishop Molloy High School
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The schools current principal is Mr. Darius Penikas, who started his term in 2015. Molloys motto is Non Scholae Sed Vitae, which is Latin for Not For School and it is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn next to the Briarwood subway station. The school is staffed by the Marist Brothers, founded by Saint Marcellin Champagnat In 1892, zephiriny opened St. Anns Academy in two brownstone buildings at East 76 Street and Lexington Avenue. Initially a parish school, the program soon expanded to include a two-year commercial course. Initially conducted entirely in French, the school moved to English-language instruction, and by the start of the 20th century. During the Theodore Roosevelt era, the school took on a military air, with uniforms. Boarding facilities were added, and the growth of the school began. When the original church was replaced in 1912 with the huge present-day Church. A purpose-built five story building was then constructed, and other neighboring buildings were acquired. Sixty-five years after its foundation, the enrollment had swelled to 800 in grades one through twelve. Moreover, some of the earliest buildings had deteriorated structurally, Archbishop Thomas Edmund Molloy, the Ordinary of the Diocese of Brooklyn, offered the Marist Brothers a 6-acre site he had purchased in central Queens County. In 1957, the Brothers moved to the new site, naming the building in honor of Archbishop Molloy, the expanded facilities enabled the school to nearly double its enrollment, meeting the urgent needs of the post–World War II baby boom generation. Despite the move, many of the hallowed St. Anns traditions continued as the faculty, today, students are still known as Stanners, and the school newspaper is the Stanner. In 1987, the Ralph DiChiaro Center for Arts and Sciences was dedicated, giving the new, state of the art, facilities, including a theater, computer labs. In 2000, Molloy became co-educational and opened the doors to women for the first time and it graduated its first female in 2004. Richard Karsten, class of 1981, was appointed President of Molloy in July 2010 and he served on the schools first director in the 1990s and is a member of the Stanner Hall of Fame. Stanner is a created by Archbishop Molloy High School. Before modern-day Molloy was built in Briarwood, Queens, the school was named St. Anns Academy, the students were known as St. Ann-ers, a nickname which, over time, simply became Stanners
29.
Arroyo High School (El Monte, California)
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Arroyo High School, located in El Monte, California, United States, is a school in the El Monte Union High School District. The attendance area served by Arroyo High School consists of four different communities, El Monte, Temple City, Arcadia, the eastern boundary is formed by going north on Peck Road from Ramona to Lambert Street and east on Lambert to the San Gabriel River. Arroyo High School has a reputation for having a safe campus. Arroyo High School opened its doors in 1955 and its first graduating class was the class of 1958, in 1987, Arroyo won the California State Division I Boys Cross-Country championship. The school colors are Columbia Blue, Black, and White. schoolloop. com/aboutus
30.
Bartlesville High School
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Bartlesville High School is a public high school located in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Built in 1939, it was originally called College High School and its Streamline Moderne building was designed by Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth. In 1982 Sooner High School and College High School unified to create Bartlesville High School at the former College High School site, the first graduating class of Bartlesville High School was in 1983
31.
Bishop Canevin High School
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Bishop Canevin High School is a Catholic high school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The school is located in the Oakwood neighborhood of the city, Bishop Canevin High School is named for Archbishop John Francis Regis Canevin, born June 5,1853, who rose to become the fifth Bishop of Pittsburgh, the first native son to hold this office. He governed the diocese from 1904 until 1920, Archbishop Canevin spent his days as Chief Shepherd of the Pittsburgh Diocese, truly reflecting his motto that Unless the Lord build the house, they labor in vain who build it. Ground was broken for Canevin High School on this site on August 17,1958, the completed building was dedicated on November 22,1959 by the Most Reverend John J. Wright. The first headmaster, The Reverend Leo G. Henry, opened the school to a class of 217 boys and 218 girls in September,1959. Under Father Henry, a faculty was assembled from five communities of sisters, with the addition of successive classes each year, three more communities of sisters were added to the faculty. Bishop Wright also sought a community of priests and brothers to administer the school, a pioneer contingent of eight Conventual Franciscan priests joined the faculty under Father Henry for the 1961-1962 school year. The full co-institutional character of Canevin High School was realized with the installment of Reverend Gervase M. Beyer, at the beginning of the 1962-1963 school year. Canevin housed two separate faculties, one for boys and one for girls, a number of laymen and laywomen also served on both faculties. In 1963, Canevin High School received Pennsylvania State Accreditation, on Sunday, June 2,1963, the Most Reverend John J. Wright presided at the first Canevin Commencement at the Syria Mosque in Oakland,151 boys and 152 girls were the first graduating class. In March 1965, the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools Evaluation Committee reviewed Canevin High School, in January 1966, notification was received of full accreditation. During the 1970-1971 school year, the newly appointed headmaster, Reverend Canice Connors, shifted Canevin toward a more integrated co-educational school, improving the variety and quality of curriculum, professional staff and building facilities. Under the leadership of Reverend Julian Zambanini, O. F. M, Headmaster, Canevin prepared for its ten-year re-evaluation by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools The early seventies were a time of transition for Canevin High School. In the summer of 1975, Reverend Robert Sochor, O. F. M, who had been teaching at Canevin for seven years, became Headmaster. The Diocese of Pittsburgh assumed responsibility for the administration of the school in 1976. A precedent was set in January 1979 when Mr. John Maurer assumed the leadership of Canevin, Mr. Maurer was the first lay headmaster of a diocesan district high school. The more than twenty-two years that Mr. Maurer had served as Headmaster is the longest tenure of any Canevin Headmaster, once again, Canevin Catholic was not only given Accreditation but likewise cited for having an outstanding academic program. The fifth Middle States Evaluation occurred in 1995, and since that time Canevin Catholic has maintained fully accredited status
32.
Salesian High School (Los Angeles)
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Bishop Mora Salesian High School is an all-male Roman Catholic high school located in the Boyle Heights community of Los Angeles, California. The school mascot is the Mustangs and it was named after Francisco Mora y Borrell, Bishop of the former Monterey-Los Angeles Diocese. Salesian is also named after St. Francis de Sales, the high school is operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles and associated with the Salesian Society. Throughout the early years of activity its facilities served as a place where local elementary schools, with 99 percent of its graduates going on to college, Salesian is considered the premier Catholic high school in Boyle Heights/L. A. Salesian is known for serving local public and private elementaries, and for its Salesian Boys and Girls Club, Salesian also is known for their charitable events, Project Santa, and for hosting several Catholic Youth Organization athletic events. It is associated with two other southland ASB schools, including Don Bosco Technical Institute in Rosemead and St. John Bosco High School in Bellflower which all operate closely. Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Soccer Track & Field Volleyball Golf Salesian continues to have successful varsity, in early 2000s it opened a new gym building with accompanying sports facilities, and a community sports field used both by the high school athletic teams as well as the local community. This system allows the school to all types of students while staying true to the vision set forth by St. John Bosco. The school also hosts community events and provides organizations with access to its campus facilities. Events include elementary school graduations, CYO tournaments, California Interscholastic Federation tournaments, in 2014 the film Despues de Clase was filmed at Salesian High school. Many of the scenes were shot inside the building and in the main level of the campus
33.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
34.
Bowsher High School (Toledo, Ohio)
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Bowsher High School was constructed in the early 1960s at the intersection of Glanzman and Detroit in Toledo, Ohio. Its replacement is at the corner of Arlington and Detroit, north of the original site and it is part of the Toledo Public Schools. Bowsher High Schools original building opened in September 1962 at 3548 S, Detroit Avenue, just north of Glanzman Road. It was named for Edward Leslie Bowsher, Superintendent of the Toledo Public Schools from the late 1930s until his retirement in 1958. A new structure was built as a replacement at the corner of Detroit and Arlington, about 1.5 miles north of the original location and it is home to the Rebels and has about one thousand four hundred students. The construction of the new school is part of Toledo Public Schools Building for Success program, the class of 2009 became the first graduating class of the new building. The current Athletic Stadium will stay and not be moved to the new location, as of October 2010 the student population of Bowsher is now at around 1,400 students, the jump in enrollment is mainly due to the closing of Libbey High School. Bowsher High Schools band is known as the Marching Rebels and they perform at the football games, the basketball games, known as the Pep Band. Their uniform colors are the same of the colors, red. The colors changed slightly, putting the black in the uniform. The Pep Band has been canceled due to the cuts from Toledo Public Schools. And last years Disneys Beauty and the Beast, was the first musical staged in the new auditorium and left audiences speechless as they exited the auditorium because of the caliber of the production as well as the facilities. Disneys Beauty and the Beast was the biggest show in the new school, Disneys Beauty and the Beast even gained national attention when First Lady Michelle Obama commented on the great production. Karin Giffin is the producer/director for the musicals at Bowsher, as well as musicals the Bowsher Drama Department also stages plays in the fall. The whole production was coordinated by students, for the spring of 2011 Bowsher High School performed The Pajama Game on April 1 and 2. The Pajama Game was produced as a production that used eco-friendly products. This green production was part of a partnership with the Broadway Green Alliance in New York City. Bowsher High School Productions will be performing the Elvis Presley musical entitled, All Shook Up March 29–31 at 7 and these accomplishments were preceded by the Rebelees productions of the late 1960s and 1970s at the original facility
35.
Cactus High School
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Cactus High School is a public secondary school located in Glendale, Arizona, United States, part of the Peoria Unified School District. The school opened its doors in August 1977 and it is the districts smallest high school, with approximately 1,300 students. In 1978, the first Cactus High School students,1980 graduates, the song is set to the tune of Northwestern Universitys fight song. Go Cactus High School, on to Victory, hail the Blue and Silver, well defend our dignity Fight mighty Cobras, keep our spirits high Show all the rest, that we are the best Well fight forever, Cactus High CHS. The high schools first band director, Jim Lynch, wrote the lyrics in 1978,2009 State Runners up as a team and Individual Kale Davidson finished 2nd in state. Many of these organizations have received state and national recognition for their work
36.
Camden County High School (Georgia)
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Camden County High School is the only public high school for Camden County, Georgia, United States, serving grades 9-12. It is located beside the Camden Recreational Center, which provides the school with many services and activities, along with Chris Gilman Stadium. Camden County High School is currently part of the Georgia 6A class of athletics and it hosts over 45 official extracurricular activities and athletic programs, including the National Honor Society, Spanish Honor Society, and Senior Beta Club. Camden County schools are one of only six Georgia public school districts to offer college prep curriculum as well as vocational education. The team was Region Champions in 1975,1979,1987,1992,1993,1994,1996, the Wildcat football team has won three AAAAA State Championships, the first in 2003, then back-to-back state titles in 2008 and 2009. Camden County has become a staple in the SEC and ACC college recruiting circuits, Camden Countys volleyball and wrestling teams finished in the top ten of state competition during the 2006-2007 seasons. The all-girl cheerleading squad won regions in 1994-1999, then they became coed, the coed cheerleading squad finished second at state in 2002. They were the team of the year in 2002. In 2009, they placed third at state, in the 2008–09 year, the varsity wrestling team placed fourth at the state dual meet, their first time placing at state. The team were region champs for 13 consecutive seasons, from 1999–2011 and they also placed third at the traditional state meet. In the 2009–2010 season, the varsity wrestling team placed third in both the dual and traditional State meet, in the 2010–2011 season, the wrestling team had its highest-ever finish by placing second in both the traditional and dual state meet. On January 14,2012 Camden County High Schools varsity wrestling team won the GA AAAAA State Dual Championship, in a county steeped in football history, this was a major feat for what is considered locally to be a minor sport. It is a testament to the team who have broken through the local football-only mentality to grasp the only state championship outside of football in school history. In 2015 the wrestling team won the GA AAAAA State Dual and Traditional Championship, in 2007, the boys baseball team made it to the state semi-finals. The baseball team were also champions in 2006,2007,2008,2014. In 2007, Camden made it to the four before being knocked out by Walton. In 2008 the baseball team made it back to the Elite Eight before being knocked out again by Walton, the girls track team were the 3AAA state champs in 1989. The boys track won the 4AAA championship in 1999
37.
Captain John L. Chapin High School
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Chapin High School is a public high school in El Paso, Texas. Chapin is located at the intersection of Dyer Street and Ellerthorpe Avenue on land reserved for the United States Government and is a part of the El Paso Independent School District. It is the high school in the continental United States that is on government property. The school enrolls approximately 1,900 students in grades 9 to 12, nearly half the students are military dependents from the nearby Fort Bliss installation. The school also accepts students from throughout the city of El Paso as part of the schools pre-engineering magnet program, the eastern and southern portions of the main post and Biggs Army Air Field are zoned to Austin High. The Chapin attendance zone includes several inner Northeast El Paso neighborhoods immediately north. Chapins feeder middle schools include Bassett Middle and Canyon Hills Middle, the Fort Bliss residential areas zoned to Chapin for the high-school grades are zoned to Bassett Middle for the middle-school grades. Elementary schools in the Chapin feeder pattern include Bliss, Burnet, Logan, Park, Powell, with the growth of Fort Bliss and the troop influx Chapin High School has experienced a large increase in student enrollment. Overcrowding and lack of classrooms was addressed in the 2007 EPISD Bond Program in which 12 classrooms were approved to be added to the campus to alleviate overcrowding. Chapin currently has 17 portables, numerous floating teachers and a need for science labs. Once the new addition that was started in February 2010 is complete the issue will be addressed, the new addition is located by the gym entrance and tennis courts and it is expected to be two stories tall with the capability of being expanded onto in later years. Chapin High was named after a local World War II hero, before enlisting in the National Guard Chapin graduated from Texas A&M University with a degree in chemical engineering. He intended to go to school after graduating but postponed his plans so that he could join the National Guard. In November 1940 Chapins unit was activated as Company E, 141st Infantry, the unit was sent overseas to North Africa. Chapin declined several promotions in order to stay with Company E as the unit consisted mostly of fellow El Pasoans, most Company E men were Hispanic and non-English speakers. Chapin thought that if he took the promotion Company E would probably be left to a non Spanish speaking commander who would mistreat the soldiers, for this reason his men respected him. Captain Chapin was killed leading the men of Company E into battle across the Rapido River in Italy, Chapin Magnet offers a specific set of classes that specialize in Engineering. There are five engineering courses offered at Chapin and only those who meet requirements and this specialized school allows students from all over El Paso to attend Chapin and take these courses hence the term magnet
38.
Centennial High School (Champaign, Illinois)
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Centennial High School is a public high school serving grades 9-12 in Champaign, Illinois, USA. It is part of Champaign Unit 4 School District, as of 2006, it had 1517 students. The principal is currently Greg Johnson, the school is located next to Jefferson Middle School and Centennial Park. The school offers a variety of courses, including AP courses in Macroeconomics, English, Calculus AB or BC, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, US History, American Government, in addition, many consumer science and industrial technology courses are offered. The school also offers a Young Adult Program for students 18–21 years of age, the student-teacher ratio is 16,1, average for the state. The schools student composition includes 26. 7% low-income students,0. 7% of student are of limited English proficiency. There is a school dropout rate of 1. 8%. The ethnic background of students includes 59. 5% White,28. 7% African-American,3. 2% Hispanic,8. 2% Asian/Pacific Islander, Centennial competes in interscholastic sports in the Big Twelve Conference of the Illinois High School Association. The girls tennis team won consecutive Illinois state championships in 1995 and 1996, the schools basketball team also won their first state championship game in 2009, beating Oswego 61-59. They had an appearance to the state championships in 2010. In 2011, Centennial High School hosted the inaugural Central Illinois History Bee and Bowl, in 2006, the school was named as one of the top 50 high schools in Illinois, according to the Chicago Sun-Times. In 2006, students ACT scores exceeded both the state and national averages by about 2 points, in 2007, the schools scores on the Prairie State Achievement Examination Reading and Math tests exceeded the state averages, with around 60-65% of students meeting or exceeding state standards. Currently, the school is not making Adequate Yearly Progress. net Local School Directory Schooltree. org
39.
Centreville High School (Fairfax County, Virginia)
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Centreville High School is a public high school located in unincorporated southwestern Fairfax County, Virginia, United States, north of the town of Clifton and east of the Centreville CDP. In 2010 the school was ranked as the 4th best high school in Fairfax County, on a national level, in 2010 CVHS was ranked as the 130th best of all high schools in the United States. Centreville High School currently enrolls 2350 students in grades 9-12, the schools students work with 150 faculty and staff members, with the population divided between four sub-schools. The school colors are Columbia blue, black, and silver, the school is within the Clifton, Virginia zip code jurisdiction, but its physical location is closer to the unincorporated community of Centreville. Residents of the town of Clifton attend a school east of Centreville. In the early 1980s construction of a school serving grades 7 and 8 was proposed for Braddock Park to deal with the westward population shift in the county. By April 1984, Superintendent William J. Burkholder was recommending that a school should be constructed instead of an intermediate school. Burkholders plan was that the school would open as a school in 1988. This change required the addition of 10 acres to the 25-acre school site to comply with high school property requirements. In 1986, the $22.6 million contract for construction of the school was awarded to A. S, construction of the school was temporarily shut down in August 1987 following the discovery of cancer-causing mineral asbestos in the soil. Despite early reports that the asbestos was not dangerous, it was discovered that a large amount of the soil in Western Fairfax County is contaminated with fibrous asbestos. Despite the controversy, it was as Centreville High School that the new school opened in the Fall of 1988 with a class of slightly over 1000 seventh through tenth graders. Over the next few years, the seventh and eighth grades were phased out, the CVHS population includes students who were born in 84 different countries. In the 2015-16 school year, Centreville High Schools student body was 37. 56% White,32. 36% Asian,17. 36% Hispanic,8. 82% Black and 3. 90% Other. Centreville High School is an accredited high school based on the Standards of Learning tests in Virginia. The average SAT score in 2010 for Centreville was 1,596, the average ACT score in 2010 was 22.9. Both SAT and ACT scores exceeded state and national average test scores,2031 Advanced Placement tests were administered in the 2009-2010 school year. 932 students were enrolled in AP classes, CVHS students exceeded collective National Average Passing rates in 2009 by 8% overall, the school exceeded collective Virginia State Passing rates by 5%
40.
Chanute High School
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Chanute High School is a public secondary school in Chanute, Kansas. The schools current building was completed in 2008, Chanute High School offers a variety of courses, including concurrent classes through Neosho County Community College. With the construction of the new school in 2008, a new trade building was completed. Welding and construction classes are offered as well as Advanced Placement classes, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP European History, AP English Language and Composition and AP English Literature are taught currently. Foreign Languages courses include Spanish I-IV, French I-IV, German I&II, Mandarin Chinese I, in 2012, Gay/Straight Alliance was formed by the students. The schools athletic teams, known as the Chanute Blue Comets, teams are fielded in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, softball, spirit, tennis, track, volleyball, mens and womens golf and wrestling. Sufia Irene AlSughayer Chanute High School Chanute Comets Wrestling The Comet
41.
Charlotte Catholic High School
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Charlotte Catholic is a diocesan high school in Charlotte, North Carolina founded in 1955. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and it is located in the Catholic Diocese of Charlotte. Charlotte Catholic has a student to teacher ratio of 15.4, the Cook Cup is an annual cup between Charlotte Catholic and Charlotte Country Day School held every school year. It is currently the 57th annual game, the score is 29 -27 Charlotte Catholic, the cup named after legendary Country Day coach, coach Cook. Oddo was made a Charlotte Catholic title for the game in 2014 when CCHS coach Oddo resigned, the schools mascot is the cougar. Charlotte Catholics school colors are red, white and Columbia blue, CCHS has 31 teams competing in 14 different sports as members of the Southern Meck 8 Conference. It had previously been in the 2A conference until 2006 and 3A until 2013, Charlotte Catholic is one of only three non-public school members of the North Carolina High School Athletic Association. Shawn Panther is most notable for his work in Student Council, the womens swim team has won fourteen consecutive state championships and the mens team won their first championship in 2005. Charlotte Catholics womens swim team is regarded as one of the most dominant, the Men won the 2008 state title as well. In 2006, the school was advanced to the 3A division, in 2005, the Cougars won the North Carolina High School Athletic Association Division 3AA Football State Championship, after winning the 2AA Title in 2004. Catholic had a 32-0 record from 2004 to 2005 in football, the Cougars also won the 2A Football State Championship in 1977. They also won the Division II 2A Football State Championships in 1981 and 1984, the girls tennis team has won recent state championships with the last coming in 2012. The football team won the 2015 4A State Championship with an undefeated record of 15-0. Also in the 2004–2005 school year, there were 14 conference champions,12 state team champion, the successes of the athletic program led to the seventh consecutive year that CCHS was awarded the Wachovia Cup for overall athletic excellence. In 2005, Catholic also joined the Queen City 3A-4A Conference as a 3A team, in 2013, Charlotte Catholic High School moved to 4A as a member of the SoMeck 8 Conference. In the school year of 2013-2014, Charlotte Catholic was moved up to 4A, in 2017-2018, Charlotte Catholic will be reclassified down to a 3AA conference. On May 15,2010, the Charlotte Catholic Womens Lacrosse team became the first North Carolina Womens Lacrosse state champions in history. Charlotte Catholics Rugby team in 2010 had a regular season and won all three of its matches at USA Rugby South High School Championships advancing to the National championships
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